Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3854 879046 821503 2026-07-08T17:34:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S. ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ojmnqplgyrn4zn36upyg0ejn8tyiq8p 879048 879046 2026-07-08T17:35:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S. ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> s9gvhqvhpo1dilxvd0qhfwj09rgqiqd 879049 879048 2026-07-08T17:36:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S. ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta al 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> iuvineo7jw907awy7y500dzvsu700jd 879050 879049 2026-07-08T17:37:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S. ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta al 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 6nzzeel2qe0yj29kqyeri4b2678qwyu 879051 879050 2026-07-08T17:37:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S. ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta ali 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 77yd2so3tsb9qipj8juwgecelzahhh3 879052 879051 2026-07-08T17:38:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S. ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> i6ra3tk1snauk9m23wfkgqv76o2oi04 879053 879052 2026-07-08T17:38:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S. ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tanj39mumo8udxdvtm1q2wysk8ru7et 879054 879053 2026-07-08T17:39:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abd al-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ch7cc7oe3i94hnsoylrg6es1lmn5qe6 879055 879054 2026-07-08T17:40:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> b4hg2q7wnadmhtsemufw913hajym1vv 879056 879055 2026-07-08T17:41:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A cikin shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> m4vxhg79wnn8mx7r97jyl36qpa5fj9n 879057 879056 2026-07-08T17:41:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 8nemqck15rafb19lbhwv5rs2m9ocpyp 879058 879057 2026-07-08T17:42:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7mfbkpwrfrh9ju5cx0on9coz4jvdvmz 879059 879058 2026-07-08T17:43:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah S. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7rqmimo5nhtcax4egx334uuekax35aj 879060 879059 2026-07-08T17:43:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah S.A. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah, kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 3sfy6lwrz5zzbq8mxkfs3u4eu82a6wu 879061 879060 2026-07-08T17:44:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah S.A. A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S., kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> do6hcblpu18orjmxxqagkvi9okt2418 879062 879061 2026-07-08T17:44:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S., kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ell9tkr7oxrowjx0kg5fv4xqliklkep 879063 879062 2026-07-08T17:45:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S., kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> p9t92or77hy24iyhbhgjknav1bijtjw 879064 879063 2026-07-08T17:46:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A., kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nmpwjhmosc1bh4btnypl7jouxq8svmj 879065 879064 2026-07-08T17:47:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ci17zqvs4hgeuodh17sqwxghxjfgbc0 879066 879065 2026-07-08T17:47:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad S. a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nlggeurgh7b1vusm6zozn37242qliy5 879067 879066 2026-07-08T17:48:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad S.A. a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 0gh3q0lv7uqhjlmiqg0ydnxdomj9zpv 879068 879067 2026-07-08T17:48:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> d687kh1lat8q817kvwhwjgrogwlrzzb 879069 879068 2026-07-08T17:49:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A. Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan A Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ozxmkma9c36n8umjbyjmfvl8q966t5z 879070 879069 2026-07-08T17:49:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan A Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> lm0ybfv6vc9oj2yvb4k83mt5tpiwwwy 879071 879070 2026-07-08T17:51:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan A Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ay0ej29z7z17m6fpdszv6xeq548smcs 879072 879071 2026-07-08T17:51:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan An Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 04qczzpjy0yzgsqu82rgx4f8fghb1x8 879073 879072 2026-07-08T17:52:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Ann Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> lxqgiscen1k5jwrzb8bwlrt0yjyprvs 879074 879073 2026-07-08T17:53:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Anna Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> l2jq84isvq3tp22epqn2pxawm7btdqk 879075 879074 2026-07-08T17:53:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annab Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tnfcf54totupde9l58pmz2lp5watyqu 879076 879075 2026-07-08T17:54:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> m444aavt5gzsh616nzbd4d7lby9ckk0 879077 879076 2026-07-08T17:54:54Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A. a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 9ye2c8phxfiysmr4qeum30093144xrp 879078 879077 2026-07-08T17:56:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A. a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> el3tir2yx78wkro8qwizi1phm5cmcwy 879079 879078 2026-07-08T17:56:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara 40, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 0ro13ode6dvfyicmto36p43ffw0rsn3 879080 879079 2026-07-08T17:57:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara A, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta a 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7ic4i2v3e1uljx74ouw5u3qslz65pai 879082 879080 2026-07-08T17:57:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara A, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta al 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> kn65r0ephl6te1cfr7wsiedjmnybny6 879083 879082 2026-07-08T17:58:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shida, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Ar, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta al 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> i2d8nxf1yhl7w4mrpa796x8r78xw7tr 879084 879083 2026-07-08T17:58:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Ar, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta al 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 8c26h5kf2n98qal1ue5d0bbxw7ec9z1 879085 879084 2026-07-08T17:59:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Ar, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta ali 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> scvedpglgrkav0nzyxgqyl8y4iesf1a 879086 879085 2026-07-08T17:59:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arb, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta ali 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7ditlw9b2xhadry0tayu4dldk40yq2b 879087 879086 2026-07-08T17:59:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arb, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.A.W) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 50pha69qp9lf8ukzbovmunv7vylglpk 879088 879087 2026-07-08T18:00:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arb, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru 13. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 2fc5wqpvr1qr8kjpvi2i05lqbqyf9ax 879090 879088 2026-07-08T18:01:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arb, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Sh. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> iwczjxrg8dhuzit89ukcyllh2lr50e2 879093 879090 2026-07-08T18:28:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A. da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arb, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Sh. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> igdteras019bqnevoh1h04foqh5l06h 879094 879093 2026-07-08T18:29:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A. da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Sh. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> lduqk3o5j804v0fg2d28dg8zssw6bff 879095 879094 2026-07-08T18:30:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A. da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Sh. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 6owlunvtd5sn3gmkmfrgvbgc3tegezn 879096 879095 2026-07-08T18:30:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A. da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'i, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Sh. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 46bpwftnlywe82wfqhh3jtonw7xs46n 879097 879096 2026-07-08T18:31:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A. da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'i, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shi. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> i1359ndo8mvc20mg1vhenrljp9zmikb 879098 879097 2026-07-08T18:32:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'i, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shi. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> s9zsaphcs904dpwntg1pod8rt5vupt3 879099 879098 2026-07-08T18:32:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shi. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> rh8ie2x1lw71vljcjrrftr9k2f4nm67 879100 879099 2026-07-08T18:33:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shi. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> opfzhji8jgldbmpb5aqr98tcot963cn 879101 879100 2026-07-08T18:34:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shi. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> in6cn4cp4ax63xbnl9zidfmtvon2ux9 879104 879101 2026-07-08T18:34:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A. da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shi. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 720jp7pc9ycf1vkqgfeng3k727womf3 879106 879104 2026-07-08T18:35:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shi. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> hz8vx9v16pxanby8jcxdzvr1sly9jpq 879107 879106 2026-07-08T18:35:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shid. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> mo0wwyh7v0fm0thsy6tkhrryt5tb5hp 879108 879107 2026-07-08T18:36:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A. ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidd. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> r3n52g5wvmfongj0qkxppubpnbaw3uc 879110 879108 2026-07-08T18:36:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidd. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nz3nuqfp2r4r9qxhzwrnbnnfari7vc6 879111 879110 2026-07-08T18:37:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidd. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S.W. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 3eqd7rzx1xgymc7omorhxezqe8gtpgj 879113 879111 2026-07-08T18:38:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S.W. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> t6t4for4suz942msw7kldk2o35oajhn 879114 879113 2026-07-08T18:38:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S.W. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta a 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> c0t2ycbe4fm50vyiwhc7p4rprrhzzvd 879115 879114 2026-07-08T18:39:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu S.W. ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta a 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> lad42utfmdsa8fpexphjfvftan1qhvm 879116 879115 2026-07-08T18:40:03Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta a 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu S.A ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> pgy3j7f9z7ndskcmzc2rrgi3d5eoskh 879118 879116 2026-07-08T18:40:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad S.A.W da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta a 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> n1kytcqopx844bkhh7wb3recjg1kakn 879120 879118 2026-07-08T18:41:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta a 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tawmw9jdqmyzibzl7vbtaw7wzszpigm 879121 879120 2026-07-08T18:42:35Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> jm40fxwq4b2icnhmsol87e5ekegwy9m 879122 879121 2026-07-08T18:44:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Kaaba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A. a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> rahswqfooqyr56v1zzjigvch1rmc1nm 879124 879122 2026-07-08T18:44:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A. a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> gc5azvha2sfs84hm98mlbgzr7q79vho 879126 879124 2026-07-08T18:45:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, amma kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 9eqhuna634jk4t45irdl171wa0kjvir 879127 879126 2026-07-08T18:46:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 93xzz7zc344611pawqac1qd1dniyux9 879128 879127 2026-07-08T18:46:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S. da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne amma mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> c0cxgfnjvhn40zedj2awnj2w24b3boz 879129 879128 2026-07-08T18:47:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S. da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> citrfp28i16a2oqp3pqm7dgls2ntqg4 879130 879129 2026-07-08T18:48:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta al 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A. da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nvbo6p668ppk34p4qo2euca58ovs792 879132 879130 2026-07-08T18:49:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A. da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 3vqbi6p40yblzcd6zkcxc319oqlkbud 879133 879132 2026-07-08T18:49:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 37jiifm3948sk09o13yxca60ahg7m4c 879134 879133 2026-07-08T18:50:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> dyd06kcub12cqn6occft37x42v5tjrt 879135 879134 2026-07-08T18:51:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S. ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> o76tm3t3xjbg86f21rnxjp3ear9204i 879137 879135 2026-07-08T18:51:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S.A. ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7boi66yrd0q8d9z229ruuqrmvm4vfer 879138 879137 2026-07-08T18:52:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S.A.W ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> iha1ahesvzkambm7exm3tqfc5gl0c69 879140 879138 2026-07-08T18:53:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A cikin 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S.A.W ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> jq1ozbi8yp5e3yvyqp19fwzzi3xxf8z 879141 879140 2026-07-08T18:54:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A a 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S.A.W ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 19nsfmhzhpkbowsompu5qy8moskopc3 879142 879141 2026-07-08T18:54:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A al 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S.A.W ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> llwaejixqwy1autue6cmbxjevw0ooxs 879143 879142 2026-07-08T18:55:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A ali 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S.A.W ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ioxnuws57n7u0h83bz9x4d8uel3ty0d 879144 879143 2026-07-08T18:55:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu S.A.W ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> l68to76wryfxpizfwn52jjyalakacbp 879146 879144 2026-07-08T18:56:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A cikin shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> t9tn3x7sjcg53vwdd7t8pvp0wkngstl 879148 879146 2026-07-08T18:57:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> qsefvba9xchtmo1g66a87iwah54bo9r 879150 879148 2026-07-08T18:58:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S.A. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> b8av17xbsbl4xp3625mat19chq28814 879153 879150 2026-07-08T18:59:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu S.A. a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> mlvvb5eb2fdmnw355lthrixft0mnnh4 879154 879153 2026-07-08T19:00:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmi 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> mjcu61i4mcqrunuf5lh1wnj3gh6h60k 879155 879154 2026-07-08T19:01:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, amma ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> h1han8r59o6mttuzb5w1d5cm1bma0gz 879156 879155 2026-07-08T19:01:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> kdu23khwcsxkc6pjc9xp7ozwq8wsmh2 879158 879156 2026-07-08T19:02:48Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R.T. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A cikin 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'umma ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> p0kabllwzcnq3qr0g41obmxuemv8vn1 879160 879158 2026-07-08T19:04:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R.T. A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A s 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> r4d2ne6eu4bl0us31byitk43241ez7y 879161 879160 2026-07-08T19:05:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R.T.A A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A s 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> k7ir5gjb40c2hlnpmmw2188oz58z3cw 879162 879161 2026-07-08T19:06:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R.T.A A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A sh 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 5yttjxdj41lxm817soimdrfk29haksp 879164 879162 2026-07-08T19:06:54Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija R.T.A A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A sh 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 27osc0eb0s7m0552gz91zxjdv64y7vr 879165 879164 2026-07-08T19:07:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin bangaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A sh 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tbve9bhxwow43v6j4raysrc61oqlgyx 879166 879165 2026-07-08T19:08:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Ammah Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A sh 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> hy164vebxfyu4mkdc22ctz6e9kidesl 879167 879166 2026-07-08T19:09:20Z Nnamadee 31123 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/879153|879153]] by [[Special:Contributions/Hon.Mubarak|Hon.Mubarak]] ([[User talk:Hon.Mubarak|talk]]) 879167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A sh 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nj8aaga4ynww7hxuk8mlalsf32i4kur 879168 879167 2026-07-08T19:09:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A she 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 124u7yzt1wkfkbv5aih6x2m391j94n6 879170 879168 2026-07-08T19:15:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A sheka 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> o8kfl9up1e33ifkp3l73awbxmmatfqp 879173 879170 2026-07-08T19:18:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinn ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 1ojv464h4zg5sb6f8z9j8b8mr7tpf4h 879174 879173 2026-07-08T19:20:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nux3e0xvlatcy13pkzladgecnq6u8t1 879175 879174 2026-07-08T19:22:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a cikin 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> hihut9x28qm1wrdhawyvzehb1ruwf8b 879187 879175 2026-07-08T20:41:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> o18kyw5fk3l4lod1toewm0lw6csjgc9 879188 879187 2026-07-08T20:42:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da AMuhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> niaubfl15wlh7tt1q93yanrvaj7wyd1 879189 879188 2026-07-08T20:43:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da A AMuhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 0ll7f6rfgswhhv3pdkmlc4p35akt5th 879190 879189 2026-07-08T20:44:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da An Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 4n9dahbq1v0sol5tfq2svv654tf2d6e 879191 879190 2026-07-08T20:44:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Ann Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> qywv6wnswhc4bwcfe4toc9bry8umhri 879192 879191 2026-07-08T20:44:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Anna Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nw8j8bqgstyqokfu92uxmfi9jbvzs41 879193 879192 2026-07-08T20:45:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annab Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 9yktj6p19wauamse3hkmyqxzseo6xgq 879194 879193 2026-07-08T20:46:01Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> b75o1pirvcjh781fawnngfavxt2whga 879316 879194 2026-07-09T05:11:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613, Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> eofs9gb5l2kf21mgcxszgoly72nbug9 879317 879316 2026-07-09T05:12:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613,A Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> dtv6km4oibk8i1vgp10671w1cued1lu 879318 879317 2026-07-09T05:12:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613,An Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 1m9m0jdujqqh2q71zi5a161f37kwefp 879319 879318 2026-07-09T05:13:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A a shekara ta alif 613,An Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekarar ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> gn00h5g8sqq7h1osq25xnb683gyxivt 879320 879319 2026-07-09T05:14:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,An Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekarar ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 2modawooc9qteq4zs7rhg76jkj4nslf 879321 879320 2026-07-09T05:15:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Ann Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekarar ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> t81b7sh8wgk9h5ywm0ayvncn5mw814b 879323 879321 2026-07-09T05:17:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Anna Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne”, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> bhcxsb8keoac7p8qxxmosv5e7i4jgyz 879325 879323 2026-07-09T05:17:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Anna Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Ku, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ir69x1r1qh0ihc1voe8c5ci71qkzsar 879326 879325 2026-07-09T05:18:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annab Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Ku, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> j8dsdyl7io2h0ih4jfy3b5oowo2hc6q 879331 879326 2026-07-09T05:20:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Ku, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> izv0x47jsbrxqt9lqdgczwc6z7fum3q 879333 879331 2026-07-09T05:22:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Ku, cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 8u0e5597vjubs5zg8k4235owgpj3r7j 879334 879333 2026-07-09T05:23:12Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kum cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa game da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> mqunxk4mynd17cghug4rw73rdwh1fx3 879336 879334 2026-07-09T05:24:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kum cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> kezvp36jrc3yxuel3pk185l3zox2t5s 879337 879336 2026-07-09T05:24:56Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A., da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kum cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> gtyo39qdec1hdqxrjzmo2g6759c6jja 879340 879337 2026-07-09T05:27:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A., da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa A.S a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> jh0ye8scszfufs2sp0798xt3au74c5q 879341 879340 2026-07-09T05:28:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A., da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 1w6mi6ea4hnhlf9szf3phon3l72chit 879342 879341 2026-07-09T05:29:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S., da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> r98mbtj11l5dk8h81tuk4kzf6q1jcak 879343 879342 2026-07-09T05:29:42Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> kk905tim0bbnanl3gk8vn28inn2bbsi 879345 879343 2026-07-09T06:02:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7gkoo65b7xdp3oiuv4j2juz6yvbzw6f 879346 879345 2026-07-09T06:02:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A s alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 3rx8uykmcid4ftj8ojmysli28qtyj71 879347 879346 2026-07-09T06:04:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sh alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> pylmoe2pzraxscmd24jfy1q5asi4x1v 879348 879347 2026-07-09T06:05:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A she alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ngkdeffyzanyun8drfoj1qq3bsj35sz 879349 879348 2026-07-09T06:06:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shek alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> i0hbgf7ob7u37ri8jd1yz8socnu6h2d 879350 879349 2026-07-09T06:08:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> as1lgjm65dv01gdg8ijh75rqssd4ysx 879351 879350 2026-07-09T06:08:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) A shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta A 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> d6dmrn3hzv0d8m1cvd2e65pzb8nxzl4 879352 879351 2026-07-09T06:09:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) Al shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta A 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> svwhw8oxnrhqtxupfuof0nvhdi7oz2s 879353 879352 2026-07-09T06:10:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) Al shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta A 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tax6onps2qcoc2vjr2hq4pys0vsql7h 879355 879353 2026-07-09T06:10:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa A.S.W, da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) Ali shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta A 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> gds6noj15jdhxjcrew5kfxo9scgjesd 879356 879355 2026-07-09T06:11:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) Ali shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta A 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7v1nyxe3zoo0hwg80wjqf69gc3loh5i 879357 879356 2026-07-09T06:12:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) Alif shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta A 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> f5x7bt6nmp5aer16mgjusojnwkanhrs 879358 879357 2026-07-09T06:13:05Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta A 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 6n09n2plpom6mikr9z7drgbs9m9tgpx 879360 879358 2026-07-09T06:13:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Al 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Kaaba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 2ird6qj0owstlhkn2au8xnvk7794j7r 879362 879360 2026-07-09T06:14:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Al 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> nhlcp210kzmz96xdn310av1cbkexpzs 879364 879362 2026-07-09T06:15:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Amma lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> owvs5i1fya68mz86g4e20li7v81pzld 879367 879364 2026-07-09T06:17:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A sheka alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 2xunj5ndnx8txaag538zbzewuxl9pkg 879369 879367 2026-07-09T06:18:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> scdou11vpp6mdpm55u6e4igd39ymu4r 879419 879369 2026-07-09T08:48:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija R.T. ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ko9qcuphtjuhcb8ekd4mwv429ta5gs5 879421 879419 2026-07-09T08:49:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> glisuohfqnnl807wyaa973p1h5cju2z 879423 879421 2026-07-09T08:51:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu S. ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 81xjc9pewn8mob7y6xl4epvtfvwcojt 879424 879423 2026-07-09T08:51:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu S.A ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ey5tpg8q3cys1f5b6qblbezk79bim46 879425 879424 2026-07-09T08:53:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> rrols34hiuyyxzebg9xst9i5tf4sqdp 879430 879425 2026-07-09T09:35:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun AMuhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 18d0w3mhuyosqotawysp7ri5vatppoc 879431 879430 2026-07-09T09:36:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun AnMuhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> ksuuwvg4n88w9uirbpmiqigc5te3t4q 879432 879431 2026-07-09T09:36:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun AnnMuhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> d005rf3grf8u4qa8a5jqr7f917pyyoq 879433 879432 2026-07-09T09:37:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun AnnaMuhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> cpeoif11axa5wr8ji6r3hiv4vmnrwii 879434 879433 2026-07-09T09:38:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun AnnabMuhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> n9xwwbju17tqhd16bep3m8tdmformdk 879435 879434 2026-07-09T09:38:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 56s1ihm2itz5l185vc02elfufojlo1a 879436 879435 2026-07-09T09:40:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta A 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 3ccchad2gszslkdrjgke7jp17zzlxl6 879437 879436 2026-07-09T09:41:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, amma ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> jgt6yk8v9vimri4rn1889shs05vncwc 879439 879437 2026-07-09T09:42:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> kvjwjxn21exw98kodv1cwf65xovacfn 879440 879439 2026-07-09T09:43:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, amma lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> lpsmnt9vnzrmydt15igx6z3q4d4r86h 879441 879440 2026-07-09T09:44:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, ammah lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekar 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 7kpth3q4lsq1cgoq07n2q8z51qdlvwb 879444 879441 2026-07-09T09:45:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu A.S a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, ammah lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekara t 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> a4e10thc9m2s37us8pp20c2vkv7hzf8 879445 879444 2026-07-09T09:46:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu (A.S.W) a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, ammah lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekara t 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> k05j080o506imgi8pi2tzez3ae6tv4i 879446 879445 2026-07-09T09:47:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Ali 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu (A.S.W) a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, ammah lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekara t 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 86whn9xtz6pafh1fcc7ngqzz1uqbhma 879447 879446 2026-07-09T09:47:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Alif 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu (A.S.W) a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, ammah lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekara t 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shine Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> dde6x5tx5vyhaz3c4n30ubjmhbt3868 879448 879447 2026-07-09T09:50:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad''' (c. 570 – 8 Yuni 632 CE) Annabi kuma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) Shi ne shugaba kuma Annabin ƙarshe kuma wanda ya assasa [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci.]] A koyarwar Musulunci, shi Annabi ne da aka aiko daga Allah don ya yi wa’azi da tabbatar da koyarwar tauhidi da tabbatar da koyarwar annabawa da manzanni A.S.W da suka zo kafin shi tun daga Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa (A.S.W) da sauran annabawa. An yi imani da shi ne Hatimin Annabawa a Musulunci, kuma tare da Alkur'ani, koyarwarsa da misalan sa na yau da kullun sune tushen imani a addinin Musulunci. An haifi Muhammad (S.A.W) a [[Makka]] ga zuriyar Banu Hashim na kuraishawa. Shi dan Abdullahi bn Abdil-Muddalib ne da Amina bint Wahb. Mahaifinsa Abdullahi dan shugaban kabilar Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ya rasu a daidai lokacin da aka haifi Muhammad S.A.W Mahaifiyarsa Amina ta rasu tana da shekaru shidda, ta bar Muhammad maraya. Ya girma a karkashin kulawar kakansa, Abdul-Muttalib, da kawun mahaifinsa, Abu Talib. A shekarun baya, yakan keɓe kansa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wani kogon dutse mai suna Hira don yin addu'a da dama. Lokacin da yake shekara Arba'in, a c.610, Muhammadu S.A.W ya ruwaito cewa Jibrilu (A.S.W) ya ziyarce shi a cikin kogon kuma ya karbi wahayinsa na farko daga wurin Allah (S.W.A) shekara ta alif 613,Annabi Muhammad ya fara wa’azin wadannan ayoyin a fili, yana shelar cewa “Allah Makadaici ne” Kuma A cewa cikakkiyar “mika wuya” (Musulunci) kuma shi annabi ne kuma manzon Allah S.A.W kamar sauran annabawa (A.S.W) a Musulunci. Mabiyan Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) da farko ba su da yawa, kuma sun fuskanci zalunci daga mushrikan Makka na tsawon shekaru Shidda. Don guje wa tsanantawa da ake ci gaba da yi, ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa zuwa Habasha a shekara ta alif 615, kafin shi da mabiyansa su yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina (a lokacin da ake kira Yathrib) daga baya a shekara ta Alif 622. Wannan waki’ar, wato Hijira, ita ce farkon kalandar Musulunci, wadda aka fi sani da kalandar Hijiriyya. A Madina, Muhammadu (S.W.A) ya hada kabilu a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina. A cikin watan Disamba 629, bayan shekaru takwas ana gwabza fada da kabilun Makka, Muhammadu ya tara runduna ta tubabbun musulmai 10,000 suka nufi birnin Makka. Yakin ya tafi ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma Muhammad ya kwace garin da raunuka kadan. A shekara ta alif 632, ƴan watanni bayan ya dawo daga Hajjin bankwana, ya yi rashin lafiya ya rasu. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yawancin kasashen Larabawa sun musulunta. ayoyin (waḥy) da Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya ba da labarin samunsu har zuwa rasuwarsa, su ne ayoyin Alqur’ani, waxanda Musulunci ya ginu a kansu, Musulmi suna kallonsa a matsayin kalmar Allah ta zahiri da kuma wahayinsa na qarshe. Bayan Alqur'ani, koyarwar Muhammadu S.A.W da ayyukansa, waɗanda aka samu a cikin rahotannin da aka watsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da hadisi, da kuma a cikin tarihinsa (sīrah), su ma suna da ƙarfi kuma ana amfani da su azaman tushen shari'ar Musulunci. Baya ga Musulunci, Muhammadu ya sami yabo a cikin Sikhism a matsayin mutum mai ban sha'awa, a cikin bangaskiyar Druze a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan annabawa bakwai, kuma a cikin ban gaskiyar Baha'i a matsayin bayyanuwar Allah. == Rayuwar baya == A shekara alif 605, Quraysh sun yanke shawarar rufin [[Ka'aba]], wanda a baya ya kunshi ganuwa kawai. Ana buƙatar sake ginawa gaba ɗaya don karɓar sabon nauyi. A cikin damuwa ga me da ɓata wa alloli rai, wani mutum ya zo gaba da picaxe kuma ya ce, "Ya allahiya! Ba tsoro ba! Manufarmu kawai ga mafi kyau. " Tare da hakan, ya fara rushe shi. Mutanen Makka masu damuwa suna jiran ramuwar gayya ta Allah da daddare, ammah ci gaba da shi ba tare da lahani ba washegari an gan shi a matsayin alamar amincewar sama. A cewar wani labari da Ibn Ishaq ya tattara, lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sake haɗa [[Baƙin Dutse|Black Stone]], jayayya ta tashi game da wane dangin ya kamata ya sami gata. An ƙaddara cewa mutum na farko da ya shiga kotun Ka'aba zai sasanta. Muhammad ya ɗauki wannan rawar, yana neman mayafi. Ya sanya dutse a kansa, yana jagorantar wakilan dangin don haɗa kai da ɗaga shi zuwa matsayinsa. Daga nan sai da kansa ya tabbatar da shi a cikin bango.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Jomier|1990}} === Farkon Alkur'ani === [[Fayil:Cave_Hira.jpg|right|thumb|kogon Hira a dutsen Jabal al-Nour inda, bisa ga imanin Musulmi, Muhammadu ya sami wahayi na farko]] Tsaron kudi da Muhammad ya ji daga [[Khadija bint Khuwailid|Khadija]], matarsa mai arziki, ya ba shi isasshen lokacin kyauta don ciyarwa shi kaɗai a cikin kogon Hira.{{Sfn|Rodgers|2012}}{{Sfn|Netton|2013}} Bisa ga al'adar Islama, a a 610, lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya bayyana a gare shi yayin ziyarar da ya kai kogon.{{Sfn|Conrad|1987}} Mala'ikan ya nuna masa zane tare da ayoyin Alkur'ani a kai kuma ya umurce shi da ya karanta. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya furta jahilcinsa, Jibra'ilu ya maƙure shi da karfi, kusan ya kashe shi, kuma ya sake maimaita umarnin. Yayin da Muhammadu ya sake jaddada rashin iyawarsa na karatu, Jibra'ilu ya sake shanye shi a irin wannan hanyar. Wannan jerin ya sake faruwa sau ɗaya kafin Jibra'ilu (A.S.W) a ƙarshe ya karanta ayoyin, ya ba Muhammadu damar haddace su.{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}}{{Sfn|Klein|1906}}{{Sfn|Wensinck|Rippen|2002}} Wadannan ayoyi daga baya sun zama Alkur'ani 96:1-5.{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}} Lokacin da Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya farka, sai ya ji tsoro; ya fara tunanin cewa bayan duk wannan gwagwarmayar ruhaniya, wani jinn ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya sa ya daina so ya rayu. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa,A Muhammadu ya gudu daga kogon kuma ya fara hawa zuwa saman dutsen don tsalle zuwa mutuwarsa. Ammah lokacin da ya isa taron, ya sami wani hangen nesa, a wannan lokacin ya ga wani abu mai iko wanda ya mamaye sararin samaniya kuma ya kalli baya ga Muhammadu ko da lokacin da ya juya don fuskantar wata hanya daban. Wannan shine ruhun wahayi ({{Transl|ar|[[rūḥ]]}}), wanda Muhammad daga baya ya kira [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]]; ba mala'ika ne na halitta ba, ammah kasancewar da ta fi dacewa wacce ta tsayayya da iyakokin bil'adama da sararin samaniya.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Tsoro kuma ba zai iya fahimtar kwarewar ba, Muhammadu ya hanzarta sauka daga dutsen zuwa ga matarsa Khadija (R.T.A) A lokacin da ya isa gare ta, ya riga ya yi yawo a hannunsa da gwiwoyi, yana girgiza da babbar murya kuma yana kuka "Ka rufe ni!", yayin da ya tura kansa a kan cinyarta. Khadija ta lulluɓe shi cikin mayafi kuma ta riƙe shi a hannunta har sai tsoronsa ya ɓace. Ba ta da wata shakka game da wahayinsa; ta nace cewa na gaskiya ne kuma ba jinni ba ne.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Har ila yau, dan uwan Kirista na Khadija Waraqah ibn Nawfal ya tabbatar da Muhammad, wanda da farin ciki ya ce "Mai Tsarki! Mai Tsarki! Idan kun gaya mini gaskiya, O Khadijah, ya zo masa babban allahntaka wanda ya zo wurin Musa a baya, kuma shi ne annabin mutanensa. " Khadija (R.T.A) ta umurci Muhammadu ya sanar da ita idan Jibra'ilu ya dawo.{{Sfn|Brown|2003}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Lokacin da ya bayyana a lokacin sirri, Khadija ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar sanya Muhammad ya zauna a cinyarta ta hagu, cinyarta na dama, da kuma cinyarta, yana tambayar Muhammad idan har yanzu yana nan a kowane lokaci. Bayan Khadija ta cire tufafinta tare da Muhammad a cinyarta, sai ya ba da rahoton cewa Gabriel ya tafi a wannan lokacin. Khadija ta gaya masa ya yi farin ciki yayin da ta kammala cewa ba Shaidan ba ne ammah mala'ika ne da ke ziyartar shi.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Rosenwein|2018}}{{Sfn|Brown|2003}} Halin Muhammadu (S.A.W) a lokacin da yake wahayi sau da yawa ya haifar da zarge-zarge daga tsaransa cewa yana ƙarƙashin tasirin jinn, mai duba, ko mai sihiri, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin waɗannan abubuwan sun yi kama da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da irin waɗannan adadi da aka sani a tsohuwar Arabiya. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na kamawa na iya zama shaida mai rinjaye ga mabiyansa game da asalin allahntaka na wahayinsa. Wasu masana [[tarihi]] sun ce kwatancin yanayin Muhammadu a cikin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama gaskiya, saboda ba zai yiwu Musulmai daga baya ne suka kirkiresu ba.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} [[Fayil:Miniatura_Maometto.jpg|thumb|Hoton [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] yana ziyartar Muhammadu daga ''Siyer-i Nebi'']] === Hamayya a Makka === A kusa da 613, Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya fara wa'azi ga jama'a; {{Transl|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|islam]]}} da yawa daga cikin mabiyansa na farko mata ne, 'yanci, bayin, bayi, da sauran membobin ƙananan zamantakewa.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007}}{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Wadannan masu tuba suna jiran kowane sabon wahayi daga Muhammadu; lokacin da ya karanta shi, dukansu za su sake maimaita shi kuma su haddace shi, kuma masu karatu sun rubuta shi a rubuce.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2007}} Muhammad kuma ya gabatar da al'ada ga ƙungiyarsa wanda ya haɗa da addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}) tare da matsayi na jiki wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar mika wuya (islama) ga Allah, da bayar da sadaka ({{Transl|ar|[[zakat]]}}) a matsayin abin da ake buƙata ga al'ummar musulmi ({{Transl|ar|[[ummah]]}}).{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} A wannan lokacin, an san ƙungiyar addinin Muhammadu da {{Transl|ar|tazakka}} ('tsarkakewa').{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}}{{Sfn|Watt|1953}} Da farko, ba shi da wata babbar adawa daga mazaunan [[Makkah|Makka]], waɗanda ba su damu da ayyukansa na tuba ba, ammah lokacin da ya fara kai farmaki ga imanin su, tashin hankali ya tashi.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Lewis|2002}}{{Sfn|Muranyi|1998}}{{Sfn|Gordon|2005}} [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] sun kalubalanci shi ya yi mu'ujizai, kamar kawo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, duk da haka ya ki, yana tunanin cewa ka'idojin yanayi sun riga sun zama isasshen tabbacin girman Allah. Wasu sun yi masa ba'a ta hanyar yin mamakin dalilin da ya sa Allah bai ba shi dukiya ba. Sauran sun yi masa kira ya ziyarci Aljanna kuma ya dawo tare da naɗaɗɗun takardu na [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]]. Amma Muhammadu ya tabbatar da cewa Alkur'ani, a cikin hanyar da ya gabatar da shi, ya riga ya zama hujja mai ban mamaki.{{Sfn|Phipps|2016}}{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} === Wakilan Quraysh zuwa Yathrib === Shugabannin Quraysh sun aika Nadr ibn al-Harith da Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt zuwa [[Madinah|Yathrib]] don neman ra'ayoyin malamai Yahudawa game da Muhammadu. Rabbin sun shawarce su da su tambayi Muhammadu tambayoyi uku: su ba da labarin samari da suka fara a farkon zamani; su ba da labari game da matafiyi wanda ya kai gabas da yammacin duniya; kuma su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ruhun. Idan Muhammadu ya amsa daidai, sun ce, zai zama Annabi; in ba haka ba, zai zama maƙaryaci. Lokacin da suka koma Makka suka tambayi Muhammad tambayoyin, sai ya gaya musu cewa zai ba da amsoshin washegari. Koyaya, kwanaki 15 sun wuce ba tare da amsa daga Allahn sa ba, wanda ya haifar da tsegumi tsakanin Makkawa kuma ya haifar da damuwa ga Muhammadu. A wani lokaci daga baya, mala'ika [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]] ya zo wurin Muhammadu kuma ya ba shi amsoshin.{{Sfn|Ṣallābī|2005}}{{Sfn|Peterson|2007}} === Gudun hijira zuwa Abyssinia da abin da ya faru na ayoyin shaidan === A shekara t 615, Muhammad ya aika da wasu daga cikin mabiyansa don yin ƙaura zuwa Masarautar Abyssinian ta Aksum kuma ya sami ƙaramin mallaka a ƙarƙashin kariya na Kirista na Habasha Aṣḥama ibn Abjar . {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Daga cikin wadanda suka tafi akwai Umm Habiba, 'yar daya daga cikin shugabannin Quraysh, [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]], da mijinta.{{Sfn|Cheikh|2015}} Sai Quraysh suka aika da mutane biyu don dawo da su. Saboda aikin fata a lokacin yana da daraja sosai a Abyssinia, sun tattara fata da yawa kuma sun kai su can don su iya rarraba wasu ga kowane janar na masarautar. Amma sarki ya ki amincewa da bukatarsu.{{Sfn|Peters|1994}} Duk da yake [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] da Ibn Hisham sun ambaci ƙaura ɗaya kawai zuwa Abyssinia, akwai saiti biyu bisa ga Ibn Sa'd. Daga cikin wadannan biyu, yawancin rukuni na farko sun koma Makka kafin taron {{Transl|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, yayin da yawancin rukuni ya biyu suka kasance a Abyssinia a lokacin kuma suka tafi kai tsaye zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] bayan taron {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}. Wadannan labaran sun yarda cewa tsanantawa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Muhammadu ya tura su can. A cewar W. Montgomery Watt, abubuwan da suka faru sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda asusun gargajiya suka nuna; ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai rarrabuwar rabuwa a cikin al'ummar musulmi, kuma suna iya zuwa can don kasuwanci a gasa tare da manyan iyalai masu kasuwanci na Makka. A cikin wasikar Urwa da Tabari ya adana, waɗannan 'yan gudun hijira sun dawo bayan juyowa zuwa Islama na mutane da yawa a matsayi kamar [[Hamza]] da [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]].{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} === Gudun Hijira zuwa Madina === Yayinda juriya ga masu tuba a Makka ta girma, Muhammadu ya fara iyakance kokarinsa ga wadanda ba 'yan Makka ba wadanda suka halarci baje kolin ko yin aikin hajji.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} A wannan lokacin, Muhammadu ya haɗu da mutane shida daga Banu Khazraj . Wadannan maza suna da tarihin mamaye Yahudawa a yankinsu, wanda hakan zai gargadi su cewa za a aika da annabi don azabtar da su. Da suka ji saƙon addini na Muhammadu, sun ce wa juna, "Wannan shi ne annabin da Yahudawa suka gargadi mu. Kada ku bar su su isa gare shi a gabanmu!" Bayan sun rungumi Islama, sun koma Madina kuma sun raba gamuwarsu, suna fatan cewa ta hanyar samun mutanensu - Khazraj da Aws, waɗanda suka kasance ba su da kyau na dogon lokaci - karɓar Islama kuma su karɓi Muhammadu a matsayin shugabansu, za a iya samun hadin kai tsakanin su.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Peters|2021}} A shekara mai zuwa, biyar daga cikin masu tuba na baya sun sake komawa Muhammad, tare da su sabbin mutane bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga Banu Aws. A Aqaba, kusa da Makka, sun yi alkawarin amincinsu a gare shi.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammad ya danƙa wa [[Mus'ab ibn Umayr]] ya haɗu da su a lokacin da suka dawo Madina don inganta Islama. Ya zo Yuni 622, an shirya wani muhimmin taron sirri, kuma a Aqaba. A cikin wannan taron, mutane saba'in da biyar daga Madina (Yathrib a lokacin) sun halarci, ciki har da mata biyu, wakiltar duk masu tuba na oases.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}} Muhammadu ya tambaye su da su kare shi kamar yadda za su kare matansu da 'ya'yansu. Sun yarda kuma sun ba shi rantsuwarsu, wanda aka fi sani da alkawarin na biyu a al-Aqabah ko alkawarin yaƙi.{{Sfn|Fontaine|2022}} Aljanna ita ce alkawarin Muhammadu a gare su don musayar amincinsu.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007}} == Shekaru na Medinan == === Gina al'ummar addini a Madina === Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ya zauna a Madina, Muhammadu ya tattauna don sayen wani yanki; a kan wannan makirci, Musulmai sun fara gina ginin da zai zama gidan Muhammadu da kuma wurin taruwa na al'umma ({{Transl|ar|[[masjid]]}}) don addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[salat]]}}). An yi amfani da kututturen itace a matsayin ginshiƙai don riƙe rufin, kuma babu wani kyakkyawan fadar; maimakon haka, Muhammadu ya tsaya a saman ƙaramin kujera don yin magana da ikilisiya. An kammala tsarin bayan kimanin watanni bakwai a watan Afrilu na shekara ta Al 623, ya zama gini na farko na Musulmi da masallaci; bangon arewacin yana da dutse da ke nuna hanyar addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[qibla]]}}) wanda shi ne Urushalima a wannan lokacin. Muhammad ya yi amfani da ginin don karbar bakuncin tarurruka na jama'a da na siyasa, da kuma wurin da matalauta za su taru don karɓar sadaka, abinci, da kulawa. An kuma ba wa Kiristoci da Yahudawa damar shiga cikin bautar al'umma a masallacin. Da farko, addinin Muhammadu ba shi da wata hanyar da za a tsara don kiran al'umma zuwa addu'a a hanyar da aka tsara. Don warware wannan, Muhammadu ya yi la'akari da amfani da ƙaho na rago ({{Transl|ar|[[shofar]]}}) kamar Yahudawa ko mai yin katako na katako kamar Kiristoci, ammah ɗaya daga cikin Musulmai a cikin al'ummah ya yi mafarki inda wani mutum da ke cikin mayafin kore ya gaya masa cewa wani da babbar murya ya kamata ya sanar da hidimar ta hanyar ihu "[[Takbir|allahu akbar]]" ('Allah ya fi girma') don tunatar da Musulmai game da fifiko; lokacin da wannan mafarki, ya yarda da ra'ayin kuma ya zaɓi [[Bilal Ibn Rabaha|Bilal]], tsohon bawa na Abyssinian da aka sani da muryarsa mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} === Tsarin Mulki na Madina === Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madina alkawari ne na doka wanda Muhammadu ya rubuta. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, kabilun Larabawa da Yahudawa na Madina sun yi alkawarin rayuwa cikin salama tare da Musulmai da kuma guje wa yin yarjejeniya ta daban da Makka. Ya kuma tabbatar wa Yahudawa 'yancin addini. A cikin yarjejeniyar, ana buƙatar duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa ya kare da kuma kare oasis idan aka kai masa hari. A siyasance, yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wa Muhammadu ya fahimci ko wane mutane ne ke gefensa.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Ibn Ishaq, bayan labarinsa na {{Transl|ar|Hijrah}}, ya ci gaba da cewa Muhammadu ya rubuta rubutun kuma ya bayyana abubuwan da aka ɗauka ba tare da samar da wani {{Transl|ar|[[Hadith studies|isnad]]}} ko tabbatarwa ba.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}} Ana ɗaukar sunan gabaɗaya ba daidai ba ne, kamar yadda rubutun bai kafa jiha ba ko kuma ya kafa dokokin Alkur'ani, amma ya magance al'amuran kabilanci.{{Sfn|Arjomand|2022}}{{Sfn|Rubin|2022}} Duk da yake malamai daga Yamma da Musulmi sun yarda da sahihancin rubutun, rashin jituwa ya ci gaba da ko yarjejeniya ce ko kuma sanarwar Muhammad, yawan takardun da ya kunshi, bangarorin farko, takamaiman lokacin da aka kirkireshi (ko na bangarorin da suka hada da shi), ko an rubuta shi kafin ko bayan da Muhammadu ya cire manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina, da kuma hanyar da ta dace don fassara shi.{{Sfn|Humphreys|1991}}{{Sfn|Watt|1956}} === Rikici da kabilun Yahudawa === Da zarar an kammala shirye-shiryen fansa ga fursunonin Makka, sai ya fara kewaye Banu Qaynuqa, wanda aka dauka a matsayin mafi rauni da wadata daga cikin manyan kabilun Yahudawa uku na Madina.{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} Tushen Musulmi sun ba da dalilai daban-daban na kewaye, gami da rikici da ya shafi [[Hamza]] da Ali a kasuwar Banu Qaynuqa, da kuma wani juzu'i na Ibn Ishaq, wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace musulma da wani masanin zinare na Qaynuqa ya yi wa ba'a.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}}{{Sfn|Lassner|2012}} Ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba, Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi mafaka a sansanin su, inda Muhammadu ya toshe su, ya yanke damar samun abinci. Banu Qaynuqa sun nemi taimako daga abokansu Larabawa, amma Larabawa sun ki tun da sun kasance magoya bayan Muhammadu.{{Sfn|Armstrong|2013}} Bayan kimanin makonni biyu, Banu Qaynuqa sun mika wuya ba tare da shiga yaƙi ba.{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001}} == Shekaru na ƙarshe == === Cin nasarar Makka === <div class="depiction">[[Fayil:Siyer-i_Nebi_298a.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga {{Transl|ar|[[Siyer-i Nebi]]}} na Muhammadu yana ci gaba a Makka, tare da fuskarsa. Mala'iku [[Mala'ika Jibril|Jibra'ilu]], Mika'ilu, Isra'ila da Azrael, suma an nuna su.]]</div>An aiwatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah|Yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ƙabilar Banu Khuza'ah tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Muhammadu, yayin da abokan gaba, Banu Bakr, sun haɗa kai da Makkawa. Wani dangin Bakr sun kai hari da dare a kan Khuza'ah, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikinsu. Makkawa sun taimaka wa Banu Bakr da makamai kuma, bisa ga wasu kafofin, wasu Makkawa ma sun shiga cikin fada. Bayan wannan taron, Muhammadu ya aika da sako zuwa Makka tare da sharuɗɗa uku, yana rokon su karɓi ɗaya daga cikinsu. Wadannan sune: ko dai mutanen Makka za su biya kudi na jini ga wadanda aka kashe a cikin kabilar Khuza'ah, sun musanta kansu daga Banu Bakr, ko kuma ya kamata su ayyana yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah ba ta da amfani. Makkawa sun amsa cewa sun yarda da yanayin karshe. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fahimci kuskuren su kuma suka aika [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] don sabunta yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah, buƙatar da Muhammadu ya ƙi. == Kyauta == Bayan bin shaidar hadin kan Allah, imani da annabcin Muhammadu shine babban bangare na bangaskiyar Islama. Kowane Musulmi ya yi shelar a cikin {{Transl|ar|[[Shahada]]}}: "Na ba da shaida cewa babu wani allah sai Allah, kuma na ba da shaida ga cewa Muhammadu Manzo ne na Allah". {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine ka'idar asali ko ka'idar Islama. Imani na Islama shine cewa {{Transl|ar|Shahada}} shine kalmomin farko da jariri zai ji; ana koya wa yara nan da nan kuma za a karanta shi bayan mutuwa. Musulmai suna maimaita shahadah a cikin kiran addu'a ({{Transl|ar|[[adhan]]}}) da addu'a kanta. Ana buƙatar waɗanda ba Musulmai ba da son tuba zuwa Islama su karanta ka'idar. [[Fayil:Mohamed_peace_be_upon_him.svg|thumb|Fassarar calligraphic na "zai iya Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya", wanda aka kara da shi bayan sunan Muhammadu, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin ligature a Unicode code point U + U+FDFA <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-3.1/U31-FB50.pdf |access-date=9 May 2010 |website=The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2 |publisher=The Unicode Consortium}}</ref> [S. ]] A cikin imanin Islama, an dauki Muhammadu a matsayin annabi na karshe da Allah ya aiko.[336] Rubuce-rubuce irin su [[Hadisi|hadith]] da {{Transl|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}} sun danganta mu'ujizai da yawa ko abubuwan da suka faru na allahntaka ga Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine rabuwa da Wata, wanda bisa ga tarin {{Transl|ar|[[tafsir]]}} na farko da ke akwai shine rabuwa ta zahiri na Wata.{{Sfn|Brockopp|2010}} [[sunnah]] tana wakiltar ayyukan da maganganun Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) da aka adana a cikin hadisi kuma tana rufe ayyuka da imani da yawa daga al'adun addini, tsabtace mutum, da binne matattu zuwa tambayoyin asiri da suka shafi soyayya tsakanin mutane da Allah. Sunnah ana daukar ta a matsayin misali na kwaikwayon ga Musulmai masu ibada kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun Musulmi. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai game da manyan bukukuwan Islama kamar addu'o'i na yau da kullun, azumi da aikin hajji na shekara-shekara ana samun su ne kawai a cikin sunnah ba Alkur'ani ba. [[Fayil:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|[[Shahadah]]}} da aka kwatanta a Fadar Topkapı, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya.]] Musulmai sun nuna ƙauna da girmamawa ga Muhammadu. Labaran rayuwar Muhammadu, roƙonsa da mu'ujizansa sun shiga cikin tunanin Musulmi da shayari ({{Transl|ar|[[naʽat]]}}). Daga cikin odes na Larabci ga Muhammadu, {{Transl|ar|[[Qasidat al-Burda]]}} ("Poem of the Mantle") na [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]] na Masar (1211-1294) sananne ne sosai, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai don samun warkarwa, ikon ruhaniya. Alkur'ani yana nufin Muhammadu a matsayin "ra'ayi ({{Transl|ar|rahmat}}) ga duniyoyi". {{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}} Haɗin ruwan sama da jinƙai a ƙasashen Gabas ya haifar da tunanin Muhammadu a matsayin girgije mai ruwan sama wanda ke ba da albarka da shimfiɗa a kan ƙasashe, yana rayar da zukatan matattu, kamar yadda ruwan sama ke rayar da duniya mai kama da matattu. Ana yin bikin [[Maulidi|Ranar haihuwar Muhammadu]] a matsayin babban biki a duk faɗin [[Duniyar Musulunci|Duniyar Musulmi]], ban da Saudi Arabia mai rinjaye [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabi]] inda aka hana waɗannan bukukuwan jama'a.{{Efn|See, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif}} Lokacin da Musulmai suka ce ko suka rubuta sunan Muhammadu, yawanci suna bin sa da kalmar Larabci {{Transl|ar|ṣallā llahu ʿalayhi wa-sallam}} (Bari ''Allah ya girmama shi kuma ya ba shi zaman lafiya'') ko kuma kalmar Turanci ''[[Peace be upon him|zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa]]''. A rubuce-rubuce na yau da kullun, ana amfani da raguwa SAW (don kalmar Larabci) ko PBUH (don kalmar Ingilishi) wani lokaci; a cikin abin da aka buga, ana amfani dashi da karamin fassarar calligraphic (صلى الله عليه وسلم). Manzon Allah ya kasance yana son wannan alummar. == <Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> chw84l21trdyllv2tr9gzlpwqzvhmaa 0 4047 879226 483540 2026-07-08T23:12:01Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|thumb|right|250px|Flag_of_Hungary.svg|Tutar Hungariya.]] '''Hungariya''' ko '''Hangare'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Hungariya [[Budapest]] ne. Hungariya tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba'i {{formatnum:93030}}. Hungariya tana da yawan jama'a {{formatnum:9772756}}, bisa ga jimilla a shekarar ta 2019. Hungariya tana da iyaka da ƙasasen bakwai: [[Slofakiya]] a Arewa, [[Ukraniya]] a Arewa aso Gabas, [[Romainiya]] a Gabas da Kudu maso Gabas, [[Serbiya]] a Kudu, [[Kroatiya]] da [[Sloveniya]] a Kudu maso Yamma, da Austriya a Yamma. Hungariya ta samu yancin kanta a karni da tara bayan haihuwar Annabi Issa. Daga shekara ta 2012, shugaban ƙasar Hungariya [[János Áder]] ne. Firaministan ƙasar Hungariya [[Viktor Orbán]] ne daga shekara ta 2010. ==Hotuna== <gallery> Fayil:V%C3%A1ci_Street,_2009_Budapest,_Europe_(3898053145).jpg|Budapest nahiyar Turai Fayil:Buda_Castle_from_Gell%C3%A9rt_Hill,_Anastasia_Zhenina_2015_(Unsplash).jpg|Anastasia Fayil:View_from_Saint_Stephen%27s_Basilica,_Budapest,_Europe_(3898792084).jpg|Budapest Hungary Fayil:19-10-03-Margarethenbr%C3%BCcke_und_Margaretheninsel-RalfR.jpg|Margaretheninsel File:King_St._Ladislaus.jpg|St. Ladislaus na Hungary, Basilica a Győr (Hungary) File:Hungarian_National_Theater_Budapest.jpg|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Budapest File:Mujegpalya_Ice_Rink.jpg|Budapest, Castle Vajdahunyad da City Ice Ring File:Beech_forest_M%C3%A1tra_in_winter.jpg|Dajin Beech Matra File:Esztergom_by_night_01_-_Simor_J%C3%A1nos_utca.jpg|Esztergom a dare File:HUN-2015-Budapest-Hungarian_Parliament_(Budapest)_2015-02.jpg|Majalisar Hungariya File:Megyeri_h%C3%ADd.jpg|Megyeri File:Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg|Gada a Budapest da dare File:Vajdahunyad_v%C3%A1ra_Budapest_September_2013.jpg|Vajdahunyad File:The_river_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_near_the_Hungarian_town_Mez%C5%91ber%C3%A9ny.jpg|Kogin koros File:Hu-map.png|Taswirar kasar </gallery> == Manazarta == <references/> {{Turai}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hungariya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]]Ga cikakken bayani game da Hungary (Hungariya ko Hangare): Hungariya (wanda ake kira Hangare a wasu lokuta) ƙasa ce da ke yankin Tsakiyar Turai (Central Europe). Babban birninta shi ne Budapest, wanda kuma shi ne mafi girman birni, cibiyar gwamnati, tattalin arziki, al'adu da yawon buɗe ido. Tarihi An kafa ƙasar Hungariya a shekara ta 1000 Miladiyya, lokacin da Stephen I of Hungary ya zama sarki na farko. Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ƙasar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masarautu a Turai. Bayan World War I, Hungariya ta rasa wani babban ɓangare na ƙasarta sakamakon Treaty of Trianon. Daga 1949 zuwa 1989 ta kasance ƙasa mai mulkin gurguzu kafin ta koma tsarin dimokuraɗiyya. Yanayi da ƙasa Hungariya tana da faɗin ƙasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 93,030. Ba ta da bakin teku, kuma tana iyaka da ƙasashe bakwai: Slovakia a arewa Ukraine a arewa maso gabas Romania a gabas Serbia a kudu Croatia a kudu maso yamma Slovenia a yamma Austria a arewa maso yamma Kogin Danube River yana ratsa tsakiyar ƙasar, kuma yana da muhimmanci ga sufuri da tattalin arziki. Yawan jama'a Hungariya tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 9.5 zuwa 10, yawancinsu 'yan ƙabilar Hungariya ne (Magyars). Harshen hukuma shi ne Harshen Hungariya (Magyar). Addini Mafi yawan al'ummar ƙasar Kiristoci ne, musamman mabiya Katolika da Furotesta, yayin da akwai waɗanda ba su da addini da kuma ƙananan mabiya sauran addinai. Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Hungariya ya dogara da: Masana'antu (musamman kera motoci da na'urori) Noma (alkama, masara, inabi da sunflower) Fasaha da kimiyya Yawon buɗe ido Al'adu Hungariya ta shahara da: Waƙoƙin gargajiya da raye-raye Abinci irin su Goulash Ruwan zafi na wanka (thermal baths) Gine-ginen tarihi a Budapest Wasanni Ƙasar ta yi fice a wasanni kamar: Ƙwallon ƙafa Iyo Water polo Fencing Canoeing da kayaking Bayanai a taƙaice Babban birni: Budapest Nahiya: Turai Faɗin ƙasa: 93,030 km² Yawan jama'a: Kimanin miliyan 9.5–10 Harshen hukuma: Harshen Hungariya (Magyar) Kuɗi: Hungarian forint (HUF) Tsarin mulki: Jamhuriya mai dimokuraɗiyya Lambar ƙasa: +36 heg14s5bbsed3flvnhqv3y9dlqaaa5n 0 4510 879223 517198 2026-07-08T23:05:09Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Herb Alpert 1966.jpg|thumb|Tim Alexander]] '''Tim Alexander''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1973) shi ne dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Tim}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] Ga cikakken bayani da za ka iya amfani da shi wajen faɗaɗa wannan muƙalar ta Wikipedia: Tim Alexander Timothy Mark Alexander (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Maris, 1973 a Chertsey, Surrey, Ingila) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila. Ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya (central defender). Ya buga wasa a matakin ƙwararru tare da kungiyoyi daban-daban a Ingila da Wales. Rayuwar farko An haifi Tim Alexander a garin Chertsey da ke lardin Surrey a Ingila. Ya fara sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, inda daga baya ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta ƙungiyar Wimbledon. Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa Alexander ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyar Wimbledon a shekarar 1991, duk da cewa bai samu buga wasan lig ba. Daga baya ya koma Woking, inda ya fara samun damar buga wasanni akai-akai. Bayan haka ya wakilci ƙungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da: Barnet Gravesend & Northfleet Welling United Woking (a karo na biyu) Dagenham & Redbridge Bromley Walton & Hersham The New Saints Rhyl (a matsayin aro) A lokacin da yake tare da The New Saints, ya buga wasanni sama da 90 kuma ya zura kwallaye 13, abin da ya sa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan bayan ƙungiyar a lokacin. Salon wasansa Tim Alexander ya shahara a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya wanda yake da ƙarfi a kare gida, iya cin ƙwallayen sama, da kuma jagorantar tsaron ƙungiyarsa. Bayan ritaya Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallon ƙafa, Tim Alexander ya daina taka leda a matakin ƙwararru. Ba a samu cikakkun bayanai a fili game da ayyukansa bayan ritaya ba. 8rk6wtn74h3b6wzd0541xaaslzuw0vh 0 5920 879044 822792 2026-07-08T17:31:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:2019 Democracy index.svg|thumb|360px|]] '''Dimokaraɗiyya''' ko '''Damakwaraɗiyya ''' (fassara “mulkin talakawa”), amma yanzu, tsari ne na gwamnati wanda kuma ýan ƙasa ke mulki ko su zaɓi wakilai a tsakanin su domin su kafa hukumar gudanarwa, kamar majalisar dokokin Dimokaraɗiyya an fara ta ne a '[[Girka (ƙasa)|Ƙasar Girika]] wanda wakilan ýan siyasa da aka zaɓa daga shaidun Kotu tsakanin ýan 'Kasa maza masu arziki da talakawa<ref>Locke, John. ''Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English''. Quote:"There is no practical alternative to majority political rule – i.e., to taking the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual. It would be next to impossible to obtain the consent of every individual before acting collectively ... No rational people could desire and constitute a society that had to dissolve straightaway because the majority was unable to make the final decision and the society was incapable of acting as one body."[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_4BGe7-pFIC&pg=PR9&lpg=PR9&dq=%E2%80%9CThere+is+no+practical+alternative+to+majority+political+rule+%E2%80%93+i.e.,+to+taking+the+consent+of+the+majority+as+the+act+of+the+whole+and+binding+every+individual.%22#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CThere%20is%20no%20practical%20alternative%20to%20majority%20political%20rule%20%E2%80%93%20i.e.%2C%20to%20taking%20the%20consent%20of%20the%20majority%20as%20the%20act%20of%20the%20whole%20and%20binding%20every%20individual.%22&f=false Google Books].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy|title=Definition of DEMOCRACY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Landman|first1=Todd|title=Democracy and Human Rights: Concepts, Measures, and Relationships|journal=Politics and Governance|volume=6|issue=1|page=48|doi=10.17645/pag.v6i1.1186|year=2018}}</ref><ref>Diamond, L., Lecture at Hilla University for Humanistic Studies 21 January 2004: [http://web.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/iraq/WhaIsDemocracy012004.htm "What is Democracy"]; Diamond, L. and Morlino, L., The quality of democracy (2016). In Diamond, L., In Search of Democracy. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-78128-2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Przeworski|first1=Adam|title=Democracy and the Market|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=10–14}}</ref><ref>Wilson, N.G. (2006). ''Encyclopedia of ancient Greece''. New York: Routledge. p. 511. {{ISBN|0-415-97334-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Ernest|title=The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle|year=1906|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=Chapter VII, Section 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HUrAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>Jarvie, 2006, pp.&nbsp;218–19</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Staff writer|url=http://www.economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8908438|title=Liberty and justice for some|work=[[The Economist]]|publisher=[[Economist Group]]|date=22 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="BKMIT">{{cite book|last1=Dahl|first1=Robert A.|last2=Shapiro|first2=Ian|last3=Cheibub|first3=José Antônio|title=The democracy sourcebook|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2003|isbn=978-0-262-54147-3}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=B8THIuSkiqgC Details.]</ref><ref name="BKHenaff">{{cite book|last1=Hénaff|first1=Marcel|last2=Strong|first2=Tracy B.|title=Public space and democracy|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8166-3388-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kimber|first=Richard|title=On democracy|journal=[[Scandinavian Political Studies]]|volume=12|issue=3|pages=201, 199–219|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9477.1989.tb00090.x|date=September 1989|ref=harv}} [https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/13057/24875 Full text.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017170633/https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/13057/24875 |date=2016-10-17 }}</ref>. Bisa ga mai ilimin siyasa [[Larry Diamond]], dimokuraɗiyya tana da abubuwa hudu: (a) hanyar siyasa don zabe da kuma maye gurbin gwamnati ta tsarin zaɓen adalci da gaskiya; (b) gudumawar jamaá a matsayinsu na ýan 'Kasa cikin siyasa da ýancin rayuawa; (c) kariyar ýancin ɗan Adam na dukan ƴan 'Kasa da (d) mulkin doka, wanda dokoki da hanyar da za a zatas da su dai-dai ga dukan ýan kasar. A karni na biyar (5) kafin haifuwar Annabi Isah A., a biranen tarayya ta [[Girika]], an nuna tsarin siyasa wanda an fi sani da Athens, dimokaradiyya akasin sarauta ne,wato, 'mulkin dan yawa'. A rubuce wadannan bayanai akasin dimokaradiyya ne kuma an kauce wa manufar dimokaradiyya bisa ga tarihi. Tsarin siyasar Athens ta ba ýan Kasa ýanci mai adalci da su yantar da maza wajen siyasa, barori ba su da wannan ƴancin shigar siyasa. A tarihin gwamnatin dimokaradiyya na dá da na zamani, zama ɗan wakili mai adalci ta kunshi yardan jamaá bayan an ci ainihin zabe da manyan mutane sun yi bisa ga yawancin siyasan yau bisa ga zaben raáyi a karnin 19, da na 20. Turai ta fara daga karni na 16, daga tsohowar tsakar Faransa da tsakar Latin. An kwatanta dimokaradiyya da siffar gwamnati inda mutum daya ke da iko kamar ta mulkiya ko ikon kalilar mutane. Duk da haka, wadannan hamayyar da an gada daga mai ilimin falfasa na Girika na baki-biyu sabida gwamnatin yanzu na da siyasar hántsuná, mulkin kalila da ababan mulukiya. Mai suna [[Karl Popper]], ya kuma bayyana Dimokaradiyya da kwatanci da mulkin kama karya ko zalunci, da sa hankali ga dama-damar jama'a da su jagoranci shuwagabannin su da su hamɓarar da su ba tare da buƙatar juyin mulki ba. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} lzp5z9ke8b1j3va55htz0tymotsk9fl 879045 879044 2026-07-08T17:32:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:2019 Democracy index.svg|thumb|360px|]] '''Dimokaraɗiyya''' ko '''Damakwaraɗiyya ''' (fassara “mulkin talakawa”), amma yanzu, tsari ne na gwamnati wanda kuma ýan ƙasa ke mulki ko su zaɓi wakilai a tsakanin su domin su kafa hukumar gudanarwa, kamar majalisar dokokin Dimokaraɗiyya an fara ta ne a '[[Girka (ƙasa)|Ƙasar Girika]] wanda wakilan ýan siyasa da aka zaɓa daga shaidun Kotu tsakanin ýan 'Kasa maza masu arziki da talakawa<ref>Locke, John. ''Two Treatises on Government: a Translation into Modern English''. Quote:"There is no practical alternative to majority political rule – i.e., to taking the consent of the majority as the act of the whole and binding every individual. It would be next to impossible to obtain the consent of every individual before acting collectively ... No rational people could desire and constitute a society that had to dissolve straightaway because the majority was unable to make the final decision and the society was incapable of acting as one body."[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d_4BGe7-pFIC&pg=PR9&lpg=PR9&dq=%E2%80%9CThere+is+no+practical+alternative+to+majority+political+rule+%E2%80%93+i.e.,+to+taking+the+consent+of+the+majority+as+the+act+of+the+whole+and+binding+every+individual.%22#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CThere%20is%20no%20practical%20alternative%20to%20majority%20political%20rule%20%E2%80%93%20i.e.%2C%20to%20taking%20the%20consent%20of%20the%20majority%20as%20the%20act%20of%20the%20whole%20and%20binding%20every%20individual.%22&f=false Google Books].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy|title=Definition of DEMOCRACY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Landman|first1=Todd|title=Democracy and Human Rights: Concepts, Measures, and Relationships|journal=Politics and Governance|volume=6|issue=1|page=48|doi=10.17645/pag.v6i1.1186|year=2018}}</ref><ref>Diamond, L., Lecture at Hilla University for Humanistic Studies 21 January 2004: [http://web.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/iraq/WhaIsDemocracy012004.htm "What is Democracy"]; Diamond, L. and Morlino, L., The quality of democracy (2016). In Diamond, L., In Search of Democracy. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-78128-2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Przeworski|first1=Adam|title=Democracy and the Market|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=10–14}}</ref><ref>Wilson, N.G. (2006). ''Encyclopedia of ancient Greece''. New York: Routledge. p. 511. {{ISBN|0-415-97334-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Ernest|title=The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle|year=1906|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=Chapter VII, Section 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HUrAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref>Jarvie, 2006, pp.&nbsp;218–19</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Staff writer|url=http://www.economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8908438|title=Liberty and justice for some|work=[[The Economist]]|publisher=[[Economist Group]]|date=22 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="BKMIT">{{cite book|last1=Dahl|first1=Robert A.|last2=Shapiro|first2=Ian|last3=Cheibub|first3=José Antônio|title=The democracy sourcebook|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2003|isbn=978-0-262-54147-3}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=B8THIuSkiqgC Details.]</ref><ref name="BKHenaff">{{cite book|last1=Hénaff|first1=Marcel|last2=Strong|first2=Tracy B.|title=Public space and democracy|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8166-3388-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kimber|first=Richard|title=On democracy|journal=[[Scandinavian Political Studies]]|volume=12|issue=3|pages=201, 199–219|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9477.1989.tb00090.x|date=September 1989|ref=harv}} [https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/13057/24875 Full text.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017170633/https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/13057/24875 |date=2016-10-17 }}</ref>. Bisa ga mai ilimin siyasa [[Larry Diamond]], dimokuraɗiyya tana da abubuwa hudu: (a) hanyar siyasa don zabe da kuma maye gurbin gwamnati ta tsarin zaɓen adalci da gaskiya; (b) gudumawar jamaá a matsayinsu na ýan 'Kasa cikin siyasa da ýancin rayuawa; (c) kariyar ýancin ɗan Adam na dukan ƴan 'Kasa da (d) mulkin doka, wanda dokoki da hanyar da za a zatas da su dai-dai ga dukan ýan kasar. A karni na biyar (5) kafin haifuwar Annabi Isah A., a biranen tarayya ta [[Girika]], an nuna tsarin siyasa wanda an fi sani da Athens, dimokaradiyya akasin sarauta ne,wato, 'mulkin dan yawa'. A rubuce wadannan bayanai akasin dimokaradiyya ne kuma an kauce wa manufar dimokaradiyya bisa ga tarihi. Tsarin siyasar Athens ta ba ýan Kasa ýanci mai adalci da su yantar da maza wajen siyasa, barori ba su da wannan ƴancin shigar siyasa. A tarihin gwamnatin dimokradiyya na dá da na zamani, zama ɗan wakili mai adalci ta kunshi yardan jamaá bayan an ci ainihin zabe da manyan mutane sun yi bisa ga yawancin siyasan yau bisa ga zaben raáyi a karnin 19, da na 20. Turai ta fara daga karni na 16, daga tsohowar tsakar Faransa da tsakar Latin. An kwatanta dimokaradiyya da siffar gwamnati inda mutum daya ke da iko kamar ta mulkiya ko ikon kalilar mutane. Duk da haka, wadannan hamayyar da an gada daga mai ilimin falfasa na Girika na baki-biyu sabida gwamnatin yanzu na da siyasar hántsuná, mulkin kalila da ababan mulukiya. Mai suna [[Karl Popper]], ya kuma bayyana Dimokaradiyya da kwatanci da mulkin kama karya ko zalunci, da sa hankali ga dama-damar jama'a da su jagoranci shuwagabannin su da su hamɓarar da su ba tare da buƙatar juyin mulki ba. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} hwtjb19dxevd891p3ghvrmabkmf6gyz 3 6214 879219 874492 2026-07-08T22:33:58Z ~2026-38771-90 46777 /* Maradi */ sabon sashe 879219 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) a9ugfq04wg2yuaenb60f0k31yjq0wam 879220 879219 2026-07-08T22:39:43Z ~2026-38771-90 46777 /* Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka */ sabon sashe 879220 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) t4w3yazcfj3bn9kekftn4fhab96p0vg 879256 879220 2026-07-09T00:51:02Z ~2026-38738-33 46783 /* 49565314543 */ sabon sashe 879256 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ncapnbuz50mp6asx2ydnjyahxw44jmg 879258 879256 2026-07-09T01:01:15Z ~2026-38738-33 46783 /* Nin nombadinayasamumsala */ sabon sashe 879258 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) tjko42ou8fgwddsvvjbji88d2w4fefa 879259 879258 2026-07-09T01:03:17Z ~2026-38738-33 46783 /* Inaso ajaramin49565314543 */ sabon sashe 879259 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) lier8pt54wkqmfxuhcsol7uhk0ah593 0 6313 879236 827442 2026-07-08T23:34:52Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Jihar Jigawa}} {{databox}} [[File:Ringim Gate.jpg|thumb|hanya a jihar jigawa]] [[File:Dutse Mountains, Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria by Micheal Jerry Eshemokhai (9).jpg|thumb|Jigawa garin dutse]] [[File:Traditional Fulfulde Youth Beating Contest in Auyo Local Government, Jigawa State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Bikin al'adar Fulani na Shadi (Soro) a garin Kantoga jihar jigawa Nigeria ]] [[File:Government House Jigawa State.jpg|thumb|hanya a jihar jigawa]] [[File:Ringim Gate 2.jpg|thumb|Kofar Ringim jihar jigawa]] [[File:Government House Jigawa State.jpg|thumb|gidan gwamnatin jihar jigawa]] [[Fayil:Dutse Mountains, Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria by Micheal Jerry Eshemokhai (9).jpg|thumb|Jigawa dusti]] [[Fayil:A palace in jigawa state.jpg|thumb|Gidan sarauta jihar jigawa]] '''Jigawa:''' [[Jiha|Jaha]] ce dake Arewa maso Yammacin Tarayyar [[Najeriya]]. An kafa jahar Jigawa ne a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar alif.dubu ɗaya da dari Tara da Cassa,in da daya 1991<ref>Jigawa State - Wikipedia</ref> daga jihar Kano a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida|Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida.]] Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Dutse]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://gazettengr.com/nuc-accredits-10-programmes-at-federal-university-dutse/&ved=2ahUKEwiyr4ajwPCGAxW8QUEAHSHFC9kQxfQBKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0P98KYz8m_E8H_1DZLQ5IO</nowiki></ref> Jigawa ta yi iyaka da Jamhuriyar [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[jihar Yobe]] a arewa maso gabas, [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] a kudu maso gabas da kudu, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a kudu maso yamma da kuma Katsina a arewa maso yamma. ===Tattalin Arziki:=== Tattalin Arzikin jahar Jigawa yana da alaƙa da ayyukan bangaranci na yau da kullum tare da aikin noma a matsayin babban aikin tattalin arziki. Fiye da kashi 80% na al'ummar jihar sun tsunduma cikin noma da kuma kiwon dabbobi. Ana gudanar da ciniki da kasuwanci na kanana da matsakaita, musamman a harkar noma, da kiwo da sauran kayayyakin masarufi. Jigawa ta shahara a fannin Noma da kiwo, Manyan amfanin gona na jihar sun haɗa da gyada, dawa, gero, shinkafa, Ridi, da kuma Zobo (yakuwa).a fannin kiwo kuma, Kiwon shanu, awaki, da tumaki ya yaɗu sosai a jihar. ===Fadin Kasa da yawan Jama'a:=== Jahar Jigawa Tana da fadin kasa kimanin muraba'in kilomita dubu ashirin da uku, da ɗari da hamsin da hudu (23,154) da yawan jama’a kimanin miliyan biyu da dubu dari takwas da ashirin da tara da dari tara da ashirin da tara (kidayar yawan jama'a shekara ta 1991). Babban birnin jahar shine [[Dutse|Birnin Dutse]]. [[File:Traditional House architecture in Hadejia, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Fadar masarautar Hadejia ]] Jahar Jigawa tana da iyaka da jahohi hudu dake [[Najeriya]], su ne: [[Bauchi|jahar Bauchi]], [[Kano|jahar Kano]], [[Katsina|jahar Katsina]],da kuma jahar [[Yobe]]. <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Jigawa</ref> <ref>https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Jigawa_State,_Nigeria_Genealogy</ref>. == Harsuna: == [[File:Hausa Fulani women.jpg|thumb| Yaren Jigawa shine, Hausa, Fulani ]] Jigawa wani sassa ne na kasar , a Arewa maso yammacin najeriya .[[Hausa]] hausawa sune mafi rinjaye a jihar Jigawa sannan akwai [[Fulani]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://guardian.ng/the-gulf-between-fulani-rulers-and-herders/&ved=2ahUKEwiQz-X5wPCGAxXBQkEAHULqNw8QxfQBKAB6BAgNEAI&usg=AOvVaw3_dt1-fWHaREhMjJURdWVA</nowiki></ref>da Mangawa da Badawa da Ngizimawa wadanda yarukan kanuri ne. Mafiyawancin su suna a kananan hukumomin Birniwa, Guri da Kiri kasamma. .[[Hadejia|Hadeja]].<ref name="e22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>[[File:A typical street in Hadejia city.jpg|thumb|Hadeja jahar jigawa]]. ===Masarautun:=== Tsarin masarautar gargajiya a Jihar ya kasu zuwa masarautun guda biyar kowacce tana da basaraken gargajiya mai suna sarki (sarki) da yake gudanarwa tare da Hakimai da dagatai da masu unguwanni suna taimaka musu. Sarakuna da Hakimai, ba kamar sauran masu rike da madafun iko ba, ba sa gudanar da harkokin siyasa, sai dai a matsayin masu kula da al’adu da masu ba gwamnati shawara kan harkokin gargajiya da na addini. Duk sarakunan masu rike da mukamai ne ajin farko. * MASARAUTAR HADEJIA<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tarihin-hadejia-da-sarakunanta-6/</ref> * MASARAUTAR GUMEL. * MASARAUTAR DUTSE. * MASARAUTAR RIGIM. * MASARAUTAR KAZAURE. ===GWAMNONI=== https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Jigawa_State. == SHUWAGA BANNIN KANANUN HUKUMOMIN JIHAR JIGAWA: == Wannan jerin sunayen dake gasa, shi ne jerin sunayena Shuwaga bannin kananun Hukumomi guda ashirin da bakwai (27) dake a Jihar Jigawa a wannan shekarar 2024. * Hon. Baffa Shi ne Shugaban karamar Hukumar Auyo. * Hon. Lawan Ismail Shugaban karamar Hukumar Babura. * Hon. Umar Baffa Shugaban karamar Hukumar Birni wa. * Hon. Magani Yusif Gigo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Birnin Kudu. * Hon. Abdullahi Sule YariShugan karamar Hukumar Buji. * Hon. Bala Usman Shamo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Duste. * Hon. Sani Muktar Madaka Shugaban karamar Hukumar Garawa. * Hon. Alh. Mudassir Musa Shugaban karamar Hukumar Garki. * Hon. Ahmad Rufai Gomel Shugaban karamar Hukumar Gumel. * Hon. Musa shuaibu Guri Shugaban kagaramar Hukumar Guri. * Hon.Zahradden Abubakar Shugaban karamar Hukumar Gwaram * Hon. Saleh Ahmad Zauma Shugaban karamar Hukumar Gwiwa. * Hon. Abdullahi Bala Umar (TO)Shugaban karamar Hukumar Hadejia. * Hon. Adu Mai unguwa Aujara Shugaban karamar Hukumar Jahun. * Hon. Muhammad Saminu Yahaya Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kafin Hausa. * Hon. Alh, Idris Mati Haruna Shuganban karamar Hukumar Kaugama. * Hon. Arc Muhammad Muktar (mni) Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kazaure * Hon. Alhaji Isah Matara Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kiri kasamma. * Hon. Nasiru Ahmad Kiyawa Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kiyawa * Hon. Alh, Uzairu Na Dabo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Mai gatari. * Hon. Alhj, Usain Umar Shugaban karamar Hukumar Malam Madori. * Hon. Adamu Sarki Miga Shugaban karamar Hukumar Miga. * Hon. Alh, Shehu Suke Ido Shugaban karamar Hukumar Ringim * Hon. Alh, Tukur Muhammad Ali Shugan karamar Hukumar Roni * Hon. Saleh Ahmad Dan zumo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Sule Tankarkar. * Hon. Baffa Yahaya Taura Shugaban karamar Hukumar Taura. * Hon. Alh, Mubarak Ahmad Shugaban karamar Hukumar yan kwashi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/2chairmen</nowiki></ref> ==Kananan Hukumomin jihar Jigawa: == Jihar Jigawa tana da [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27). Kananan Hukumomin kuwa su ne: * [[Auyo]]. * [[Babura]]. * [[Biriniwa]]. * [[Birnin Kudu]] * [[Buji, Nijeriya|Buji]]. * [[Dutse]]. * [[Gagarawa]]. * [[Garki, Nijeriya|Garki]]. * [[Gumel]].<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumel</nowiki></ref> * [[Guri, Nijeriya|Guri]]. * [[Gwaram]]. * [[Gwiwa]]. * [[Hadejia]]. * [[Jahun]]. * [[Kafin Hausa]]. * [[Kaugama]]. * [[Kazaure]]. * [[Kiri Kasama|Kiri Kasamma]]. * [[Kiyawa]]. * [[Maigatari]]. * [[Malam Madori]]. * [[Miga, Nijeriya|Miga]]. * [[Ringim]]. * [[Roni, Nijeriya|Roni]]. * [[Sule Tankarkar]]. * [[Taura, Nijeriya|Taura]]. * [[Yankwashi]] * [[Maigatari|Mai gatari]] <gallery> Gumel 1.jpg | Masarautar Gumel Emir Palace Dutse.jpg | Masarautar Dutse Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 01.jpg | Masarautar Ringim Hadejia 13.jpg | Masarautar Hadejia Kazaure Palace 2.jpg | Masarautar Kazaure </gallery> == Ma'adanai: == Ma'adanai da ake samu sun hada da; * Laka: == Bibiliyo; == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, a shekara ta 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila, Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. == Manazarta: == <references/> {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jigawa}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Garuruwan Hausawa]] /gallery> == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, a shekara ta alif dabu daya da dari Tara da goma 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila, Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. == Manazarta == [[Category:Jihohin arewacin Najeriya]] p9dl9z03hwzj3usgkakbeoos5lknbfk 879238 879236 2026-07-08T23:36:25Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Jihar Jigawa}} {{databox}} [[File:Ringim Gate.jpg|thumb|hanya a jihar jigawa]] [[File:Dutse Mountains, Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria by Micheal Jerry Eshemokhai (9).jpg|thumb|Jigawa garin dutse]] [[File:Traditional Fulfulde Youth Beating Contest in Auyo Local Government, Jigawa State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Bikin al'adar Fulani na Shadi (Soro) a garin Kantoga jihar jigawa Nigeria ]] [[File:Government House Jigawa State.jpg|thumb|hanya a jihar jigawa]] [[File:Ringim Gate 2.jpg|thumb|Kofar Ringim jihar jigawa]] [[File:Government House Jigawa State.jpg|thumb|gidan gwamnatin jihar jigawa]] [[Fayil:Dutse Mountains, Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria by Micheal Jerry Eshemokhai (9).jpg|thumb|Jigawa dusti]] [[Fayil:A palace in jigawa state.jpg|thumb|Gidan sarauta jihar jigawa]] '''Jigawa:''' [[Jiha|Jaha]] ce dake Arewa maso Yammacin Tarayyar [[Najeriya]]. An kafa jahar Jigawa ne a ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar alif.dubu ɗaya da dari Tara da Cassa,in da daya 1991<ref>Jigawa State - Wikipedia</ref> daga jihar Kano a lokacin mulkin Janar [[Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida|Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida.]] Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Dutse]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://gazettengr.com/nuc-accredits-10-programmes-at-federal-university-dutse/&ved=2ahUKEwiyr4ajwPCGAxW8QUEAHSHFC9kQxfQBKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0P98KYz8m_E8H_1DZLQ5IO</nowiki></ref> Jigawa ta yi iyaka da Jamhuriyar [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[jihar Yobe]] a arewa maso gabas, [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] a kudu maso gabas da kudu, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a kudu maso yamma da kuma Katsina a arewa maso yamma. ===Tattalin Arziki:=== Tattalin Arziƙin jahar Jigawa yana da alaƙa da ayyukan bangaranci na yau da kullum tare da aikin noma a matsayin babban aikin tattalin arziki. Fiye da kashi 80% na al'ummar jihar sun tsunduma cikin noma da kuma kiwon dabbobi. Ana gudanar da ciniki da kasuwanci na kanana da matsakaita, musamman a harkar noma, da kiwo da sauran kayayyakin masarufi. Jigawa ta shahara a fannin Noma da kiwo, Manyan amfanin gona na jihar sun haɗa da gyada, dawa, gero, shinkafa, Ridi, da kuma Zobo (yakuwa).a fannin kiwo kuma, Kiwon shanu, awaki, da tumaki ya yaɗu sosai a jihar. ===Fadin Kasa da yawan Jama'a:=== Jahar Jigawa Tana da fadin kasa kimanin muraba'in kilomita dubu ashirin da uku, da ɗari da hamsin da hudu (23,154) da yawan jama’a kimanin miliyan biyu da dubu dari takwas da ashirin da tara da dari tara da ashirin da tara (kidayar yawan jama'a shekara ta 1991). Babban birnin jahar shine [[Dutse|Birnin Dutse]]. [[File:Traditional House architecture in Hadejia, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Fadar masarautar Hadejia ]] Jahar Jigawa tana da iyaka da jahohi hudu dake [[Najeriya]], su ne: [[Bauchi|jahar Bauchi]], [[Kano|jahar Kano]], [[Katsina|jahar Katsina]],da kuma jahar [[Yobe]]. <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Jigawa</ref> <ref>https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Jigawa_State,_Nigeria_Genealogy</ref>. == Harsuna: == [[File:Hausa Fulani women.jpg|thumb| Yaren Jigawa shine, Hausa, Fulani ]] Jigawa wani sassa ne na kasar , a Arewa maso yammacin najeriya .[[Hausa]] hausawa sune mafi rinjaye a jihar Jigawa sannan akwai [[Fulani]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://guardian.ng/the-gulf-between-fulani-rulers-and-herders/&ved=2ahUKEwiQz-X5wPCGAxXBQkEAHULqNw8QxfQBKAB6BAgNEAI&usg=AOvVaw3_dt1-fWHaREhMjJURdWVA</nowiki></ref>da Mangawa da Badawa da Ngizimawa wadanda yarukan kanuri ne. Mafiyawancin su suna a kananan hukumomin Birniwa, Guri da Kiri kasamma. .[[Hadejia|Hadeja]].<ref name="e22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref>[[File:A typical street in Hadejia city.jpg|thumb|Hadeja jahar jigawa]]. ===Masarautun:=== Tsarin masarautar gargajiya a Jihar ya kasu zuwa masarautun guda biyar kowacce tana da basaraken gargajiya mai suna sarki (sarki) da yake gudanarwa tare da Hakimai da dagatai da masu unguwanni suna taimaka musu. Sarakuna da Hakimai, ba kamar sauran masu rike da madafun iko ba, ba sa gudanar da harkokin siyasa, sai dai a matsayin masu kula da al’adu da masu ba gwamnati shawara kan harkokin gargajiya da na addini. Duk sarakunan masu rike da mukamai ne ajin farko. * MASARAUTAR HADEJIA<ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/tarihin-hadejia-da-sarakunanta-6/</ref> * MASARAUTAR GUMEL. * MASARAUTAR DUTSE. * MASARAUTAR RIGIM. * MASARAUTAR KAZAURE. ===GWAMNONI=== https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Jigawa_State. == SHUWAGA BANNIN KANANUN HUKUMOMIN JIHAR JIGAWA: == Wannan jerin sunayen dake gasa, shi ne jerin sunayena Shuwaga bannin kananun Hukumomi guda ashirin da bakwai (27) dake a Jihar Jigawa a wannan shekarar 2024. * Hon. Baffa Shi ne Shugaban karamar Hukumar Auyo. * Hon. Lawan Ismail Shugaban karamar Hukumar Babura. * Hon. Umar Baffa Shugaban karamar Hukumar Birni wa. * Hon. Magani Yusif Gigo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Birnin Kudu. * Hon. Abdullahi Sule YariShugan karamar Hukumar Buji. * Hon. Bala Usman Shamo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Duste. * Hon. Sani Muktar Madaka Shugaban karamar Hukumar Garawa. * Hon. Alh. Mudassir Musa Shugaban karamar Hukumar Garki. * Hon. Ahmad Rufai Gomel Shugaban karamar Hukumar Gumel. * Hon. Musa shuaibu Guri Shugaban kagaramar Hukumar Guri. * Hon.Zahradden Abubakar Shugaban karamar Hukumar Gwaram * Hon. Saleh Ahmad Zauma Shugaban karamar Hukumar Gwiwa. * Hon. Abdullahi Bala Umar (TO)Shugaban karamar Hukumar Hadejia. * Hon. Adu Mai unguwa Aujara Shugaban karamar Hukumar Jahun. * Hon. Muhammad Saminu Yahaya Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kafin Hausa. * Hon. Alh, Idris Mati Haruna Shuganban karamar Hukumar Kaugama. * Hon. Arc Muhammad Muktar (mni) Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kazaure * Hon. Alhaji Isah Matara Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kiri kasamma. * Hon. Nasiru Ahmad Kiyawa Shugaban karamar Hukumar Kiyawa * Hon. Alh, Uzairu Na Dabo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Mai gatari. * Hon. Alhj, Usain Umar Shugaban karamar Hukumar Malam Madori. * Hon. Adamu Sarki Miga Shugaban karamar Hukumar Miga. * Hon. Alh, Shehu Suke Ido Shugaban karamar Hukumar Ringim * Hon. Alh, Tukur Muhammad Ali Shugan karamar Hukumar Roni * Hon. Saleh Ahmad Dan zumo Shugaban karamar Hukumar Sule Tankarkar. * Hon. Baffa Yahaya Taura Shugaban karamar Hukumar Taura. * Hon. Alh, Mubarak Ahmad Shugaban karamar Hukumar yan kwashi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/2chairmen</nowiki></ref> ==Kananan Hukumomin jihar Jigawa: == Jihar Jigawa tana da [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan Hukumomi]] guda ashirin da bakwai (27). Kananan Hukumomin kuwa su ne: * [[Auyo]]. * [[Babura]]. * [[Biriniwa]]. * [[Birnin Kudu]] * [[Buji, Nijeriya|Buji]]. * [[Dutse]]. * [[Gagarawa]]. * [[Garki, Nijeriya|Garki]]. * [[Gumel]].<ref><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumel</nowiki></ref> * [[Guri, Nijeriya|Guri]]. * [[Gwaram]]. * [[Gwiwa]]. * [[Hadejia]]. * [[Jahun]]. * [[Kafin Hausa]]. * [[Kaugama]]. * [[Kazaure]]. * [[Kiri Kasama|Kiri Kasamma]]. * [[Kiyawa]]. * [[Maigatari]]. * [[Malam Madori]]. * [[Miga, Nijeriya|Miga]]. * [[Ringim]]. * [[Roni, Nijeriya|Roni]]. * [[Sule Tankarkar]]. * [[Taura, Nijeriya|Taura]]. * [[Yankwashi]] * [[Maigatari|Mai gatari]] <gallery> Gumel 1.jpg | Masarautar Gumel Emir Palace Dutse.jpg | Masarautar Dutse Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 01.jpg | Masarautar Ringim Hadejia 13.jpg | Masarautar Hadejia Kazaure Palace 2.jpg | Masarautar Kazaure </gallery> == Ma'adanai: == Ma'adanai da ake samu sun hada da; * Laka: == Bibiliyo; == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, a shekara ta 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila, Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. == Manazarta: == <references/> {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jigawa}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Garuruwan Hausawa]] /gallery> == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, a shekara ta alif dabu daya da dari Tara da goma 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila, Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. == Manazarta == [[Category:Jihohin arewacin Najeriya]] d4efwou9li4010hlpx1512kzxcay57x 0 6380 879485 870914 2026-07-09T10:14:59Z ~2026-38901-06 46792 879485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Mixed_onions.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Albasa.]] [[File:Onion crop.jpg|thumb|Albasa mai lawashi]] [[File:A basket of onions in Ghana.jpg|thumb|kwandon albasa]] [[File:Red Onions .jpg|thumb]] [[File:White onion flower.jpg|thumb|furen albasa]] [[File:Albassa.jpg|thumb|kashin albasa a wata kasuwa a Nigeria]] [[Fayil:Field with onions.jpg|alt=Albasa a Furuci|thumb|Furucin Albasa]] [[Fayil:Albasa.jpg|thumb|albasa a kasuwa]] '''Albasa''' kayan lambu ne da ake amfani Dashi wajen ƙara ɗanɗano a girki. Sannan kuma tana tana sa kamshi da abinci ta ne a ƙasa, kuma ana yin amfani da ita a cikin abubuwa da yawa, na bangaren kayan abinci. Bugu da ƙari albasa tana ƙara sanadari a jikin ɗan adam sosai. ==Manazarta== {{Stub}} {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Albasa}} [[Category:Kayan lambu]] fnwzkigwqzar806jiw2xo7s5kmbimbk 0 6553 879105 878652 2026-07-08T18:35:13Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] [[Fayil:Safavid Qur'an (TIEM 531).jpg|thumb|Qur'an]] == '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: == [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Al'Qur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] (S A w) shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Qur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Qur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da tafito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad. Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙur'ani sannan kuma kuyi shiru. Malamin ya bayar da misalin cewa akwai kuskuren da direbobi ke yi na kunna AlƘur'ani cikin mota sannan mutane kuma suna ta yin surutu, ya ce wannan zunubi yake samu ba lada ba. Wane abu ne zai sa mutum ya karanta Alƙur'ani bai samu lada ba? Malam Abubakar Abdullahi Goran Namaye ya ce babban abin da zai sa mutum ya karanta Ƙur'ani sannan ya kasa samun lada shi ne ya yi ba don Allah ba. Ya ce ko da a ce mutum yana karantawa yana samun kuskure hakan ba zai hana ya samu lada ba, inda ya ce mutum zai samu lada biyu. Ya kuma ce abin da ke tauye ladan mai karatun Ƙur'ani shi ne karatu ba tare da ya je gaban Malami ya koya masa ba. Har ila yau, Malamin addinin Musuluncin ya ce wani abu da zai sa mutum ya kasa samun lada idan ya karanta Ƙur'ani shi ne karatu a wajen da babu tsarki kamar shiga bayi. "Wani abu kuma da zai sa a rasa samun lada shi ne mutum ya je cikin kasuwa ya buɗe murya ya yi ta karanta Ƙur'ani mai girma alhalin ana hayaniya, wannan zunubi mutum zai samu maimakon lada," in ji Malam Abubakar Goran Namaye. == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)."<ref>https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Quran_%28Koran%29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref><ref>https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629192736/https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/Quran</ref><ref>https://etymologyworld.com/item/quran</ref> A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin shekara ta 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a shekarar 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Abubuwan al ajabi a cikin sa == Al qurani ya bada tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tu kafin halittar ɗan adam, wanda sai yanzu masu ilimin kimiyyya da fasaha suke gano wa, kamar maganar (bing bang theory) da kuma biology "wanda yake cewa dukkan rayuwa ta fara ne da ga ruwa" == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] lwlfiqrcdfnvoisi5x55ztfh3ou75xu 879109 879105 2026-07-08T18:36:39Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] [[Fayil:Safavid Qur'an (TIEM 531).jpg|thumb|Qur'an]] == '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: == [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Al'Qur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] (S A w) shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Qur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Qur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da tafito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad (s, a, w). Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙur'ani sannan kuma kuyi shiru. Malamin ya bayar da misalin cewa akwai kuskuren da direbobi ke yi na kunna AlƘur'ani cikin mota sannan mutane kuma suna ta yin surutu, ya ce wannan zunubi yake samu ba lada ba. Wane abu ne zai sa mutum ya karanta Alƙur'ani bai samu lada ba? Malam Abubakar Abdullahi Goran Namaye ya ce babban abin da zai sa mutum ya karanta Ƙur'ani sannan ya kasa samun lada shi ne ya yi ba don Allah ba. Ya ce ko da a ce mutum yana karantawa yana samun kuskure hakan ba zai hana ya samu lada ba, inda ya ce mutum zai samu lada biyu. Ya kuma ce abin da ke tauye ladan mai karatun Ƙur'ani shi ne karatu ba tare da ya je gaban Malami ya koya masa ba. Har ila yau, Malamin addinin Musuluncin ya ce wani abu da zai sa mutum ya kasa samun lada idan ya karanta Ƙur'ani shi ne karatu a wajen da babu tsarki kamar shiga bayi. "Wani abu kuma da zai sa a rasa samun lada shi ne mutum ya je cikin kasuwa ya buɗe murya ya yi ta karanta Ƙur'ani mai girma alhalin ana hayaniya, wannan zunubi mutum zai samu maimakon lada," in ji Malam Abubakar Goran Namaye. == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)."<ref>https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Quran_%28Koran%29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref><ref>https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629192736/https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/Quran</ref><ref>https://etymologyworld.com/item/quran</ref> A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin shekara ta 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a shekarar 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Abubuwan al ajabi a cikin sa == Al qurani ya bada tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tu kafin halittar ɗan adam, wanda sai yanzu masu ilimin kimiyyya da fasaha suke gano wa, kamar maganar (bing bang theory) da kuma biology "wanda yake cewa dukkan rayuwa ta fara ne da ga ruwa" == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 3l9yj4g14wmntgbz2fi0kpzzrulvxzo 879112 879109 2026-07-08T18:38:02Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] [[Fayil:Safavid Qur'an (TIEM 531).jpg|thumb|Qur'an]] == '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: == [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Al'Qur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] (S A w) shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Qur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Qur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da tafito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad (s, a, w). Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar hakkin dan adam na duniya, da 'yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙur'ani sannan kuma kuyi shiru. Malamin ya bayar da misalin cewa akwai kuskuren da direbobi ke yi na kunna AlƘur'ani cikin mota sannan mutane kuma suna ta yin surutu, ya ce wannan zunubi yake samu ba lada ba. Wane abu ne zai sa mutum ya karanta Alƙur'ani bai samu lada ba? Malam Abubakar Abdullahi Goran Namaye ya ce babban abin da zai sa mutum ya karanta Ƙur'ani sannan ya kasa samun lada shi ne ya yi ba don Allah ba. Ya ce ko da a ce mutum yana karantawa yana samun kuskure hakan ba zai hana ya samu lada ba, inda ya ce mutum zai samu lada biyu. Ya kuma ce abin da ke tauye ladan mai karatun Ƙur'ani shi ne karatu ba tare da ya je gaban Malami ya koya masa ba. Har ila yau, Malamin addinin Musuluncin ya ce wani abu da zai sa mutum ya kasa samun lada idan ya karanta Ƙur'ani shi ne karatu a wajen da babu tsarki kamar shiga bayi. "Wani abu kuma da zai sa a rasa samun lada shi ne mutum ya je cikin kasuwa ya buɗe murya ya yi ta karanta Ƙur'ani mai girma alhalin ana hayaniya, wannan zunubi mutum zai samu maimakon lada," in ji Malam Abubakar Goran Namaye. == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)."<ref>https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Quran_%28Koran%29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref><ref>https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629192736/https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/Quran</ref><ref>https://etymologyworld.com/item/quran</ref> A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin shekara ta 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a shekarar 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Abubuwan al ajabi a cikin sa == Al qurani ya bada tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tu kafin halittar ɗan adam, wanda sai yanzu masu ilimin kimiyyya da fasaha suke gano wa, kamar maganar (bing bang theory) da kuma biology "wanda yake cewa dukkan rayuwa ta fara ne da ga ruwa" == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] n5gj9krj7vaeecyuhfxcb92jnt7go6m 879119 879112 2026-07-08T18:41:36Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] [[Fayil:Safavid Qur'an (TIEM 531).jpg|thumb|Qur'an]] == '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: == [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Al'Qur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] (S A w) shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Qur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Qur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da tafito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad (s, a, w). Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar hakkin dan adam na duniya, da 'yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qur'ani sannan kuma kuyi shiru. Malamin ya bayar da misalin cewa akwai kuskuren da direbobi ke yi na kunna Al'Qur'ani cikin mota sannan mutane kuma suna ta yin surutu, ya ce wannan zunubi yake samu ba lada ba. Wane abu ne zai sa mutum ya karanta Al'Qur'ani bai samu lada ba? Malam Abubakar Abdullahi Goran Namaye ya ce babban abin da zai sa mutum ya karanta Qur'ani sannan ya kasa samun lada shi ne ya yi ba don Allah ba. Ya ce ko da a ce mutum yana karantawa yana samun kuskure hakan ba zai hana ya samu lada ba, inda ya ce mutum zai samu lada biyu. Ya kuma ce abin da ke tauye ladan mai karatun Qur'ani shi ne karatu ba tare da ya je gaban Malami ya koya masa ba. Har ila yau, Malamin addinin Musuluncin ya ce wani abu da zai sa mutum ya kasa samun lada idan ya karanta Qur'ani shi ne karatu a wajen da babu tsarki kamar shiga bayi. "Wani abu kuma da zai sa a rasa samun lada shi ne mutum ya je cikin kasuwa ya buɗe murya ya yi ta karanta Qur'ani mai girma alhalin ana hayaniya, wannan zunubi mutum zai samu maimakon lada," in ji Malam Abubakar Goran Namaye. == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qurʾan f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara dari bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] SAW a Birmingham kasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkuranai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)."<ref>https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Quran_%28Koran%29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref><ref>https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629192736/https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/Quran</ref><ref>https://etymologyworld.com/item/quran</ref> A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin shekara ta 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a shekarar 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Abubuwan al ajabi a cikin sa == Al qurani ya bada tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tu kafin halittar ɗan adam, wanda sai yanzu masu ilimin kimiyyya da fasaha suke gano wa, kamar maganar (bing bang theory) da kuma biology "wanda yake cewa dukkan rayuwa ta fara ne da ga ruwa" == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] jmu4w8bxf3p1pe2udn29yqdxknmq31b 879123 879119 2026-07-08T18:44:13Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] [[Fayil:Safavid Qur'an (TIEM 531).jpg|thumb|Qur'an]] == '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: == [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Al'Qur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] (S A w) shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Qur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Qur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da tafito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad (s, a, w). Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar hakkin dan adam na duniya, da 'yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qur'ani sannan kuma kuyi shiru. Malamin ya bayar da misalin cewa akwai kuskuren da direbobi ke yi na kunna Al'Qur'ani cikin mota sannan mutane kuma suna ta yin surutu, ya ce wannan zunubi yake samu ba lada ba. Wane abu ne zai sa mutum ya karanta Al'Qur'ani bai samu lada ba? Malam Abubakar Abdullahi Goran Namaye ya ce babban abin da zai sa mutum ya karanta Qur'ani sannan ya kasa samun lada shi ne ya yi ba don Allah ba. Ya ce ko da a ce mutum yana karantawa yana samun kuskure hakan ba zai hana ya samu lada ba, inda ya ce mutum zai samu lada biyu. Ya kuma ce abin da ke tauye ladan mai karatun Qur'ani shi ne karatu ba tare da ya je gaban Malami ya koya masa ba. Har ila yau, Malamin addinin Musuluncin ya ce wani abu da zai sa mutum ya kasa samun lada idan ya karanta Qur'ani shi ne karatu a wajen da babu tsarki kamar shiga bayi. "Wani abu kuma da zai sa a rasa samun lada shi ne mutum ya je cikin kasuwa ya buɗe murya ya yi ta karanta Qur'ani mai girma alhalin ana hayaniya, wannan zunubi mutum zai samu maimakon lada," in ji Malam Abubakar Goran Namaye. == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qur'ani mai girma f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara ɗari (100) bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S,A,W) a Birmingham ƙasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkur'anai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul kadari, lokacin Muhammadu yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta 632, wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna daukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da wadanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko Adam, ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)."<ref>https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Quran_%28Koran%29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref><ref>https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629192736/https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/Quran</ref><ref>https://etymologyworld.com/item/quran</ref> A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin shekara ta 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a shekarar 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Abubuwan al ajabi a cikin sa == Al qurani ya bada tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tu kafin halittar ɗan adam, wanda sai yanzu masu ilimin kimiyyya da fasaha suke gano wa, kamar maganar (bing bang theory) da kuma biology "wanda yake cewa dukkan rayuwa ta fara ne da ga ruwa" == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 003cldrvzu05ax1tbrtrf2a77vsjtzs 879131 879123 2026-07-08T18:48:40Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] [[Fayil:Safavid Qur'an (TIEM 531).jpg|thumb|Qur'an]] == '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: == [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Al'Qur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] (S A w) shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Qur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Qur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da tafito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad (s, a, w). Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar hakkin dan adam na duniya, da 'yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qur'ani sannan kuma kuyi shiru. Malamin ya bayar da misalin cewa akwai kuskuren da direbobi ke yi na kunna Al'Qur'ani cikin mota sannan mutane kuma suna ta yin surutu, ya ce wannan zunubi yake samu ba lada ba. Wane abu ne zai sa mutum ya karanta Al'Qur'ani bai samu lada ba? Malam Abubakar Abdullahi Goran Namaye ya ce babban abin da zai sa mutum ya karanta Qur'ani sannan ya kasa samun lada shi ne ya yi ba don Allah ba. Ya ce ko da a ce mutum yana karantawa yana samun kuskure hakan ba zai hana ya samu lada ba, inda ya ce mutum zai samu lada biyu. Ya kuma ce abin da ke tauye ladan mai karatun Qur'ani shi ne karatu ba tare da ya je gaban Malami ya koya masa ba. Har ila yau, Malamin addinin Musuluncin ya ce wani abu da zai sa mutum ya kasa samun lada idan ya karanta Qur'ani shi ne karatu a wajen da babu tsarki kamar shiga bayi. "Wani abu kuma da zai sa a rasa samun lada shi ne mutum ya je cikin kasuwa ya buɗe murya ya yi ta karanta Qur'ani mai girma alhalin ana hayaniya, wannan zunubi mutum zai samu maimakon lada," in ji Malam Abubakar Goran Namaye. == Hotuna: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qur'ani mai girma f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara ɗari (100) bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S,A,W) a Birmingham ƙasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkur'anai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul ƙadari, lokacin annabi Muhammadu ( s,a,w) yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta (632) wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna ɗaukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da waɗanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko annabi Adam(a w)ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)."<ref>https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Quran_%28Koran%29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref><ref>https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629192736/https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/Quran</ref><ref>https://etymologyworld.com/item/quran</ref> A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin shekara ta 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a shekarar 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Abubuwan al ajabi a cikin sa == Al qurani ya bada tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tu kafin halittar ɗan adam, wanda sai yanzu masu ilimin kimiyyya da fasaha suke gano wa, kamar maganar (bing bang theory) da kuma biology "wanda yake cewa dukkan rayuwa ta fara ne da ga ruwa" == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] 0dyuvppu8gxgzs2epkj2wkm686y5v16 0 8839 879139 870066 2026-07-08T18:53:05Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kunu da kosai wasu nau'ikan abinci ne da kusan akafi samunsu a mafiya ƙasar Hausa domin yin ƙarin kumallon safe.jpg|thumb|kunu DA ƙosai]] [[Fayil:Kunu da ƙosai wasu nau'ikan abinci ne da kusan akafi yawa samunsu a mafiya kasar Hausa domin yin karin kumallon safe.jpg|thumb|kunu da ƙosai]] '''Kunu.''' wani abin sha ne da ake haɗawa don samun amfani, an fi samun shi a Arewacin Nigeria. Akwai ire-iren nau'ikan kunu da yawa, kuma ana haɗa shine ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misalin nau'ikan kunu, sun haɗa da: kunun [[gero]],kunun dawa,kunun zaƙi,kunun aya, kunun gyada,kunun alkama,kunun tsamiya da kuma kununmadara,kunun tamba,kunun kanwa,sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/how-to-make-kunu-zaki-the-millet-drink/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520080657/https://guardian.ng/news/how-to-make-kunu-zaki-the-millet-drink/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Baobab juice with peanut butter - neteri.jpg|thumb|wannan kalan kunu ne na bawoba]] ==Sinadaran yin Ku== # Gero # Dawa *tamba *tsamiya *Kanwa * * Ana shan kunu da sikari, sannan da kuli-kuli ko kosai idan koko ne. ==Ire-iren Kunu== Ire-iren kunu sun haɗa da: #[[Kunun tsamiya]] #Kunun Gyaɗa #[[Kunun kanwa]] #[[koko]] #Kunun dawa #[[Kunun zaki]] #Kunun aya #kunun alkama #Kunun tamba dasauransu. ==Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Kayan abinci]] s74n59j9w9lkwaysa3es8qafyx8u5u6 879147 879139 2026-07-08T18:56:34Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kunu da kosai wasu nau'ikan abinci ne da kusan akafi samunsu a mafiya ƙasar Hausa domin yin ƙarin kumallon safe.jpg|thumb|kunu DA ƙosai]] [[Fayil:Kunu da ƙosai wasu nau'ikan abinci ne da kusan akafi yawa samunsu a mafiya kasar Hausa domin yin karin kumallon safe.jpg|thumb|kunu da ƙosai]] '''Kunu.''' wani abin sha ne da ake haɗawa don samun amfani, an fi samun shi a Arewacin Nigeria. Akwai ire-iren nau'ikan kunu da yawa, kuma ana haɗa shine ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Misalin nau'ikan kunu, sun haɗa da: [[kunun gero]],[[kunun dawa]],[[kunun zaƙi]],[[kunun aya]], [[kunun gyada]],[[kunun alkam],[[kunun tsamiya]] da kuma [[kunun madara]],[[kunun tamba]],[[kunun kanwa]],sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/how-to-make-kunu-zaki-the-millet-drink/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520080657/https://guardian.ng/news/how-to-make-kunu-zaki-the-millet-drink/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Baobab juice with peanut butter - neteri.jpg|thumb|wannan kalan kunu ne na bawoba]] ==Sinadaran yin Ku== # Gero # Dawa *tamba *tsamiya *Kanwa * * Ana shan kunu da sikari, sannan da kuli-kuli ko ƙosai idan koko ne. ==Ire-iren Kunu== Ire-iren kunu sun haɗa da: #[[Kunun tsamiya]] #Kunun Gyaɗa #[[Kunun kanwa]] #[[koko]] #Kunun dawa #[[Kunun zaki]] #Kunun aya #kunun alkama #Kunun tamba dasauransu. ==Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Kayan abinci]] eo0yijqkyfxaq5vyxbuvzp151deqhmo 0 9270 879247 839889 2026-07-08T23:54:27Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ringim Gate 2.jpg|thumb|hoton yankwashi]] [[Fayil:JSCE.jpg|thumb|makaranta a yan kwasji]] '''Yankwashi''' ({{ Audio|Yankwashi.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]] Yankwashi takasnce daya daga cikin kananan hukumomin jahar jigawa, yankwashi takasnce a jigawa ta arewa maso yamma Yankwashi Yankwashi ƙaramar hukuma ce da ke a Jihar Jigawa, a arewa maso gabashin Nijeriya. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Yankwashi, wanda shi ne cibiyar gudanar da harkokin mulki da kasuwanci na yankin. An ƙirƙiri Ƙaramar Hukumar Yankwashi a shekarar 1996, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri sabbin ƙananan hukumomi a Nijeriya. Yankin yana da iyaka da wasu ƙananan hukumomi na Jihar Jigawa, kuma mafi yawan mazaunansa Hausawa ne tare da Fulani. Addinin Musulunci shi ne addinin da ya fi rinjaye a yankin. Tattalin arziƙin Yankwashi ya fi dogaro ne da noma da kiwo. Manoma na noman hatsi irin su gero, dawa, masara da wake, sannan ana noman kayan lambu a wasu sassan yankin. Haka kuma ana kiwon shanu, tumaki, awaki da kaji, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin al'umma. Kasuwanci na gudana ta kasuwannin mako, inda ake saye da sayar da amfanin gona, dabbobi da sauran kayayyakin masarufi. Haka kuma gwamnati tana samar da makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyi domin inganta rayuwar al'umma. Alƙaluma Jiha: Jigawa Ƙasa: Nijeriya Hedikwata: Yankwashi Shekarar ƙirƙira: 1996 Babban harshe: Hausa Babban addini: Musulunci Babban sana'a: Noma, kiwo da kasuwanci Manazarta 1. Hukumar Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasa ta Nijeriya (National Population Commission). 2. Jihar Jigawa – Bayanan ƙananan hukumomi. 3. Federal Republic of Nigeria, Official Gazette on Local Government Areas. 8shgwyzhy0o49hrre7j86pucibmsidw 0 9548 878998 843095 2026-07-08T16:13:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 878998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Logo''' daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]].<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Yanayi == Logo na da yanayin savanna mai zafi, tare da lokacin damina daga watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris. Yankin yana samun ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin milimita 1,200 zuwa 1,600 ko kuma inci 47 zuwa 63, yayin da zafin jiki ke kasancewa tsakanin 23°C (73°F) da 34°C (93°F).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Weather Year Round Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/|website=weatherspark.com|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]] me1ew6pldz6op7174oops63zxw8l1hy 878999 878998 2026-07-08T16:14:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 878999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Logo''' daya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Benue]] dake a shiyar tsakiyar [[Nijeriya]].<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Yanayi == Logo na da yanayin savanna mai zafi, tare da lokacin damina daga watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris. Yankin yana samun ruwan sama na shekara tsakanin milimita 1,200 zuwa 1,600 ko kuma inci 47 zuwa 63, yayin da zafin jiki ke kasancewa tsakanin 23°C (73°F) da 34°C (93°F).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Weather Year Round Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/|website=weatherspark.com|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref><ref>"The Weather Year Round Anywhere on Earth - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 28 November 2025.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Benue]] cl7flt5p4054e35p1p9l3votbtbp4fx 0 9744 879005 488449 2026-07-08T16:18:12Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Gyara mukala 879005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.[1] A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.[2] Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.[3][4] Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.[5] Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.[6] Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == {{Stub}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 8v0oasphqhgz6dqh4atkqaxrzap4e49 879006 879005 2026-07-08T16:18:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 879006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.[1] A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.[2] Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.[3][4] Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.[5] Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.[6] Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 0koe9l6e7aranag9rnzg02s7biuaccq 879008 879006 2026-07-08T16:20:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.[2] Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.[3][4] Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.[5] Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.[6] Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 9diotvb9mg59019f3ro35tfgieeeka5 879009 879008 2026-07-08T16:20:54Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.[3][4] Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.[5] Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.[6] Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 5b370uj6v0t7gkqlzy2xcxqkp2305ac 879010 879009 2026-07-08T16:21:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref>[4] Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.[5] Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.[6] Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] h8ltnderpkojmwzxjgmqdil3zu2jjcu 879012 879010 2026-07-08T16:22:16Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.[5] Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.[6] Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 8579vvnqlxzqdhe4ybpnrhmxl5s0ii1 879014 879012 2026-07-08T16:23:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.[6] Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 4gtpnlqus64cm69yquz85zrtkoj2y30 879017 879014 2026-07-08T16:24:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.[7] Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] kc18rahg08gkjw239wczupj5waf9txn 879019 879017 2026-07-08T16:25:26Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.[8] == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 4pionqwzx225uc1i1q7vr5rouqw5ley 879020 879019 2026-07-08T16:26:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.[9] An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 2fdrzl4uakbyrh38bfac1pmzopqaodl 879021 879020 2026-07-08T16:26:52Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.[10] Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 9fxb7olry1efbljwkt3qdj6irc4vdcx 879022 879021 2026-07-08T16:27:30Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.[11] H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] nuu0gaddxj6qh9wtzh6pdpu1z1yex2u 879024 879022 2026-07-08T16:28:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.[12] H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] ixn5q4us5mhszrpqyzicqhw5hkbrmv8 879025 879024 2026-07-08T16:28:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.<ref>ENWEMEKA, STANLEY. "The Administration of Emergency Relief Programme in Nigeria: A case of flood incident in Delta State" (PDF).</ref> H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited.[6] H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] t5u96d8bomri6ibuaixbytinb8xf4ps 879027 879025 2026-07-08T16:29:57Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref name=":0">didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.<ref>ENWEMEKA, STANLEY. "The Administration of Emergency Relief Programme in Nigeria: A case of flood incident in Delta State" (PDF).</ref> H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited<ref name=":0" /> H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.[13] An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] cg9s647avy6l6oxxqvdegy9f5w9pm6c 879028 879027 2026-07-08T16:30:36Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref name=":0">didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.<ref>ENWEMEKA, STANLEY. "The Administration of Emergency Relief Programme in Nigeria: A case of flood incident in Delta State" (PDF).</ref> H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited<ref name=":0" /> H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.[8] == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 2hpo1t3uv34p2ljtjjnx89l9e3qef7b 879029 879028 2026-07-08T16:31:28Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref name=":0">didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.<ref>ENWEMEKA, STANLEY. "The Administration of Emergency Relief Programme in Nigeria: A case of flood incident in Delta State" (PDF).</ref> H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited<ref name=":0" /> H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.<ref>"Delta, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data". tcktcktck.org. Retrieved 21 August 2023</ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.[14] == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] rhrxgxfawzd6fgzat675mb032rpuauo 879030 879029 2026-07-08T16:32:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref name=":0">didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.<ref>ENWEMEKA, STANLEY. "The Administration of Emergency Relief Programme in Nigeria: A case of flood incident in Delta State" (PDF).</ref> H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited<ref name=":0" /> H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.<ref>"Delta, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data". tcktcktck.org. Retrieved 21 August 2023</ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.<ref>"Delta, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data". ''tcktcktck.org''. Retrieved 21 August 2023</ref> == Mutane masu shahara == Joseph Karakitie Azigbo Patrick Aziza[15] David Dafinone Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] afeynxwl9vvw6ahlyx7u4gk0g933c6r 879031 879030 2026-07-08T16:34:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref name=":0">didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.<ref>ENWEMEKA, STANLEY. "The Administration of Emergency Relief Programme in Nigeria: A case of flood incident in Delta State" (PDF).</ref> H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited<ref name=":0" /> H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.<ref>"Delta, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data". tcktcktck.org. Retrieved 21 August 2023</ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.<ref>"Delta, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data". ''tcktcktck.org''. Retrieved 21 August 2023</ref> == Mutane masu shahara == * Joseph Karakitie Azigbo * Patrick Aziza<ref>"Robbers In Delta Kill Daughter Of Former NFA President, Dominic Oneya". Sahara Reporters. New York City, United States. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * David Dafinone * Harris Eghagha[16] == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] qyjslqtoyy9ztcpsivt54b8i403hk7m 879032 879031 2026-07-08T16:35:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Okpe Agbamu eni.jpg|thumb|Tanbarin karamar Hukumar Okpe]] [[Fayil:Orodje okpe.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Okpe]] Okpe masarauta ce a Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>"A Royal History of the Okpe-Urhobo of Nigeria by Prince Joseph Asagba". www.waado.org. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> A yau, ita ma sunan wani yanki ne na gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masarautu da yawa da suka ƙunshi ƙasar Urhobo.<ref>"Delta South is made of four indigenous tribes – Urhobos of Warri". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref> Babban birninta shine Orerokpe.<ref>Salubi, Adogbeji (1960). "The Origins of Sapele Township". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (1): 115–131. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970824</ref><ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> Wannan ƙaramar hukumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 128,398 kamar yadda aka yi a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2006.<ref>"Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 29 June 2025</ref> Masarautar tana ɗaukar nauyin filin jirgin saman Osubi, wanda a zahiri yake a Osubi da kuma Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta.<ref name=":0">didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Orodje ta yi bikin shekaru goma a kan gadon sarautar kakanninta.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2021</ref> Manjo Janar Felix Mujakperuo shine sarkin Masarautar Okpe. Yawanci ana juya sarautar tsakanin gidajen sarauta huɗu.<ref>"Holding married woman's hand is a taboo in my kingdom – Mujakperuo, Orodje of Okpe Kingdom". The Punch. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa masarautar Okpe tun farkon ƙarni na 17. Tana da sarki na gargajiya mai suna Orodje na Okpe.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> An san mutanen Okpe sun yi ƙaura zuwa ga Sapele na yanzu kuma Orodje na Okpe har yanzu yana da iko a kan ƙasar Sapele.<ref>admin. "Welcome". Okpe Union America. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> Sarki na farko da wannan tsarin ya samar shi ne H.R.M. Esezi I, Orodje na Okpe, wanda ikon mallakarsa ya kasance a lokacin 1770-1779.<ref>didy. "Okpe History and towns". Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> H.R.M. Esezi II ya zama Orodje na biyu na Okpe. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare dimokuradiyya a ƙasar Okpe, shi ma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Najeriya. Yana cikin sarakunan da aka wakilta waɗanda suka halarci taron Lyttelton na 1957 da aka gudanar a Landan don neman 'yancin Najeriya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kai tsaye. Ya mulki masarautar a lokacin 1945-1966.<ref>ENWEMEKA, STANLEY. "The Administration of Emergency Relief Programme in Nigeria: A case of flood incident in Delta State" (PDF).</ref> H.R.M. Orhoro I, Orodje na uku na Okpe, ya mulki masarautar tun daga lokacin 1972-2004. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Katolika kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar 'yan sandan Najeriya. Daga baya ya sami Difloma ta Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Burtaniya. Kwarewarsa a farkon rayuwarsa ta yi masa aiki sosai a matsayin tushen kafa da kuma zama daraktan wani kamfani, New Africa Industries Limited<ref name=":0" /> H.R.M Orhue I shine sarkin Okpe na huɗu kuma na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin manjo janar a rundunar sojojin Najeriya.<ref>"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</ref> An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006.<ref>"Delta, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data". tcktcktck.org. Retrieved 21 August 2023</ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin Okpe an rarraba shi a matsayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi (Am). Matsakaicin zafin birnin na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da kashi 0.82% fiye da matsakaicin Najeriya a 28.64 °C (83.55 °F). Okpe yawanci yana da kwanaki 296.16 na danshi (81.14% na lokacin) kuma yana samun kimanin milimita 241.52 (inci 9.51) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.<ref>"Delta, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data". ''tcktcktck.org''. Retrieved 21 August 2023</ref> == Mutane masu shahara == * Joseph Karakitie Azigbo * Patrick Aziza<ref>"Robbers In Delta Kill Daughter Of Former NFA President, Dominic Oneya". Sahara Reporters. New York City, United States. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</ref> * David Dafinone * Harris Eghagha<ref>Eda, Abami (16 May 2009). "Beat Them! If You Cannot Join Them, A Tribute To A Hero". Sahara Reporters. New York City, United States. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 62x7altu15evodbm8q3c8dneexty5vk 0 9764 879518 843831 2026-07-09T11:06:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Erishi masquerade.jpg|thumb|Ndoka ta gabas]] '''Ndokwa ta Gabas''' Ndokwa East ƙaramar hukuma ce ta Jihar Delta, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DELTA STATE LGAs – WELCOME TO THE DELTA STATE LGAs ONLINE DIRECTORY |url=https://deltalgas.org/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910095408/https://deltalgas.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hedikwatarta tana garin Aboh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 1,617 tare da yawan jama'a 103,171 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 322.<ref>{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | work = | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26}}</ref> Ƙarshen yankin na kudu mafi nisa shi ne Asaba-Assay. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]] 3onso45g9v0xv7kqfi3qafhui8wazfi 0 9787 879237 473925 2026-07-08T23:35:39Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sagamu''' furucci ''Shagamu'' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| Karamar Hukuma]] ce, dake a [[Jihar Ogun]], kudu maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. <gallery> File:NYSC_camp,_Sagamu,_Ogun_state.jpg|Sansanin yan yiwa Ƙasa hidima (NYSC), Sagamu File:WLA_DJI_0695_02.jpg|Shataletalen Sagamu File:Anthony_Joshua_visit_to_Sagamu.jpg|[[Anthony Joshua]] ya kai Ziyara a Sagamu File:Aminsin_Palace,_Sagamu.jpg |Aminsin Palace, Sagamu File:Sunset_in_Sagamu,_Ogun_State.jpg|Wani yanayin da faduwar Rana ta gabato a Sagamu File:Church_at_Sagamu.jpg|Wata Coci a Sagamu File:SAGAMU_CENTRAL_MOSQUE.jpg |Babban Masallacin Sagamu </gallery> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Ogun]] Sagamu (Shagamu) Sagamu (wanda ake kuma rubutawa Shagamu ko Iṣagamu) ƙaramar hukuma ce kuma babban birni a Jihar Ogun da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Tana daga cikin manyan biranen jihar saboda ci gaban kasuwanci, masana'antu, ilimi da sufuri. Garin yana kan babbar hanyar Lagos–Ibadan Expressway, wanda ya haɗa Legas da sauran yankunan ƙasar, lamarin da ya sa Sagamu ta zama muhimmin cibiyar zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki. Tarihi An kafa Sagamu a kusan shekarar 1860, lokacin da ƙauyuka goma sha uku na mutanen Remo suka haɗu domin kafa sabon gari bayan rikice-rikicen da suka biyo bayan rushewar Daular Oyo da yaƙe-yaƙen Yarbawa. Wannan haɗin kai ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da tsaro da bunƙasa tattalin arziki. A yau, Sagamu ita ce cibiyar Masarautar Remo, kuma fadar Akarigbo na Remoland, wanda shi ne babban sarkin gargajiya na mutanen Remo, tana cikin garin. Yanayin ƙasa Sagamu tana kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, tana da iyaka da ƙananan hukumomin Ikenne, Obafemi Owode, Remo North da Odogbolu. Garin yana cikin yankin dazuzzukan ruwan sama, inda ake samun ruwan sama mai yawa da yanayi mai ɗumi a mafi yawan shekara. Yawan jama'a Bisa ƙidayar shekarar 2006, ƙaramar hukumar Sagamu tana da yawan jama'a sama da 253,000. A halin yanzu ana hasashen adadin ya ƙaru sosai sakamakon ƙaura da bunƙasar tattalin arziki. Tattalin arziki Sagamu na ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci a Jihar Ogun. Muhimman hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga sun haɗa da: Noman koko, rogo, masara, doya da dabino. Kasuwancin goro, inda garin ya shahara a Najeriya. Masana'antar siminti da sauran masana'antu. Sana'o'in hannu, sufuri da ƙananan kasuwanci. Kasancewar garin yana kan manyan hanyoyin mota ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa harkokin kasuwanci da masana'antu. Ilimi Sagamu tana da makarantu masu yawa daga firamare zuwa manyan makarantu. Daga cikin fitattun cibiyoyin ilimi akwai: Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH), ɗaya daga cikin manyan asibitocin koyarwa a Najeriya. Olabisi Onabanjo University Faculty of Clinical Sciences, wacce ke horar da ɗaliban likitanci da sauran fannonin kiwon lafiya. Lafiya A fannin lafiya, Sagamu tana da manyan asibitoci na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Asibitin koyarwa na OOUTH yana ba da kulawar lafiya ta musamman tare da horas da likitoci da sauran ma'aikatan lafiya. Sufuri Sagamu tana da kyakkyawar hanyar sufuri saboda tana kan hanyar Lagos–Ibadan Expressway da kuma hanyar Sagamu–Benin Expressway. Wannan ya sa ta zama muhimmin mahadar zirga-zirga tsakanin yankin kudu maso yamma da kudu maso kudu na Najeriya. Al'adu Mafi yawan mazauna Sagamu mutanen Yarbawa ne, musamman na ƙabilar Remo. Harshen Yarbanci shi ne mafi yawan amfani, tare da Turanci a matsayin harshen hukuma. Musulunci da Kiristanci su ne addinan da suka fi rinjaye, yayin da ake ci gaba da gudanar da bukukuwan gargajiya na Remo. Muhimman wurare Wasu daga cikin wuraren da suka shahara a Sagamu sun haɗa da: Fadar Akarigbo na Remoland. Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH). Manyan kasuwanni na goro da kayan amfanin gona. Cibiyoyin masana'antu da ke kusa da garin. Kammalawa Sagamu na daga cikin birane mafi muhimmanci a Jihar Ogun. Garin ya yi fice saboda tarihinsa na mutanen Remo, bunƙasar kasuwanci, masana'antu, ilimi da kiwon lafiya. Matsayinsa a kan manyan hanyoyin Najeriya ya sa ya zama cibiyar tattalin arziki da sufuri a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, kuma yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban Jihar Ogun da Najeriya baki ɗaya. b6nkf3pt223rfxn994r81oj37outer2 0 9953 879034 457602 2026-07-08T16:41:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka akwatyn bayanai 879034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Efon wani yanki ne na karamar hukumar Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin garin Efon-Alaaye. An kafa wannan yanki na karamar hukumar ne musamman don wayar da kan jama'ar yankin game da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma bude damarmaki ga ci gaba mai adalci.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 da kuma yawan jama'a 86,941 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 362.[3] == Tarihi == Kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai, karamar hukumar da a yau ake kira da karamar hukumar Efon ta ga sauye-sauye da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa Efon Alaaye ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsohuwar majalisar gundumar Ekiti ta yamma, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1955. Bayan shekaru 18, an mayar da hedikwatar gundumar zuwa Ijero, Ekiti, a shekarar 1973 don abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da sauƙin gudanarwa. An kafa Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Ekiti a shekarar 1976 a matsayin wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen kafa Kananan Hukumomi, tare da cibiyar gudanarwa a Aramako, Ekiti. Karamar Hukumar ita ce gidan Efon Alaaye. Lokacin da Efon Alaaye ta karbi Hukumar Efon ta Asalin Jihar a shekarar 1981 sakamakon neman gwamnatin karamar hukuma, tarihi ya sake bayyana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1996, an samu hutu a karshe lokacin da aka kafa Karamar Hukumar Efon, hedkwatarta tana Efon Alaaye. Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Ijebu-Ijesa ta Jihar Osun a yamma, Erio Ekiti a gabas, Esa-Oke a arewa, da Ogotun Ekiti a kudu.[4] == Yanayin Kasa == Karamar Hukumar Efon tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 ko murabba'in mil 90, kuma fadinta ya kunshi tuddai da dama masu tsayi daban-daban. A bisa kiyasi, matsakaicin zafin LGA shine digiri 29 na Celsius ko digiri 84 na Fahrenheit, kuma matsakaicin danshinsa shine kashi 60 cikin ɗari.[5] == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana tsakanin digiri 17 zuwa 32 na Celsius (digiri 63 zuwa 89 na Fahrenheit), tare da ƙasa da sama na 14 °C (57 °F) da 34 °C (94 °F), bi da bi.[6] == Tsarin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arziki na mazauna yankin Efon shine noma. Kolanuts, koko, da masara suna cikin amfanin gona da yawa da ake nomawa a can. Bangaren kasuwanci na yankin karamar hukumar Efon shima muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin yankin. Karamar hukumar gida ce ga kasuwanni daban-daban, gami da kasuwar zamani ta Oka, inda ake siyan kayayyaki iri-iri.[5]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] ovk7odelwj80pe3foxrwfg2gk1fgump 879035 879034 2026-07-08T16:43:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Efon wani yanki ne na karamar hukumar Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin garin Efon-Alaaye. An kafa wannan yanki na karamar hukumar ne musamman don wayar da kan jama'ar yankin game da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma bude damarmaki ga ci gaba mai adalci.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 da kuma yawan jama'a 86,941 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 362.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai, karamar hukumar da a yau ake kira da karamar hukumar Efon ta ga sauye-sauye da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa Efon Alaaye ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsohuwar majalisar gundumar Ekiti ta yamma, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1955. Bayan shekaru 18, an mayar da hedikwatar gundumar zuwa Ijero, Ekiti, a shekarar 1973 don abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da sauƙin gudanarwa. An kafa Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Ekiti a shekarar 1976 a matsayin wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen kafa Kananan Hukumomi, tare da cibiyar gudanarwa a Aramako, Ekiti. Karamar Hukumar ita ce gidan Efon Alaaye. Lokacin da Efon Alaaye ta karbi Hukumar Efon ta Asalin Jihar a shekarar 1981 sakamakon neman gwamnatin karamar hukuma, tarihi ya sake bayyana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1996, an samu hutu a karshe lokacin da aka kafa Karamar Hukumar Efon, hedkwatarta tana Efon Alaaye. Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Ijebu-Ijesa ta Jihar Osun a yamma, Erio Ekiti a gabas, Esa-Oke a arewa, da Ogotun Ekiti a kudu.[4] == Yanayin Kasa == Karamar Hukumar Efon tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 ko murabba'in mil 90, kuma fadinta ya kunshi tuddai da dama masu tsayi daban-daban. A bisa kiyasi, matsakaicin zafin LGA shine digiri 29 na Celsius ko digiri 84 na Fahrenheit, kuma matsakaicin danshinsa shine kashi 60 cikin ɗari.[5] == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana tsakanin digiri 17 zuwa 32 na Celsius (digiri 63 zuwa 89 na Fahrenheit), tare da ƙasa da sama na 14 °C (57 °F) da 34 °C (94 °F), bi da bi.[6] == Tsarin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arziki na mazauna yankin Efon shine noma. Kolanuts, koko, da masara suna cikin amfanin gona da yawa da ake nomawa a can. Bangaren kasuwanci na yankin karamar hukumar Efon shima muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin yankin. Karamar hukumar gida ce ga kasuwanni daban-daban, gami da kasuwar zamani ta Oka, inda ake siyan kayayyaki iri-iri.[5]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] 66y5x2jf101u9v9ukun4xgb9zo41pt9 879036 879035 2026-07-08T16:44:33Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Efon wani yanki ne na karamar hukumar Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin garin Efon-Alaaye. An kafa wannan yanki na karamar hukumar ne musamman don wayar da kan jama'ar yankin game da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma bude damarmaki ga ci gaba mai adalci.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 da kuma yawan jama'a 86,941 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 362.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai, karamar hukumar da a yau ake kira da karamar hukumar Efon ta ga sauye-sauye da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa Efon Alaaye ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsohuwar majalisar gundumar Ekiti ta yamma, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1955. Bayan shekaru 18, an mayar da hedikwatar gundumar zuwa Ijero, Ekiti, a shekarar 1973 don abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da sauƙin gudanarwa. An kafa Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Ekiti a shekarar 1976 a matsayin wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen kafa Kananan Hukumomi, tare da cibiyar gudanarwa a Aramako, Ekiti. Karamar Hukumar ita ce gidan Efon Alaaye. Lokacin da Efon Alaaye ta karbi Hukumar Efon ta Asalin Jihar a shekarar 1981 sakamakon neman gwamnatin karamar hukuma, tarihi ya sake bayyana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1996, an samu hutu a karshe lokacin da aka kafa Karamar Hukumar Efon, hedkwatarta tana Efon Alaaye. Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Ijebu-Ijesa ta Jihar Osun a yamma, Erio Ekiti a gabas, Esa-Oke a arewa, da Ogotun Ekiti a kudu.<ref>"Efon – Ekiti State Website". Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Yanayin Kasa == Karamar Hukumar Efon tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 ko murabba'in mil 90, kuma fadinta ya kunshi tuddai da dama masu tsayi daban-daban. A bisa kiyasi, matsakaicin zafin LGA shine digiri 29 na Celsius ko digiri 84 na Fahrenheit, kuma matsakaicin danshinsa shine kashi 60 cikin ɗari.[5] == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana tsakanin digiri 17 zuwa 32 na Celsius (digiri 63 zuwa 89 na Fahrenheit), tare da ƙasa da sama na 14 °C (57 °F) da 34 °C (94 °F), bi da bi.[6] == Tsarin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arziki na mazauna yankin Efon shine noma. Kolanuts, koko, da masara suna cikin amfanin gona da yawa da ake nomawa a can. Bangaren kasuwanci na yankin karamar hukumar Efon shima muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin yankin. Karamar hukumar gida ce ga kasuwanni daban-daban, gami da kasuwar zamani ta Oka, inda ake siyan kayayyaki iri-iri.[5]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] 4nftqtgsi226dw9gzgnlcb7u3maiyn8 879037 879036 2026-07-08T16:45:10Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Efon wani yanki ne na karamar hukumar Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin garin Efon-Alaaye. An kafa wannan yanki na karamar hukumar ne musamman don wayar da kan jama'ar yankin game da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma bude damarmaki ga ci gaba mai adalci.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 da kuma yawan jama'a 86,941 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 362.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai, karamar hukumar da a yau ake kira da karamar hukumar Efon ta ga sauye-sauye da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa Efon Alaaye ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsohuwar majalisar gundumar Ekiti ta yamma, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1955. Bayan shekaru 18, an mayar da hedikwatar gundumar zuwa Ijero, Ekiti, a shekarar 1973 don abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da sauƙin gudanarwa. An kafa Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Ekiti a shekarar 1976 a matsayin wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen kafa Kananan Hukumomi, tare da cibiyar gudanarwa a Aramako, Ekiti. Karamar Hukumar ita ce gidan Efon Alaaye. Lokacin da Efon Alaaye ta karbi Hukumar Efon ta Asalin Jihar a shekarar 1981 sakamakon neman gwamnatin karamar hukuma, tarihi ya sake bayyana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1996, an samu hutu a karshe lokacin da aka kafa Karamar Hukumar Efon, hedkwatarta tana Efon Alaaye. Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Ijebu-Ijesa ta Jihar Osun a yamma, Erio Ekiti a gabas, Esa-Oke a arewa, da Ogotun Ekiti a kudu.<ref>"Efon – Ekiti State Website". Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Yanayin Kasa == Karamar Hukumar Efon tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 ko murabba'in mil 90, kuma fadinta ya kunshi tuddai da dama masu tsayi daban-daban. A bisa kiyasi, matsakaicin zafin LGA shine digiri 29 na Celsius ko digiri 84 na Fahrenheit, kuma matsakaicin danshinsa shine kashi 60 cikin ɗari.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana tsakanin digiri 17 zuwa 32 na Celsius (digiri 63 zuwa 89 na Fahrenheit), tare da ƙasa da sama na 14 °C (57 °F) da 34 °C (94 °F), bi da bi.[6] == Tsarin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arziki na mazauna yankin Efon shine noma. Kolanuts, koko, da masara suna cikin amfanin gona da yawa da ake nomawa a can. Bangaren kasuwanci na yankin karamar hukumar Efon shima muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin yankin. Karamar hukumar gida ce ga kasuwanni daban-daban, gami da kasuwar zamani ta Oka, inda ake siyan kayayyaki iri-iri.[5]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] 5bb9oe8zdsyc3k65qz9xothxprqlzie 879038 879037 2026-07-08T16:45:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Efon wani yanki ne na karamar hukumar Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin garin Efon-Alaaye. An kafa wannan yanki na karamar hukumar ne musamman don wayar da kan jama'ar yankin game da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma bude damarmaki ga ci gaba mai adalci.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 da kuma yawan jama'a 86,941 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 362.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai, karamar hukumar da a yau ake kira da karamar hukumar Efon ta ga sauye-sauye da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa Efon Alaaye ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsohuwar majalisar gundumar Ekiti ta yamma, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1955. Bayan shekaru 18, an mayar da hedikwatar gundumar zuwa Ijero, Ekiti, a shekarar 1973 don abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da sauƙin gudanarwa. An kafa Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Ekiti a shekarar 1976 a matsayin wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen kafa Kananan Hukumomi, tare da cibiyar gudanarwa a Aramako, Ekiti. Karamar Hukumar ita ce gidan Efon Alaaye. Lokacin da Efon Alaaye ta karbi Hukumar Efon ta Asalin Jihar a shekarar 1981 sakamakon neman gwamnatin karamar hukuma, tarihi ya sake bayyana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1996, an samu hutu a karshe lokacin da aka kafa Karamar Hukumar Efon, hedkwatarta tana Efon Alaaye. Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Ijebu-Ijesa ta Jihar Osun a yamma, Erio Ekiti a gabas, Esa-Oke a arewa, da Ogotun Ekiti a kudu.<ref>"Efon – Ekiti State Website". Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Yanayin Kasa == Karamar Hukumar Efon tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 ko murabba'in mil 90, kuma fadinta ya kunshi tuddai da dama masu tsayi daban-daban. A bisa kiyasi, matsakaicin zafin LGA shine digiri 29 na Celsius ko digiri 84 na Fahrenheit, kuma matsakaicin danshinsa shine kashi 60 cikin ɗari.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana tsakanin digiri 17 zuwa 32 na Celsius (digiri 63 zuwa 89 na Fahrenheit), tare da ƙasa da sama na 14 °C (57 °F) da 34 °C (94 °F), bi da bi.<ref>"Efon-Alaaye Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Tsarin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arziki na mazauna yankin Efon shine noma. Kolanuts, koko, da masara suna cikin amfanin gona da yawa da ake nomawa a can. Bangaren kasuwanci na yankin karamar hukumar Efon shima muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin yankin. Karamar hukumar gida ce ga kasuwanni daban-daban, gami da kasuwar zamani ta Oka, inda ake siyan kayayyaki iri-iri.[5]{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] e632a86vay29kl1drrtzz977s41sihq 879039 879038 2026-07-08T16:46:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 Saka hujja 879039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Efon wani yanki ne na karamar hukumar Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin garin Efon-Alaaye. An kafa wannan yanki na karamar hukumar ne musamman don wayar da kan jama'ar yankin game da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma bude damarmaki ga ci gaba mai adalci.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 da kuma yawan jama'a 86,941 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 362.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai, karamar hukumar da a yau ake kira da karamar hukumar Efon ta ga sauye-sauye da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa Efon Alaaye ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsohuwar majalisar gundumar Ekiti ta yamma, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1955. Bayan shekaru 18, an mayar da hedikwatar gundumar zuwa Ijero, Ekiti, a shekarar 1973 don abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da sauƙin gudanarwa. An kafa Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Ekiti a shekarar 1976 a matsayin wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen kafa Kananan Hukumomi, tare da cibiyar gudanarwa a Aramako, Ekiti. Karamar Hukumar ita ce gidan Efon Alaaye. Lokacin da Efon Alaaye ta karbi Hukumar Efon ta Asalin Jihar a shekarar 1981 sakamakon neman gwamnatin karamar hukuma, tarihi ya sake bayyana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1996, an samu hutu a karshe lokacin da aka kafa Karamar Hukumar Efon, hedkwatarta tana Efon Alaaye. Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Ijebu-Ijesa ta Jihar Osun a yamma, Erio Ekiti a gabas, Esa-Oke a arewa, da Ogotun Ekiti a kudu.<ref>"Efon – Ekiti State Website". Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Yanayin Kasa == Karamar Hukumar Efon tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 ko murabba'in mil 90, kuma fadinta ya kunshi tuddai da dama masu tsayi daban-daban. A bisa kiyasi, matsakaicin zafin LGA shine digiri 29 na Celsius ko digiri 84 na Fahrenheit, kuma matsakaicin danshinsa shine kashi 60 cikin ɗari.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana tsakanin digiri 17 zuwa 32 na Celsius (digiri 63 zuwa 89 na Fahrenheit), tare da ƙasa da sama na 14 °C (57 °F) da 34 °C (94 °F), bi da bi.<ref name=":0">"Efon-Alaaye Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Tsarin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arziki na mazauna yankin Efon shine noma. Kolanuts, koko, da masara suna cikin amfanin gona da yawa da ake nomawa a can. Bangaren kasuwanci na yankin karamar hukumar Efon shima muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin yankin. Karamar hukumar gida ce ga kasuwanni daban-daban, gami da kasuwar zamani ta Oka, inda ake siyan kayayyaki iri-iri.<ref name=":0" />{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] 7b63rezg5t72negiw7cquwhf1raf0q4 879040 879039 2026-07-08T16:46:34Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 879040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Efon wani yanki ne na karamar hukumar Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin garin Efon-Alaaye. An kafa wannan yanki na karamar hukumar ne musamman don wayar da kan jama'ar yankin game da gwamnatin tarayya da kuma bude damarmaki ga ci gaba mai adalci.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.finelib.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 da kuma yawan jama'a 86,941 a kidayar 2006. Lambar akwatin gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 362.<ref>"Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009</ref> == Tarihi == Kafin Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai, karamar hukumar da a yau ake kira da karamar hukumar Efon ta ga sauye-sauye da dama. Wannan ya nuna cewa Efon Alaaye ta yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta tsohuwar majalisar gundumar Ekiti ta yamma, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1955. Bayan shekaru 18, an mayar da hedikwatar gundumar zuwa Ijero, Ekiti, a shekarar 1973 don abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da sauƙin gudanarwa. An kafa Karamar Hukumar Yammacin Ekiti a shekarar 1976 a matsayin wani ci gaba da aka samu wajen kafa Kananan Hukumomi, tare da cibiyar gudanarwa a Aramako, Ekiti. Karamar Hukumar ita ce gidan Efon Alaaye. Lokacin da Efon Alaaye ta karbi Hukumar Efon ta Asalin Jihar a shekarar 1981 sakamakon neman gwamnatin karamar hukuma, tarihi ya sake bayyana. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1996, an samu hutu a karshe lokacin da aka kafa Karamar Hukumar Efon, hedkwatarta tana Efon Alaaye. Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Ijebu-Ijesa ta Jihar Osun a yamma, Erio Ekiti a gabas, Esa-Oke a arewa, da Ogotun Ekiti a kudu.<ref>"Efon – Ekiti State Website". Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Yanayin Kasa == Karamar Hukumar Efon tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 232 ko murabba'in mil 90, kuma fadinta ya kunshi tuddai da dama masu tsayi daban-daban. A bisa kiyasi, matsakaicin zafin LGA shine digiri 29 na Celsius ko digiri 84 na Fahrenheit, kuma matsakaicin danshinsa shine kashi 60 cikin ɗari.<ref>"Efon Local Government Area". www.manpower.com.ng. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</ref> == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana tsakanin digiri 17 zuwa 32 na Celsius (digiri 63 zuwa 89 na Fahrenheit), tare da ƙasa da sama na 14 °C (57 °F) da 34 °C (94 °F), bi da bi.<ref name=":0">"Efon-Alaaye Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref> == Tsarin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arziki na mazauna yankin Efon shine noma. Kolanuts, koko, da masara suna cikin amfanin gona da yawa da ake nomawa a can. Bangaren kasuwanci na yankin karamar hukumar Efon shima muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin yankin. Karamar hukumar gida ce ga kasuwanni daban-daban, gami da kasuwar zamani ta Oka, inda ake siyan kayayyaki iri-iri.<ref name=":0" />{ ==Manazarta== [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Ekiti]] 5p7dfjn6a6ovsu1t4yqk6sfzvaptc46 0 11096 879384 836052 2026-07-09T07:51:53Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352050074|Maritime simulator]]" 879384 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:MC_09-0173-005_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force.jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da Muhalli na Horar da Injiniyan Ruwa na Rundunar Tsaro ta New Zealand don horar da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na rundunar a cikin yanayin kwaikwayon da ke da alaƙa.]] [[Fayil:Ship_Handling_Simulator_at_Maritime_Warfare_Centre_(Visakhapatnam).jpg|thumb|Na'urar kwaikwayo ta sarrafa jiragen ruwa a Cibiyar Yaƙin Maritime, [[Visakhapatnam]]]] '''Na'urar kwaikwayo ta teku''' ko '''na'urar kwaikwayo ta jirgin ruwa''' tsarin da ke kwaikwayon [[Jirgin Ruwa|jiragen ruwa]] da yanayin teku don horo, bincike da sauran dalilai. A yau, horar da na'urar kwaikwayo da makarantun ruwa da makarantu ke bayarwa wani ɓangare ne na horar da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ruwa. Aƙalla, na'urar kwaikwayo ta teku ta ƙunshi manhaja wacce ke kwaikwayon halayen jirgin ruwa da tsarinsa a cikin yanayin teku da aka kwaikwayi da kuma hanyar sadarwa da ke ba wa mutumin da ke amfani da na'urar kwaikwayo damar sarrafa jirgin da kuma mu'amala da kewayensa da aka kwaikwayi. Idan akwai abin da ake kira na'urorin kwaikwayo na gadar manufa, wannan hanyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi kwaikwayon gadar jirgin da na'urorin sarrafawa na gaske, da kuma allo ko na'urori masu nuna hotuna waɗanda ke ba da hangen nesa na yanayin jirgin har zuwa digiri 360 kamar na'urorin kwaikwayo na jirgin sama a masana'antar jirgin sama. Ba tare da hangen nesa na ainihin lokaci ba, ana iya amfani da manhajar kwaikwayon don kwaikwayon "lokaci mai sauri" inda jiragen ke sarrafa su ta atomatik. Bugu da ƙari, akwai na'urorin kwaikwayo na teku misali don ECDIS, ɗakin injin, da ayyukan sarrafa kaya, da kuma ayyukan gefen teku kamar Sabis na Tafiye-tafiye na Jirgin Ruwa (VTS) . Ana kuma samun wasannin kwaikwayo na teku kamar ''Ship Simulator'' da ''Virtual Sailor'' ga masu amfani da gida. == Duba kuma == * Kwaikwayo * Na'urar kwaikwayo ta ƙarƙashin ruwa * Wasan kwaikwayo na abin hawa == Manazarta == do21igr22xithjo50py9r1984ko3y8k 879385 879384 2026-07-09T07:52:45Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:MC_09-0173-005_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force.jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da Muhalli na Horar da Injiniyan Ruwa na Rundunar Tsaro ta New Zealand don horar da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa na rundunar a cikin yanayin kwaikwayon da ke da alaƙa.]] [[Fayil:Ship_Handling_Simulator_at_Maritime_Warfare_Centre_(Visakhapatnam).jpg|thumb|Na'urar kwaikwayo ta sarrafa jiragen ruwa a Cibiyar Yaƙin Maritime, [[Visakhapatnam]]]] '''Na'urar kwaikwayo ta teku''' ko '''na'urar kwaikwayo ta jirgin ruwa''' tsarin da ke kwaikwayon [[Jirgin Ruwa|jiragen ruwa]] da yanayin teku don horo, bincike da sauran dalilai. A yau, horar da na'urar kwaikwayo da makarantun ruwa da makarantu ke bayarwa wani ɓangare ne na horar da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ruwa. Aƙalla, na'urar kwaikwayo ta teku ta ƙunshi manhaja wacce ke kwaikwayon halayen jirgin ruwa da tsarinsa a cikin yanayin teku da aka kwaikwayi da kuma hanyar sadarwa da ke ba wa mutumin da ke amfani da na'urar kwaikwayo damar sarrafa jirgin da kuma mu'amala da kewayensa da aka kwaikwayi. Idan akwai abin da ake kira na'urorin kwaikwayo na gadar manufa, wannan hanyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi kwaikwayon gadar jirgin da na'urorin sarrafawa na gaske, da kuma allo ko na'urori masu nuna hotuna waɗanda ke ba da hangen nesa na yanayin jirgin har zuwa digiri 360 kamar na'urorin kwaikwayo na jirgin sama a masana'antar jirgin sama. Ba tare da hangen nesa na ainihin lokaci ba, ana iya amfani da manhajar kwaikwayon don kwaikwayon "lokaci mai sauri" inda jiragen ke sarrafa su ta atomatik. Bugu da ƙari, akwai na'urorin kwaikwayo na teku misali don ECDIS, ɗakin injin, da ayyukan sarrafa kaya, da kuma ayyukan gefen teku kamar Sabis na Tafiye-tafiye na Jirgin Ruwa (VTS) . Ana kuma samun wasannin kwaikwayo na teku kamar ''Ship Simulator'' da ''Virtual Sailor'' ga masu amfani da gida. == Duba kuma == * Kwaikwayo * Na'urar kwaikwayo ta ƙarƙashin ruwa * Wasan kwaikwayo na abin hawa == Manazarta == g85v316t4te523orb330zvpo8zkrnvu 0 12161 879224 442313 2026-07-08T23:06:20Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harithah''' kuma ana kiranta da Zunairah al-Rumiya, daya ce daga [[Sahabban Annabi]] kuma ta kasance baiwa a farkon musulunci sai [[Abubakar]] ya fanshe ta ya yantata daga kangin bauta da wahala. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sahabbai]] [[Category:Musulunci]] Ga cikakken bayani da za a iya amfani da shi wajen faɗaɗa wannan muƙalar: Harithah Yar al-Mu'ammil (Zunairah al-Rūmiyyah) Harithah Yar al-Mu'ammil, wacce aka fi sani da Zunairah al-Rūmiyyah, tana daga cikin sahabbai mata na farko da suka karɓi Musulunci a farkon zamanin da'awar Annabi Muhammad a birnin Makkah. Ta kasance baiwa ce kafin ta karɓi Musulunci, kuma tana daga cikin mutanen da aka tsananta musu saboda imaninsu. Zunairah ta kasance mallakar wasu daga cikin mushrikan Makkah. Bayan ta musulunta, an yi mata azaba mai tsanani domin ta bar addininta, amma ta ƙi komawa ga bautar gumaka. Ta yi haƙuri tare da juriya duk da wahalhalun da ake jefa ta ciki. A lokacin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai na farko, Abu Bakr ya kasance yana amfani da dukiyarsa wajen 'yantar da bayi da suka musulunta. Ya sayi Zunairah daga hannun mai gidanta sannan ya 'yanta ta saboda Allah. Wannan ya sa ta samu 'yanci daga bautar da kuma azabar da ake yi mata. A wasu ruwayoyi an ambaci cewa tsananin azabar da aka yi mata ya sa ganinta ya raunana ko ta rasa gani na ɗan lokaci. Mushrikai suka ce gumakansu ne suka hukunta ta, amma daga baya Allah Ya mayar mata da ganinta, lamarin da ya ƙara tabbatar wa Musulmai da ƙarfafa imaninsu. Zunairah tana cikin sahabban farko da suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu saboda kare addinin Musulunci. Haƙurinta da juriya sun zama abin koyi ga Musulmai, musamman mata, wajen tsayawa kan gaskiya duk da tsanantawa. Matsayinta a tarihin Musulunci Harithah (Zunairah al-Rūmiyyah) tana daga cikin matan da suka fara karɓar Musulunci kuma suka fuskanci tsanantawa saboda imaninsu. Tarihinta yana nuna irin gudummawar da sahabban farko suka bayar wajen tabbatar da addinin Musulunci, da kuma muhimmancin aikin Abu Bakr na 'yantar da bayi Musulmai. Duba kuma Abu Bakr Muhammad Makkah Sahabbai mata > Lura: Akwai ƙarancin ingantattun bayanai game da rayuwar Zunairah a manyan littattafan tarihi, don haka mafi yawan abin da aka sani ya ta'allaka ne kan musuluntarta, azabar da ta sha, da kuma yadda Abu Bakr ya 'yanta ta. emcpn9h01c83ppef7n3vvm2023jo7wc 0 12240 879233 545925 2026-07-08T23:26:10Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Filin jirgin saman Iferwane''' [[Filin jirgin sama|filin jirgi]] ne dake a [[Iferwane]], a cikin [[yankin Agadez]], a ƙasar [[Nijar]]. <ref name="ANAC">{{cite web | url = http://www.anacniger.org/fr/aerodromes/ | title = Aérodromes | publisher = ANAC Niger | accessdate = 9 December 2019 | deadurl = no | archive-date = 20 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191220073202/http://anacniger.org/fr/aerodromes/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iferwane}} [[Category:Filayen jirgin sama a Nijar]] {{Infobox airport | name = Filin jirgin saman Iferwane | nativename = | image = | image_size = | caption = | IATA = | ICAO = DRZI | type = Na jama'a | owner = Gwamnatin Nijar | operator = | city-served = Iferwane | location = Iferwane, Yankin Agadez, Nijar | elevation-f = 2,162 | elevation-m = 659 | runway_01_number = 01/19 | runway_01_length_f = 4,430 | runway_01_length_m = 1,350 | runway_01_surface = Ƙasa (dirt) }} '''Filin jirgin saman Iferwane''' (Iferouane Airport) filin jirgin sama ne da ke hidimar garin Iferwane, wanda yake a Yankin Agadez a arewacin ƙasar Nijar. Filin jirgin saman yana taimakawa wajen haɗa garin da sauran sassan ƙasar ta jiragen sama, musamman saboda nisan yankin da kuma yanayin hamadar Sahara. Filin jirgin saman mallakin gwamnati ne kuma ana amfani da shi wajen zirga-zirgar cikin gida, jigilar fasinjoji, kayayyaki, da ayyukan jin kai idan buƙata ta taso. Haka kuma, yana taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki da yawon buɗe ido a yankin. Filin jirgin saman yana da lambar ICAO DRZI, kuma yana kan tsayin kusan mita 659 (ƙafa 2,162) daga matakin teku. Yana da titin saukar jiragen sama guda ɗaya mai lambar 01/19, wanda tsawonsa ya kai mita 1,350 (ƙafa 4,430). Titin saukar jiragen saman na ƙasa ne (dirt runway), kuma ya dace da ƙananan jiragen sama. Saboda kasancewarsa a yankin tsaunukan Aïr da hamadar Sahara, filin jirgin saman yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da hanyoyin sufuri ga mazauna yankin da kuma baƙi masu ziyara. ==Duba kuma== * [[Jerin filayen jiragen sama na Nijar]] * [[Agadez]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen jiragen sama na Nijar]] [[Category:Yankin Agadez]] 6b4bggn8nsyk2fag6a7qe2ph4xg9jp8 0 12418 879239 826859 2026-07-08T23:37:37Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Range plants of Arizona and New Mexico - names, symbols and notations (IA CAT10507105).pdf|thumb|Zanen gaba a magziko]] '''Gaba''' (''gábàà'') (''Andropogon tectorum; A. gayanus'') [[shuka]] ne.<ref>Blench, Roger (2007). ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf Hausa names for trees and plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120659/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Plants/General/Hausa%20plant%20names.pdf |date=2021-07-21 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shuka]] Gaba (Andropogon tectorum da Andropogon gayanus) Gaba (gábàà) suna ne da ake kiran wasu nau'ikan ciyawa masu tsawo daga dangin Poaceae (dangin hatsi), musamman Andropogon tectorum da Andropogon gayanus. Waɗannan tsirrai na daga cikin manyan ciyayi da ke mamaye filayen savanna na Afirka, kuma suna da muhimmanci ga kiwon dabbobi, kare muhalli, da rayuwar al'ummomin karkara. Rarrabuwar kimiyya Masarauta: Plantae (Tsirrai) Rukunin tsirrai: Angiosperms (Tsirrai masu furanni) Ajin tsirrai: Monocots Dangi: Poaceae Jinsi: Andropogon Nau'o'i: Andropogon tectorum da Andropogon gayanus Siffa Gaba ciyawa ce mai ƙarfi da tsayi, wadda kan kai tsakanin mita 1 zuwa 4, gwargwadon nau'inta da yanayin da take girma. Tana da: Ganye masu tsawo, sirara kuma masu kaifi. Tushen da ke shiga ƙasa sosai, wanda ke ba ta damar jure fari. Kara mai ƙarfi da tsawo. Furanni masu kama da gashin siliki waɗanda ke samar da iri da iska ke yaɗawa. Muhalli da yaɗuwa Ana samun Gaba a: Najeriya. Nijar. Ghana. Kamaru. Benin. Togo. Burkina Faso. Mali. Sauran ƙasashen Afirka masu savanna. Tana bunƙasa a: Filayen ciyayi (savanna). Wuraren kiwo. Gefen hanyoyi. Gonaki da aka bari. Wuraren da ake samun ruwan sama daga matsakaici zuwa mai yawa. Amfani 1. Abincin dabbobi Gaba na daga cikin ciyawar da ake amfani da ita wajen ciyar da shanu, tumaki, awaki da dawakai. Idan tana sabuwa tana da wadataccen sinadarin gina jiki. 2. Rufin gidaje A ƙauyuka da dama ana sare Gaba a busar da ita, sannan a yi amfani da ita wajen yin rufin gidajen gargajiya saboda tana da ɗorewa. 3. Kare muhalli Tushenta yana taimakawa wajen: Rage zaizayar ƙasa. Riƙe danshin ƙasa. Hana iska kwashe ƙasa. 4. Yin taki Ana iya haɗa busasshiyar Gaba da sauran tarkacen tsirrai domin samar da takin gargajiya. 5. Makamashi Busasshiyar Gaba na iya zama itacen girki ko kuma a yi amfani da ita wajen samar da makamashi. Muhimmanci ga noma Manoma da makiyaya suna daraja Gaba saboda: Tana samar da ciyawar kiwo mai yawa. Tana saurin sake fitowa bayan damina. Ana iya yinta a matsayin ciyawar kiwo domin adanawa. Yadda take hayayyafa Gaba tana hayayyafa ta hanyoyi biyu: Ta hanyar iri. Ta hanyar sabbin tsiro daga tushenta bayan an sare ta ko bayan gobara. Kalubale Duk da amfaninta: Tana iya mamaye gonaki idan ba a sarrafa ta ba. Busasshiyarta na iya ƙara haɗarin gobarar daji. Idan ta tsufa ƙwarai, dabbobi ba sa son cinta saboda tana yin tauri. Matsayinta a muhalli Gaba tana taimakawa wajen: Samar da mafaka ga ƙananan dabbobi da tsuntsaye. Kare ƙasa daga zaizaya. Taimakawa wajen dawo da ciyayi a wuraren da suka lalace. Kammalawa Gaba (Andropogon tectorum da Andropogon gayanus) na daga cikin muhimman ciyayi na savannun Afirka. Tana da matuƙar amfani wajen kiwon dabbobi, kare muhalli, samar da kayan rufin gidaje da kuma inganta ƙasa. Saboda wannan muhimmanci, masana noma da muhalli suna ba da shawarar a kula da ita tare da amfani da ita cikin hikima domin ta ci gaba da amfani ga al'umma da muhalli. 9jn4j7n6l529s5l085hiarlu6equx5w 0 12617 879245 442445 2026-07-08T23:50:44Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cokobanci''' (Izora) harshen Kainji a [[Nijeriya]] ne. {{Stub}} ==Duba kuma== *[[Harsunan Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] [[Category:Harsunan Kainji]] Cokobanci (Izora) Cokobanci, wanda ake kira Izora, wani ƙaramin harshe ne na Najeriya da ke cikin rukunin harsunan Kainji na Gabas (East Kainji), waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin babban dangin harsunan Benue–Congo a cikin iyalin Niger–Congo. Ana ɗaukar harshen a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin harsunan yankin tsakiyar Najeriya, kuma yana wakiltar tarihin al'umma da al'adun mutanen da suka gada shi tun ƙarni da dama. Asali da rarrabuwar harshe Masana ilimin harsuna sun rarraba Cokobanci kamar haka: Iyali: Niger–Congo Rukuni: Atlantic–Congo Ƙaramin rukuni: Benue–Congo Rukuni na gaba: Plateauoid Rukuni: East Kainji (Kainji ta Gabas) Harshi: Cokobanci (Izora) Wannan rarrabuwa tana nuna cewa Cokobanci yana da alaƙa da wasu harsunan Kainji da ake samu a tsakiyar Najeriya. Wurin da ake magana da harshen Ana magana da Cokobanci ne a wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka da ke tsakiyar Najeriya, musamman a yankunan da ke kusa da Jihar Plateau. Masu magana da harshen ba su da yawa, kuma yawancinsu suna rayuwa ne a ƙauyukan da suka keɓanta. Yawan masu magana Adadin masu magana da Cokobanci ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai. Rahotannin masana harsuna sun nuna cewa masu amfani da harshen sun ragu ƙwarai, kuma mafi yawansu tsofaffi ne. Saboda haka, ana kallon harshen a matsayin wanda ke cikin haɗarin bacewa. Dalilan haɗarin bacewa Akwai dalilai da dama da suka sa Cokobanci ke fuskantar haɗarin bacewa, ciki har da: Matasa ba sa koyon harshen daga iyayensu. Ana amfani da Hausa da Turanci a makarantu, kasuwanci da gwamnati. Aure tsakanin kabilu daban-daban yana rage amfani da harshen. Rashin rubuce-rubuce da littattafan koyar da harshen. Al'adu Harshen Cokobanci yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana al'adun al'ummar Izora. Ana amfani da shi wajen: Tatsuniyoyi. Karin magana. Waƙoƙin gargajiya. Bukukuwan gargajiya. Sunayen gargajiya da al'adun iyali. Harshen yana taimakawa wajen isar da hikima da tarihin kakanni daga tsara zuwa tsara. Nazarin harshe Masana ilimin harsuna sun gudanar da bincike kan Cokobanci domin rubuta kalmomi, nahawu da tsarin sautinsa. Irin wannan bincike yana taimakawa wajen adana harshen domin kada ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Matsayin harshen a yau A yau, Cokobanci na daga cikin harsunan Najeriya da ke cikin matsanancin haɗarin bacewa. Idan ba a ƙara ƙoƙarin koyar da shi ga yara da kuma rubuta shi ba, akwai yiwuwar harshen ya ɓace gaba ɗaya a nan gaba. Muhimmanci Adana Cokobanci yana da amfani saboda: Yana kare al'adun al'ummar Izora. Yana taimakawa binciken ilimin harsuna. Yana ƙara yalwar harsunan Najeriya. Yana ba da gudummawa wajen fahimtar tarihin al'ummomin Kainji. Saboda haka, masana da hukumomin kula da harsuna suna ƙarfafa tattarawa da rubuta kalmomi, tatsuniyoyi da al'adun da ke cikin harshen domin tabbatar da cewa wannan gado na al'umma bai ɓace ba. na5mkpuhe87g6mcyyzcbk57qrzgoktw 0 14617 879393 497988 2026-07-09T08:10:27Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Jpg1. dutsen kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|hanya zuwa Dutsen Kwatarkwashi]] [[Fayil:Zamfara State Wikivoyage Banner.jpg|thumb|Dutsen Kwatarkwashi]] '''Dutsen Kwatarkwashi''' Dutse ne Mai matukar girma Wanda yake garin kwatarkwashi a jihar Zamfara karamar hukuman Bungudu. Dutsen dai yana da dumbin tarihi Kuma yana dauke da ma'adinai masu yawa sosai. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Dutsen Kwatarkwashi Dutsen Kwatarkwashi babban dutse ne da ke garin Kwatarkwashi, a ƙaramar hukumar Bungudu ta Jihar Zamfara, Najeriya. Dutsen yana daga cikin fitattun wuraren tarihi da yawon buɗe ido a jihar, kuma ya shahara saboda girman sa, kyawawan duwatsunsa, kogwanni, da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke kewaye da shi. Har ila yau, masana sun nuna cewa yankin na da muhimmancin tarihi da na ilimin ƙasa (geology), tare da alamun tsofaffin matsugunan mutane da abubuwan binciken ƙasa. Tarihi Dutsen Kwatarkwashi ya kasance muhimmin wuri tun ƙarni da dama da suka gabata. Yankin ya taka rawa wajen kare al'umma saboda yanayin duwatsunsa masu tsayi da kogwanni. A kusa da dutsen akwai tsofaffin wuraren zama da masana kimiyyar kayan tarihi suka gano, abin da ke nuna cewa mutane sun daɗe suna zaune a yankin. A shekarar 1903, yankin Kwatarkwashi ya zama sanannen wuri a tarihin Najeriya sakamakon Yaƙin Kwatarkwashi, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman yaƙe-yaƙen da suka taimaka wajen ƙarshen ikon Daular Kano a lokacin mamayar Turawan Birtaniya. Tsarin ƙasa da ma'adinai An gina Dutsen Kwatarkwashi ne da duwatsu masu aman wuta (igneous rocks) da kuma wasu nau'ikan duwatsun sedimentary. Yankin na ɗauke da wasu nau'ikan ma'adinai da albarkatun ƙasa, kodayake ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tantance yawansu da irin amfanin da za a iya samu daga gare su. Muhimmancin yawon buɗe ido Dutsen Kwatarkwashi na da damar zama babbar cibiyar yawon buɗe ido saboda: - Girman dutsen da kyawawan shimfidarsa. - Kogwanni da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na halitta. - Tarihin al'adu da na gargajiya na mutanen yankin. - Damar gudanar da binciken tarihi da ilimin ƙasa. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa idan gwamnati da masu ruwa da tsaki suka inganta wurin, zai iya jawo masu yawon buɗe ido daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ma ƙasashen waje. Kammalawa Dutsen Kwatarkwashi na daga cikin muhimman wuraren tarihi da na halitta a Jihar Zamfara. Haɗuwar tarihinsa, yanayin ƙasarsa, da al'adun yankin sun sa ya zama wuri mai matuƙar daraja wajen bincike, ilimi da bunƙasa yawon buɗe ido. Kare wannan wuri da inganta shi zai taimaka wajen adana tarihinsa tare da samar da ci gaban tattalin arziƙi ga al'ummar yankin. d033dhjmgxii7i2y73sxjce8q8v9fr4 0 16291 879163 862550 2026-07-08T19:06:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kurukulasuriya Maureen Charuni''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, shekarata alif 1963 ana kitlranta da matsayin [[:si:මොරින් චාරුනී|මොරින්]] ) [Sinhala]), wanda aka fi sani da '''Maureen Charuni''', ' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a gidan sinima na Sri Lanka gidan talabijin. Mashahurin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ta mamaye wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin, Charuni yawanci tana aiki a matsayin matashi na matsayin uwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai da yawa. == Yin aiki == [[Fayil:Maureen Charuni - Actress - Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|Maureen Charuni]] Yarinyar da take kwarewa a fim ta fito ne ta hanyar fim ''Karadiya Walalla'', wanda Cyril Wickramage ya jagoranta. Amma fim ɗin ''Ranmalige Wasanawa'' an nuna shi a gaban ''Karadiya Walalla'' . Ta shirya fim din ''Hansa Vilapaya'' a shekarar 2000. === Zaɓaɓɓun talabijin === {{Div col}} * ''Abarthu Atha'' * ''Amaa''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20110718/284614599196622 | title=Amaa on ITN from today | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Anagana''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nalanmendis.com/teledramas/ | title=Nalan Mendis teledramas | publisher=nalanmendis.com | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816112827/http://nalanmendis.com/teledramas/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Ananthaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100926/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_8.html |title=Rodney back with 'Ananthaya' |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Ann'' * ''Anuhas Vijithaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.alankulamafilms.lk/amy_movie/anuhas-wijithaya-tele-drama/ | title=Anuhas Vijithaya teledrama | publisher=alankulamafilms | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=10 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210104016/http://www.alankulamafilms.lk/amy_movie/anuhas-wijithaya-tele-drama/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Anuththara''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vodtv.vhx.tv/anuththara-tele-drama-series-1 | title=Anuththara Tele-Drama Series | publisher=vodtv | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=25 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625174916/https://vodtv.vhx.tv/anuththara-tele-drama-series-1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Batahira Ahasa''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gossip.hirufm.lk/18926/2017/11/batahira-ahasa-teledrama-story.html | title=Batahira Ahasa | publisher=Hiru FM | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Bodhi''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/161211/magazine/bodhi-childrens-drama-around-an-extraordinary-child-219171.html | title=Bodhi; Children's drama around an extraordinary child | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Dangakara Tharu''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/02/02/_art.asp?fn=sa12020218&pn=19 | title=Dangakara Tharu may blossom soon | publisher=Sarasaviya | accessdate=15 August 2019 | archive-date=26 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226164106/https://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/02/02/_art.asp?fn=sa12020218&pn=19 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Daruwange Ammala''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/000910/tv.html | title='Daruwange Ammala' portrays child exploitation | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Dedunnai Adare''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timeout.com/sri-lanka/theatre/tele-dramas-on-tv | title=Dedunnai Adarai on Derana | publisher=timeout | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Dedunu Sihina''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080302/TV/tv-times00001.html | title=Dedunu Sihina a tale of many mysteries | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Dedunu Yanaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/031221/tv/10.htm | title='Deydunu Yanaya': Mix of love and business | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Depath Nai''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/020922/tv/3.html#1 | title='Depath Nai': A social commentary | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=29 November 2019}}</ref> * ''Deveni Amma''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/990411/mirror5.html#label2 | title=Woman claiming to be the mother | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Gamperaliya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.saaravita.lk/Uncategorized/493440/ලෙස්ටර්-ජේම්ස්-පීරිස්-රි | title=Gamperaliya on mini screen | publisher=saaravita | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Gimhana Tharanaya'' <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040725/tv/7.html | title='Gimhana Tharanaya' portrays family conflicts| publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=29 November 2019}}</ref> * ''Guwan Palama''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive2.sinhala.srilankamirror.com/entertainment-mirror/item/571-dayasiri-to-sing-for-guwan-paalama | title=Dayasiri with another work | publisher=srilankamirror | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816162414/http://archive2.sinhala.srilankamirror.com/entertainment-mirror/item/571-dayasiri-to-sing-for-guwan-paalama | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''[[Haara Kotiya]]'' * ''Heeye Manaya'' <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/061119/TV/tv10.html | title='Heeye Manaya' discusses heritage | work=Daily News | accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Himi Nethi Hadakata''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/10/28/art11.asp | title=Himi Nethi Hadakata focuses on thirst for revenge | work=Daily News | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Hirusanda Maima'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/060820/tv/tv15.html |title=Hirusanda Maima : Sinhala Tamil love tale |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=8 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Isuru Sangramaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20121015/283111361222102 | title=Isuru Sangyamaya on ITN | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Jayathuru Sankaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/061015/TV/tv24.html | title='Jayathuru Sankaya': Miniplay for a worthy cause | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Kalu Sewanella''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://life.dailymirror.lk/article/52/interviews/6426/an-important-milestone-says-roshan | title=An important milestone, says Roshan | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816152632/http://life.dailymirror.lk/article/52/interviews/6426/an-important-milestone-says-roshan | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''[[Koombiyo]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lifie.lk/2017/11/04/01-koombiyo-fans/ | title=Koombiyo fans | publisher=lifie | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816162414/https://www.lifie.lk/2017/11/04/01-koombiyo-fans/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Kulawanthayo''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/020407/tv.html |title='Kulawanthayo' has a social impact |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=11 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Lasa Rala''<ref name= morin /> * ''Millewa Walawwa''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20120827/283192965534915 | title=Doors open for "Millewa Walawwa" | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=24 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Minigandela''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2017/07/05/features/120904/minigandela-shooting-begins?page=1 | title=Minigandela shooting begins | work=Daily News | accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref> * ''Nandunana Neyo''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/030209/tv/1.html | title='Nandunana Neyo': Double faced drama | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Nethu Addara'' * ''Oba Mageya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/071230/TV/tv-times00008.html | title='Oba Mageya' : a tale of crime and punishment | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Paara'' * ''Poddi''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20190729/283038351147737 | title=Poddi | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Pembara Maw Sanda''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040829/tv/3.html |title='Pembara Maw Sanda' ready for screening |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=11 September 2019}}</ref> * ''Ran Bedi Minissu'' * ''Ran Kira Soya''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tubeid.co/download-video/xeObxr2dpIOxopM/ran-kira-soya-tele-film.html | title=Ran Kira Soya Tele-Film | publisher=tubeid | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816152634/https://www.tubeid.co/download-video/xeObxr2dpIOxopM/ran-kira-soya-tele-film.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/041107/tv/4.html |title='Rankiri Soya' gives kids a hand |publisher=Sunday times |accessdate=17 November 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Ran Samanalayo]]'' * ''Ran Sevanali''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090510/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_07.html | title='Ran Sevaneli' tackles parent-children problem | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Salmal Landa''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120610/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_5.html | title='Salmal Landha' unravels black spells in Sri Lanka | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Samanalayano''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/030323/tv/3.html#3 | title='Samanalayano': A tale of love | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Samanala Sihinaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040808/tv/2.html |title=Sins of father visits on son |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=22 December 2018}}</ref> * ''Samanala Yaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/050710/tv/6.html |title='Samanala Yaya': A failed trick |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=4 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Sanda Diya Mankada''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/sunday-times-sri-lanka/20160710/283807148020332 | title=A tale of reincarnation | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Sandagalathenna'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070422/TV/007tv.html |title=Sandagalatenna highlights the power of indigenous medicine |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Sandagiri Pawwa'' * ''Sanda Hiru Tharu''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040229/tv/4.html | title=The story of a brave new woman | publisher=Sunday Times| accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref> * ''Sapirivara''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2007/11/18/spe06.asp | title=Sapirivara | publisher=Sunday Observer | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/071118/TV/tv-times00003.html |title=Sapiriwara; a story of corrupt politics, war and suffering |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=11 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Sara''<ref name= morin /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080427/TV/tv-times000011.html |title='Sara': A suspenseful story on village girl |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Saranganaa''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/03/22/_art.asp?fn=sa12032211&pn=17 | title=සාරංගනා පුංචි තිරයට | publisher=Sarasaviya | accessdate=15 August 2019 | archive-date=3 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203134948/https://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/03/22/_art.asp?fn=sa12032211&pn=17 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Saveena''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nation.lk/2010/10/17/enter.htm | title=intriguing love story on Derana - Saveena | publisher=The Nation | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=17 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817122047/http://www.nation.lk/2010/10/17/enter.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Senehase Nimnaya'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040829/tv/2.html |title='Senehase Nimnaya': Tale of an adopted son |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=17 November 2017}}</ref> * ''Sihina Samagama'' * ''Sihina Siththaravi''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pressreader.com/sri-lanka/daily-mirror-sri-lanka/20121126/283450663694839 | title=Sihina Siththaravi unspools from today | publisher=Daily Mirror | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Sihina Sithuvam''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100725/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_6.html | title='Sihina Sithuvam' shows dreams of youth | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Sil''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070916/TV/tv-times000017.html | title='Sil' tells the tale of the good and the bad | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Siri Sirimal'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070211/TV/003tv.html |title='Siri Sirimal':The Adventures of Tom Sawyer |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=10 December 2019}}</ref> * ''Siyapayth Arama''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/170312/magazine/a-courageous-tale-of-a-mother-231804.html | title=A courageous tale of a mother | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''Snehaye Daasi''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/03/22/_art.asp?fn=sa12032211&pn=17 | title=ස්නේහයේ දාසි සෙනසුරාදා | publisher=Sarasaviya | accessdate=15 August 2019 | archive-date=3 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203134948/https://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2012/03/22/_art.asp?fn=sa12032211&pn=17 | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Sulanga'' * ''Suwanda Obai Amme''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2003/06/30/fea10.html | title=Two teledramas by Lucky Dias | work=Daily News | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> * ''[[Thuththiri]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mirrorarts.lk/ar/news/2252-thuththiri-tele | title=Thuththiri on television | publisher=mirrorarts | accessdate=16 August 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816162413/https://mirrorarts.lk/ar/news/2252-thuththiri-tele | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Vihanga Geethaya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040822/tv/4.html | title='Vihanga Geethaya': A tale of triangular love | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref> * ''Wasantha Kusalana''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/051218/tv/8.html | title='Wasantha Kusalana' the tale of a doctor | publisher=Sunday Times | accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref> * ''Yugandaraya''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2010/12/05/mon45.asp | title=Yugandaraya examines backdrop to 71's uprising | publisher=Sunday Observer | accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> {{Div col end}} === Zaɓaɓɓun wasannin kwaikwayo === * ''Dangamalla'' == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Film !Role !Ref. |- |1984 |''Ranmalige Wasanawa'' | | |- |1985 |''Du Daruwo'' | | |- |1985 |''Karadiya Walalla'' | | |- |1986 |''Sinha Pataw'' | | |- |1986 |''Asipatha Mamai'' |Gamanayake's wife | |- |1986 |''Peralikarayo'' |Maureen | |- |1987 |''Sathyagrahanaya'' |Office 'truth' secretary | |- |1988 |''Chandingeth Chandiya'' | | |- |1989 |''Randenigala Sinhaya'' |Rekha | |- |1990 |''Veera Udara'' | | |- |1990 |''Sambudu Mahima'' | | |- |1990 |''Jaya Kothanada'' | | |- |1991 |''Asai Bayai'' | | |- |1991 |''Golu Muhude Kunatuwa'' | | |- |1992 |''Sakkara Suththara'' | | |- |1992 |''Sinha Raja'' | | |- |1992 |''Salli Thibunata Madi'' | | |- |1992 |''Rumathiyay Nithiyay'' |Neeta | |- |1992 |''Sayanaye Sihinaya'' | | |- |1993 |''Sagara Thilina'' | | |- |1993 |''Trishule'' | | |- |1993 |''Juriya Mamai'' |Mary | |- |1994 |''Mawubime Weerayo'' | | |- |1994 |''Shakthi'' | | |- |1997 |''Goodbye Tokyo'' | | |- |2000 |''Hansa Vilapaya'' | | |- |2003 |''Irasma'' |Sonali | |- |2004 |''Gini Kirilli'' | | |- |2006 |''Eka Malaka Pethi'' |Mahela's nother | |- |2006 |''Anjalika'' |Anjalika's mother | |- |2010 |''Uththara'' |Shanilka's mother | |- |2010 |''Suwanda Denuna Jeewithe'' |Rashmi's mother | |- |2010 |''Sara'' |Sara's mother | |- |2011 |''Sinhawalokanaya'' |Magilin, Jangu's mother | |- |2012 |''Sakvithi Dadayama'' | | |- |2014 |''Parawarthana'' |Kusum's mother | |- |2014 |''Parapura'' |Chethana's mother | |- |2014 |''Duwana Muwan'' | | |- |2015 |''Ira Sewaya'' |Yvonne | |- |2015 |''Pravegaya'' |Hemal's mother | |- |2016 |''Maya 3D'' |Rekha's mother | |- |2016 |''Adaraneeya Kathawak'' |Piyavi's mother | |- |2017 |''Hima Tharaka'' | | |- |2018 |''Punchi Andare'' |Andare's mother | |- |2020 |''Soosthi'' |Soosa's mother | |- |TBD |''Akarsha'' | | |- |TBD |''Sparsha'' | | |- |TBD |''Kathuru Mithuru'' | | |- |TBD |''Uthuru Sulanga'' | | |} {{Reflist}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://rasanduna.blogspot.com/2013/08/morin-charuni.html Marin Charuni suna hira] * [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 කටයුත්තට පෝන් නම්බර්] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126201759/https://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 |date=2024-11-26 }} [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 .] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126201759/https://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 |date=2024-11-26 }} [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 .] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126201759/https://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 |date=2024-11-26 }} [http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 .] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126201759/https://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/02/?fn=sa15070240 |date=2024-11-26 }} * [http://www.deshaya.lk/article/52/හදසර/4848/අපේ-නත්තල් ගෙදර නෑදෑයාෙ පිරෙනවා] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119080501/https://www.deshaya.lk/article/52/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB/4848/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A-%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A |date=2025-01-19 }} * [http://papper.gossiplankahotnews.com/2013/08/blog-post_7708.html දුවක් ඕනෑ වුණා] [http://papper.gossiplankahotnews.com/2013/08/blog-post_7708.html .] [http://papper.gossiplankahotnews.com/2013/08/blog-post_7708.html .] * [https://www.dinamina.lk/2018/07/31/විශේෂාංග/57720/මේ-හැරවුමක-අැරඹුමක්?page=34 හැරවුමක අැරඹුමක්]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} agbgr4gthpe3eo1oi6f8vvk8jb32ni4 0 16316 879401 480298 2026-07-09T08:30:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nadine Ibrahim''' (an haife ta a tsakanin shekarun 1993/1994 ) ita daraktar fim ce 'yar [[Nijeriya]].<ref name=future>{{cite web |url=https://awards.thefutureafrica.com/the-future-awards-africa-prize-for-screen-producer/ |title=The Future Awards Africa Prize for Screen Producer |work=The Future Awards Africa |date=2 December 2018 |accessdate=11 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">"Okoro, Enuma (4 March 2017). "Nadine Ibrahim: I want to tell stories that can change the world". ''Guardian Woman''. Guardian Newspapers. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Nadineibrahim.jpg|thumb|Nadine Ibrahim]] Ibrahim Nadine haifaffiyar garin [[Kaduna (birni)|kaduna ]] ce kuma ta tashi acikin musulunci. Mahaifiyarta, [[Amina J. Mohammed]] tsohuwar ministar muhalli ce ta Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /> Tun tana ƙarama, ta ke da sha'awar shirya labari da shirya fim maimakon sauran darussa na ilimin karatun boko.<ref>"Samanga, Rumaro (22 October 2019). "In Conversation with Nigerian Filmmaker Nadine Ibrahim: 'The local stories matter the most.'". ''OkayAfrica''. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</ref> Ta koma zuwa kasar Burtaniya daga Najeriya a lokacin tana da shekara 14<ref>"Lessons on Breaking into the movie industry- Nadine Ibrahim Films to the world". ''MRSCEONAIJA''. 25 February 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</ref> kuma ta yi karatun aikin jarida da harkar fim a Jami'ar Gloucestershire. Daga cikin ayyukan ta sun hada da, ta yi aiki akan ayyukan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kuma fina-finai na labaran gaskiya. Ibrahim Nadine itace ''mataimakiyar furodusa na Hakkunde'', shiri game da wani dan Kudancin Najeriya wanda ya fuskanci al'adun Arewacin Najeriya a karonsa na farko.<ref name=okoro>{{cite news |first=Enuma |last=Okoro |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/nadine-ibrahim-i-want-to-tell-stories-that-can-change-the-world/ |title=Nadine Ibrahim: I want to tell stories that can change the world |work=Guardian Woman |publisher=Guardian Newspapers |date=4 March 2017 |accessdate=11 October 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916170110/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/nadine-ibrahim-i-want-to-tell-stories-that-can-change-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fitar da gajeren fim dinta na ''Through Her Eyes'' a cikin shekara ta 2017. Shirin ya kunshi labari akan wata yarinya Azeeza, 'yar shekara 12 da aka sace kuma ta zama 'yar kunar bakin wake. Fim din ya kai matakin kusa da na karshe a gasan na bikin ''Los Angeles Cinema Festival'' kuma an zaɓe shi a cikin jerin gajerun fina-finai na ''African International Film Festival.'' Ta yi amfani da kafar yada labarai na EbonyLife Films and Televison" don yin fina-finai da suke bada labarin kabilun arewacin Najeriya, irin su [[Hausawa|Hausa]], [[Fulani]], [[Ebira|Igbira]], [[Igala]], [[Tiv]] da [[Gbagyi]]. Ita ce shugabar wani kamfani yada labarai da ke Najeriya, Nailamedia, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2017.<ref>"Udodiong, Inemesit (16 August 2019). "Nigerian filmmaker Nadine Ibrahim talks about the essence of being different". ''Pulse''. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</ref> Wani gajeren fim dinta mai suna ' ''Marked''', wanda ta yi aiki a kansa na tsawon shekaru biyu, wanda ya fara fitowa a bikin Aké a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a shekarar 2019. Shirin na magana ne akan zanukan/tsaga na gargajiya, wanda ake iya samu a jikkunan mutane daban daban na yankunan kasar Najeriya, amma kuma yakan zama haramun, amma duk da haka ita Nadine tayi shirin ne akan kyawun tsagan na gargajiya.<ref>"Cadogan, Dominic (24 October 2019). "Immerse yourself in the taboo art of scarification via short film Marked". ''Dazed''. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</ref> Ibrahim Nadine ta lissafo Tyler Perry, Alfred Hitchcock, Spike Lee da Ang Lee a matsayin wadanda take koyi da su. Wani muhimmin tasirin da ta ambata shi ne mahaifiyarta, wanda a cikin aikinta na gwamnati ta koya game da talauci da rashawa a Najeriya. An sanya ta cikin manyan matasa yan fim na Najeriya abun kalla.<ref>"Three Young Nigerian Filmmakers to Watch". ''Shadow and Act''. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</ref> Ibrahim ta auri Nasir a [[Abuja]] a shekarar 2014.<ref>"Nadine Ibrahim: The Beautiful Daughter Of Amina J. Muhammad". ''Opera News''. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</ref> == Wasu fina-finai == * 2015: ''Idéar'' (gajeren fim) * 2017: ''Hakkunde'' (gajeren fim) * 2017: ''Through Her Eyes'' (gajeren fim) * 2018: ''Tolu'' (gajeren fim) * 2019: ''I am not corrupt'' (gajeren fim) * 2019: ''Marked'' (gajeren fim) * 2019: ''Words cut deep'' (gajeren fim) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbname:7495420|Nadine Ibrahim]] a [[IMDb|Shafin Fim ɗin Intanet]] * [http://nailamedia.com/about Media Naila] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022222207/http://nailamedia.com/about |date=2021-10-22 }} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 9lx2xv2u9y046ykj0rp6m0ex6jiwiga 828 16926 879520 269030 2026-07-09T11:14:32Z Uzume 1293 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q24733825|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 879520 Scribunto text/plain -- Original module located at [[:en:Module:Wd]] and [[:en:Module:Wd/i18n]]. require("strict") local p = {} local module_arg = ... local i18n local i18nPath local function loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) local title if frame then -- current module invoked by page/template, get its title from frame title = frame:getTitle() else -- current module included by other module, get its title from ... title = module_arg end if not i18n then i18nPath = title .. "/i18n" i18n = require(i18nPath).init(aliasesP) end end p.claimCommands = { property = "property", properties = "properties", qualifier = "qualifier", qualifiers = "qualifiers", reference = "reference", references = "references" } p.generalCommands = { label = "label", title = "title", description = "description", alias = "alias", aliases = "aliases", badge = "badge", badges = "badges" } p.flags = { linked = "linked", short = "short", raw = "raw", multilanguage = "multilanguage", unit = "unit", ------------- preferred = "preferred", normal = "normal", deprecated = "deprecated", best = "best", future = "future", current = "current", former = "former", edit = "edit", editAtEnd = "edit@end", mdy = "mdy", single = "single", sourced = "sourced" } p.args = { eid = "eid", page = "page", date = "date", globalSiteId = "globalSiteId" } local aliasesP = { coord = "P625", ----------------------- image = "P18", author = "P50", authorNameString = "P2093", publisher = "P123", importedFrom = "P143", wikimediaImportURL = "P4656", statedIn = "P248", pages = "P304", language = "P407", hasPart = "P527", publicationDate = "P577", startTime = "P580", endTime = "P582", chapter = "P792", retrieved = "P813", referenceURL = "P854", sectionVerseOrParagraph = "P958", archiveURL = "P1065", title = "P1476", formatterURL = "P1630", quote = "P1683", shortName = "P1813", definingFormula = "P2534", archiveDate = "P2960", inferredFrom = "P3452", typeOfReference = "P3865", column = "P3903", subjectNamedAs = "P1810", wikidataProperty = "P1687", publishedIn = "P1433", lastUpdate = "P5017" } local aliasesQ = { percentage = "Q11229", prolepticJulianCalendar = "Q1985786", citeWeb = "Q5637226", citeQ = "Q22321052" } local parameters = { property = "%p", qualifier = "%q", reference = "%r", alias = "%a", badge = "%b", separator = "%s", general = "%x" } local formats = { property = "%p[%s][%r]", qualifier = "%q[%s][%r]", reference = "%r", propertyWithQualifier = "%p[ <span style=\"font-size:85\\%\">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]", alias = "%a[%s]", badge = "%b[%s]" } local hookNames = { -- {level_1, level_2} [parameters.property] = {"getProperty"}, [parameters.reference] = {"getReferences", "getReference"}, [parameters.qualifier] = {"getAllQualifiers"}, [parameters.qualifier.."\\d"] = {"getQualifiers", "getQualifier"}, [parameters.alias] = {"getAlias"}, [parameters.badge] = {"getBadge"} } -- default value objects, should NOT be mutated but instead copied local defaultSeparators = { ["sep"] = {" "}, ["sep%s"] = {","}, ["sep%q"] = {"; "}, ["sep%q\\d"] = {", "}, ["sep%r"] = nil, -- none ["punc"] = nil -- none } local rankTable = { ["preferred"] = 1, ["normal"] = 2, ["deprecated"] = 3 } local function replaceAlias(id) if aliasesP[id] then id = aliasesP[id] end return id end local function errorText(code, ...) local text = i18n["errors"][code] if arg then text = mw.ustring.format(text, unpack(arg)) end return text end local function throwError(errorMessage, ...) error(errorText(errorMessage, unpack(arg))) end local function replaceDecimalMark(num) return mw.ustring.gsub(num, "[.]", i18n['numeric']['decimal-mark'], 1) end local function padZeros(num, numDigits) local numZeros local negative = false if num < 0 then negative = true num = num * -1 end num = tostring(num) numZeros = numDigits - num:len() for _ = 1, numZeros do num = "0"..num end if negative then num = "-"..num end return num end local function replaceSpecialChar(chr) if chr == '_' then -- replace underscores with spaces return ' ' else return chr end end local function replaceSpecialChars(str) local chr local esc = false local strOut = "" for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then esc = true else strOut = strOut .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else strOut = strOut .. chr esc = false end end return strOut end local function buildWikilink(target, label) if not label or target == label then return "[[" .. target .. "]]" else return "[[" .. target .. "|" .. label .. "]]" end end -- used to make frame.args mutable, to replace #frame.args (which is always 0) -- with the actual amount and to simply copy tables local function copyTable(tIn) if not tIn then return nil end local tOut = {} for i, v in pairs(tIn) do tOut[i] = v end return tOut end -- used to merge output arrays together; -- note that it currently mutates the first input array local function mergeArrays(a1, a2) for i = 1, #a2 do a1[#a1 + 1] = a2[i] end return a1 end local function split(str, del) local out = {} local i, j = str:find(del) if i and j then out[1] = str:sub(1, i - 1) out[2] = str:sub(j + 1) else out[1] = str end return out end local function parseWikidataURL(url) local id if url:match('^http[s]?://') then id = split(url, "Q") if id[2] then return "Q" .. id[2] end end return nil end local function parseDate(dateStr, precision) precision = precision or "d" local i, j, index, ptr local parts = {nil, nil, nil} if dateStr == nil then return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end -- 'T' for snak values, '/' for outputs with '/Julian' attached i, j = dateStr:find("[T/]") if i then dateStr = dateStr:sub(1, i-1) end local from = 1 if dateStr:sub(1,1) == "-" then -- this is a negative number, look further ahead from = 2 end index = 1 ptr = 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", from) if i then -- year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) -- explicitly give base 10 to prevent error if parts[index] == -0 then parts[index] = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'parts[index] = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end if precision == "y" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", ptr) if i then -- month parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) if precision == "m" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 end end if dateStr:sub(ptr) ~= "" then -- day if we have month, month if we have year, or year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr), 10) end return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end local function datePrecedesDate(aY, aM, aD, bY, bM, bD) if aY == nil or bY == nil then return nil end aM = aM or 1 aD = aD or 1 bM = bM or 1 bD = bD or 1 if aY < bY then return true end if aY > bY then return false end if aM < bM then return true end if aM > bM then return false end if aD < bD then return true end return false end local function getHookName(param, index) if hookNames[param] then return hookNames[param][index] elseif param:len() > 2 then return hookNames[param:sub(1, 2).."\\d"][index] else return nil end end local function alwaysTrue() return true end -- The following function parses a format string. -- -- The example below shows how a parsed string is structured in memory. -- Variables other than 'str' and 'child' are left out for clarity's sake. -- -- Example: -- "A %p B [%s[%q1]] C [%r] D" -- -- Structure: -- [ -- { -- str = "A " -- }, -- { -- str = "%p" -- }, -- { -- str = " B ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%s", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%q1" -- } -- ] -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " C ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%r" -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " D" -- } -- ] -- local function parseFormat(str) local chr, esc, param, root, cur, prev, new local params = {} local function newObject(array) local obj = {} -- new object obj.str = "" array[#array + 1] = obj -- array{object} obj.parent = array return obj end local function endParam() if param > 0 then if cur.str ~= "" then cur.str = "%"..cur.str cur.param = true params[cur.str] = true cur.parent.req[cur.str] = true prev = cur cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 0 end end root = {} -- array root.req = {} cur = newObject(root) prev = nil esc = false param = 0 for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then endParam() esc = true elseif chr == '%' then endParam() if cur.str ~= "" then cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 2 elseif chr == '[' then endParam() if prev and cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) cur = prev end cur.child = {} -- new array cur.child.req = {} cur.child.parent = cur cur = newObject(cur.child) elseif chr == ']' then endParam() if cur.parent.parent then new = newObject(cur.parent.parent.parent) if cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) end cur = new end else if param > 1 then param = param - 1 elseif param == 1 then if not chr:match('%d') then endParam() end end cur.str = cur.str .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else cur.str = cur.str .. chr esc = false end prev = nil end endParam() -- make sure that at least one required parameter has been defined if not next(root.req) then throwError("missing-required-parameter") end -- make sure that the separator parameter "%s" is not amongst the required parameters if root.req[parameters.separator] then throwError("extra-required-parameter", parameters.separator) end return root, params end local function sortOnRank(claims) local rankPos local ranks = {{}, {}, {}, {}} -- preferred, normal, deprecated, (default) local sorted = {} for _, v in ipairs(claims) do rankPos = rankTable[v.rank] or 4 ranks[rankPos][#ranks[rankPos] + 1] = v end sorted = ranks[1] sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[2]) sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[3]) return sorted end local function isValueInTable(searchedItem, inputTable) for _, item in pairs(inputTable) do if item == searchedItem then return true end end return false end local Config = {} -- allows for recursive calls function Config:new() local cfg = {} setmetatable(cfg, self) self.__index = self cfg.separators = { -- single value objects wrapped in arrays so that we can pass by reference ["sep"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep"])}, ["sep%s"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%s"])}, ["sep%q"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q"])}, ["sep%r"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%r"])}, ["punc"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["punc"])} } cfg.entity = nil cfg.entityID = nil cfg.propertyID = nil cfg.propertyValue = nil cfg.qualifierIDs = {} cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues = {} cfg.bestRank = true cfg.ranks = {true, true, false} -- preferred = true, normal = true, deprecated = false cfg.foundRank = #cfg.ranks cfg.flagBest = false cfg.flagRank = false cfg.periods = {true, true, true} -- future = true, current = true, former = true cfg.flagPeriod = false cfg.atDate = {parseDate(os.date('!%Y-%m-%d'))} -- today as {year, month, day} cfg.mdyDate = false cfg.singleClaim = false cfg.sourcedOnly = false cfg.editable = false cfg.editAtEnd = false cfg.inSitelinks = false cfg.langCode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code cfg.langName = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(cfg.langCode, cfg.langCode) cfg.langObj = mw.language.new(cfg.langCode) cfg.siteID = mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() cfg.states = {} cfg.states.qualifiersCount = 0 cfg.curState = nil cfg.prefetchedRefs = nil return cfg end local State = {} function State:new(cfg, type) local stt = {} setmetatable(stt, self) self.__index = self stt.conf = cfg stt.type = type stt.results = {} stt.parsedFormat = {} stt.separator = {} stt.movSeparator = {} stt.puncMark = {} stt.linked = false stt.rawValue = false stt.shortName = false stt.anyLanguage = false stt.unitOnly = false stt.singleValue = false return stt end -- if id == nil then item connected to current page is used function Config:getLabel(id, raw, link, short) local label = nil local prefix, title= "", nil if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if not id then return "" end end id = id:upper() -- just to be sure if raw then -- check if given id actually exists if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then label = id end prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", label -- may be nil else -- try short name first if requested if short then label = p._property{aliasesP.shortName, [p.args.eid] = id} -- get short name if label == "" then label = nil end end -- get label if not label then label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) end end if not label then label = "" elseif link then -- build a link if requested if not title then if id:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) elseif id:sub(1,1) == "P" then -- properties have no sitelink, link to Wikidata instead prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", id end end label = mw.text.nowiki(label) -- escape raw label text so it cannot be wikitext markup if title then label = buildWikilink(prefix .. title, label) end end return label end function Config:getEditIcon() local value = "" local prefix = "" local front = "&nbsp;" local back = "" if self.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then prefix = "Property:" end if self.editAtEnd then front = '<span style="float:' if self.langObj:isRTL() then front = front .. 'left' else front = front .. 'right' end front = front .. '">' back = '</span>' end value = "[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. prefix .. self.entityID .. "?uselang=" .. self.langCode if self.propertyID then value = value .. "#" .. self.propertyID elseif self.inSitelinks then value = value .. "#sitelinks-wikipedia" end value = value .. "|" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "]]" return front .. value .. back end -- used to create the final output string when it's all done, so that for references the -- function extensionTag("ref", ...) is only called when they really ended up in the final output function Config:concatValues(valuesArray) local outString = "" local j, skip for i = 1, #valuesArray do -- check if this is a reference if valuesArray[i].refHash then j = i - 1 skip = false -- skip this reference if it is part of a continuous row of references that already contains the exact same reference while valuesArray[j] and valuesArray[j].refHash do if valuesArray[i].refHash == valuesArray[j].refHash then skip = true break end j = j - 1 end if not skip then -- add <ref> tag with the reference's hash as its name (to deduplicate references) outString = outString .. mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", valuesArray[i][1], {name = valuesArray[i].refHash}) end else outString = outString .. valuesArray[i][1] end end return outString end function Config:convertUnit(unit, raw, link, short, unitOnly) local space = " " local label = "" local itemID if unit == "" or unit == "1" then return nil end if unitOnly then space = "" end itemID = parseWikidataURL(unit) if itemID then if itemID == aliasesQ.percentage then return "%" else label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label ~= "" then return space .. label end end end return "" end function State:getValue(snak) return self.conf:getValue(snak, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName, self.anyLanguage, self.unitOnly, false, self.type:sub(1,2)) end function Config:getValue(snak, raw, link, short, anyLang, unitOnly, noSpecial, type) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then local datatype = snak.datavalue.type local subtype = snak.datatype local datavalue = snak.datavalue.value if datatype == 'string' then if subtype == 'url' and link then -- create link explicitly if raw then -- will render as a linked number like [1] return "[" .. datavalue .. "]" else return "[" .. datavalue .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" end elseif subtype == 'commonsMedia' then if link then return buildWikilink("c:File:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif not raw then return "[[File:" .. datavalue .. "]]" else return datavalue end elseif subtype == 'geo-shape' and link then return buildWikilink("c:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif subtype == 'math' and not raw then local attribute = nil if (type == parameters.property or (type == parameters.qualifier and self.propertyID == aliasesP.hasPart)) and snak.property == aliasesP.definingFormula then attribute = {qid = self.entityID} end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("math", datavalue, attribute) elseif subtype == 'external-id' and link then local url = p._property{aliasesP.formatterURL, [p.args.eid] = snak.property} -- get formatter URL if url ~= "" then url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, "$1", datavalue) return "[" .. url .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" else return datavalue end else return datavalue end elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then if anyLang or datavalue['language'] == self.langCode then return datavalue['text'] else return nil end elseif datatype == 'quantity' then local value = "" local unit if not unitOnly then -- get value and strip + signs from front value = mw.ustring.gsub(datavalue['amount'], "^%+(.+)$", "%1") if raw then return value end -- replace decimal mark based on locale value = replaceDecimalMark(value) -- add delimiters for readability value = i18n.addDelimiters(value) end unit = self:convertUnit(datavalue['unit'], raw, link, short, unitOnly) if unit then value = value .. unit end return value elseif datatype == 'time' then local y, m, d, p, yDiv, yRound, yFull, value, calendarID, dateStr local yFactor = 1 local sign = 1 local prefix = "" local suffix = "" local mayAddCalendar = false local calendar = "" local precision = datavalue['precision'] if precision == 11 then p = "d" elseif precision == 10 then p = "m" else p = "y" yFactor = 10^(9-precision) end y, m, d = parseDate(datavalue['time'], p) if y < 0 then sign = -1 y = y * sign end -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of years if precision <= 8 then yDiv = y / yFactor -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands of years if precision >= 6 then mayAddCalendar = true if precision <= 7 then -- round centuries/millenniums up (e.g. 20th century or 3rd millennium) yRound = math.ceil(yDiv) if not raw then if precision == 6 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['millennium'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['century'] end suffix = i18n.getOrdinalSuffix(yRound) .. suffix else -- if not verbose, take the first year of the century/millennium -- (e.g. 1901 for 20th century or 2001 for 3rd millennium) yRound = (yRound - 1) * yFactor + 1 end else -- precision == 8 -- round decades down (e.g. 2010s) yRound = math.floor(yDiv) * yFactor if not raw then prefix = i18n['datetime']['prefixes']['decade-period'] suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['decade-period'] end end if raw and sign < 0 then -- if BCE then compensate for "counting backwards" -- (e.g. -2019 for 2010s BCE, -2000 for 20th century BCE or -3000 for 3rd millennium BCE) yRound = yRound + yFactor - 1 end else local yReFactor, yReDiv, yReRound -- round to nearest for tens of thousands of years or more yRound = math.floor(yDiv + 0.5) if yRound == 0 then if precision <= 2 and y ~= 0 then yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = y / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years only if we have a whole number of them precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end if yRound == 0 then -- otherwise, take the unrounded (original) number of years precision = 5 yFactor = 1 yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end end if precision >= 1 and y ~= 0 then yFull = yRound * yFactor yReFactor = 1e9 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to billions of years if we're in that range precision = 0 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound else yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years if we're in that range precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end end if not raw then if precision == 3 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['million-years'] elseif precision == 0 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['billion-years'] else yRound = yRound * yFactor if yRound == 1 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['year'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['years'] end end else yRound = yRound * yFactor end end else yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end if mayAddCalendar then calendarID = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['calendarmodel']) if calendarID and calendarID == aliasesQ.prolepticJulianCalendar then if not raw then if link then calendar = " ("..buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['julian-calendar'], i18n['datetime']['julian'])..")" else calendar = " ("..i18n['datetime']['julian']..")" end else calendar = "/"..i18n['datetime']['julian'] end end end if not raw then local ce = nil if sign < 0 then ce = i18n['datetime']['BCE'] elseif precision <= 5 then ce = i18n['datetime']['CE'] end if ce then if link then ce = buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['common-era'], ce) end suffix = suffix .. " " .. ce end value = tostring(yRound) if m then dateStr = self.langObj:formatDate("F", "1-"..m.."-1") if d then if self.mdyDate then dateStr = dateStr .. " " .. d .. "," else dateStr = d .. " " .. dateStr end end value = dateStr .. " " .. value end value = prefix .. value .. suffix .. calendar else value = padZeros(yRound * sign, 4) if m then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(m, 2) if d then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(d, 2) end end value = value .. calendar end return value elseif datatype == 'globecoordinate' then -- logic from https://github.com/DataValues/Geo (v4.0.1) local precision, unitsPerDegree, numDigits, strFormat, value, globe local latitude, latConv, latValue, latLink local longitude, lonConv, lonValue, lonLink local latDirection, latDirectionN, latDirectionS, latDirectionEN local lonDirection, lonDirectionE, lonDirectionW, lonDirectionEN local degSymbol, minSymbol, secSymbol, separator local latDegrees = nil local latMinutes = nil local latSeconds = nil local lonDegrees = nil local lonMinutes = nil local lonSeconds = nil local latDegSym = "" local latMinSym = "" local latSecSym = "" local lonDegSym = "" local lonMinSym = "" local lonSecSym = "" local latDirectionEN_N = "N" local latDirectionEN_S = "S" local lonDirectionEN_E = "E" local lonDirectionEN_W = "W" if not raw then latDirectionN = i18n['coord']['latitude-north'] latDirectionS = i18n['coord']['latitude-south'] lonDirectionE = i18n['coord']['longitude-east'] lonDirectionW = i18n['coord']['longitude-west'] degSymbol = i18n['coord']['degrees'] minSymbol = i18n['coord']['minutes'] secSymbol = i18n['coord']['seconds'] separator = i18n['coord']['separator'] else latDirectionN = latDirectionEN_N latDirectionS = latDirectionEN_S lonDirectionE = lonDirectionEN_E lonDirectionW = lonDirectionEN_W degSymbol = "/" minSymbol = "/" secSymbol = "/" separator = "/" end latitude = datavalue['latitude'] longitude = datavalue['longitude'] if latitude < 0 then latDirection = latDirectionS latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_S latitude = math.abs(latitude) else latDirection = latDirectionN latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_N end if longitude < 0 then lonDirection = lonDirectionW lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_W longitude = math.abs(longitude) else lonDirection = lonDirectionE lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_E end precision = datavalue['precision'] if not precision or precision <= 0 then precision = 1 / 3600 -- precision not set (correctly), set to arcsecond end -- remove insignificant detail latitude = math.floor(latitude / precision + 0.5) * precision longitude = math.floor(longitude / precision + 0.5) * precision if precision >= 1 - (1 / 60) and precision < 1 then precision = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) - (1 / 3600) and precision < (1 / 60) then precision = 1 / 60 end if precision >= 1 then unitsPerDegree = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) then unitsPerDegree = 60 else unitsPerDegree = 3600 end numDigits = math.ceil(-math.log10(unitsPerDegree * precision)) if numDigits <= 0 then numDigits = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'numDigits = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end strFormat = "%." .. numDigits .. "f" if precision >= 1 then latDegrees = strFormat:format(latitude) lonDegrees = strFormat:format(longitude) if not raw then latDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(latDegrees) .. degSymbol lonDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonDegrees) .. degSymbol else latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol end else latConv = math.floor(latitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits lonConv = math.floor(longitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = latConv lonMinutes = lonConv else latSeconds = latConv lonSeconds = lonConv latMinutes = math.floor(latSeconds / 60) lonMinutes = math.floor(lonSeconds / 60) latSeconds = strFormat:format(latSeconds - (latMinutes * 60)) lonSeconds = strFormat:format(lonSeconds - (lonMinutes * 60)) if not raw then latSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(latSeconds) .. secSymbol lonSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonSeconds) .. secSymbol else latSecSym = latSeconds .. secSymbol lonSecSym = lonSeconds .. secSymbol end end latDegrees = math.floor(latMinutes / 60) lonDegrees = math.floor(lonMinutes / 60) latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol latMinutes = latMinutes - (latDegrees * 60) lonMinutes = lonMinutes - (lonDegrees * 60) if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = strFormat:format(latMinutes) lonMinutes = strFormat:format(lonMinutes) if not raw then latMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(latMinutes) .. minSymbol lonMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonMinutes) .. minSymbol else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end end latValue = latDegSym .. latMinSym .. latSecSym .. latDirection lonValue = lonDegSym .. lonMinSym .. lonSecSym .. lonDirection value = latValue .. separator .. lonValue if link then globe = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['globe']) if globe then globe = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(globe, "en"):lower() else globe = "earth" end latLink = table.concat({latDegrees, latMinutes, latSeconds}, "_") lonLink = table.concat({lonDegrees, lonMinutes, lonSeconds}, "_") value = "[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language="..self.langCode.."&params="..latLink.."_"..latDirectionEN.."_"..lonLink.."_"..lonDirectionEN.."_globe:"..globe.." "..value.."]" end return value elseif datatype == 'wikibase-entityid' then local label local itemID = datavalue['numeric-id'] if subtype == 'wikibase-item' then itemID = "Q" .. itemID elseif subtype == 'wikibase-property' then itemID = "P" .. itemID else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', subtype) .. '</strong>' end label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label == "" then label = nil end return label else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', datatype) .. '</strong>' end elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' else return i18n['values']['unknown'] end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return "" -- empty string represents 'novalue' else return i18n['values']['none'] end else return nil end end function Config:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, qualifierID) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[qualifierID] end if qualifiers and qualifiers[1] then return self:getValue(qualifiers[1], true) -- raw = true else return nil end end function Config:snakEqualsValue(snak, value) local snakValue = self:getValue(snak, true) -- raw = true if snakValue and snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then value = value:upper() end return snakValue == value end function Config:setRank(rank) local rankPos if rank == p.flags.best then self.bestRank = true self.flagBest = true -- mark that 'best' flag was given return end if rank:sub(1,9) == p.flags.preferred then rankPos = 1 elseif rank:sub(1,6) == p.flags.normal then rankPos = 2 elseif rank:sub(1,10) == p.flags.deprecated then rankPos = 3 else return end -- one of the rank flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagRank then self.ranks = {false, false, false} -- no other rank flag given before, so unset ranks self.bestRank = self.flagBest -- unsets bestRank only if 'best' flag was not given before self.flagRank = true -- mark that a rank flag was given end if rank:sub(-1) == "+" then for i = rankPos, 1, -1 do self.ranks[i] = true end elseif rank:sub(-1) == "-" then for i = rankPos, #self.ranks do self.ranks[i] = true end else self.ranks[rankPos] = true end end function Config:setPeriod(period) local periodPos if period == p.flags.future then periodPos = 1 elseif period == p.flags.current then periodPos = 2 elseif period == p.flags.former then periodPos = 3 else return end -- one of the period flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagPeriod then self.periods = {false, false, false} -- no other period flag given before, so unset periods self.flagPeriod = true -- mark that a period flag was given end self.periods[periodPos] = true end function Config:qualifierMatches(claim, id, value) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[id] end if qualifiers then for _, v in pairs(qualifiers) do if self:snakEqualsValue(v, value) then return true end end elseif value == "" then -- if the qualifier is not present then treat it the same as the special value 'novalue' return true end return false end function Config:rankMatches(rankPos) if self.bestRank then return (self.ranks[rankPos] and self.foundRank >= rankPos) else return self.ranks[rankPos] end end function Config:timeMatches(claim) local startTime = nil local startTimeY = nil local startTimeM = nil local startTimeD = nil local endTime = nil local endTimeY = nil local endTimeM = nil local endTimeD = nil if self.periods[1] and self.periods[2] and self.periods[3] then -- any time return true end startTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.startTime) if startTime and startTime ~= "" and startTime ~= " " then startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD = parseDate(startTime) end endTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.endTime) if endTime and endTime ~= "" and endTime ~= " " then endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD = parseDate(endTime) end if startTimeY ~= nil and endTimeY ~= nil and datePrecedesDate(endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD, startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then -- invalidate end time if it precedes start time endTimeY = nil endTimeM = nil endTimeD = nil end if self.periods[1] then -- future if startTimeY and datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then return true end end if self.periods[2] then -- current if (startTimeY == nil or not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD)) and (endTimeY == nil or datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD)) then return true end end if self.periods[3] then -- former if endTimeY and not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD) then return true end end return false end function Config:processFlag(flag) if not flag then return false end if flag == p.flags.linked then self.curState.linked = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.raw then self.curState.rawValue = true if self.curState == self.states[parameters.reference] then -- raw reference values end with periods and require a separator (other than none) self.separators["sep%r"][1] = {" "} end return true elseif flag == p.flags.short then self.curState.shortName = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.multilanguage then self.curState.anyLanguage = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.unit then self.curState.unitOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.mdy then self.mdyDate = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.single then self.singleClaim = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.sourced then self.sourcedOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.edit then self.editable = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.editAtEnd then self.editable = true self.editAtEnd = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.best or flag:match('^'..p.flags.preferred..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.normal..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.deprecated..'[+-]?$') then self:setRank(flag) return true elseif flag == p.flags.future or flag == p.flags.current or flag == p.flags.former then self:setPeriod(flag) return true elseif flag == "" then -- ignore empty flags and carry on return true else return false end end function Config:processFlagOrCommand(flag) local param = "" if not flag then return false end if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.properties then param = parameters.property elseif flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifiers then self.states.qualifiersCount = self.states.qualifiersCount + 1 param = parameters.qualifier .. self.states.qualifiersCount self.separators["sep"..param] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q\\d"])} elseif flag == p.claimCommands.reference or flag == p.claimCommands.references then param = parameters.reference else return self:processFlag(flag) end if self.states[param] then return false end -- create a new state for each command self.states[param] = State:new(self, param) -- use "%x" as the general parameter name self.states[param].parsedFormat = parseFormat(parameters.general) -- will be overwritten for param=="%p" -- set the separator self.states[param].separator = self.separators["sep"..param] -- will be nil for param=="%p", which will be set separately if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.reference then self.states[param].singleValue = true end self.curState = self.states[param] return true end function Config:processSeparators(args) local sep for i, v in pairs(self.separators) do if args[i] then sep = replaceSpecialChars(args[i]) if sep ~= "" then self.separators[i][1] = {sep} else self.separators[i][1] = nil end end end end function Config:setFormatAndSeparators(state, parsedFormat) state.parsedFormat = parsedFormat state.separator = self.separators["sep"] state.movSeparator = self.separators["sep"..parameters.separator] state.puncMark = self.separators["punc"] end -- determines if a claim has references by prefetching them from the claim using getReferences, -- which applies some filtering that determines if a reference is actually returned, -- and caches the references for later use function State:isSourced(claim) self.conf.prefetchedRefs = self:getReferences(claim) return (#self.conf.prefetchedRefs > 0) end function State:resetCaches() -- any prefetched references of the previous claim must not be used self.conf.prefetchedRefs = nil end function State:claimMatches(claim) local matches, rankPos -- first of all, reset any cached values used for the previous claim self:resetCaches() -- if a property value was given, check if it matches the claim's property value if self.conf.propertyValue then matches = self.conf:snakEqualsValue(claim.mainsnak, self.conf.propertyValue) else matches = true end -- if any qualifier values were given, check if each matches one of the claim's qualifier values for i, v in pairs(self.conf.qualifierIDsAndValues) do matches = (matches and self.conf:qualifierMatches(claim, i, v)) end -- check if the claim's rank and time period match rankPos = rankTable[claim.rank] or 4 matches = (matches and self.conf:rankMatches(rankPos) and self.conf:timeMatches(claim)) -- if only claims with references must be returned, check if this one has any if self.conf.sourcedOnly then matches = (matches and self:isSourced(claim)) -- prefetches and caches references end return matches, rankPos end function State:out() local result -- collection of arrays with value objects local valuesArray -- array with value objects local sep = nil -- value object local out = {} -- array with value objects local function walk(formatTable, result) local valuesArray = {} -- array with value objects for i, v in pairs(formatTable.req) do if not result[i] or not result[i][1] then -- we've got no result for a parameter that is required on this level, -- so skip this level (and its children) by returning an empty result return {} end end for _, v in ipairs(formatTable) do if v.param then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, result[v.str]) elseif v.str ~= "" then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = {v.str} end if v.child then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, walk(v.child, result)) end end return valuesArray end -- iterate through the results from back to front, so that we know when to add separators for i = #self.results, 1, -1 do result = self.results[i] -- if there is already some output, then add the separators if #out > 0 then sep = self.separator[1] -- fixed separator result[parameters.separator] = {self.movSeparator[1]} -- movable separator else sep = nil result[parameters.separator] = {self.puncMark[1]} -- optional punctuation mark end valuesArray = walk(self.parsedFormat, result) if #valuesArray > 0 then if sep then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(valuesArray, out) end end -- reset state before next iteration self.results = {} return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getProperty(claim) local value = {self:getValue(claim.mainsnak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getQualifiers(claim, param) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[self.conf.qualifierIDs[param]] end if qualifiers then -- iterate through claim's qualifier statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[param]:iterate(qualifiers, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"][2], count = 1}) -- pass qualifier state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getQualifier(snak) local value = {self:getValue(snak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getAllQualifiers(claim, param, result, hooks) local out = {} -- array with value objects local sep = self.conf.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier][1] -- value object -- iterate through the output of the separate "qualifier(s)" commands for i = 1, self.conf.states.qualifiersCount do -- if a hook has not been called yet, call it now if not result[parameters.qualifier..i] then self:callHook(parameters.qualifier..i, hooks, claim, result) end -- if there is output for this particular "qualifier(s)" command, then add it if result[parameters.qualifier..i] and result[parameters.qualifier..i][1] then -- if there is already some output, then add the separator if #out > 0 and sep then out[#out + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(out, result[parameters.qualifier..i]) end end return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getReferences(claim) if self.conf.prefetchedRefs then -- return references that have been prefetched by isSourced return self.conf.prefetchedRefs end if claim.references then -- iterate through claim's reference statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[parameters.reference]:iterate(claim.references, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.reference][2], count = 1}) -- pass reference state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getReference(statement) local citeParamMapping = i18n['cite']['param-mapping'] local citeConfig = i18n['cite']['config'] local citeTypes = i18n['cite']['output-types'] -- will hold rendered properties of the reference which are not directly from statement.snaks, -- Namely, is URL generated from an external ID. local additionalProcessedProperties = {} -- for each citation type, there will be an associative array that associates lists of rendered properties -- to citation-template parameters local candidateParams = {} -- like above, but only associates one rendered property to each parameter; if the above variable -- contains more strings for a parameter, the strings will be assigned to numbered params (e.g. "author1") local citeParams = {} local citeErrors = {} local referenceEmpty = true -- will be set to false if at least one parameter is left unremoved local version = 12 -- increment this each time the below logic is changed to avoid conflict errors if not statement.snaks then return {} end -- don't use bot-added references referencing Wikimedia projects or containing "inferred from" (such references are not usable on Wikipedia) if statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.wikimediaImportURL] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] then return {} end -- don't include "type of reference" if statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] = nil end -- don't include "image" to prevent littering if statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] = nil end -- don't include "language" if it is equal to the local one if self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.language) == self.conf.langName then statement.snaks[aliasesP.language] = nil end if statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] and not statement.snaks[aliasesP.referenceURL] then -- "stated in" was given but "reference URL" was not. -- get "Wikidata property" properties from the item in "stated in" -- if any of the returned properties of the external-id datatype is in statement.snaks, generate a link from it and use the link in the reference -- find the "Wikidata property" properties in the item from "stated in" local wikidataPropertiesOfSource = mw.text.split(p._properties{p.flags.raw, aliasesP.wikidataProperty, [p.args.eid] = self.conf:getValue(statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn][1], true, false)}, ", ", true) for i, wikidataPropertyOfSource in pairs(wikidataPropertiesOfSource) do if statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] and statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource][1].datatype == "external-id" then local tempLink = self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, wikidataPropertyOfSource, false, true) -- not raw, linked if mw.ustring.match(tempLink, "^%[%Z- %Z+%]$") then -- getValue returned a URL in square brackets. -- the link is in wiki markup, so strip the square brackets and the display text -- gsub also returns another, discarted value, therefore the result is assigned to tempLink first tempLink = mw.ustring.gsub(tempLink, "^%[(%Z-) %Z+%]$", "%1") additionalProcessedProperties[aliasesP.referenceURL] = {tempLink} statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] = nil break end end end end -- initialize candidateParams and citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do candidateParams[citeType] = {} citeParams[citeType] = {} end -- fill candidateParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do -- This will contain value--priority pairs for each param name. local candidateValuesAndPriorities = {} -- fill candidateValuesAndPriorities for refProperty in pairs(statement.snaks) do if citeErrors[citeType] then break end repeat -- just a simple wrapper to emulate "continue" -- set mappingKey and prefix local mappingKey local prefix = "" if statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype == 'external-id' then mappingKey = "external-id" prefix = self.conf:getLabel(refProperty) if prefix ~= "" then prefix = prefix .. " " end else mappingKey = refProperty end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][mappingKey] -- skip properties with empty parameter name if paramName == "" then break -- skip this property for this value of citeType end -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then referenceEmpty = false local error_message = errorText("unknown-property-in-ref", refProperty) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message break end -- set processedProperty local processedProperty local raw = false -- if the value is wanted raw if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["raw-value-params"] or {}) then raw = true end if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then -- Multiple values may be given. processedProperty = self:getReferenceDetails(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked, true) -- anyLang = true else -- If multiple values are given, all but the first suitable one are discarted. processedProperty = {self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked and (statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype ~= 'url'), true)} -- link = true/false, anyLang = true end if #processedProperty == 0 then break end referenceEmpty = false -- add an empty entry to candidateValuesAndPriorities, if there isn't one already if not candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] then candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] = {} end -- find the priority of refProperty local thisPropertyPriority = -1 local thisParamPrioritization = citeConfig[citeType]["prioritization"][paramName] if thisParamPrioritization then for i_priority, i_property in ipairs(thisParamPrioritization) do if i_property == refProperty then thisPropertyPriority = i_priority end end end for _, propertyValue in pairs(processedProperty) do table.insert( candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], {prefix .. propertyValue, thisPropertyPriority} ) end until true end -- fill candidateParams[citeType] if not citeErrors[citeType] then local compareValuePriorities = function(pair1, pair2) if pair1[2] == -1 and pair2[2] ~= -1 then return false end if pair1[2] ~= -1 and pair2[2] == -1 then return true end return pair1[2] < pair2[2] end -- fill candidateParams[citeType][paramName] for each used param for paramName, _ in pairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities) do table.sort(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], compareValuePriorities) candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} for _, valuePriorityPair in ipairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], valuePriorityPair[1]) end end end end -- handle additional properties for refProperty in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties) do for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do repeat -- skip if there already have been errors if citeErrors[citeType] then break end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][refProperty] -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then -- Skip this additional property, but do not cause an error. break end if paramName == "" then break end referenceEmpty = false if not candidateParams[citeType][paramName] then candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} end for _, propertyValue in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties[refProperty]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], propertyValue) end until true end end -- fill citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for paramName, paramValues in pairs(candidateParams[citeType]) do if #paramValues == 1 or not isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then citeParams[citeType][paramName] = paramValues[1] else -- There is more than one value for this parameter - the values will -- go into separate numbered parameters (e.g. "author1", "author2") for paramNum, paramValue in pairs(paramValues) do citeParams[citeType][paramName .. paramNum] = paramValue end end end end -- handle missing mandatory parameters for the templates for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for _, requiredCiteParam in pairs(citeConfig[citeType]["mandatory-params"] or {}) do if not citeParams[citeType][requiredCiteParam] then -- The required param is not present. if citeErrors[citeType] then -- Do not override the previous error, if it exists. break end local error_message = errorText("missing-mandatory-param", requiredCiteParam) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message end end end local citeTypeToUse = nil -- choose the output template for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do if not citeErrors[citeType] then citeTypeToUse = citeType break end end -- set refContent local refContent = "" if citeTypeToUse then local templateToUse = citeConfig[citeTypeToUse]["template"] local paramsToUse = citeParams[citeTypeToUse] if not templateToUse or templateToUse == "" then throwError("no-such-reference-template", tostring(templateToUse), i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end -- if this module is being substituted then build a regular template call, otherwise expand the template if mw.isSubsting() then for i, v in pairs(paramsToUse) do refContent = refContent .. "|" .. i .. "=" .. v end refContent = "{{" .. templateToUse .. refContent .. "}}" else xpcall( function () refContent = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=templateToUse, args=paramsToUse} end, function () throwError("no-such-reference-template", templateToUse, i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end ) end -- If the citation couldn't be displayed using any template, but is not empty (barring ignored propeties), throw an error. elseif not referenceEmpty then refContent = errorText("malformed-reference-header") for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do refContent = refContent .. errorText("template-failure-reason", citeConfig[citeType]["template"], citeErrors[citeType]) end refContent = refContent .. errorText("malformed-reference-footer") end -- wrap refContent local ref = {} if refContent ~= "" then ref = {refContent} if not self.rawValue then -- this should become a <ref> tag, so save the reference's hash for later ref.refHash = "wikidata-" .. statement.hash .. "-v" .. (tonumber(i18n['version']) + version) end return {ref} else return {} end end -- gets a detail of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetail(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local switchLang = anyLang local value = nil if not snaks[dType] then return nil end -- if anyLang, first try the local language and otherwise any language repeat for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do value = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang and not switchLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true if value then break end end if value or not anyLang then break end switchLang = not switchLang until anyLang and switchLang return value end -- gets the details of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetails(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local values = {} if not snaks[dType] then return {} end for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do -- if nil is returned then it will not be added to the table values[#values + 1] = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true end return values end -- level 1 hook function State:getAlias(object) local value = object.value local title = nil if value and self.linked then if self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(self.conf.entityID) elseif self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then title = "d:Property:" .. self.conf.entityID end if title then value = buildWikilink(title, value) end end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getBadge(value) value = self.conf:getLabel(value, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName) if value == "" then value = nil end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end function State:callHook(param, hooks, statement, result) -- call a parameter's hook if it has been defined and if it has not been called before if not result[param] and hooks[param] then local valuesArray = self[hooks[param]](self, statement, param, result, hooks) -- array with value objects -- add to the result if #valuesArray > 0 then result[param] = valuesArray result.count = result.count + 1 else result[param] = {} -- an empty array to indicate that we've tried this hook already return true -- miss == true end end return false end -- iterate through claims, claim's qualifiers or claim's references to collect values function State:iterate(statements, hooks, matchHook) matchHook = matchHook or alwaysTrue local matches = false local rankPos = nil local result, gotRequired for _, v in ipairs(statements) do -- rankPos will be nil for non-claim statements (e.g. qualifiers, references, etc.) matches, rankPos = matchHook(self, v) if matches then result = {count = 0} -- collection of arrays with value objects local function walk(formatTable) local miss for i2, v2 in pairs(formatTable.req) do -- call a hook, adding its return value to the result miss = self:callHook(i2, hooks, v, result) if miss then -- we miss a required value for this level, so return false return false end if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point breaks the loop return true end end for _, v2 in ipairs(formatTable) do if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point prevents further childs from being processed return true end if v2.child then walk(v2.child) end end return true end gotRequired = walk(self.parsedFormat) -- only append the result if we got values for all required parameters on the root level if gotRequired then -- if we have a rankPos (only with matchHook() for complete claims), then update the foundRank if rankPos and self.conf.foundRank > rankPos then self.conf.foundRank = rankPos end -- append the result self.results[#self.results + 1] = result -- break if we only need a single value if self.singleValue then break end end end end return self:out() end local function getEntityId(arg, eid, page, allowOmitPropPrefix, globalSiteId) local id = nil local prop = nil if arg then if arg:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = arg eid = nil elseif arg:sub(1,1):upper() == "Q" or arg:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" or allowOmitPropPrefix then eid = arg page = nil else prop = arg end end if eid then if eid:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" then id = replaceAlias(mw.text.trim(eid:sub(10))) if id:sub(1,1):upper() ~= "P" then id = "" end else id = replaceAlias(eid) end elseif page then if page:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = mw.text.trim(page:sub(2)) end id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(page, globalSiteId) or "" end if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or "" end id = id:upper() if not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then id = "" end return id, prop end local function nextArg(args) local arg = args[args.pointer] if arg then args.pointer = args.pointer + 1 return mw.text.trim(arg) else return nil end end local function claimCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg:processFlagOrCommand(funcName) -- process first command (== function name) local lastArg, parsedFormat, formatParams, claims, value local hooks = {count = 0} -- set the date if given; -- must come BEFORE processing the flags if args[p.args.date] then cfg.atDate = {parseDate(args[p.args.date])} cfg.periods = {false, true, false} -- change default time constraint to 'current' end -- process flags and commands repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlagOrCommand(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID, cfg.propertyID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], false, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" then return "" -- we cannot continue without a valid entity ID end cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if not cfg.propertyID then cfg.propertyID = nextArg(args) end cfg.propertyID = replaceAlias(cfg.propertyID) if not cfg.entity or not cfg.propertyID then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity or a property ID end cfg.propertyID = cfg.propertyID:upper() if not cfg.entity.claims or not cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any claims end claims = cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- do further processing if "qualifier(s)" command was given if #args - args.pointer + 1 > cfg.states.qualifiersCount then -- claim ID or literal value has been given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end for i = 1, cfg.states.qualifiersCount do -- check if given qualifier ID is an alias and add it cfg.qualifierIDs[parameters.qualifier..i] = replaceAlias(nextArg(args) or ""):upper() end elseif cfg.states[parameters.reference] then -- do further processing if "reference(s)" command was given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end -- check for special property value 'somevalue' or 'novalue' if cfg.propertyValue then cfg.propertyValue = replaceSpecialChars(cfg.propertyValue) if cfg.propertyValue ~= "" and mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) == "" then cfg.propertyValue = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue', whereas empty string represents 'novalue' else cfg.propertyValue = mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) end end -- parse the desired format, or choose an appropriate format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) elseif cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- "qualifier(s)" command given if cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.propertyWithQualifier) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.qualifier) end elseif cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.property) else -- "reference(s)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.reference) end -- if a "qualifier(s)" command and no "propert(y|ies)" command has been given, make the movable separator a semicolon if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.separator][1] = {";"} end -- if only "reference(s)" has been given, set the default separator to none (except when raw) if cfg.states[parameters.reference] and not cfg.states[parameters.property] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.reference].rawValue then cfg.separators["sep"][1] = nil end -- if exactly one "qualifier(s)" command has been given, make "sep%q" point to "sep%q1" to make them equivalent if cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 1 then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier] = cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier.."1"] end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hooks that should be called (getProperty, getQualifiers, getReferences); -- only define a hook if both its command ("propert(y|ies)", "reference(s)", "qualifier(s)") and its parameter ("%p", "%r", "%q1", "%q2", "%q3") have been given for i, v in pairs(cfg.states) do -- e.g. 'formatParams["%q1"] or formatParams["%q"]' to define hook even if "%q1" was not defined to be able to build a complete value for "%q" if formatParams[i] or formatParams[i:sub(1, 2)] then hooks[i] = getHookName(i, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end end -- the "%q" parameter is not attached to a state, but is a collection of the results of multiple states (attached to "%q1", "%q2", "%q3", ...); -- so if this parameter is given then this hook must be defined separately, but only if at least one "qualifier(s)" command has been given if formatParams[parameters.qualifier] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then hooks[parameters.qualifier] = getHookName(parameters.qualifier, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- create a state for "properties" if it doesn't exist yet, which will be used as a base configuration for each claim iteration; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.states[parameters.property] = State:new(cfg, parameters.property) -- if the "single" flag has been given then this state should be equivalent to "property" (singular) if cfg.singleClaim then cfg.states[parameters.property].singleValue = true end end -- if the "sourced" flag has been given then create a state for "reference" if it doesn't exist yet, using default values, -- which must exist in order to be able to determine if a claim has any references; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if cfg.sourcedOnly and not cfg.states[parameters.reference] then cfg:processFlagOrCommand(p.claimCommands.reference) -- use singular "reference" to minimize overhead end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark); -- must come AFTER creating the additonal states cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.states[parameters.property], parsedFormat) -- process qualifier matching values, analogous to cfg.propertyValue for i, v in pairs(args) do i = tostring(i) if i:match('^[Pp]%d+$') or aliasesP[i] then v = replaceSpecialChars(v) -- check for special qualifier value 'somevalue' if v ~= "" and mw.text.trim(v) == "" then v = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' end cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues[replaceAlias(i):upper()] = v end end -- first sort the claims on rank to pre-define the order of output (preferred first, then normal, then deprecated) claims = sortOnRank(claims) -- then iterate through the claims to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.states[parameters.property]:iterate(claims, hooks, State.claimMatches)) -- pass property state with level 1 hooks and matchHook -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned values on Wikidata if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end local function generalCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg.curState = State:new(cfg) local lastArg local value = nil repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlag(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], true, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(cfg.entityID) then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity end -- serve according to the given command if funcName == p.generalCommands.label then value = cfg:getLabel(cfg.entityID, cfg.curState.rawValue, cfg.curState.linked, cfg.curState.shortName) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.title then cfg.inSitelinks = true if cfg.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then value = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(cfg.entityID) end if cfg.curState.linked and value then value = buildWikilink(value) end elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.description then value = mw.wikibase.getDescription(cfg.entityID) else local parsedFormat, formatParams local hooks = {count = 0} cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.badge then cfg.curState.singleValue = true end if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.aliases then if not cfg.entity.aliases or not cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any aliasses end local aliases = cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.alias) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getAlias); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%a") has been given if formatParams[parameters.alias] then hooks[parameters.alias] = getHookName(parameters.alias, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(aliases, hooks)) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.badge or funcName == p.generalCommands.badges then if not cfg.entity.sitelinks or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID] or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any badges end local badges = cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges cfg.inSitelinks = true -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.badge) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getBadge); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%b") has been given if formatParams[parameters.badge] then hooks[parameters.badge] = getHookName(parameters.badge, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(badges, hooks)) end end value = value or "" if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end -- modules that include this module should call the functions with an underscore prepended, e.g.: p._property(args) local function establishCommands(commandList, commandFunc) for _, commandName in pairs(commandList) do local function wikitextWrapper(frame) local args = copyTable(frame.args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p[commandName] = wikitextWrapper local function luaWrapper(args) args = copyTable(args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p["_" .. commandName] = luaWrapper end end establishCommands(p.claimCommands, claimCommand) establishCommands(p.generalCommands, generalCommand) -- main function that is supposed to be used by wrapper templates function p.main(frame) if not mw.wikibase then return nil end local f, args loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) -- get the parent frame to take the arguments that were passed to the wrapper template frame = frame:getParent() or frame if not frame.args[1] then throwError("no-function-specified") end f = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) if f == "main" then throwError("main-called-twice") end assert(p["_"..f], errorText('no-such-function', f)) -- copy arguments from immutable to mutable table args = copyTable(frame.args) -- remove the function name from the list table.remove(args, 1) return p["_"..f](args) end return p j5a6l03tjwodgrvfnv3lb4x5up93wlv 828 16928 879522 269031 2026-07-09T11:14:35Z Uzume 1293 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q29879601|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 879522 Scribunto text/plain -- The values and functions in this submodule should be localized per wiki. local p = {} function p.init(aliasesP) p = { ["version"] = "8", -- increment this each time the below parameters are changed to avoid reference conflict errors ["errors"] = { ["unknown-data-type"] = "Unknown or unsupported datatype '%s'.", ["missing-required-parameter"] = "No required parameters defined, needing at least one", ["extra-required-parameter"] = "Parameter '%s' must be defined as optional", ["no-function-specified"] = "You must specify a function to call", -- equal to the standard module error message ["main-called-twice"] = 'The function "main" cannot be called twice', ["no-such-function"] = 'The function "%s" does not exist', -- equal to the standard module error message ["no-such-reference-template"] = 'Error: template "%s", which is set in %s as the output template for the citation-output type "%s", does not exist', -- Parts of the error message signalling a malformed reference. ["malformed-reference-header"] = "<span style=\"color:#dd3333\">\nError: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:\n", ["malformed-reference-footer"] = "See [[Module:wd/doc#References|the documentation]] for further details.\n</span>\n[[Category:Module:Wd reference errors]]", ["template-failure-reason"] = "* Reason for the failure of {{tl|%s}}: %s\n", ["missing-mandatory-param"] = 'The output template call would miss the mandatory parameter <code>%s</code>.', ["unknown-property-in-ref"] = 'The Wikidata reference contains the property {{property|%s}}, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.' }, ["info"] = { ["edit-on-wikidata"] = "Edit this on Wikidata" }, ["numeric"] = { ["decimal-mark"] = ".", ["delimiter"] = "," }, ["datetime"] = { ["prefixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "" }, ["suffixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "s", ["millennium"] = " millennium", ["century"] = " century", ["million-years"] = " million years", ["billion-years"] = " billion years", ["year"] = " year", ["years"] = " years" }, ["julian-calendar"] = "Julian calendar", -- linked page title ["julian"] = "Julian", ["BCE"] = "BCE", ["CE"] = "CE", ["common-era"] = "Common Era" -- linked page title }, ["coord"] = { ["latitude-north"] = "N", ["latitude-south"] = "S", ["longitude-east"] = "E", ["longitude-west"] = "W", ["degrees"] = "°", ["minutes"] = "'", ["seconds"] = '"', ["separator"] = ", " }, ["values"] = { ["unknown"] = "unknown", ["none"] = "none" }, ["cite"] = { ["output-types"] = {"web", "q"}, -- In this order, the output types will be tried ["param-mapping"] = { ["web"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *web page sources* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite web]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.referenceURL] = "url", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.subjectNamedAs] = "title", [aliasesP.archiveURL] = "archive-url", [aliasesP.archiveDate] = "archive-date", [aliasesP.language] = "language", [aliasesP.author] = "author", [aliasesP.authorNameString] = "author", [aliasesP.publisher] = "publisher", [aliasesP.quote] = "quote", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", -- extra option [aliasesP.publishedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "at" }, ["q"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *sources other than web pages* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite Q]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "1", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", [aliasesP.column] = "at", [aliasesP.chapter] = "chapter", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "section", ["external-id"] = "id", -- used for any type of database property ID [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date" } }, ["config"] = { -- supported fields: -- - template: name of the template used for output -- - numbered-params: citation params accepting an arbitrary number of values by numbering the params (e.g. author1, author2) -- - raw-value-params: params taking a raw value (which means the property is rendered with getValue with raw=true) -- - mandatory-params: params that are required be in the template call (after potentially appending numbers to params listed in numbered-params) -- - prioritization: table associating a list of properties, in the order in which they are preferred, to template parameters; -- properties not mentioned here have the lowest priority; -- prioritization of properties handled through additionalProcessedProperties is unsupported; -- no key of this table can be from numbered-params -- Leaving out the "template" field causes the output type to be ignored. ["web"] = { ["template"] = "Cite web", ["numbered-params"] = {"author"}, ["mandatory-params"] = {"url"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate}, ["title"] = {aliasesP.title, aliasesP.subjectNamedAs} } }, ["q"] = { ["template"] = "Cite Q", ["raw-value-params"] = {"1"}, -- the first, unnamed parameter of CiteQ takes a QID, not the name of the item cited ["mandatory-params"] = {"1"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate} } } } } } p.getOrdinalSuffix = function(num) if tostring(num):sub(-2,-2) == '1' then return "th" -- 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, ... 19th end num = tostring(num):sub(-1) if num == '1' then return "st" elseif num == '2' then return "nd" elseif num == '3' then return "rd" else return "th" end end p.addDelimiters = function(n) local left, num, right = string.match(n, "^([^%d]*%d)(%d*)(.-)$") if left and num and right then return left .. (num:reverse():gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1" .. p['numeric']['delimiter']):reverse()) .. right else return n end end return p end return p pgkxz3kqyoyu0zj2nmtkjkdr0ntnin5 0 17390 879041 857362 2026-07-08T16:49:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|native_name=Masarautar Daura <br /> Al Amir Al Daura|conventional_long_name=|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|pushpin_map=Nigeria|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Nigeria|pushpin_mapsize=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Nigeria]]|subdivision_type1=State|subdivision_name1=[[Katsina State]]|leader_title=Emir|leader_name=[[Faruk Umar Faruk]]|founder=|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> tags-->|elevation_m=474|elevation_ft=1558|coordinates={{coord|13|2|11|N|8|19|4|E|region:NG_type:city|display=inline,title}}}} {{Databox}} Daura Emirate wata jiha ce ta addini da gargajiya a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], Sarkin Daura har yanzu yana mulki a matsayin sarki na gado, kuma yana kula da fadar. Muhammad Bashar ya zama sarkin a shekarar 1966, ya yi mulki na shekaru 41 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2007, A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, [[Faruk Umar Faruk|Umar Faruk Umar]] ya zama Sarkin Daura wanda ya gaji Muhammad Bashar. Alh Sabiu Ibrahim Dantawai ya zama shugaban daura 2014 == Tarihi == === Asalin === [[Fayil:Daura.jpg|thumb|Daura Emirates]] ''Girgam'' ya ambaci cewa an kafa Daura Emirate a cikin 2000 BC kuma duk ya fara ne daga Kan'ana tare da wani mutum mai suna [[Najibu|Najihu]] wanda ya yi ƙaura tare da ƙungiyar mutane zuwa Tsohon Misira. Sun zauna a Tsohon Misira na ɗan lokaci kuma suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Copts. Sun ci gaba zuwa [[Tripoli]] kuma shugabansu wanda shine Abdudar ya nemi ya mallaki mutane amma bai yi nasara ba, don haka ya ci gaba tare da mutanensa zuwa wani wuri da ake kira [[Tsohon Birni]] a yau a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] kuma wannan taron ne ya shirya hanyar kafa Daura Emirate da birni. Daura shine garin da [[Bayajidda]], wani adadi daga tatsuniyoyin [[Hausawa|Hausa]], ya isa bayan tafiyarsa a fadin [[Sahara]].<ref name="lange">{{Cite web |last=Dierk Lange |title=Oral version of the Bayajida legend |url=http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/hausa/08_Sources-Bayajidda-legend.pdf |access-date=2006-12-21 |website=Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa}}</ref> Da zarar ya isa can, sai ya kashe maciji (mai suna Sarki) wanda ya hana mutane shan ruwa daga sanannen da ake kira [[Kusugu]], kuma sarauniyar yankin '''Daurama Shawata''', ta auri shi saboda godiya; daya daga cikin 'ya'yansu bakwai an kira shi Daura. <ref name="lange" /> [[Kusugu|Rijiyar Kusugu]] a Daura inda aka ce Bayajidda ya kashe Sarki an kare ta da mafaka ta katako kuma ta zama abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido. <ref name="humnet">{{Cite web |last=Bature |first=Abdullahi |last2=Russel G. Schuh |title=Gani Ya Kori Ji |url=http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang/hausarbaka/Video_Files/00_Video_list.pdf |access-date=2007-01-20 |website=Hausar Baka |publisher=World of Languages |archive-date=2006-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901080031/http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/aflang/hausarbaka/Video_Files/00_Video_list.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ngex">{{Cite web |title=Katsina State |url=http://www.ngex.com/nigeria/places/states/katsina.htm |access-date=2007-01-20 |website=NGEX, LLC}}</ref> Ana kiran masarautar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "[[Hausa Bakwai|Jihohin Hausa]] na gaskiya guda bakwai" ([[Hausa Bakwai]]) saboda, (tare da [[Haɗejiya|Biram]], [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zazzau]], [[Gobir]], da [[Masarautar Rano|Rano]]), zuriyar 'ya'yan Bayajidda tare da Daurama da Magira (matarsa ta farko) ne suka mallake ta. <ref name="lange"/> Ma'aikatar Nazarin Afirka ta Afirka ta Jami'ar California tana nufin Daura, da kuma Katsina, a matsayin "tsoffin kujerun al'adun Islama da ilmantarwa".<ref name="africafilm">{{Cite web |title=African Films and Documentaries: Daura and Katsina, Nigeria. The Hausa Woman |url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/GlobalGender/africafilm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503085249/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/GlobalGender/africafilm.html |archive-date=3 May 2009 |access-date=2007-01-24 |website= |publisher=University of California's African American Studies Department}}</ref> === Tarihin zamani === A cikin 1805, a lokacin [[Fula people|Fulani]]_War" id="mwZA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fulani War">Yaƙin Fulani, jarumin Fulani [[Malam Ishaku]] ya karbe Daura, wanda ya kafa [[masarautar]]. Hausa sun kafa jihohin adawa da ke kusa, kuma mai mulkin daya, [[Malam Musa]], ya zama sabon sarkin Daura ta [[Tarihin Najeriya|Birtaniya]] a shekara ta 1904. Da zarar wani ɓangare na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], <ref name="eb" /> Daura ya zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a 1987. <ref name=".gov">{{Cite web |title=Katsina State |url=http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/govt_state_katsina.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213040058/http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/govt_state_katsina.aspx |archive-date=2006-12-13 |access-date=2007-01-20 |website=Nigeria Direct |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation}}</ref> [[Faruk Umar Faruk]] ya zama Sarkin Daura na 60 a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2007 bayan mutuwar Sarkin Muhammadu Bashar dan Umaru . <ref name="wstates">{{Cite web |title=Traditional States of Nigeria |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |access-date=2010-09-15 |website=World Statesmen}}</ref> == Masu mulki == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:0D8B0506.jpg|alt=the 60th Emir of daura|thumb|Sarki Umar Faruk Umar]] === Lokacin farko na sarakunan Hausa === * Abduldari * Kufuru * Gino * Yakumo * Yakunya * Walzamu * Yanbamu * Gizirgizir * Innagari * Daurama * Gamata * Shata * Batatuma * Sandamata * Jamatu * Hamata * Zama * Shawa * Ba'u === Daular Fulani === * Malam Isiyaku * Malam Yusufu * Malam Muhammadu Sani * Malam Zubairu * Malam Muhammadu Bello * Malam Muhammadu Altine * Malam Muhammadu Mai Gardo * Buntarawa Sogiji * Magajiya Murnai === Mulkin Zango === * Sarkin Gwari Abdu * Sarki Lukudi ɗan Tsoho * Sarki Nuhu ɗan Lukudi * Sarki Mamman Sha ɗan Sarkin Gwari Abdu * Sarki Haruna ɗan Sarki Lukudi * Sarki Ɗan'aro ɗan Sarkin Gwari Abdu * Sarki Tafida ɗan Sarki Nuhu * Sarki Sulaiman ɗan Sarkin Gwari Abdu * Sarki Yusufu ɗan Sarki Lukudi * Sarki Tafida ɗan Sarki Nuhu (Karo na biyu) === Masarautar Baure === * Dan Shufini dan Khalifa (c. farkon lokacin) * Tsoho dan Dan Shufini (har zuwa 1847) * Habu dan Tsoho (sarauta ta farko, 1847-1850) * Jibo dan Tsoho (sarauta ta farko, 1850-1854) * Habu dan Tsoho (sarauta ta biyu, 1854-1859) * Jibo dan Tsoho (sarauta ta biyu, 1859-1865) * Ali dan Tsoho (sarauta ta farko, 1865-1874) * Zakari dan Habu (sarauta ta farko a matsayin mai mulki, 1874-1887) * Muhamman Kalgaba dan Tsoho (1887-1888) * Ali dan Tsoho (sarauta ta biyu, 1888-1890) * Zakari dan Habu (sarauta ta biyu, 1890-1894) * Abdu dan Habu (1894-1903) * Khaliru dan Tsoho (1903-1906) === Daular Hausa === * Sarki Musa ɗan Sarki Nuhu * Sarki Abdurrahman ɗan Sarki Musa * Sarki Muhammadu Bashar * Sarki Umar Faruq Umar == Dubi kuma == * [[Daura]] * [[Kwasarawa, Daura|Kwasarawa]] * [[Kusugu]] * [[Kabara]] * [[Bayajidda]] * [[Muhammadu Buhari]] == Bayanan littattafai == * S. J. Hogben und Anthony Kirk-Greene: The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, London 1966 ("Daura", shafi na 145-155).&nbsp; * Dierk Lange: Tsohon Masarautun Yammacin Afirka, Dettelbach 2004 ("Daura", shafi na 219-233).&nbsp; * Michael Smith: ''Harkokin Daura: Tarihi da Canji a cikin Jihar Hausa - 1800-1958'', Berkeley 1978. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Katsina (jiha)]] qcqclrfhkddqr968vqiesi6kqytsurm 0 19069 879388 506329 2026-07-09T08:03:43Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mollah_imamzadeh_tabriz.jpg|right|thumb| Wacce take sallah a cikin Imamzadeh Seyyed Hamza, [[Tabriz]] .]] [[Fayil:Painting of a mullah (Muslim scholar) reading a book. Gouache by an Indian artist, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|zanen mullah]] A kowace ƙasar [[Musulunci]] kalmar '''''Mullah''''' Fasha: ملا ko ''Mula'' shine sunan da ake ba wa namiji mai ilimi a ilimin addinin Musulunci da [[Shari'a|shari’a]] . Ana kiran taken ''Mullah da'' kananan limaman musulinci ko [[Masallaci|shugabannin masallaci.]] An fahimta da farko a duniyar musulmai azaman girmamawa ga mai ilimin addini. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category:Musulmai]] Mullah Mullah (Farisanci: ملا; ana kuma rubuta shi Mulla ko Mollah) lakabi ne da ake bai wa namiji mai ilimi a ilimin addinin Musulunci, musamman wanda ya kware a Alƙur'ani, Hadisi, Fikihu, Tauhidi da Shari'ar Musulunci. Wannan lakabi ya shahara musamman a ƙasashen Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh da wasu sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya. Duk da haka, ana kuma amfani da shi a wasu ƙasashen Musulmi da ma al'ummomin Musulmi da ke zaune a sauran sassan duniya. Asalin kalmar Kalmar Mullah ta samo asali ne daga harshen Larabci Mawlā (مولى), wadda ke nufin ubangiji, mai kula, aboki ko mai daraja. Daga baya kalmar ta shiga harshen Farisanci inda aka fara amfani da ita a matsayin lakabin malamai masu ilimin addini. Daga Farisanci ta bazu zuwa sauran harsuna kamar Urdu, Pashto da Turkanci. Tarihi Lakabin Mullah ya fara samun karɓuwa tun daga ƙarni na farko bayan yaɗuwar Musulunci a yankunan Farisa da Asiya ta Tsakiya. Bayan kafuwar daulolin Musulmi irin su Daular Safawiyya, Mughal da kuma Daular Usmaniyya, malamai masu wannan lakabi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen koyar da addini, gudanar da kotunan shari'a, jagorantar masallatai da kuma ba sarakuna shawara kan al'amuran addini da zamantakewa. Ayyukan Mullah Mullah yana da nauyin gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da: - Jagorantar sallar jam'i a masallaci. - Koyar da Alƙur'ani, Hadisi da sauran ilimin Musulunci. - Bayar da wa'azi da nasiha ga al'umma. - Taimakawa wajen warware rigingimu bisa koyarwar Musulunci. - Gudanar da ɗaurin aure da sauran ibadoji. - Bayar da fatawa idan yana da cancantar yin hakan. - Kula da makarantun allo ko madrasu a wasu yankuna. Ilimin da ake buƙata Domin mutum ya zama Mullah, yawanci yana karantar ilimin addini na tsawon shekaru a makarantar Musulunci (Madrasa). Daga cikin fannonin da ake koyarwa akwai: - Alƙur'ani da Tajwidi. - Hadisi. - Fikihu. - Tauhidi. - Nahawu da Balaga na Larabci. - Usulul-Fiqhi. - Tafsirin Alƙur'ani. Matsayinsa a al'umma A yawancin ƙasashen Musulmi, Mullah mutum ne mai daraja wanda mutane ke komawa gare shi domin neman shawara kan al'amuran addini da rayuwar yau da kullum. A wasu ƙasashe kuma yana taka rawa a harkokin siyasa, ilimi da sulhunta rikice-rikice. Bambanci tsakanin Mullah da sauran lakabai Akwai wasu lakaban malamai masu kama da Mullah, amma suna da bambance-bambance: - Imam yana jagorantar sallah, kuma ba lallai ne duk Imam ya kasance Mullah ba. - Sheikh lakabi ne da ake bai wa manyan malamai ko dattawa masu ilimi. - Mufti malami ne mai ikon bayar da fatawa bisa ƙwarewarsa a fikihu. - Qadi (Alƙali) shi ne mai yanke hukunci a kotun shari'a. Amfani da kalmar a ƙasashe daban-daban - Iran: Ana amfani da Mullah ga malaman Shi'a masu koyarwa ko wa'azi. - Afghanistan: Mullah na iya zama limamin masallaci ko shugaban addini na gari. - Pakistan da Indiya: Ana amfani da kalmar ga malaman makarantu da limaman masallatai. - Bangladesh: Lakabi ne na malaman addinin Musulunci, musamman masu koyar da Alƙur'ani. Muhimmanci Mullah yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare koyarwar Musulunci, ilmantar da al'umma, jagorantar ibada, da kuma bunƙasa ɗabi'u na gari. A ƙasashe da dama, suna taimakawa wajen yaɗa ilimi da tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar wa'azi da sulhu. Kammalawa Mullah lakabi ne mai dogon tarihi da muhimmanci a duniyar Musulunci. Duk da cewa ma'anarsa da aikinsa na iya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, gaba ɗaya ana kallonsa a matsayin malamin addini wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen koyarwa, jagoranci da hidimar al'ummar Musulmi. 402qccz4xepnezh76sgzb4i75oovr0l 4 21908 879214 878699 2026-07-08T21:26:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 879214 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:THIAGOYPUNTO|THIAGOYPUNTO]] |[[Special:Contributions/THIAGOYPUNTO|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 6 ga Yuli 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Munachiso Excel|Munachiso Excel]] |[[Special:Contributions/Munachiso Excel|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 6 ga Yuli 2026 |- |3 |[[User:MrGreen105|MrGreen105]] |[[Special:Contributions/MrGreen105|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 7 ga Yuli 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Sgerbic|Sgerbic]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sgerbic|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 7 ga Yuli 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Bping1|Bping1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bping1|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 7 ga Yuli 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Apsya|Apsya]] |[[Special:Contributions/Apsya|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 7 ga Yuli 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Youabian Puma|Youabian Puma]] |[[Special:Contributions/Youabian Puma|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 7 ga Yuli 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Thehmkhamis|Thehmkhamis]] 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[[File:Young_man_suffering_from_dysentery._Baumgartner,_1929_Wellcome_L0074305.jpg |thumb| Young man suffering from dysentery. Baumgartner, 1929]] [[File:Intestine_from_a_case_of_acute_dysentery_Wellcome_L0061596.jpg |thumb|Yanayin Hanji dalilin cutar ]] '''Kashi jini''' ([[Turanci]]: ''dysentery'')<ref>Blench, Roger. 2014. ''[http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf Ce Medical terminology and diseases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717175738/http://www.rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Diseases/Ce%20diseases.pdf |date=2021-07-17 }}''. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kiwon lafiya]] [[Category: Cututtuka]] Kashi jini (Dysentery) Kashi jini (da Turanci: Dysentery) wata cuta ce da ke shafar hanji, musamman babban hanji, wadda ke haddasa gudawa mai haɗe da jini da majina. Yawanci cutar tana faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin parasites ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa, abinci, ko rashin tsafta. Kashi jini na iya zama mai tsanani idan ba a gano shi da wuri ba ko ba a yi maganinsa yadda ya kamata ba. Nau'o'in kashi jini Akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyu: 1. Kashi jini na ƙwayoyin bacteria (Bacillary dysentery): Yawanci ƙwayar Shigella ce ke haddasa shi. Yana yaɗuwa cikin sauri musamman a wuraren da ba su da tsaftataccen ruwa da muhalli. 2. Kashi jini na amoeba (Amoebic dysentery): Ƙwayar Entamoeba histolytica ce ke haddasa shi. Ana kamuwa da ita ta hanyar cin abinci ko shan ruwa mai ɗauke da ƙwayar cutar. Alamomi Alamomin kashi jini sun haɗa da: Gudawa mai jini ko majina. Ciwon ciki mai tsanani. Yawan jin buƙatar zuwa bayan gida. Zazzabi. Tashin zuciya ko amai. Rashin ƙarfi da gajiya. Rashin ruwa a jiki saboda yawan gudawa. Yadda ake kamuwa Ana kamuwa da kashi jini ta: Shan gurɓataccen ruwa. Cin gurɓataccen abinci. Rashin wanke hannu bayan amfani da bayan gida ko kafin cin abinci. Hulɗa da mutum mai ɗauke da cutar. Abubuwan haɗari Waɗanda suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa sun haɗa da: Ƙananan yara. Tsofaffi. Masu ƙarancin garkuwar jiki. Mutanen da ke zaune a wuraren da ba su da tsafta. Ganewar cutar Likitoci kan gano cutar ta hanyar: Binciken bayan gida (stool test). Gwajin jini idan ya zama dole. Wasu ƙarin gwaje-gwaje idan ana zargin matsaloli masu tsanani. Magani Maganin kashi jini ya danganta da abin da ya haddasa cutar: Shan ruwan ORS domin maye gurbin ruwan da ya fita daga jiki. Shan ruwa mai yawa. Magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta idan bacteria ne suka haddasa cutar. Magungunan kashe amoeba idan amoeba ce ta haddasa cutar. A lokuta masu tsanani ana iya kwantar da mara lafiya a asibiti domin samun kulawa. Rigakafi Ana iya kare kai daga kashi jini ta hanyar: Shan tsaftataccen ruwa. Wanke hannu da sabulu akai-akai. Wanke 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu kafin ci. Cin abinci da aka dafa sosai. Amfani da bayan gida mai tsafta. Inganta tsaftar muhalli. Matsalolin da ka iya tasowa Idan ba a yi magani da wuri ba, cutar na iya haifar da: Rashin ruwa mai tsanani. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Lalacewar hanji. Kamuwa da wasu cututtuka. Mutuwa, musamman ga yara ƙanana da tsofaffi. Kammalawa Kashi jini cuta ce mai yaɗuwa ta hanji wadda za a iya rigakafinta ta hanyar tsafta da amfani da ruwa mai kyau. Gano cutar da wuri da kuma samun kulawar likita na rage haɗarin rikice-rikice da kare rayuwar marasa lafiya. 7ktte1tgyl59f1vq1im2fqfho0cbwe8 0 24513 879018 323106 2026-07-08T16:25:13Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Gyara mukala}} '''Armand Douglas “Armie” Hammer''' (an haife shi a watan Agusta 28, 1986) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ofan ɗan kasuwa Michael Armand Hammer kuma babban jikan hamshaƙin attajirin mai Armand Hammer, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da baƙo a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa. Matsayin jagoran farko na Hammer shine kamar [[Billy Graham]] a cikin fim ɗin 2008 ''Billy: Shekarun Farko'', kuma ya sami babban yabo saboda kwatancin tagwayen Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin David Fincher ''The Social Network'' (2010), wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Fasahar Fina -Finan ta Toronto don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi . Hammer ya nuna Clyde Tolson a cikin biopic ''J. Edgar'' (2011), ya buga halayen taken a yammacin ''The Lone Ranger'' (2013), kuma ya yi tauraro a matsayin Illya Kuryakin a cikin fim ɗin aikin ''Mutumin daga UNCLE'' (2015). A cikin 2017, ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayon soyayya na Luca Guadagnino ''Kira Ni da Sunan ku'', wanda ya sami lambar yabo don Golden Globe don Mafi Tallafin Jarumi da nadin Kyautar Ruhu Mai 'Yanci don Kyakkyawan Tallafin Namiji . A shekara mai zuwa, ya nuna Martin D. Ginsburg a cikin biopic ''On the Basis of Sex'' (2018). A kan Broadway, ya yi tauraro a cikin samar da ''madaidaicin Farin Maza'' a cikin 2018. [[File:Armie Hammer 2013.png|thumb|Armie Hammer]] A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cin zarafin fasikanci da cin abincin dabbobi a kan Hammer, gami da zargin BDSM da ba a yarda da shi ba, fyade, da cin zarafin jiki da tausayawa. Hammer ya musanta zargin, inda ya kira su da "hari ta yanar gizo". Daga baya ya yi watsi da ayyuka da yawa na gaba kuma mukaddashin hukumar da mai tallata shi ya yi watsi da shi. == Rayuwar farko da asali == An haifi Armand Douglas Hammer a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1986, a Santa Monica, California . Mahaifiyarsa, Dru Ann ( née Mobley), tsohuwar jami'ar bada lamuni ce ta banki, kuma mahaifinsa, Michael Armand Hammer, ya mallaki kasuwanci da yawa, ciki har da Knoedler Publishing da Armand Hammer Productions, kamfanin fim/talabijin. Yana da ɗan ƙarami, Viktor. Hammer ya bayyana tarihinsa a matsayin "rabin Yahudawa." Babban kakansa na mahaifin ya kasance attajirin mai kuma mai taimakon al'umma Armand Hammer, wanda iyayensa [[Yahudawa|baƙi ne Yahudawa]] zuwa Amurka daga (lokacin) Daular Rasha, kuma daga zuriyar Yahudawa 'yan Ukraine ne; Mahaifin Armand, Julius Hammer, ya kasance daga Odessa (yanzu a Ukraine, amma a cikin Daular Rasha), kuma ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a New York. Babbar mahaifiyar Armie ita ce [[Rasha|']] yar wasan Rasha kuma mawaƙa Olga Vadimovna "Vadina" (daga Sevastopol ),' yar tsarist janar. <ref name="Remarkable" /> <ref name="rou" /> Kakan mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga [[Texas]], yayin da dangin mahaifiyarsa daga Tulsa, Oklahoma . Dangane da bincike da Ancestry.com, kakan Hammer na takwas shine Cherokee Chief Kanagatucko, wanda "sanannen mai ba da shawara ne na zaman lafiya da abokantaka" a lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da [[Indiya]] da Yakin Shekaru Bakwai . [[File:Armie Hammer at the 2016 London Film Festival.jpg|thumb|Armie Hammer]] Hammer ya zauna a unguwar Dallas na Highland Park tsawon shekaru. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara bakwai, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Tsibirin Cayman, inda suka zauna tsawon shekaru biyar, sannan suka koma Los Angeles. Ya halarci Kwalejin Faulkner a Harbor na Gwamna, Tsibirin Cayman, da Grace Christian Academy, kuma a Grand Cayman (makarantar da mahaifinsa ya kafa a West Bay, Grand Cayman), daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Sakandaren Baptist ta Los Angeles a cikin San Fernando Valley . Ya bar makarantar sakandare a aji na goma sha ɗaya don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan haka, ya ɗauki darussan kwaleji a UCLA . <ref name="nymeg1" /> Hammer ya ce iyayensa sun yi watsi da shi lokacin da ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta ya fara wasan kwaikwayo amma daga baya sun zama masu goyon baya da alfahari da aikinsa. == Sana'a == === 2005–2015: Aikin farko da nasara === Sana'ar wasan kwararru ta Hammer ta fara ne da ƙaramin baƙo a cikin jerin shirye ''-shiryen Arrested Development'', ''Veronica Mars'', ''Yarinya mai tsegumi'', ''Mai girbi'' da ''Matan Uwargida'' . Kamfanonin sa na farko zuwa fim sun fara ne da ƙaramin rawar a cikin fim ɗin ''Flicka'' na 2006, haka kuma tare da yin fim a cikin wani abin ban sha'awa na 2008, ''Blackout'' . Matsayinsa na farko a cikin fim ya zo tare da kwatancin mai wa'azin Kirista [[Billy Graham]] a cikin ''Billy: Farkon Shekaru'', wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba 2008. Fim ɗin ya ba Hammer lambar yabo ta "Bangaskiya da Darajoji" a cikin Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta, wanda Mediaguide, ƙungiyar da ke ba da sake duba fim daga hangen Kirista. A cikin 2007 mai shirya fim George Miller ya zaɓi Hammer, bayan dogon bincike, don yin tauraro a cikin shirin superhero da aka shirya ''Justice League: Mortal'', a matsayin Batman/Bruce Wayne . Fim din, wanda Miller zai jagoranta, daga baya an soke shi. Soke fim ɗin ya zo da yawa saboda yajin aikin 2007–08 Marubutan Guild of America da kuma dakatar da tattaunawar ragin kasafin kuɗi tare da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya. A cikin 2009, ya buga Harrison Bergeron a cikin ''2081'', dangane da gajeriyar labarin sunan ɗaya daga marubuci Kurt Vonnegut, wanda ya fara fitowa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Seattle . [[File:Armie_Hammer_2011_AA_(revised).jpg|left|thumb| Hammer a 83rd Academy Awards a 2011]] A cikin 2010 rawar rawar fim ɗin Hammer yana cikin David Fincher 's ''Social Network'', game da ƙirƙirar Facebook. Ya baiyana tagwayen Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss, tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Josh Pence suna aiki a matsayin jiki biyu yayin yin fim. Masu shirya fina-finan sun yi amfani da hoton kwamfuta da aka ƙera a lokacin da ake samarwa don mamaye fuskar Hammer akan Pence da kuma amfani da hoton allo mai raba allo a wasu al'amuran. A shirye -shiryen fim ɗin, Hammer ya bayyana cewa dole ne ya koyi yadda ake yin layi a ɓangarorin biyu na jirgin ruwa don yin wasa da tagwayen, waɗanda ke zama zakara. Hammer da Pence suma sun shiga cikin watanni 10 na babban sansanin tagwayen takalmi a shirye -shiryen matsayin su, don "haƙa dabarun dabara da salon magana wanda Winklevosses zai haɓaka sama da shekaru ashirin na daidaiton kwayoyin halitta." Wannan fim ɗin ya ba Hammer farin jini na farko na farko, tare da Richard Corliss na <nowiki><i id="mwwQ">mujallar Time</i></nowiki> yana mai bayanin cewa hoton Hammer na tagwayen "babban abin mamaki ne na trompe l'oeil na sakamako na musamman". Don rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin, Hammer ya lashe lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Fassara na Fina -Finan Toronto don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi . Matsayinsa na gaba shine na Mataimakin Babban Daraktan FBI, Clyde Tolson, a cikin fim ɗin Clint Eastwood na 2011 ''J. Edgar'' . Wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwa, wanda Dustin Lance Black ya rubuta, ya mai da hankali kan faɗaɗa aikin J. Edgar Hoover , wanda Leonardo DiCaprio ya nuna babban matsayin. Addashin da aka fi mayar yaba, tare da David Denby na ''The New Yorker'' kiran guduma ta yi "m", da kuma ''The Hollywood labarai'' {{'}} Todd McCarthy ya bayyana shi a matsayin "m". McCarthy ya ci gaba a cikin bita don yaba musamman ilmin sunadarai tsakanin DiCaprio da Hammer, musamman a cikin nunin su na alaƙar soyayya tsakanin halayen su, yana mai nuni da cewa, "... na mafi kyawun abubuwa game da fim; motsin rai, da aka ba duk abubuwan zamantakewa da siyasa da ke wasa, suna jin cikakken abin gaskatawa, kuma DiCaprio da Hammer sun yi fice yayin musayar raɗaɗi, sha'awar ɓoye, sake tunani da fahimtar juna. " Duk da wannan, fim ɗin ya sami sake dubawa daban -daban, a sashi saboda shugabanci da rubutu, amma tare da sukar musamman a kayan shafa da aka yi amfani da su don tsufa haruffan DiCaprio da Hammer. Dukansu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun karɓi nunin lambar' yan wasan kwaikwayo na Guild Awards . A shekara mai zuwa Hammer ya haɗu tare da Julia Roberts da Lily Collins a cikin ''Mirror Mirror'' (2012), suna wasa Yarima Andrew Alcott. A cikin Janairu 2012, ya bayyana tagwayen Winklevoss a cikin wani labari na ''[[Da Simpsons|The Simpsons]]'' mai taken " The D'oh-cial Network ". A cikin 2013, an jefa Hammer azaman matsayin taken Disney's, ''The Lone Ranger'', tare da Johnny Depp a matsayin Tonto, a cikin daidaita rediyo da jerin fina -finan Lone Ranger . Fim din, wanda aka saki a wasan kwaikwayo a watan Yulin 2013, bam ne na ofishin akwatin, inda ya tara dala miliyan 260.5 kawai a duk duniya a kan rahoton kasafin dala miliyan 215. A cikin 2015, ya yi tauraro a cikin darekta Guy Ritchie 's ''Man daga UNCLE'', fasalin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayon na 1960s TV ''The Man daga UNCLE'', yana wasa Illya Kuryakin, gaban Henry Cavill . <ref>[https://usatoday.com/article/news/2384785 'Man of Steel' star Henry Cavill needs nerves of steel]{{Dead link|date=October 2016}}, usatoday.com; accessed February 16, 2015.</ref> === 2016 – present: Mai zaman kansa fim mayar da hankali === [[File:Armie_Hammer_on_the_Nocturnal_Animals_red_carpet_(30291248226)_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Guduma ta halarci nunawa na ''Dabbobin Dare'' a Bikin Fina-Finan BFI na London na 2016]] A shekara mai zuwa Hammer ya buga Sam Turner a cikin fim din 2016 ''Haihuwar Nationasa'', wanda Nate Parker ya jagoranta. Fim din, wanda aka fara shi a gasar a bikin fina-finai na Sundance, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Masu Sauraro da Kyautar Babban Jury a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka. A watan Janairun 2016, ya bayyana cewa tun daga 2013, Hammer yana cikin haɗuwa da dangin mashahurin maigidan mai suna Edgar Valdez Villarreal kuma ya sami 'yancin yin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar jagoran ƙungiyar. Sannan yana da rawa a gun taron Tom Ford wanda ya kasance mai ''birgewa a rayuwar dabbobi'', buga Ord a cikin fim din ''Free Fire'' , wanda Ben Wheatley ya rubuta kuma ya bada umarni, kuma ya buga US Marine Mike Stevens, a ''Nawa'' A cikin shekarar 2017 Hammer ta zama tauraruwa kamar Oliver a cikin ''Kira na da Sunanka'', wanda ya fito tare da Timothée Chalamet da Michael Stuhlbarg . Fim ɗin, ɗauke da sabon labari na André Aciman mai wannan sunan, Luca Guadagnino ne ya ba da umarnin. Production ya fara ne a watan Mayu 2016, kuma fim ɗin ya fara aiki a bikin bikin fina-finai na 2017 na Sundance . Don aikinsa, Hammer ya sami yabo da gabatarwa don Kyautar Zabi na Masu suka, Kyautar Ruhu mai zaman kanta, da Zinariya ta Duniya don Mafi Kyawun Mai Bada Talla. Mai sukar fina-finai Richard Lawson na Kamfanin <nowiki><i id="mwATs">Vanity Fair ya</i></nowiki> tabbatar da cewa Hammer ya yi amfani da "gwargwadon karfinsa da kuma yadda ya bayyana kyawawan dabi'unsa, abin mamaki da kuma hankali." <nowiki><i id="mwAT8">The Atlantic</i></nowiki> 's David Sims ya yi tsokaci, "Hammer, wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe a sauƙaƙe zuwa ɓangaren kyakkyawan Hollywood tsayayye, yana mai da hankali; yana sauyawa tsakanin ƙararrakin jama'a na Oliver da taushin kai na sirri tare da sauƙi, yana mai da halinsa fiye da wani sauki abu na so. " Michael Phillips na jaridar ''Chicago Tribune ya'' bayyana cewa wasan kwaikwayon da Hammer ya yi a cikin fim din shi ne "mafi saukin numfashi da annashuwa mafi kyawun aikinsa". Peter Travers ya kara bayyana yabo ga Hammer; ya rubuta ne don ''mujallar Rolling Stone'' : "wahayi, yana ba da mafi girman rikitarwarsa ta fuskar allo har zuwa yau da farin ciki na cikakken nutsuwa." Sau da yawa akan nuna shine "ilmin sunadarai na ban dariya" tsakanin Hammer da Chalamet, wanda Christy Lemire na ''RogerEbert.com ya'' sami haɗin haɗin gwiwa cikin nasara, a wani ɓangare saboda ƙwarewar Hammer wajen gano "daidaitaccen daidaita tsakanin ɓarkewar halin da yanayin raunin sa yayin da yake ba da kansa ga wannan al'amari mai ban sha'awa. " Hammer shima ya ruwaito littafin mai jiwuwa, wanda Macmillan Publishers suka buga . A cikin wannan shekarar ya bayyana Jackson Storm, babban mai hamayya, a cikin fim ɗin Disney-Pixar mai rai ''Cars 3 ,'' s tare da Geoffrey Rush a ''cikin Hoton Karshe na'' Stanley Tucci . Fim ɗin da aka fara gabatarwa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na [[Berlin]] na 2017 kuma ya sami sakin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara mai zuwa ta Sony Pictures Classics don bita mai kyau. Owen Gleiberman na <nowiki><i id="mwAWI">mujallar Iri</i></nowiki> -iri ya yaba da ikon Hammer na "ba da shawarar rikice -rikicen tunani a ƙarƙashin launin ruwan hoda Clark Kent yayi kama da kyawawan halaye." ''Mai sukar Muryar Kauyen ya'' sami wasannin "da ƙarfi iri ɗaya" kuma ya ba da misalin hoton Hammer na marubucin Ba'amurke James Lord a matsayin "abin ban dariya". [[File:Hammer_at_Berlinale_2017_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb| Hammer a 2017 Berlin International Film Festival]] A cikin 2018, Hammer sun kasance tare a cikin Boots Riley 's dark comedy ''Kuyi haƙuri ga Bother You'' tare da Lakeith Stanfield, Steven Yeun, da Tessa Thompson . ''Mai sukar fim din kasa da kasa'' Tomris Laffly ya bayyana halayyar Hammer, Steve Lift, a matsayin "mai ban dariya wanda ba za a iya tsayayyarsa ba" da "zagin coke, mummunan abu mai banƙyama". Fim din ya fara a bikin fim na Sundance a ranar 20 ga Janairu Fim din ya sami lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Kasa ta 2019 ta Top Ten Independent Films award sannan kuma ya ci Kyauta mafi kyau na Screenplay da Mafi Kyawun Farko a Kyaututtukan Ruhun Mai Girma na 2019. Sannan ya fito a matsayin David a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa ''Hotel Mumbai'', game da hare-haren Mumbai na 2008 . Fim din an fara shi ne a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Toronto a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2018. A cikin wannan shekarar, Hammer ya fito tare da Felicity Jones, yana wasa masanin dokar haraji Martin D. Ginsburg, matar Babban Kotun Koli Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a ''cikin Asasin Jima'i'', fim din wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwa wanda ya danganci rayuwa da shari'o'in farko. Ginsburg, wanda Mimi Leder ya jagoranta. An fara shi a Gasar AFI a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2018. A watan Yunin 2018, Hammer ya jagoranci Drew a ''madaidaiciyar Fararren Maza'' a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu akan Broadway. Saboda shahararrun ayyukansa na fim daga 2017 zuwa 2018, an ba Hammer "Gwanin Kwarewa a Cinema" ta The SCAD Savannah Film Festival. A shekarar 2019, guduma alamar tauraro a babak Anvari 's m tsoro film ''Raunuka'' tare da Dakota Johnson . An fara shi a bikin Fina-Finan Sundance a ranar 26 ga Janairu. A cikin 2020, ya yi suna kamar Maxim de Winter a cikin daidaitawar Daphne du Maurier ta Gothic romance <nowiki><i id="mwAao">Rebecca</i></nowiki>, wanda Ben Wheatley ya jagoranta tare da Lily James ; kuma a 2021, ya bayyana tare da Gary Oldman da Evangeline Lilly a opioid rikicin ban sha'awa ''Crisis'' . Hammer wani bangare ne na babban taron da darekta Kenneth Branagh ya gabatar game da mutuwar Agatha Christie ''akan Kogin Nilu .'' A cikin 2020 ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na Taika Waititi na wasan motsa jiki mai zuwa ''Next Goal Wins'' tare da Michael Fassbender, Elisabeth Moss, Beulah Koale, da Rachel House . A cikin 2021, Hammer ya fita daga cikin sa kuma an cire shi daga yawancin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ci gaba, saboda fargabar zargin lalata da lalata, ciki har da binciken cin zarafin mata.  == Rayuwar mutum == [[File:Armie_Hammer_and_Elizabeth_Chambers_(30325930985)_(cropped_2).jpg|thumb| Hammer da matarsa Elizabeth Chambers a bikin BFI na Bikin Landan na 2016 BFI]] A watan Mayu 2010, Hammer ya auri mai gidan talabijin Elizabeth Chambers . Abokin Hammer, mai suna Tyler Ramsey ne ya gabatar da ma'auratan. Suna da yara biyu. A ranar 10 ga Yulin, 2020, Hammer da Chambers sun ba da sanarwar rabuwar su ta hanyar Instagram. An san Hammer ne saboda yawan furta kalamansa, siyasa da zamantakewa a shafukan sada zumunta. A cikin 2011, an kama Hammer a wani shingen binciken sintiri na Amurka a West Texas bayan an gano marijuana a cikin motarsa. Lauyan El Paso ya ƙi gabatar da karar, saboda yawan tabar wiwi da Hammer ke da shi zai kai ga aikata ba daidai ba. A shekarar 2013, Hammer ya ce kamen "rashin fahimta ne game da dokoki da dokokin yankin da na jihohi kuma ga alama dokokin tarayya sun fin dokokin jihar." == Zargin zagi == A watan Janairun 2021, mata da yawa suka fito suna zargin Hammer ya ci zarafinsu. [[Instagram|Wani asusun Instagram da]] ba a san shi ba ya fitar da hotunan kariyar da ta yi ikirarin cewa sakonni ne da Hammer ya aika wa mata daban-daban da zai yi hulda da su tsakanin 2016 da 2020, yana mai bayanin kwatancen [[jima]]'i da suka hada da tashin hankali, fyade, da cin naman mutane . Wata mata da ya aura tsawon wata huɗu a shekarar 2020 ta yi iƙirarin ya sanya mata alama ta hanyar sassaƙa "A" ta farko a cikin ƙashin ƙugu, kuma tana da "da gaske" a cikin shawarar da ke nuna cewa an cire ƙananan haƙarƙarin ta hanyar tiyata don ya ci. Wata matar da ya aura kusan wata biyar a shekarar 2020 ta ce ya kasance mai yawan zafin rai, tana ba da rahoton cewa ya ce yana son cin naman nata, kuma zai tsotse ko lasa mata raunukan idan ta “ɗan yanke jiki a [hannunta]”. Hammer ya karyata sakonnin na Instagram na gaske kuma ya kira su harin intanet. Da yake amsa zargin daya daga cikin tsoffin budurwar, lauyan Hammer ya ce, "Wadannan maganganun da ake yi kan Mista Hammer ba gaskiya bane. Duk wata mu'amala da wannan mutumin, ko kuma wani abokinshi, sun kasance masu yarda ne gaba daya kasancewar an tattauna su sosai, an yarda dasu, kuma sun hada kai. " Hammer daga baya ya fice daga fim mai zuwa ''Shotgun Wedding'' . Daga baya ya bar matsayinsa na jagora a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Paramount + ''mai zuwa Mai bayarwa'', ya nisanta daga jerin Starz ''mai zuwa Gaslit'' da kuma Broadway suna wasa da ''Minti'', kuma an sauke shi daga ''Dala Biliyan Leken asiri'' . Kamfanin ba da kyauta na WME ya bar Hammer a matsayin abokin ciniki, kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa mai tallata shi ba zai sake wakiltarsa ba. Haka kuma a cikin watan Janairu, 'yan sanda na Grand Cayman sun yi magana da Hammer game da bidiyon da aka tatsar daga asusunsa na Instagram inda ya ce yana yin lalata da "Miss Cayman" a Tsibirin Cayman. Daga baya dan wasan ya ba da gafara a cikin wani sako na sauti zuwa Kamfanin ''Cayman Compass'', yana mai bayyana cewa matar da ya ambata a cikin bidiyon ba ta da alaƙa da gasar kyaun tsibirin Miss Cayman. [[File:SDCC 2015 - Armie Hammer (19509881830).jpg|thumb|Armie Hammer]] A watan Maris na 2021, matar da ta fara gabatar da zarge-zargen cin zarafi a Instagram ta bayyana kanta, kuma ta zargi Hammer da yi mata fyade da karfi a cikin watan Afrilu na 2017. Daga baya Ofishin 'yan sanda na Los Angeles ya tabbatar da cewa shi batun batun cin zarafin mata ne, wanda aka sanya shi a gaba wata daya da ya gabata. Kungiyar lauyoyin Hammer ta musanta zargin. == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Key | style="background:#ffc;" |{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} |Denotes projects that have not yet been released |} === Fim === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Role ! scope="col" |Director(s) ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |2006 ! scope="row" |''Flicka'' |Male prefect |Michael Mayer | |- | rowspan="2" |2008 ! scope="row" |''Blackout'' |Tommy |Rigoberto Castañeda | |- ! scope="row" |''Billy: The Early Years'' |[[Billy Graham]] |Robby Benson | |- | rowspan="2" |2009 ! scope="row" |''Spring Breakdown'' |Beachcomber boy |Ryan Shiraki | |- ! scope="row" |''2081'' |Harrison Bergeron |Chandler Tuttle |Short film |- |2010 ! scope="row" |''The Social Network'' |Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss |David Fincher | |- |2011 ! scope="row" |''J. Edgar'' |Clyde Tolson |Clint Eastwood | |- | rowspan="2" |2012 ! scope="row" |''Mirror Mirror'' |Prince Andrew Alcott |Tarsem Singh | |- ! scope="row" |''The Polar Bears'' |Zook (voice) |John Stevenson<br /><br />David Scott |Short film |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''The Lone Ranger'' |John Reid / The Lone Ranger |Gore Verbinski | |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Stan Lee's Mighty 7'' |Strong Arm (voice) |Stan Lee | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 ! scope="row" |''Entourage'' |Himself |Doug Ellin |Cameo |- ! scope="row" |''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'' |Illya Kuryakin |Guy Ritchie | |- | rowspan="4" |2016 ! scope="row" |''The Birth of a Nation'' |Samuel Turner |Nate Parker | |- ! scope="row" |''Nocturnal Animals'' |Hutton Morrow |Tom Ford | |- ! scope="row" |''Free Fire'' |Ord |Ben Wheatley | |- ! scope="row" |''Mine'' |Mike Stevens |Fabio Guaglione<br /><br />Fabio Resinaro | |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Call Me by Your Name'' |Oliver |Luca Guadagnino | |- ! scope="row" |''Final Portrait'' |James Lord |Stanley Tucci | |- ! scope="row" |''Cars 3'' |Jackson Storm (voice) |Brian Fee | |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! scope="row" |''Sorry to Bother You'' |Steve Lift |Boots Riley | |- ! scope="row" |''Hotel Mumbai'' |David |Anthony Maras | |- ! scope="row" |''On the Basis of Sex'' |Martin D. Ginsburg |Mimi Leder | |- |2019 ! scope="row" |''Wounds'' |Will |Babak Anvari | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 ! scope="row" |''Query'' |Jim |Sophie Kargman |Short film |- ! scope="row" |''Rebecca'' |Maxim de Winter |Ben Wheatley | |- |2021 ! scope="row" |''Crisis'' |Jake Kahane |Nicholas Jarecki | |- |2022 ! scope="row" style="background:#ffc;" |''Death on the Nile''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} |Simon Doyle |Kenneth Branagh | rowspan="2" |''Post-production'' |- |TBA ! scope="row" style="background:#ffc;" |''Next Goal Wins'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} | |Taika Waititi |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Taken ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2005 ! scope="row" | ''Ci gaban Kama'' | Dalibi #2 | Episode: " Zabe mara kyau " |- | 2006 ! scope="row" | ''Veronica Mars'' | Kurt | Episode: " Wichita Linebacker " |- | 2007 ! scope="row" | ''Matan Uwargida'' | Barrett | Episode: " Nisan Da Ya Wuce " |- | 2009 ! scope="row" | ''Mai girbi'' | Morgan | 5 aukuwa |- | 2009 ! scope="row" | ''Yarinya mai tsegumi'' | Gabriel Edwards | 4 aukuwa |- | rowspan="2" | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''[[Da Simpsons]]'' | Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss (muryoyi) | Episode: " The D'oh-cial Network " |- ! scope="row" | ''Baban Amurka!'' | Wakilin haya mota (murya) | Episode: "Mai Kokawa" |- | 2018 ! scope="row" | ''Makon Da Ya gabata Daren yau tare da John Oliver'' | Kansa (bako) | 1 kashi |- | 2019 ! scope="row" | ''Gudun daji tare da Bear Grylls'' | Kansa (bako) | 1 kashi |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''Mu Ne Wanda Muke'' | Ma'aikacin cafeteria | Episode: "Anan, yanzu #6" |} === Wasanin bidiyo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Taken ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Ƙarshen Disney'' | rowspan="3" | John Reid/The Lone Ranger | rowspan="3" | |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | ''Infinity na Disney 2.0'' |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | ''Disney Infinity 3.0'' |- |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Taken ! scope="col" | Matsayi ! scope="col" | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ! Darakta ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2018 ! scope="row" | ''Madaidaitan Farin Maza'' | Drew | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hayes | rowspan="2" | Anna D. Shapiro | Matashin Jean Lee ne ya ƙirƙira |- | 2020 ! scope="row" | ''Minti'' | Mista Peel | Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cort | Tracy Letts ne ya ƙirƙira |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:99%;" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Award ! scope="col" |Category ! scope="col" |Nominated work ! scope="col" |Result ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="9" |2010 |Alliance of Women Film Journalists |Best Ensemble Cast | rowspan="14" |''The Social Network'' | {{Nom}} | |- |Hollywood Film Festival Awards |Ensemble of the Year | {{Won}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |Toronto Film Critics Association Awards |Best Supporting Actor | {{Won}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |Chicago Film Critics Association Awards |Most Promising Performer | {{Nom}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards |Best Ensemble Acting | {{Won}} | |- |San Diego Film Critics Society Awards |Best Ensemble Performance | {{Nom}} | |- |Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards |Best Ensemble | {{Won}} | |- |Village Voice Film Poll |Best Supporting Actor | {{draw|8th place}} | |- |Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award |Best Ensemble | {{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="8" |2011 |Central Ohio Film Critics Association |Best Ensemble | {{Nom}} | |- |Critics' Choice Awards |Best Acting Ensemble | {{Nom}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |Palm Springs International Film Festival |Ensemble Cast Award | {{Won}} | |- |Screen Actors Guild Awards |Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture | {{Nom}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |Teen Choice Awards |Choice Movie Breakout: Male | {{Nom}} | |- |Young Hollywood Awards |Male Star of Tomorrow | {{sdash}} | {{Won}} | |- |Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards |Best Supporting Actor | rowspan="3" |''J. Edgar'' | {{draw|4th place}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |Houston Film Critics Society Award |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |2012 |Screen Actors Guild Awards |Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role | {{Nom}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |CinemaCon |Male Star of Tomorrow | {{sdash}} | {{Won}} | |- |Teen Choice Awards |Choice Movie: Chemistry <small>(shared with Johnny Depp)</small> |The Lone Ranger | {{Nom}} | |- |2016 |San Diego Film Critics Society Awards |Best Ensemble | rowspan="2" |Nocturnal Animals | {{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="13" |2017 |Central Ohio Film Critics Association |Best Ensemble | {{Nom}} | |- |Austin Film Critics Association |Best Supporting Actor | rowspan="23" |''Call Me by Your Name'' | {{Nom}} | |- |Chicago Film Critics Association |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association |Best Supporting Actor | {{draw|4th place}} | |- |Dublin Film Critics' Circle |Best Actor | {{draw|6th place}} | |- |Florida Film Critics Circle |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |IndieWire Critics Poll |Best Supporting Actor | {{draw|3rd place}} | |- |Online Film Critics Society |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Phoenix Critics Circle |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |San Francisco Film Critics Circle |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Seattle Film Critics Society |Best Ensemble Cast | {{Nom}} | |- |Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="13" |2018 |AACTA Award |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Chlotrudis Awards |Best Performance by an Ensemble Cast | {{Nom}} | |- |Critics' Choice Award |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Denver Film Critics Society |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Dorian Awards |Supporting Film Performance of the Year — Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Empire Award |Best Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Golden Globe Award |Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture | {{Nom}} | |- |Independent Spirit Award |Best Supporting Male | {{Nom}} | |- |Iowa Film Critics Association |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Satellite Award |Best Supporting Actor | {{Nom}} | |- |Village Voice Film Poll |Best Supporting Performance | {{draw|12th place}} | |- |Texas Film Hall of Fame |One to Acclaim Award | {{sdash}} | {{Won}} | |- |SCAD Savannah Film Festival |Outstanding Achievement in Cinema |''Call Me by Your Name'', ''Sorry to Bother You'', ''Hotel Mumbai'', and ''On the Basis of Sex'' | {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Shorty Awards |Storyteller of the Year | {{sdash}} | {{Nom}} | |- |Broadway.com Audience Awards |Favorite Breakthrough Performance (Male) |''Straight White Men'' | {{Nom}} | |- |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{IMDb name|2309517}} * Armie Hammer at AllMovie hh3dy4ba1sqykr5wdxk1raarceq06vf 0 27383 879545 872770 2026-07-09T11:42:59Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347144892|Oxford Gardens]]" 879545 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Gidajen Oxford |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Oxford_Gardens_poster.png|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton wasan kwaikwayo</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Obi Emelonye]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Labari daga | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Emil Garuba * Brenda Ogbuka * Echebu Garuba </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Obi Emelonye |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |Keidrych Wasly |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Ben Nugent |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">M-Net</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 18 Disamba 2015 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015-12-18</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Nijeriya) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" |Turanci |} Oxford Gardens fim ne na 2015 wanda [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni. == Tarihi da bayanin martaba == . .An harbe shi a [[Landan]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma an fara shi a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2015, an saki lambunan Oxford a matsayin aikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Obi Emelonye da [[M-Net]] ta hanyar fina-finai na asali na Afirka. Fim ne mai taken dambe wanda ke da alaƙa da sa'a, soyayya da fansa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Ngo Okafor|Ngoli Okafor]] * Ngozi Thompson Igwebike * Savanah Roy * Nnenna Ani a matsayin PC Ogon * D'Richy Obi-Emelonye * Benjamin Green a matsayin Michael Frost * Gimbiya Abiye a matsayin Mrs. Onohia == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 3gg17kn5mzzkzn6jnbwu5wdqp1uswh6 879546 879545 2026-07-09T11:44:44Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 Blanked the page 879546 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27424 879519 846026 2026-07-09T11:08:16Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345744293|The Therapist (film)]]" 879519 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Therapist fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="68" href="./Rita_Dominic" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rita Dominic">Rita Dominic, Chidi Mokeme, Anthony Monjaro<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-trailer-for-the-therapist/9f8km87&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2021-04-05&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;newspaper&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot</nowiki>;<nowiki>[[Pulse Nigeria]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en-US<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwUA\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt9\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"mwUQ\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-trailer-for-the-therapist/9f8km87\" id=\"mwUg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Watch the official trailer for 'The Therapist' starring Rita Dominic, Chidi Mokeme, Anthony Monjaro\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwUw\"><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"102\" href=\"./Pulse_Nigeria\" id=\"mwVA\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Pulse Nigeria\">Pulse Nigeria</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>. 2 March 2021<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwVQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwVg\">5 April</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./The_Therapist_(film)#cite_note-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Tauraron fim din Rita Dominic, [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a cikin manyan matsayi. An saki fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya samo asali ne daga wata mace da ta rasa farin ciki a rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami saki daga mijinta mai cin zarafi. Daga nan sai ta ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda suke neman samun saki daga mazajensu masu cin zarafi, marasa aminci da rashin aminci.[1][2]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Eloho Ojukwu * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Gari * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Mrs. Priye * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs. Bankole * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Rufus * [[Anthony Monjaro]] a matsayin Fabian Ojukwu * [[Saheed Balogun|Saeed Balogun]] a matsayin Mista Priye * Ada Ebere a matsayin Zinariya * Anee Icha a matsayin Dumebi * [[Chidi Mokeme]] a matsayin Rotimi Bankole * Esse Odometa a matsayin Edna * Chukwuemeka Nwosu a matsayin lauya * Albarka Onwukwe a matsayin Mrs. Ogene * Jane Robinson a matsayin Mai Bincike * Ijenebe Azubuike a matsayin Mai Waiter == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 2zzgy6iqxf8e7vzdavngiu76wst6tjc 879521 879519 2026-07-09T11:14:33Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Therapist fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="68" href="./Rita_Dominic" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rita Dominic">Rita Dominic, Chidi Mokeme, Anthony Monjaro<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-trailer-for-the-therapist/9f8km87&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2021-04-05&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;newspaper&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot</nowiki>;<nowiki>[[Pulse Nigeria]]</nowiki><nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;language<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;en-US<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwUA\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt9\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"mwUQ\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-the-official-trailer-for-the-therapist/9f8km87\" id=\"mwUg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Watch the official trailer for 'The Therapist' starring Rita Dominic, Chidi Mokeme, Anthony Monjaro\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwUw\"><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"102\" href=\"./Pulse_Nigeria\" id=\"mwVA\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Pulse Nigeria\">Pulse Nigeria</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>. 2 March 2021<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwVQ\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwVg\">5 April</span></nowiki> 2021<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./The_Therapist_(film)#cite_note-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Tauraron fim din Rita Dominic, [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a cikin manyan matsayi. An saki fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya samo asali ne daga wata mace da ta rasa farin ciki a rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami saki daga mijinta mai cin zarafi. Daga nan sai ta ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda suke neman samun saki daga mazajensu masu cin zarafi, marasa aminci da rashin aminci.[1][2]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Eloho Ojukwu * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Gari * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Mrs. Priye * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs. Bankole * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Rufus * [[Anthony Monjaro]] a matsayin Fabian Ojukwu * [[Saheed Balogun|Saeed Balogun]] a matsayin Mista Priye * Ada Ebere a matsayin Zinariya * Anee Icha a matsayin Dumebi * [[Chidi Mokeme]] a matsayin Rotimi Bankole * Esse Odometa a matsayin Edna * Chukwuemeka Nwosu a matsayin lauya * Albarka Onwukwe a matsayin Mrs. Ogene * Jane Robinson a matsayin Mai Bincike * Ijenebe Azubuike a matsayin Mai Waiter == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 2zkde8uuifqh4wm5wf87nnx33auq4vz 879525 879521 2026-07-09T11:18:07Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Therapist fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta. Tauraron fim din Rita Dominic, [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a cikin manyan matsayi. An saki fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya samo asali ne daga wata mace da ta rasa farin ciki a rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami saki daga mijinta mai cin zarafi. Daga nan sai ta ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda suke neman samun saki daga mazajensu masu cin zarafi, marasa aminci da rashin aminci.[1][2]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Eloho Ojukwu * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Gari * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Mrs. Priye * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs. Bankole * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Rufus * [[Anthony Monjaro]] a matsayin Fabian Ojukwu * [[Saheed Balogun|Saeed Balogun]] a matsayin Mista Priye * Ada Ebere a matsayin Zinariya * Anee Icha a matsayin Dumebi * [[Chidi Mokeme]] a matsayin Rotimi Bankole * Esse Odometa a matsayin Edna * Chukwuemeka Nwosu a matsayin lauya * Albarka Onwukwe a matsayin Mrs. Ogene * Jane Robinson a matsayin Mai Bincike * Ijenebe Azubuike a matsayin Mai Waiter == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} n3xojq3ybytd3ed1ifair4his2yb6ug 879526 879525 2026-07-09T11:22:15Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Therapist fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta. Tauraron fim din Rita Dominic, [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a cikin manyan matsayi. An saki fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin dai ya samo asali ne daga wata mace da ta rasa farin ciki a rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami saki daga mijinta mai cin zarafi. Daga nan sai ta ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda suke neman samun saki daga mazajensu masu cin zarafi, marasa aminci da rashin aminci.[1][2]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Eloho Ojukwu * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Gari * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Mrs. Priye * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs. Bankole * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Rufus * [[Anthony Monjaro]] a matsayin Fabian Ojukwu * [[Saheed Balogun|Saeed Balogun]] a matsayin Mista Priye * Ada Ebere a matsayin Zinariya * Anee Icha a matsayin Dumebi * [[Chidi Mokeme]] a matsayin Rotimi Bankole * Esse Odometa a matsayin Edna * Chukwuemeka Nwosu a matsayin lauya * Albarka Onwukwe a matsayin Mrs. Ogene * Jane Robinson a matsayin Mai Bincike * Ijenebe Azubuike a matsayin Mai Waiter == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ls24y43eylw1pkqel9i8p1q4jvoihvy 879531 879526 2026-07-09T11:23:35Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Therapist fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta. Tauraron fim din Rita Dominic, [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a cikin manyan matsayi. An saki fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin dai ya samo asali ne daga wata mace da ta rasa farin ciki a rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami saki daga mijinta mai cin zarafi. Daga nan sai ta ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda suke neman samun saki daga mazajensu masu cin zarafi, marasa aminci da rashin aminci.[1][2]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Eloho Ojukwu * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Gari * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Mrs. Priye * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs. Bankole * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Rufus * [[Anthony Monjaro]] a matsayin Fabian Ojukwu * [[Saheed Balogun|Saeed Balogun]] a matsayin Mista Priye * Ada Ebere a matsayin Zinariya * Anee Icha a matsayin Dumebi * [[Chidi Mokeme]] a matsayin Rotimi Bankole * Esse Odometa a matsayin Edna * Chukwuemeka Nwosu a matsayin lauya * Albarka Onwukwe a matsayin Mrs. Ogene * Jane Robinson a matsayin Mai Bincike * Ijenebe Azubuike a matsayin Mai Waiter == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} pus4lp4xx4qsm3txen91dty1mrskslp 879533 879531 2026-07-09T11:24:21Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Therapist fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta. Tauraron fim ɗin Rita Dominic, [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a cikin manyan matsayi. An saki fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin dai ya samo asali ne daga wata mace da ta rasa farin ciki a rayuwarta bayan ta yi aure kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami saki daga mijinta mai cin zarafi. Daga nan sai ta ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda suke neman samun saki daga mazajensu masu cin zarafi, marasa aminci da rashin aminci.[1][2]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Eloho Ojukwu * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Gari * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Mrs. Priye * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs. Bankole * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Rufus * [[Anthony Monjaro]] a matsayin Fabian Ojukwu * [[Saheed Balogun|Saeed Balogun]] a matsayin Mista Priye * Ada Ebere a matsayin Zinariya * Anee Icha a matsayin Dumebi * [[Chidi Mokeme]] a matsayin Rotimi Bankole * Esse Odometa a matsayin Edna * Chukwuemeka Nwosu a matsayin lauya * Albarka Onwukwe a matsayin Mrs. Ogene * Jane Robinson a matsayin Mai Bincike * Ijenebe Azubuike a matsayin Mai Waiter == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} ta71myp90o5o6919dtvqdq0284wbsli 879535 879533 2026-07-09T11:25:30Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Therapist fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kayode Kasum]] ya jagoranta. Tauraron fim ɗin Rita Dominic, [[Michelle Dede]], [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a cikin manyan matsayi. An saki fim din ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin dai ya samo asali ne daga wata mace da ta rasa farin ciki a rayuwar ta bayan ta yi aure kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami saki daga mijinta mai cin zarafi. Daga nan sai ta ba da taimako na son rai ga wasu mata a cikin al'umma waɗanda suke neman samun saki daga mazajensu masu cin zarafi, marasa aminci da rashin aminci.[1][2]. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Rita Dominic]] a matsayin Eloho Ojukwu * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Gari * [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Ibrahim]] a matsayin Mrs. Priye * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs. Bankole * [[Tope Tedela]] a matsayin Rufus * [[Anthony Monjaro]] a matsayin Fabian Ojukwu * [[Saheed Balogun|Saeed Balogun]] a matsayin Mista Priye * Ada Ebere a matsayin Zinariya * Anee Icha a matsayin Dumebi * [[Chidi Mokeme]] a matsayin Rotimi Bankole * Esse Odometa a matsayin Edna * Chukwuemeka Nwosu a matsayin lauya * Albarka Onwukwe a matsayin Mrs. Ogene * Jane Robinson a matsayin Mai Bincike * Ijenebe Azubuike a matsayin Mai Waiter == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} doa52t12h7mzkcdlkxsvbq4gjq9ri1i 0 30882 879196 544646 2026-07-08T21:22:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Gifkins''' (1945 – 2014) wakilin wallafe-wallafen kasar New Zealand ne, marubucin gajeren labari, mai suka, mawallafi da edita. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Gifkins a [[Wellington]], kasar New Zealand a cikin 1945. Ya halarci Jami'ar Auckland inda daga baya ya koyar da adabin Turanci . A matsayin wakilin wallafe-wallafe, Gifkins ya wakilci yawancin manyan marubutan kasar New Zealand, ciki har da Lloyd Jones da Greg McGee . A matsayin wakilin wallafe-wallafen Jones, Gifkins ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nasarar kasa da kasa a labari da kuma fim na Jones' ''novel Mister Pip'' . Gifkins ya rubuta tarin gajerun labarai guda uku: Bayan juyin juya hali (1982), Summer Is the Cote d'Azur (1987) da The Amphibians (1989). [1] [2] Ya kuma gyara tare da buga litattafai da dama, wanda ya fara da dakin wayar Gramophone (tare da CK Stead a cikin 1983) da Gajerun Labarai na Sauraro 3 (1984). [2] Gifkins shine Marubuci cikin a Jami'ar Auckland a cikin 1983, Katherine Mansfield Memorial Fellow a Menton, Faransa, a cikin 1985, kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Lilian Ida Smith don almara a cikin 1989. Ya kasance memba na New Zealand Society of Authors (PEN NZ Inc) daga 1982 har zuwa mutuwarsa. == Gado == Michael Gifkins Prize na Novel da ba a buga ba ana bashi kyautar kowace shekara ta kasar New Zealand Society of Authors tun 2018. Mai karɓa yana karɓar kwangilar bugawa daga Rubutun Rubutun da ci gaba a ƙimar NZ$ 10,000. Giftkins yace Michael Heywood na wallafa Rubutu “[Ya] mai kirki ne, mai hikima da karimci. Marubuci mai hazaka da kansa, ya kasance wakili mai kyau, kuma ya himmatu sosai ga harkar wallafe-wallafen New Zealand. Yana son marubutansa. Ya kalubalance su, ya zaburar da su, ya kama su a lokacin da suka fadi.” {{Reflist}}OK * [http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/name-202085.html Michael Gifkins] a Cibiyar Rubutun Lantarki ta New Zealand * [https://www.thearts.co.nz/artists/michael-gifkins Michael Gifkins], bayanin martaba a gidan yanar gizon Arts Foundation na New Zealand * [https://www.textpublishing.com.au/michael-gifkins-prize Kyautar Michael Gifkins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324150728/https://www.textpublishing.com.au/michael-gifkins-prize |date=2022-03-24 }} a gidan yanar gizon Rubutun Rubutun {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Edita na kasar new zealand]] k3psnhz6hodahd6jfvqbz2k2ayyn0nb 0 32394 879274 220366 2026-07-09T04:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mista & Miss Akuapem''' wani shiri ne na unisex na shekara-shekara wanda ke ilmantar da 'yan Ghana da sauran al'ummomin duniya game da dabi'u iri-iri da al'adun mutanen Akuapem a yankin Gabashin Ghana. Manufar gasar ita ce bunkasa ci gaba ta hanyar al'adu da hadin kai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maiden edition of Mr & Miss Akuapem launched|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/maiden-edition-of-mr-miss-akuapem-launched-2.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Bayanin == Bikin na neman kawo hadin kai a tsakanin dukkan jahohin Akuapem 17, da hada kai, kiyayewa da kuma tsara dabi'un al'adu tare da sake zama dandalin baje kolin basira a Akuapem. Ana zabar ‘yan takara biyu ne daga kowace jiha ta Akuapem don wakiltar jihohinsu daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome, peace in Akuapem|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/daily-graphic-editorials/welcome-peace-in-akuapem.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maiden edition of Mr & Miss Akuapem launched|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/maiden-edition-of-mr-miss-akuapem-launched-2.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Jihohin 17 sune;<ref>{{Cite web|title=AKUAPEM PEOPLE: GHANA`S ANCIENT GUANS AND AKANS OF THE MOUNTAINS|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-akuapem-people-are-amalgamation-of.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=AKUAPEM PEOPLE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Akwapim North – Eastern Regional Official Website|url=http://www.easternregion.gov.gh/index.php/akwapim-north/|access-date=2021-07-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723215653/https://www.easternregion.gov.gh/index.php/akwapim-north/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Akuapem|url=http://akuapem.com/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=akuapem.com}}</ref> * Brekuso * Aburi * Ahwerase * Obosomase * Tutu * Mampong * Abotakyi * Amanokrom * Mamfe * Larteh * Akropong * Abiriw * Dawu * [[Awukugua]] * Adukrom * Apirede * Aseseeso/Abonse === Kaddamar da Durbar don buɗe ƴan takara === An kaddamar da paegent a hukumance a otal din Palm Hill, Akropong Akuapem a watan Yuni 2021 kuma ya bayyana wadanda suka yi takara a Adukrom tare da izini daga Ofishin Okuapehene karkashin jagorancin Oseadeeyo Kwasi Akuffo III.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome, peace in Akuapem|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/daily-graphic-editorials/welcome-peace-in-akuapem.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=E/R:Royalty Cheers the maiden Edition of Mr. & Miss Akuapem to a Grand Launch-Inside story ⋆ winegreynews|url=https://winegreynews.com/royalty-cheers-the-maiden-mr-miss-akuapem-to-a-grand-launch/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=winegreynews|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730121359/https://winegreynews.com/royalty-cheers-the-maiden-mr-miss-akuapem-to-a-grand-launch/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MR & MISS AKUAPEM 2021 Tickets, Akropong|url=https://egotickets.com/events/mr-miss-akuapem-2021|access-date=2021-07-30|website=eGotickets|language=en}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery class="center"> File:Mr and Miss Akuapem.jpg|Masu gasa File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 7.jpg|Wani mutum yana rawa da wakokin gargajiya File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 9.jpg|Kaddamar da hukuma a Adukrom File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 1.jpg|Kaddamar a Adukrom File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 4.jpg File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 233.jpg|Babban jami'in ya bayyana gasar File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 211.jpg|Ana nuna rawani File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 212.jpg|Manyan sarakuna da uwayen Sarauniya File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 56.jpg|Ana nuna rawani File:Mr and Miss Akuapem 3.jpg|’Yan takarar Mista da Miss Akuapem </gallery> == Manazarta == 485gjq5g1rp3qiaj3ihr2nj88xpbf1l 0 33028 879427 874577 2026-07-09T09:33:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eulânio Ângelo Chipela Gomes''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1994) wanda aka fi sani da '''Nanu''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai ba da dama ga ƙungiyar APOEL ta farko ta Cyprus . An haife shi a Portugal, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Guinea-Bissau . == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Nanu ya fara buga wasan farko tare da Beira-Mar a wasan Taça da Liga na 2013-14 da Portimonense, inda ya maye gurbin Tiago Cintra (minti na 80). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-27 |title=Portimonense-Beira-Mar 1-0 |url=http://www.lpfp.pt/taca_liga/pages/jogo.aspx?epoca=20132014&jornada=1&jogo=8800 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728144510/http://www.lpfp.pt/taca_liga/pages/jogo.aspx?epoca=20132014&jornada=1&jogo=8800 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=14 August 2013 |website=LPFP}}</ref> A wasan farko na kakar 2013-14 ta Segunda Liga da FC Porto B a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, ya fara buga wasan farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-12 |title=Beira-Mar-FC Porto B 2-3 |url=http://www.lpfp.pt/segunda_liga/pages/jogo.aspx?epoca=20132014&jornada=1&jogo=8350 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711093257/http://www.ligaportugal.pt/ |archive-date=11 July 2018 |access-date=14 August 2013 |website=LPFP}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020, an sanar da Nanu a FC Porto kan kwangilar shekaru biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanú é reforço do FC Porto e assina por cinco épocas |trans-title=Nanú joins FC Porto and signs for five seasons |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/nanu-e-reforco-do-fc-porto-com-contrato-de-cinco-epocas |website=desporto.sapo.pt |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2022, Nanu ya koma kan aro na tsawon lokaci zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Major League FC Dallas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Dallas Acquires Defender Nanu on Loan from FC Porto |url=https://www.fcdallas.com/news/fc-dallas-acquires-defender-nanu-on-loan-from-fc-porto}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2022, Dallas ta ki amincewa da zaɓin kwangilar Nanu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dallas |first=F. C. |title=FC Dallas Announces Roster Decisions for 2023 Season |url=https://www.fcdallas.com/news/fc-dallas-announces-roster-decisions-for-2023-season |website=FC Dallas}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2023, an tura Nanu a kan aro zuwa Santa Clara don sauran kakar 2022-23. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=NANU É REFORÇO |trans-title=Nanu is reinforcement |url=https://cdsantaclara.com/nanu-e-reforco/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=Santa Clara |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin 2023, kungiyar da aka inganta kwanan nan ta [[Süper Lig|Super Lig]] ta Samsunspor ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Nanu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu, tare da zaɓi na shekara ta uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=HOŞ GELDİN NANU |trans-title=WELCOME NANU |url=https://www.samsunspor.org.tr/haberDetay.php?id=7270 |access-date=12 July 2023 |publisher=Samsunspor |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711225254/https://www.samsunspor.org.tr/haberDetay.php?id=7270 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Porto, wanda ya dakatar da kwangilar Nanu ta hanyar yardar juna, ya ci gaba da kashi 15% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikin mai kunnawa.[2]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=11 July 2023 |title=Oficial: Nanu deixou o FC Porto e assina pelo Samsunspor |trans-title=Official: Nanu leaves FC Porto and signs for Samsunspor |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/noticias/oficial-nanu-deixou-o-fc-porto-e-assina-pelo-samsunspor-16677170.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712013753/https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/noticias/oficial-nanu-deixou-o-fc-porto-e-assina-pelo-samsunspor-16677170.html |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website= |publisher=[[O Jogo]] |language=pt-PT}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2024, Nanu ya koma Portugal, ya ba da rancen ga kungiyar Firayim Minista ta Estrela de Amadora har zuwa karshen kakar 2023-24. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=Estrela da Amadora contrata Nanu |trans-title=Estrela da Amadora signs Nanu |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/noticias/estrela-da-amadora-contrata-nanu/579092 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=ZeroZero |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Agustan 2025, APOEL ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Nanu kan kwangilar da ke gudana har zuwa lokacin rani na 2026. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Nanu ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar Guinea-Bissau a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2019 a wasan sada zumunci da Angola, a matsayin mai farawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2019 |title=Angola v Guinea-Bissau game report |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/23254/Angola_Guinea_Bissau.html |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> Ya wakilci tawagar kasa a gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Soliman |first=Seif |date=2019-06-12 |title=Ittihad's Toni Silva named in Guinea Bissau's AFCON squad |url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/06/12/ittihad-toni-silva-guinea-bissau-afcon/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=KingFut |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, an kira Nanu zuwa tawagar 'yan wasa 24 ta Guinea-Bissau don gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=Afcon 2021: Guinea-Bissau include Moreto Cassama in squad |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59828280 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124073322/https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/59828280 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=30 December 2021 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2024, an kira Nanu zuwa tawagar 'yan wasa 27 ta Guinea-Bissau don gasar cin [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2023]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=BACIRO CANDE ANUNCIA LISTA DOS CONVOCADOS COM 14 ESTREIANTES PARA O CAN'2024 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ffgbissau/posts/pfbid04amwxpx6fzE7sfMdChCjgyuJRM6rSgFmmhxPcUGVTNuGpo7NwWcJ8dTKAsX9ifwfl |access-date=23 December 2023 |publisher=[[Football Federation of Guinea-Bissau]] |language=pt |via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 14 May 2023}}<ref>{{Soccerway|eulanio-angelo-chipela-gomes/280990|Nanu|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Taça de Portugal]] and [[U.S. Open Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]]}} ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Beira-Mar |2013–14 |Ƙungiyar ta Biyu |9 |0 |2 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- |Gafanha (rashin kuɗi) |2014–15 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta Tsofaffi |26 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |2 |- | rowspan="5" |Ruwa B |2015–16 |Gasar Cin Kofin Portugal |19 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |2 |- |2016–17 |Gasar Cin Kofin Portugal |18 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- |2017–18 |Gasar Cin Kofin Portugal |24 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |2 |- |2018–19 |Gasar Cin Kofin Portugal |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !71 !4 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !71 !4 |- | rowspan="5" |Jirgin Ruwa |2017–18 |Gasar Farko |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |Gasar Farko |15 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- |2019–20 |Gasar Farko |33 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |2 |- |2020–21 |Gasar Farko |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !52 !3 !1 !0 !3 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !56 !3 |- |Porto B |2020–21 |Ligue Portugal 2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Porto |2020–21 |Gasar Farko |12 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |0 |0 |19 |0 |- |2021–22 |Gasar Farko |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !12 !0 !1 !0 !4 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !21 !0 |- |FC Dallas (rashin kuɗi) |2022 |Babban Kwallon Kafa |27 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[MLS Cup Playoffs]]}} |0 |30 |0 |- |Santa Clara (an ba da rancen) |2022–23 |Gasar Farko |11 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !209 !9 !5 !0 !13 !0 !4 !0 !2 !0 !233 !9 |}   === Manufofin kasa da kasa === : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Guinea-Bissau na farko.''<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|74580|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |4 ga Satumba 2019 |Filin wasa na kasa 12 ga Yuli, [[Sao Tomé|São Tomé]], [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] |{{Fb|STP}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Nanua ForaDeJogo (an adana shi) * {{Soccerway|eulanio-angelo-chipela-gomes/280990|Nanu}} * {{NFT player|74580}} * [http://www.lpfp.pt/segunda_liga/pages/jogador.aspx?epoca=20132014&clube=beira-mar&jogador=5046 Bayani da bayanin martaba a LPFP]{{Dead link|date=July 2025}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ic14r171tvo4v8iuro573n6fr4og44l 0 34669 879091 351452 2026-07-08T18:18:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 879091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi''' shahararren malamin addinin Musulunci ne kuma ɗan [[Islamic Movement Of Nigeria]], (Harkar Musulunci A Najeriya) sannan kuma shine ke wakiltar mabiya mazhabar Shi'a a garin [[Potiskum]], yana daga cikin manyan almajiri Sheikh [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] jagoran mabiya mazhabar Shi'a a [[Najeriya]], wanda ke zaune a garin [[Potiskum]], dake jihar Yobe a tarayyar [[Najeriya]] a yankin Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref name=":0"><nowiki>https://www.gwagwarmaya.com.ng/2020/07/takaitaccen-tarihin-malam-mustafa-lawan.html/</nowiki></ref> == Tarihinsa == An haifeshi a ranar 25 ga watan Zulkadah na shekarar alif dari uku da tamanin da biyar(1385), Hijiriyya. Wanda ya yi daidai da ranar 29 ga watan Yuni na shekarar alif dari tara da sittin da biyar (1965), Miladiyya.<ref name=":0" /> == Karatun Addini == Malam Mustapha Lawan Nasidi a gidan addini ya taso, ya fara karatun addini ne a gaban mahaifinsa, sannan ya yi karatun littattafa a wurin Malamai kamar haka, Shaikh Yusuf Dambam da Malam Babangida Shaikh Sa'id [[Potiskum]]. Ya fita karatu kasar [[Iran]] da [[Lebanon]], sannan ya jagoranci 'yan'uwa almajiran Shaikh Zakzaky mabiya mazhabar Shi'a a [[Najeriya]] daga [[Nijeriya]] zuwa kasar [[Iraq]], ziyarar Arba'een na Imam Hussain (as), jikan Manzon Allah (SWA) shekaru biyu a jere. Sannan ya je kasar [[Saudi Arabia]] aikin Hajji. Sayyid Mustapha Lawan Nasidi shi mahaddacin Alqur'ani ne.<ref name=":0" /> == Karatun Zamani == Malam Mustapha Lawal Nasidi ya yi karatun Firamarensa a Central Primary School [[Potiskum]], sannan ya yi sakandire a Government Science and Technical College, Damagum.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan kammala Sakandire sai ya tafi ABU [[Zariya]], inda ya yi IJMB, sannan ya je University of [[Maiduguri]], inda ya karanta [[Physics]], sannan ya tafi ATBU Bauchi inda ya karanta Computer Science.<ref name=":0" /> == Iyayensa == Mahaifinsa shi ne Alhaji Lawal Nasidi, da ne ga Alhaji Shu’aibu Nasidi, wadda dukkansu Malamai ne, Mabiya Darikar Tijjaniyya. Kakansa asali mutumin Unguwar Koki ne ta cikin birnin [[Kano]]n Dabo, daga baya ya dawo garin [[Potiskum]] domin harkokin addini da Kasuwanci.<ref name=":0" /> Manyan Shehunnai a garin [[Potiskum]] sun bada labarin cewa a kofar gidan Alhaji Shu’aibu Nasidi aka assasa Wazifa da Zikirin Jumu’a na Darikar Tijjaniyya a garin [[Potiskum]], kuma an samu tabbaci sosai akan kasancewarsa Sharifi. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Hajiya Asma’u Muhammad Wabi, ‘yar asalin garin Jama’are ce ta jihar [[Bauchi]], a can aka haifeta amma a garin [[Potiskum]] ta girma a hannun kanin Mahaifinta Alhaji Yusuf Mai Kwano [[Potiskum]]. Ita ma iyayenta dukkansu ‘yan Darikar Kadriyya ne, sai da ta haddace Alqur’ani mai tsarki sannan aka yi aurenta. Mahaifiyarsa tana nan a raye, amma Mahaifinsa Alhaji Lawan Nasidi ya rasu tun a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985. Sayyid Mustapha shi ne na 4 a wurin Mahaifinsa, sannan yana da yayu da kanne. Yana da mata 1 da 'ya'ya guda 6, sune Fatima (Zakiyya), Zainab, Muhammad, Ali, Ummu Kulthum da Subaika Durra. == Basira == Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi mutum ne mai basira da saurin ɗaukar karatu, tun yana ƙarami haka yake har zuwa girman sa. Abokan karatun sa tun na yarinta har zuwa na Harka Islamiyya duk sun yi shaidar haka. Bayan rikicin 'yan Shi'a a Zariya ta 12-14 Disambar 2015, mahaifiyar Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi din, Hajiya Asma'u, ta bayyana cewa, "Malam Mustapha tun tasowarsa yaron kirki ne, ya kasance mai ladabi da biyayya da girmama na gaba dashi, shi mutum ne mai zumunci da son 'yan'uwansa. Lokacin yana karami, idan yana kuka, sai yayansa, Alhaji Isiyaka, sai yace Hajiya ba kuka yake ba, karatu yake. Sai nima na yi ta mamaki idan ya fadi hakan, sai da ya fara girma, dana ga irin kaifin basirar da Allah ya masa, gashi da saukin fahimtar karatu, sai na tabbatar da cewa, lallai Allah ya yi masa baiwa ta daban" Hajiya tace "Malam Mustapha, mutum ne mai nazari da hangen nesa, duk abin da zai yi sai ya yi tunani a kansa, kuma duk abin da ya shige mana duhu, idan aka fada masa, cikin kankanin lokaci zai warware mana shi. Yana da biyayya da bin umarnin iyaye. == Mutuwa == Har yanzu babu wanda yace mana ya ganshi ko ya ce ya mutu saboda yana daga cikin wadanda rikicin Zariya da sojoji ya rutsa dashi.<ref>https://www.islamicmovement.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1533:in-potiskum-we-live-and-die-no-retreat-no-surrender-malam-mustapha-lawan-nasidi{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hakuri == Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi mutum ne mai hakuri, zai yi wahala kaga bacin ransa, sai dai in ka taba Manzon Allah (s) saboda shi mutum ne mai kishin addinin Muslunci, Sayyid Mustapha yana da yawan ibada, duk wanda ya yi mu'amala da shi, zai shaidi haka. Fasihi ne shi, Allah ya hore masa fasahar iya magana, kokai waye idan ya yi magana da kai sai ka fahimce shi. Jarumi ne shi, gwarzo, bashi da tsoro ko kadan, sai dai tsoron mahaliccinsa, hatta makiyansa sun yi masa wannan shaida. Sayyid Mustapha shi kadai ne yake fitowa ya yi magana a kan kowace irin matsala da ta damu al'umma a yankin Potiskum. == Rikicin Boko Haram == Shi ne a lokacin 'yan ta'adda na [[Boko Haram]] yake fitowa ya yi wa jama'a gamsashshen jawabi.<ref>https://www.islamicmovement.org/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1829:potiskum-bomb-attack-why-we-are-targeted-malam-mustapha-lawan-nasidi{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lokacin da tashin Bama-Bamai ya yi tsanani a yankin Potiskum, ana ta guduwa ana barin gari, Sayyid Mustapha cewa ya yi "Kar kowa ya tafi ko ina, babu inda babu mutuwa, kuma mutum ba zai mutu ba, sai kwanansa ya kare, don haka ni babu inda zan tafi, ina nan a cikin garin Potiskum, ko da kuwa za ayi gunduwa gunduwa dani.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories</ref> Wannan jawabi na Sayyid Mustapha ya saka jama'a da dama sun zauna, duk da ma wasu sun riga sun gudu. Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi an kawo masa hari don a kashe shi har sau uku.<ref>https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2014/11/04/children-mostly-hit-by-potiskum-bomber-says-cleric</ref> Na farko shi ne wanda aka kawo masa hari gidansa a shekarar 2012. Suna zaune, bayan sun yi Azumi, ko ruwa basu sha ba, sun idar da Sallar Magrib, a ka bude musu wuta, take almajiransa uku suka mutu, aka jikkata mutum 6.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2012/05/28/unknown-gunmen-kill-3-shiites-leave-many-injured-potiskum</ref> Shi Sayyid Mustapha ko kwarzane bai yi ba, Allah ya kare shi. Sannan sun bi shi Jama'are, a shekarar 2013, garin kakanninsa, da nufin su kama shi, su je su kashe shi, nan ma Allah ya kare shi. Sai kuma na shekarar 2014, wanda aka jefa Bom a cikin masu Muzaharar Ashura juyayin ashura na kisan Imam Hussaini da a kayi a karbala a [[Potiskum]], sun hango dan wani da rawani, sun dauka Sayyid Mustapha ne, sai da Bom din ya tashi, sai suka ga ashe bashi bane.<ref>https://247ureports.com/2014/11/bomb-attack-kills-score-of-shiites-on-ashura-day-in-potiskum</ref> Shi ne suka bude wuta a kan almajiransa da sauran jama'ar gari, inda suka kashe kusan mutum 30. Sun yi ta dana masa tarko Allah yana kare shi.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2014/11/141103_postiskum_suicide_bomber</ref> Sayyid Mustapha mutum ne mai karamci da girmama bako, yana da sada zumunci, yana yawan ziyarar Malamai na cikin garin [[Potiskum]], domin neman hadin kai.<ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h7j9eojn1p0y9u8qfn01qzd5ng5ryc2 0 38731 879544 581179 2026-07-09T11:38:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nelson Kyeremeh''' ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya kasance dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Berekum ta Gabas a yankin Bono tun ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=193|access-date=2021-02-27|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324070054/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=193|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-27|title=Berekum East MP involved in an accident, 4 persons injured|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Berekum-East-MP-involved-in-an-accident-4-persons-injured-1432288|access-date=2022-11-13|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2022-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113233307/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Berekum-East-MP-involved-in-an-accident-4-persons-injured-1432288|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Owusu|first=Eric|date=2021-12-26|title=Four injured in accident involving MP [Photos]|url=https://www.adomonline.com/mp-involve-in-an-accident-four-injured-at-nsuatre/|access-date=2022-11-13|website=Adomonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Kyeremeh a ranar 27 ga Maris 1985 kuma ya fito ne daga Berekum a yankin Bono na kasar Ghana.<ref name=":0" /> Ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 2000, sannan ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatunsa a shekarar 2003. An ba shi takardar shaidar digirin digirgir a fannin Gudanarwa (Administration/Management) a shekarar 2012 inda ya samu Diploma a Basic Education a 2009.<ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Kyeremeh ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Ghana sannan kuma ya zama Mai Gudanarwa a Agyengoplus Transport and Logistic Service Limited.<ref name=":0" /> == Siyasa == Kyeremeh ya yi nasara ne a matsayin dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam’iyyar NPP mai wakiltar mazabar Berekum ta Gabas da dan majalisa mai ci Kwabena Twum-Nuamah.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Borga 1)|first=Henry Kofi Adane (|title=NELSON KYEREMEH DEFEATED INCUMBENT MP DR. TWUM-NUAMAH TO LEAD BEREKUM EAST NPP FOR 2020 ELECTIONS|url=https://www.ghananewsplus.com/news/205-nelson-kyeremeh-defeated-incumbent-mp-dr-twum-nuamah-to-lead-berekum-east-npp-for-2020-elections|access-date=2021-02-27|website=www.ghananewsplus.com|language=en-gb|archive-date=2024-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416172828/https://www.ghananewsplus.com/news/205-nelson-kyeremeh-defeated-incumbent-mp-dr-twum-nuamah-to-lead-berekum-east-npp-for-2020-elections|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting NPP MPs who ‘summertumbled’ in primaries|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/sitting-npp-mps-who-summertumbled-in-primaries.html|access-date=2022-11-13|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da lashe zaben 2020 da kuri'u 27,731 wanda ya samu kashi 61.3% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada yayin da dan takarar majalisar dokokin NDC Simon Ampaabeng Kyeremeh ya samu kuri'u 17,305 wanda ya samu kashi 38.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada sannan dan takara mai zaman kansa Francis Manu-Gyan ya samu kuri'u 217 da ya samu kashi 0.5%. na jimlar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Berekum East Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/bono/berekum_east/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114001448/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/bono/berekum_east/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === [[Fayil:Nelson Kyeremeh.jpg|thumb|Nelson Kyeremeh]] Kyeremeh memba ne na Kwamitin Rike Ofisoshin Membobi kuma memba na Kwamitin Ayyuka da Gidaje.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kyeremeh Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyeremeh, Nelson|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/nelson-kyeremeh/|access-date=2022-11-13|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tallafawa == A cikin Nuwamba 2021, ya gabatar da wasu kayan ilimi ga kusan makarantun gwamnati 41.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aborroway|first=Effah Kwaku|title=Hon Nelson Kyeremeh to Donate Trunks, Chop-Boxes and GHC1000 to BECE Candidates Who Excel After Supporting Them with over 1500 Maths Sets|url=https://www.berekumcity.com/news/municipal-news/hon-nelson-kyeremeh-to-donated-trunk-chop-box-and-ghc1000-to-bece-candidates-who-excel-after-supporting-them-with-over-1500-maths-sets|access-date=2022-11-13|website=Berekum City|language=en-gb}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] pcl0b7lf2d8cu8zin0mtgauej8u3i27 0 42351 879371 846870 2026-07-09T06:50:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Al'ummar Hamar''' (Wanda kuma ake yiwa laƙabi da '''Hamer''' ) al'umma ce dake zaune a kudu maso yammacin [[Itofiya|ƙasar Habasha]] . Suna zaune ne a gundumar Hamer, wani yanki mai albarka na kwarin kogin Omo, a cikin shiyyar Debub Omo na yankin Kudancin Ƙasa, Ƙasa, da Jama'a (SNNPR). Galibinsu makiyaya ne, don haka al’adunsu na ba shanu daraja sosai. == Alkaluma == Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 2003 ta ba da rahoton mutane 46,532 a cikin wannan ƙabila, waɗanda 10,000 daga cikinsu mazauna birane ne. Mafi rinjaye (99.13%) na zaune ne a yankin SNNPR.<ref name=2007-census>[http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf 2007 Ethiopian census, first draft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604045256/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |date=4 June 2012 }}, Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (accessed 6 May 2009)</ref> Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta ƙasar Habasha na 1994, akwai masu magana da yaren Hamer 42,838, da kuma 42,448 mutanen Hamer da suka gane kansu, wanda ke wakiltar kusan 0.1% na yawan al'ummar Habasha. <ref>Hudson, Grover. ''75 Ethiopian Languages: 19 Cushitic, 20 Nilosaharan, 23 Omotic, 12 Semitic, and 1 Unclassified'', 2005.</ref> == Al'adu == [[File:Hamer_bull_jumping_(6)_(29167685366).jpg|thumb| Bikin tsallake bijimi]] An san Hamar da al’adar su ta musamman ta “tsallake bijimi,” wadda ke sa yaro ya zama babba. Na farko, ƴan'uwa mata suna rawa da gayyatar bulala daga mazan da suka zama manya; wannan yana nuna goyon bayansu ga masu farawa, kuma tabonsu ya ba su damar cewa wanda za su aura. Dole ne yaro ya yi ta gudu ta taɓa da baya sau biyu a saman bijimai kuma ana yi masa ba'a idan ya kasa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wharton|first1=Jane|title=The making of a man: Inside a bull jumping ceremony with Ethiopia's Hamer tribe|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/559757/Hamer-tribe-bull-jumping-ceremony-Omo-Valley-Ethiopia|access-date=8 March 2016|publisher=Express (London)|date=22 February 2015}}</ref> Mutanen ƙabilar sau da yawa za su yi gyaran gashin kansu da yumɓu, suna ƙirƙirar wani nau'i-nau'i wanda aka yi amfani da nau'ikan launi daban-daban, galibi ja da fari, kuma a cikin sassauci yumɓu suna ƙirƙirar ƙaramin bututun da ke fitowa inda suke da gashin tsuntsaye daga farautarsu. Mataimakin shugaban hukumar Hamer Bena, Ato Imnet Gashab, ya bayyana cewa ƴan ƙabilar bakwai ne kawai suka taɓa kammala karatun sakandare. [[File:Hamer_decoration.JPG|right|thumb| Hamer ado]] [[File:Will_you_marry_me%3F.JPG|right|thumb| Collar ga matan aure na Hamer]] ''Mingi'', a cikin addinin Hamar da ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa, shine yanayin ƙazanta ko "ƙazanta ta al'ada".<ref>''Do the Hamar have a Concept of Honor?'', Ivo Strecker, University of Mainz, {{cite web |url=http://www.uni-mainz.de/Organisationen/SORC/fileadmin/texts/Do%20the%20Hamar%20have%20a%20Concept%20of%20Honor.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725090010/http://www.uni-mainz.de/Organisationen/SORC/fileadmin/texts/Do%20the%20Hamar%20have%20a%20Concept%20of%20Honor.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> An kashe mutum, sau da yawa yaro, wanda ake ɗaukan ''mingi'' ta hanyar tilastawa ta dindindin daga ƙabila ta hanyar barin shi shi kaɗai a cikin daji ko kuma ta nutse a cikin kogi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://films.com/title/11795|title=The Hamar and Karo Tribes: The Search for Mingi|website=Films Media Group|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Harshen Hamer]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Lydall, Jean, da Ivo Strecker (1979). ''Hamar Kudancin Habasha'' . A cikin juzu'i uku: v. 1.: Jaridar Aiki; v. 2: Baldambe yayi bayani; v. 3: Tattaunawa a Dambaiti. Arbeiten aus dem Institut fur Volkerkunde der Universitat zu Göttingen, Bd. 12-14. Hohenschaftlarn: Klaus Renner Verlag. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-87673-063-5|3-87673-063-5]] (aya 1);  (aya 2);  (aya 3). * Giansanti, Gianni (2004). ''Bata Afrika'' . Rubutu da hotuna daga Gianni Giansanti; Gabatarwar ethnographic na Paolo Novaresio. Fassara daga Italiyanci. Da audio CD. Vercelli, Italiya: White Star. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/88-544-0006-8|88-544-0006-8]] . * Strecker, Ivo A. (1988). ''Ayyukan Zamantakewa na Alama: Nazarin Anthropological'' . Monographs on Social Anthropology, no. 60. London; Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Athlone Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-485-19557-7|0-485-19557-7]] . == Fina-finai == * 1973 - ''River of Sand'' na Robert Gardner launi, 83 min * 1994 - ''Sweet Sorghum: 'Yar mai zane-zane ta tuna da rayuwa a Hamar, Kudancin Habasha'' : wani fim na Ivo Strecker da Jean Lydall da 'yar su Kaira Strecker. Farashin IWF. Watertown, Massachusetts: Bayanan Ilimi albarkatun, [an saki c. 1997]. VHS. Mai gabatarwa/mai ba da labari, Kaira Strecker; furodusa, Rolf Husmann. * 1996 saki - "The Hamar Trilogy." Jerin fina-finai uku na Joanna Head da Jean Lydell; Filmakers Library, NYC ya rarraba. Taken da ke cikin jerin sune: ''Matan Masu Murmushi, Yan Mata Biyu Suna Farauta'' da ''Hanyar Soyayya'' . * 2001 - ''Duka's ilemma: Ziyarar Hamar, Kudancin Habasha'' . Fim ɗin Jean Lydall da Kaira Strecker. Watertown, Massachusetts: Ɗaliban Ilimi na Documentary, wanda aka saki a cikin 2004. DVD. Kamara, sauti, da gyarawa, Kaira Strecker; Anthropology da samarwa, Jean Lydall. * 2001 – ''The Last Warrior aruman: Kabilar Hamar da Karo: Neman Mingi'' . Ƙaddamarwar Trans Media; Tauraron Kudu. Princeton, New Jersey: Fina-finai don 'Yan Adam & Kimiyya. VHS. Daga Jarumai Na Karshe: Ƙabilu Bakwai Akan Ƙarshen Ƙarshe. Jerin mai gabatarwa / mai gudanarwa, Michael Willesee Jr.; marubuci / darekta, Ben Ulm. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7365-3606-X|0-7365-3606-X]] . == Hotuna == * 2003 - ''Nyabole: Hamar – Kudancin Habasha'' . CD. Gidan kayan tarihi na Berlin jerin. An yi rikodin tsakanin 1770 da 1776 kuma an buga shi a asali akan LP 1768. Mainz, Jamus: Wergo. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://www.excelman.com/en/galerie/afrique/ethiopie-hamar/ethiopie-hamar.html Mutanen Hamar na Kwarin Omo, wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Hamer]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tribe/tribes/hamar/index.shtml Shafin Hamer] daga BBC * [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm Mutanen Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112040124/http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm |date=2013-01-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060624150332/http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/goingtribal/episodes/episodes.html?clik=fanmain_leftnav Tashar ganowa] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6X1__14KGso Bidiyon kasuwar kauyen Hamer] - [[YouTube]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ct-BDbfxLJE Bidiyon tsallen bijimi] - [[YouTube]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723182436/http://www.lindawolf.net/hamartribe/ Hotunan ƴan kabilar Hamar, Fabrairu 2010] * [http://www.photo.buet.us/galerie.php?galerie=ET_Omo Hamer da mutanen kwarin Omo (Hotuna daga Jean Buet)] Archived [[Category:Kabilu]] [[Category: Habasha]] [[Category:Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka]] qfm5y1vmhdq5tplbcylp5fo5ru2rct0 0 43242 879344 823825 2026-07-09T05:59:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Musa Juwara''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2001), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Gambiya [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar OB ta Danish a kan aro daga ƙungiyar Seria A Bologna da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Gambiya . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki === An haifi Juwara a Gambiya kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Italiya a cikin shekarar 2016. A can, ya fara wasa da ƙwallon ƙafa tare da Virtus Avigliano kuma bayan cin nasara kakar da aka scouted by Chievo . Hukumar FIGC ta dakatar da shi daga komawa Chievo, amma ya ƙalubalanci sauraron karar kuma daga karshe ya shiga su. Juwara a taƙaice ya koma Torino FC a matsayin aro na 2019 Torneo di Viareggio, inda ya zira kwallaye 3 a wasanni 3, kafin ya koma Verona a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta bana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.11giovani.it/index.php/component/k2/viareggio-cup-juwara-del-chievo-in-prestito-al-torino|title=Viareggio Cup - Juwara del Chievo in prestito al Torino|first=Diego|last=d’Avanzo|website=11giovani}}</ref> [[Fayil:Musa Juwara.jpg|thumb|Musa Juwara]] Ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru don Chievo a wasan 0-0 Seria A da Frosinone Calcio a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2019, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Manuel Pucciarelli na minti na 79. === Bologna === A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2019, Juwara ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da Bologna . Kodayake an sanya shi cikin 'yan wasan su na 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 don kakar 2019-2020, da sauri ya fara faɗawa cikin shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar farko ta Siniša Mihajlović, wanda ya fara halarta a ranar 4 ga Disamba ta hanyar buga cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin 4-0 Coppa Italia . shan kashi a hannun Udinese .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/udinese/2019/12/04/news/coppa_italia_udinese_bologna_4-0-242610068/|access-date=6 July 2020|title=Coppa Italia: poker Udinese, 4-0 al Bologna. Per i friulani c'è la Juve}}</ref> Wasan farko na gasar Seria A a kulob ɗin ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, ya zo ne a minti na 86 da ya maye gurbin [[Musa Barrow]] a wasan da suka ci Roma 3-2. Hakan zai biyo bayan bayyanar da benci a kan Genoa da Udinese, kafin a dakatar da gasar a ranar 9 ga Maris sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 . Bayan da aka dawo gasar za a ba shi dama da dama a rukunin farko a sakamakon wasan da aka yi da kuma sabon tsarin maye gurbin 5, wanda ya burge shi a wasan farko da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Juventus a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, inda ya yi nasara. Ya maye gurbin Riccardo Orsolini a minti na 82. Manufarsa ta Serie A ta farko ta zo ne a ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, a cikin wani aiki mai gamsarwa a San Siro, inda zai zira ƙwallaye mai daidaitawa kuma ya tabbatar da aikawa da Alessandro Bastoni a cikin nasara 2-1 akan Inter Milan .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/bologna/2020/07/05/news/bologna_la_favola_di_musa_juwara_dallo_sbarco_col_barcone_4_anni_fa_al_gol_che_ha_affondato_l_inter-261077749/|access-date=6 July 2020|title=Bologna, la favola di Musa Juwara: dall'arrivo col barcone 4 anni fa al gol a San Siro}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga Boavista ==== A ranar 6 ga Oktobar 2020, ya shiga ƙungiyar Boavista ta Portugal a kan aro tare da zaɓi don siye.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Bologna F.C. 1909|Bologna]]|url=https://www.bolognafc.it/en/juwara-to-boavista/|title=Juwara to Boavista|date=6 October 2020}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga Crotone ==== A ranar 13 ga Yulin 2021, ya koma kan lamuni zuwa Crotone . A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2022, an dakatar da lamunin da wuri.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=[[F.C. Crotone|Crotone]]|url=https://www.fccrotone.it/in-evidenza/operazioni-di-mercato-3/|title=Operazioni di mercato|date=31 January 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|language=it}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga OB ==== A ranar 19 ga Janairun 2023, Juwara ya shiga OB a Denmark akan lamuni har zuwa 31 ga Disambar 2023, tare da zaɓi don siye.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=OB|url=https://www.ob.dk/nyhedsarkiv/ob-lejer-musa-juwara-i-bologna-fc/|title=OB lejer Musa Juwara i Bologna F.C.|date=19 January 2023|access-date=19 January 2023|language=da}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == Juwara ya fafata da Gambiya a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Congo da ci 1-0 a ranar 9 ga watan Oktobar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gambiaff.org/gambia-1-0-congo-in-friendly-international/|title=Gambia 1-0 Congo In Friendly International|date=October 9, 2020|website=THE GFF &#124; Official Website|access-date=March 8, 2023|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117155524/https://gambiaff.org/gambia-1-0-congo-in-friendly-international/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway|musa-juwara/563350}} * [http://www.legaseriea.it/en/players/musa-juwara/JUWARA Lega Serie A Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929140726/http://www.legaseriea.it/en/players/musa-juwara/JUWARA |date=2020-09-29 }} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 2001]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] is88czcbwah94dy2n28gjq2pr0ic0de 0 45278 879215 476057 2026-07-08T21:28:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:KnittelfeldHartberg10.jpg|thumb|MIchael]] {{Databox}} [[File:FC Red Bull Salzburg versus SK Sturm Graz (14. April 2019) 04.jpg|thumb|Michael John Lema]] '''Michael John Lema''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu 1999) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama ko hagu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Lafnitz ta Austriya. An haife shi a Tanzaniya, Lema matashi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa na Austria.<ref>Michael John Lema at WorldFootball.net</ref> == Aikin kulob == A ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2018, Lema ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'a ta farko tare da kulob Din SK Sturm Graz.<ref>"Michael John Lema erhält Profivertrag bei Sturm Graz" .</ref> Lema ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru da Sturm Graz a wasan 0-0 na ƙwallon ƙafa na Austrian Bundesliga tare da SC Rheindorf Altach a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu 2018. A watan Disamba 2019 an tabbatar da cewa Lema zai koma kulob ɗin TSV Hartberg a matsayin aro daga Janairu 2020 har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. <ref>[http://sportreport.biz/2019/12/16/sturm-graz-michael-john-lema-wechselt-leihweise-zu-tsv-hartberg/ Sturm Graz: Michael John Lema wechselt leihweise zu TSV Hartberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325153452/http://sportreport.biz/2019/12/16/sturm-graz-michael-john-lema-wechselt-leihweise-zu-tsv-hartberg/ |date=2023-03-25 }}, sportreport.biz, 16 December 2019</ref> A ƙarshen kakar 2020-21, ya koma Hartberg na dindindin.<ref>Sturm Graz: Michael John Lema wechselt leihweise zu TSV Hartberg , sportreport.biz, 16 December 2019</ref> [[File:Austria national under-21 football team - Teamcamp October 2019 (39).jpg|thumb|Michael John Lema]] A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu 2022, Lema ya sanya hannu tare da kulob ɗin Lafnitz. <ref>"Lema bleibt, Duo verlässt den TSV" (in German). TSV Hartberg . 1 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Austria national under-21 football team - Teamcamp October 2019 (82).jpg|thumb|Michael John Lema]] [[File:KnittelfeldHartberg10.jpg|thumb|Michael John Lema]] An haifi Lema a Tanzaniya, kuma a cikin shekarar 2008 aka dauki nauyin ƙaurar sa zuwa Austria.<ref>"Michael John Lema ist absofort ein Lafnitzer!" (in German). Lafnitz. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</ref> Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Ostiriya, amma ya nuna sha'awar wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Tanzaniya. <ref>Futaa. "Mfahamu Michael John Lema, Samatta mwingine anayekipiga Bundesliga" . futaa.com .</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n1xbfs3mvecflxtkpdcn8ak5gi0am6e 0 48099 879449 822948 2026-07-09T09:53:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Euclid-proof.jpg|right|thumb| Hujja daga [[Euclid]] 's ''Elements'' (kimanin 300 BC), ana ɗaukan littafin mafi tasiri a kowane lokaci. ]] [[Fayil:Mathematics Deutsches Museum.jpg|thumb|Mathematics dehtshes museum]] [[Fayil:A History of Mathematics page 162.gif|thumb|Tarihin lisafi shahi na 162]] '''Tarihin lissafi''' ya shafi farkon bincike da aka gano a cikin [[Lissafi|ilimin lissafi]] da hanyoyin lissafi da bayanan abubuwan da suka gabata. Kafin [[Zamanin Zamani|zamaninmu na yau]] sannan kuma kafin yaɗuwar ilimi a duniya, rubutattun misalan sabbin cigaba a ilimin lissafi sun fito fili ne kawai a wasu yankuna. Daga 3000BC jihohin Mesofotamiya na [[Sumer]], Akkad da [[Assuriya]], da Masar ta dā da Levantine ta Ebla sun fara amfani da lissafi, algebra da geometry a wajen haraji, kasuwanci, cinikayya da kuma a cikin alamu na yanayi, sashin na ilmin taurari da kuma shigar lokaci da tsara [[kalanda]] Rubutun lissafi na farko da aka samu sun fito ne daga Mesopotamiya da Masar – ''Plimpton 322'' ( Babila c. 2000 – 1900 BC),<ref>Friberg, J. "Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics. Plimpton 322, Pythagorean triples, and the Babylonian triangle parameter equations", ''Historia Mathematica'', 8, 1981, pp. 277–318.</ref> the ''Rhind Mathematical Papyrus'' ( Egypt c. 1800 BC)<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Otto E. Neugebauer}} Chap. IV "Egyptian Mathematics and Astronomy", pp. 71–96.</ref> da ''Moscow Mathematical Papyrus'' (Misira c. 1890). BC). Duk waɗannan matani sun ambaci abin da ake kira Pythagorean triples, don haka, a takaice, ''Pythagorean theorem'' ga dukkan alamu ita ce lissafi mafi daɗaɗɗewa kuma mafi yaduwa a cigaban ilmin lissafi bayan ilimin arithmetic da geometry. Nazarin ilimin lissafi a matsayin " horo na koyarwa " ya fara ne daga karni na 6 BC ta hanyar Pythagoreans, wanda kuma ya kirkiro kalmar "lissafi" daga tsohuwar Girkanci ''μάθημα'' ( ''mathema'' ), ma'ana "batun koyarwa". Lissafin Girkanci ya inganta hanyoyin sosai (musamman ta hanyar gabatar da ra'ayi mai raɗaɗi da lissafi mai zurfi da hujjoji ) kuma ya faɗaɗa ilimin darasin lissafi.<ref>Heath, Thomas L. (1963). ''A Manual of Greek Mathematics'', Dover, p. 1: "In the case of mathematics, it is the Greek contribution which it is most essential to know, for it was the Greeks who first made mathematics a science."</ref> Ko da yake kusan ba su ba da gudummawa ga ilimin lissafi ba, [[Romawa na Da|Romawa na da]] sun yi amfani da ilimin lissafi wajen bincike, injiniyancin gine-gine, injiniyanci na'urori, lissafin kuɗi, ƙirƙirar kalandar kwanan wata da hasken rana, har ma da fasaha da kere-kere. Masana lissafin kasar Sin kuwa sun ba da gudummawar farko, gami da tsarin ƙimar wuri da farkon fara amfani da lambobi ragewa (negative numbers).<ref>Joseph, George Gheverghese (1991). ''The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics''. Penguin Books, London, pp. 140–48.</ref><ref> Ifrah, Georges (1986). ''Universalgeschichte der Zahlen''. Campus, Frankfurt/New York, pp. 428–37.</ref> Tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci da ka'idojin amfani da su, da ake amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya a yau sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙarni na farko bayan mutuwar yesu daga Indiya kuma an watsa su zuwa yammacin duniya ta hanyar lissafin Musulunci ta hanyar aikin [[Muhammad Ibn Musa Alkhwarizmi|Muḥammad ibn Musa. al-Khwarizmi]].<ref>Kaplan, Robert (1999). ''The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero''. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, London.</ref><ref>"The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. the importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius." – Pierre Simon Laplace http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html</ref> Shi kuma ilimin lissafi na Musulunci, ya bunkasa kuma ya salon fadada lissafin da wadannan kasashe suka sani.<ref>[[Adolf Yushkevich|Juschkewitsch, A. P.]] (1964). ''Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelalter''. Teubner, Leipzig.</ref> Lissafi wanda ya dace da waɗannan al'adun ammah mai zaman kansu sune lissafin da wayewar Maya na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexiko]] da Amurka ta tsakiya suka haɓaka, inda aka baiwa tsarin [[0 (alƙalami)|sifili]]<nowiki/>n alama na musamman a cikin lambobin Maya . An fassara awancin rubutun lissafi na Helenanci da Larabci zuwa Latin tun daga karni na 12 da gabannin hakan, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ilimin lissafi a Turai ta Tsakiya. Tun daga zamanin d ¯a har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai, lokutan binciken ilmin lissafi sau da yawa suka biyo bayan ƙarni da dama da aka samu tsaiko.<ref>Eves, Howard (1990). ''History of Mathematics'', 6th Edition, "After Pappus, Greek mathematics ceased to be a living study, ..." p. 185; "The Athenian school struggled on against growing opposition from Christians until the latter finally, in A.D. 529, obtained a decree from Emperor Justinian that closed the doors of the school forever." p. 186; "The period starting with the fall of the Roman Empire, in the middle of the fifth century, and extending into the eleventh century is known in Europe as the Dark Ages ... . Schooling became almost nonexistent." p. 258.</ref> Tun daga [[Renaissance]] [[Italiya]] a karni na 15, sabbin ci gaba a ilmin lissafi, hulɗa tare da sababbin binciken kimiyya, an yi su a cikin yanayi mai sauri da ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wannan ya haɗa da babban aikin [[Isaac Newton]] da [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] a cikin haɓakar ƙididdiga marasa iyaka a cikin ƙarni na 17.<div> {| class="wikitable zebra" |+Tebur na lambobi | Bature <small>(wanda ya sauko daga Larabci na Yamma)</small> | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |- | Larabci-Indic | ٠ | ١ | ٢ | ٣ | ٤ | ٥ | ٦ | ٧ | ٨ | ٩ |- | Larabci na Gabas-Indic <small>(Persian da Urdu)</small> | ۰ | 1 | 2 | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ۶ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ |- | Devanagari <small>(Hindi)</small> | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | . . | ७ | ८ | ९ |- | Sinanci - Jafananci | 〇 |一 |二 |三 |四 |五 |六 |七 |八 |九 |- |Tamil | | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ |} </div> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ol836l3fgv2tny78bo7k6y7ar1aotat 879450 879449 2026-07-09T09:54:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Euclid-proof.jpg|right|thumb| Hujja daga [[Euclid]] 's ''Elements'' (kimanin 300 BC), ana ɗaukan littafin mafi tasiri a kowane lokaci. ]] [[Fayil:Mathematics Deutsches Museum.jpg|thumb|Mathematics dehtshes museum]] [[Fayil:A History of Mathematics page 162.gif|thumb|Tarihin lisafi shahi na 162]] '''Tarihin lissafi''' ya shafi farkon bincike da aka gano a cikin [[Lissafi|ilimin lissafi]] da hanyoyin lissafi da bayanan abubuwan da suka gabata. Kafin [[Zamanin Zamani|zamaninmu na yau]] sannan kuma kafin yaɗuwar ilimi a duniya, rubutattun misalan sabbin cigaba a ilimin lissafi sun fito fili ne kawai a wasu yankuna. Daga 3000BC jihohin Mesofotamiya na [[Sumer]], Akkad da [[Assuriya]], da Masar ta dā da Levantine ta Ebla sun fara amfani da lissafi, algebra da geometry a wajen haraji, kasuwanci, cinikayya da kuma a cikin alamu na yanayi, sashin na ilmin taurari da kuma shigar lokaci da tsara [[kalanda]] Rubutun lissafi na farko da aka samu sun fito ne daga Mesopotamiya da Masar – ''Plimpton 322'' ( Babila c. 2000 – 1900 BC),<ref>Friberg, J. "Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics. Plimpton 322, Pythagorean triples, and the Babylonian triangle parameter equations", ''Historia Mathematica'', 8, 1981, pp. 277–318.</ref> the ''Rhind Mathematical Papyrus'' ( Egypt c. 1800 BC)<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Otto E. Neugebauer}} Chap. IV "Egyptian Mathematics and Astronomy", pp. 71–96.</ref> da ''Moscow Mathematical Papyrus'' (Misira c. 1890). BC). Duk waɗannan matani sun ambaci abin da ake kira Pythagorean triples, don haka, a takaice, ''Pythagorean theorem'' ga dukkan alamu ita ce lissafi mafi daɗaɗɗewa kuma mafi yaduwa a cigaban ilmin lissafi bayan ilimin arithmetic da geometry. Nazarin ilimin lissafi a matsayin " horo na koyarwa " ya fara ne daga karni na 6 BC ta hanyar Pythagoreans, wanda kuma ya kirkiro kalmar "lissafi" daga tsohuwar Girkanci ''μάθημα'' ( ''mathema'' ), ma'ana "batun koyarwa". Lissafin Girkanci ya inganta hanyoyin sosai (musamman ta hanyar gabatar da ra'ayi mai raɗaɗi da lissafi mai zurfi da hujjoji ) kuma ya faɗaɗa ilimin darasin lissafi.<ref>Heath, Thomas L. (1963). ''A Manual of Greek Mathematics'', Dover, p. 1: "In the case of mathematics, it is the Greek contribution which it is most essential to know, for it was the Greeks who first made mathematics a science."</ref> Ko da yake kusan ba su ba da gudummawa ga ilimin lissafi ba, [[Romawa na Da|Romawa na da]] sun yi amfani da ilimin lissafi wajen bincike, injiniyancin gine-gine, injiniyanci na'urori, lissafin kuɗi, ƙirƙirar kalandar kwanan wata da hasken rana, har ma da fasaha da kere-kere. Masana lissafin kasar Sin kuwa sun ba da gudummawar farko, gami da tsarin ƙimar wuri da farkon fara amfani da lambobi ragewa (negative numbers).<ref>Joseph, George Gheverghese (1991). ''The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics''. Penguin Books, London, pp. 140–48.</ref><ref> Ifrah, Georges (1986). ''Universalgeschichte der Zahlen''. Campus, Frankfurt/New York, pp. 428–37.</ref> Tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci da ka'idojin amfani da su, da ake amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya a yau sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙarni na farko bayan mutuwar yesu daga Indiya kuma an watsa su zuwa yammacin duniya ta hanyar lissafin Musulunci ta hanyar aikin [[Muhammad Ibn Musa Alkhwarizmi|Muḥammad ibn Musa. al-Khwarizmi]].<ref>Kaplan, Robert (1999). ''The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero''. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press, London.</ref><ref>"The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. the importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius." – Pierre Simon Laplace http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html</ref> Shi kuma ilimin lissafi na Musulunci, ya bunkasa kuma ya salon fadada lissafin da wadannan kasashe suka sani.<ref>[[Adolf Yushkevich|Juschkewitsch, A. P.]] (1964). ''Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelalter''. Teubner, Leipzig.</ref> Lissafi wanda ya dace da waɗannan al'adun ammah mai zaman kansu sune lissafin da wayewar Maya na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexiko]] da Amurka ta tsakiya suka haɓaka, inda aka baiwa tsarin [[0 (alƙalami)|sifili]]<nowiki/>n alama na musamman a cikin lambobin Maya . An fassara awancin rubutun lissafi na Helenanci da Larabci zuwa Latin tun daga karni na 12 da gabannin hakan, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban ilimin lissafi a Turai ta Tsakiya. Tun daga zamanin d ¯a har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai, lokutan binciken ilmin lissafi sau da yawa suka biyo bayan ƙarni da dama da aka samu tsaiko.<ref>Eves, Howard (1990). ''History of Mathematics'', 6th Edition, "After Pappus, Greek mathematics ceased to be a living study, ..." p. 185; "The Athenian school struggled on against growing opposition from Christians until the latter finally, in A.D. 529, obtained a decree from Emperor Justinian that closed the doors of the school forever." p. 186; "The period starting with the fall of the Roman Empire, in the middle of the fifth century, and extending into the eleventh century is known in Europe as the Dark Ages ... . Schooling became almost nonexistent." p. 258.</ref> Tun daga [[Renaissance]] [[Italiya]] a karni na 15, sabbin ci gaba a ilmin lissafi, hulɗa tare da sababbin binciken kimiyya, an yi su a cikin yanayi mai sauri da ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. Wannan ya haɗa da babban aikin [[Isaac Newton]] da [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] a cikin haɓakar ƙididdiga marasa iyaka a cikin ƙarni na 17.<div> {| class="wikitable zebra" |+Tebur na lambobi | Bature <small>(wanda ya sauko daga Larabci na Yammah)</small> | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |- | Larabci-Indic | ٠ | ١ | ٢ | ٣ | ٤ | ٥ | ٦ | ٧ | ٨ | ٩ |- | Larabci na Gabas-Indic <small>(Persian da Urdu)</small> | ۰ | 1 | 2 | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ۶ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ |- | Devanagari <small>(Hindi)</small> | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | . . | ७ | ८ | ९ |- | Sinanci - Jafananci | 〇 |一 |二 |三 |四 |五 |六 |七 |八 |九 |- |Tamil | | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ |} </div> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pyuj7egk2ujp1uw9ph8spxfhgagepgl 0 49374 879250 347374 2026-07-09T00:00:53Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} '''Abdul Kareem Sule''' (an haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, 1975, a Kaduna) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya kuma wakilin ɗan wasa na yanzu.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1975]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] Abdul Kareem Sule Abdul Kareem Sule (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1975 a Kaduna, Najeriya) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba (striker). Ya shahara da ƙwarewarsa wajen cin ƙwallaye, kuma ya yi fice a ƙungiyoyi da dama a Najeriya, Qatar, Denmark, Malaysia da sauran ƙasashe. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallo, ya zama wakilin 'yan wasa da kuma mai gano hazikan matasan 'yan ƙwallo. Rayuwar farko An haifi Abdul Kareem Sule a birnin Kaduna, inda ya taso kuma ya fara sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara taka leda a ƙungiyoyin matasa kafin ya samu damar shiga manyan ƙungiyoyin cikin gida a Najeriya. Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa Sule ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararrun 'yan wasa a NUB Kaduna a shekarar 1993. Daga nan ya koma Stationery Stores FC ta Legas, sannan ya ci gaba da taka leda a BCC Lions, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin Najeriya a lokacin. A shekarar 1996 ya koma ƙungiyar Qatar SC, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu cin ƙwallaye. Wannan bajinta ta sa ƙungiyar Herning Fremad ta ƙasar Denmark ta ɗauke shi a shekarar 1997. Bayan shekaru uku a can, ya koma Akademisk Boldklub (AB) a shekarar 2000 kan kuɗin ciniki da ya kasance mafi girma a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Denmark a lokacin. Daga baya ya buga wa Køge BK, AC Horsens, Lolland-Falster Alliancen, Johor FC ta Malaysia, sannan ya kammala aikinsa da Plateau United a Najeriya. Aiki da tawagar Najeriya Abdul Kareem Sule ya wakilci tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya (Super Eagles) tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 1993. Ya buga wasanni kusan goma tare da zura ƙwallaye biyu a wasannin neman gurbin gasar cin kofin Afirka da na neman gurbin gasar cin kofin duniya. Bayan ritaya Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallo, Sule ya shiga harkar wakiltar 'yan wasa da kuma gano hazikan matasa. A shekarar 2008 ya fara aiki da European Sports Management (ESM) a matsayin mai gano 'yan wasa, inda yake taimakawa matasan 'yan wasan Afirka samun damar taka leda a ƙungiyoyin Turai. Salon wasansa An san Abdul Kareem Sule da: Ƙarfin jiki da tsayinsa. Iya cin ƙwallaye da kai da ƙafa. Saurin motsi da iya riƙe ƙwallo. Jagoranci a harin ƙungiya. Gadonsa Abdul Kareem Sule na cikin tsoffin 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka yi nasara a Turai, musamman a Denmark. Har yanzu ana girmama shi saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya da kuma aikin da yake yi wajen bunƙasa sabbin 'yan wasa. kglhgg1cp63br4gl7n4r8v62nie2mew 0 49909 879390 346933 2026-07-09T08:05:39Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} [[File:Ig-Ben Enwonwu.ogg|thumb|Ig-Ben Endoneurium ]] Ana yiwa '''Ben Enwonwu''' kallon uban zamani na Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta fasahar Afirka a fagen duniya. Shahararriyar sassaken Enwonwu, "Anyanwu," yana nuna alamar rana kuma yana nuna gwanintarsa ​​na haɗa kayan ado na gargajiya na Afirka tare da tasirin yammacin Turai. Ya kuma shahara da zane-zanen da ya dauki nauyin al'adu da tarihin Najeriya. Gadon fasaha na Enwonwu na ci gaba da zaburarwa da tasiri ga masu fasahar Afirka na zamani. Ben Enwonwu (1917–1994) yana daga cikin fitattun masu fasaha na Najeriya da nahiyar Afirka gaba ɗaya. An haife shi a garin Onitsha, Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Mahaifinsa mai sassaka ne na gargajiya daga kabilar Igbo, abin da ya sa Enwonwu ya fara koyon fasahar sassaka tun yana ƙarami. Ya yi karatu a makarantu daban-daban a Najeriya kafin ya samu gurbin karatu a Birtaniya, inda ya yi karatu a fannin zane da sassaka. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Afirka na farko da suka samu shahara a fagen fasaha na duniya. Ayyukansa Ben Enwonwu ya yi fice a fannoni da dama, musamman: Sassaka da tagulla, itace da siminti. Zane-zanen mutane da al'adun Afirka. Haɗa salon gargajiyar Afirka da na Turai, wanda ya ba ayyukansa salo na musamman. Daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa akwai sassaken Anyanwu, wanda ke wakiltar rana, haske, bege da farfaɗowar Afirka. Wannan sassaka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun alamomin fasahar Afirka a duniya. Sarauniya Elizabeth II A shekarar 1956, Ben Enwonwu ya zana hoton Elizabeth II bayan ziyararta Najeriya. Wannan ya ƙara masa farin jini a duniya kuma ya nuna yadda ake girmama ƙwarewarsa. Gudummawarsa ga fasaha Ana kallon Ben Enwonwu a matsayin uban fasahar zamani ta Najeriya, domin ya taimaka wajen: Bunƙasa fasahar zamani a Najeriya. Nuna kyawun al'adun Afirka ta hanyar fasaha. Horar da matasa masu fasaha da ƙarfafa su. Ɗaga martabar fasahar Afirka a manyan gidajen tarihi da nune-nunen duniya. Lambobin yabo A tsawon rayuwarsa ya samu lambobin yabo da girmamawa daga Najeriya da ƙasashen waje saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga fasaha da al'adu. Rasuwa da gadonsa Ben Enwonwu ya rasu a shekarar 1994, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da nuna ayyukansa a gidajen tarihi da nune-nunen fasaha a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Wasu daga cikin sassakarsa da zanensa sun zama daga cikin ayyukan fasaha mafi daraja da aka taɓa samarwa daga Afirka. A yau, Ben Enwonwu yana ci gaba da zama abin koyi ga masu zane da masu sassaka, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jagororin fasahar Afirka na ƙarni na 20. it7jnnotcpy35n293wwsaas51fxuctn 0 49929 879243 847595 2026-07-08T23:46:10Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{stub}} '''Gerald Chukwuma''' ɗan [[Najeriya]] ne mai sassaƙa kuma mai fasahar watsa labarai da aka sani da ƙayyadaddun kayan fasaharsa. Yana ƙirƙirar sassaka ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da aka samo, itace, da sauran kayan aiki. Hotunan Chukwuma sau da yawa suna bincika jigogi na adalci na zamantakewa, muhalli, da al'adun gargajiya. Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi haɗaɗɗiyar haɗakar fasahar gargajiya ta Najeriya da kuma maganganun fasaha na zamani. An baje kolin fasahar Chukwuma a nune-nunen nune-nune da dama, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga jawabin da aka yi a kan sassaken Afirka na zamani. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Gerald Chukwuma Gerald Chukwuma ɗan Najeriya ne mai zane-zane, mai sassaƙa, kuma mai fasahar haɗa kayan zamani (mixed-media artist). An haife shi a shekarar 1973 a Jihar Legas, kuma yana zaune tare da aiki a Legas. Ya shahara saboda ƙirƙirar manyan ayyukan fasaha ta amfani da itace, aluminium, jan ƙarfe, da sauran kayayyakin da aka sake amfani da su, inda yake haɗa su da zane-zane da alamomin gargajiyar Igbo kamar Uli da Nsibidi. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Gerald Chukwuma ya yi karatun Fine and Applied Arts a Jami'ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka), inda ya kammala digiri na farko da sakamako mai daraja ta First Class Honours a shekarar 2003. Salon aikinsa ya samo tasiri sosai daga makarantar fasahar Nsukka, wadda ta haɗa al'adun gargajiyar Igbo da fasahar zamani. Aikinsa Chukwuma ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai zanen hoto, daga baya ya faɗaɗa zuwa sassaƙa da haɗa kayan fasaha na zamani. Yana amfani da dabaru kamar ƙonawa, sassaƙawa, ɗinki, da fenti domin sauya tsofaffin kayayyaki zuwa ayyukan fasaha masu ɗauke da saƙonni na tarihi, siyasa, al'adu da muhalli. Ayyukansa suna tattauna batutuwa kamar ƙaura, sauyin al'umma, dunƙulewar duniya (globalization), muhalli, da sake gina rayuwa. Nune-nunen fasaha Gerald Chukwuma ya gudanar da nune-nunen fasaha da dama a Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da Landan, Berlin, Accra, Miami, Copenhagen, da Palm Beach. Haka kuma, ayyukansa suna cikin tarin manyan gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyin fasaha na duniya. Muhimmanci Ana kallon Gerald Chukwuma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fasahar zamani na Najeriya. Ya yi fice wajen haɗa al'adun Afirka da sabbin dabarun fasaha, tare da amfani da kayayyakin da aka zubar domin ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu ma'ana da jan hankali. Wannan ya ba shi karɓuwa a matakin ƙasa da na duniya. ayltmgue14aoler4bqs7bwen65p6nrk 0 52035 879242 502101 2026-07-08T23:43:54Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Plagiarism signature.jpg|thumb|Plagriarism signature]] [[Fayil:Plagiarism-medical writing.PNG|thumb|Rububun Plagiarism na lafiya]] '''Plagiarism''' shine yin amfani da aikin wani ba tare da ba da daraja ga ainihin mai aikin ba.<ref name="ogedegbe">{{cite web|url=https://www.opinionnigeria.com/a-peep-into-plagiarism-in-our-society-today-by-isaiah-ogedegbe/|title=A Peep Into Plagiarism In Our Society Today -By Isaiah Ogedegbe|author=[[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]]|date=3 June 2023|accessdate=22 June 2023|publisher=Opinion Nigeria|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604181921/https://www.opinionnigeria.com/a-peep-into-plagiarism-in-our-society-today-by-isaiah-ogedegbe/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]] wanda ya bayyana satar fasaha a matsayin "sata na hankali", ya yi Allah-wadai da hakan domin yana sanya wasu ba sa yin kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar rubuta abubuwan da suka dace da kuma sanya mutane su daina amincewa da su.<ref name="ogedegbe" /> A cewar Isaiah Ogedegbe, a zamanin yau wasu daliban Jami' a, wasu malaman addini, wasu mawaka, wasu masu barkwanci da kuma 'yan jarida har yanzu suna amfani da aikin wasu kamar aikin nasu na asali.<ref name="ogedegbe" /> A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun 2017, wani rahoto da [[Warri Times]] ta fitar ya bayyana a bainar jama'a game da batun satar fasaha daga wani malamin addini a [[Najeriya]].<ref name="ogedegbe" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blanknewsonline.com/plagiarism-read-how-emmanuel-ejembi-ameh-stole-pastor-isaiah-ogedegbes-2017-prophesies/|title=Plagiarism: Read How Emmanuel Ejembi Ameh Stole Pastor Isaiah Ogedegbe's 2017 Prophesies|date=27 February 2017|accessdate=22 June 2023|publisher=Blank NEWS Online|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815154826/http://www.blanknewsonline.com/plagiarism-read-how-emmanuel-ejembi-ameh-stole-pastor-isaiah-ogedegbes-2017-prophesies/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://isaiahogedegbe.wordpress.com/2023/06/06/a-peep-into-plagiarism-in-our-society-today-by-isaiah-ogedegbe/|title=A Peep Into Plagiarism In Our Society Today -By Isaiah Ogedegbe|author=[[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]]|date=6 June 2023|accessdate=3 January 2024|publisher=Isaiah Ogedegbe Blog|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103000125/https://isaiahogedegbe.wordpress.com/2023/06/06/a-peep-into-plagiarism-in-our-society-today-by-isaiah-ogedegbe/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} Plagiarism (Satar Aikin Wani) Plagiarism, wanda a Hausa ake kira satar aikin wani ko satar fasaha, shi ne yin amfani da rubutu, bincike, ra'ayi, ƙirƙira, hoto, zane, ko wani nau'in aikin ilimi na wani mutum ba tare da ambatonsa ko ba shi cikakkiyar daraja ba. Wannan ɗabi'a ta saba wa ƙa'idodin ilimi, bincike da ɗabi'ar sana'a, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin rashin gaskiya da cin zarafin haƙƙin mallakar fasaha. Kalmar plagiarism ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin plagiarius, wadda ke nufin "mai sata". A zamanin yau, ana amfani da ita wajen bayyana satar dukiyar ilimi (intellectual property) ta hanyar amfani da aikin wani ba tare da izini ko yin cikakken ambato ba. Masanin ilimi Isaiah Ogedegbe ya bayyana plagiarism a matsayin "satar dukiyar hankali" (intellectual theft), yana mai nuna cewa hakan yana tauye haƙƙin marubuta da masu bincike. Tarihi An daɗe ana ɗaukar satar aikin wani a matsayin laifi na ɗabi'a tun zamanin tsoffin masana falsafa da marubuta. Da bunƙasar jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike, an kafa ƙa'idoji masu tsauri domin tabbatar da cewa kowane mai bincike yana ba wa asalin marubuci cikakkiyar daraja. A yau, yawancin jami'o'i da mujallu na kimiyya suna amfani da manhajojin gano plagiarism domin kare ingancin bincike. Nau'o'in plagiarism Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na plagiarism, ciki har da: Kwafi kai tsaye (Direct plagiarism): Kwafa rubutun wani kalma da kalma ba tare da ambato ba. Paraphrasing plagiarism: Sauya wasu kalmomi daga aikin wani amma ra'ayin ya kasance iri ɗaya ba tare da ambato ba. Self-plagiarism: Sake amfani da aikin da mutum ya taɓa wallafawa ba tare da bayyana cewa an riga an buga shi ba. Mosaic plagiarism: Haɗa sassa daga ayyukan mutane daban-daban ba tare da nuna tushensu ba. Accidental plagiarism: Yin plagiarism saboda rashin sanin yadda ake yin ambato ko kuskuren rubuce-rubuce. Dalilan da ke haifar da plagiarism Wasu daga cikin dalilan da ke sa mutane su aikata plagiarism sun haɗa da: Rashin sanin ƙa'idodin yin ambato. Matsin lokaci wajen kammala aiki. Son samun maki ko yabo cikin sauƙi. Rashin ƙwarewa wajen bincike da rubuce-rubuce. Ganganci da rashin gaskiya. Illolinsa Plagiarism yana da mummunan tasiri ga mutum da al'umma. Daga cikin illolinsa akwai: Rushe amincin marubuci ko mai bincike. Soke takardar bincike ko ƙin wallafa ta. Hukunci daga makaranta ko jami'a, har da korar ɗalibi. Rasa aiki ko dakatar da ma'aikaci. Fuskantar matsalolin doka saboda take haƙƙin mallaka. Rage ci gaban bincike da ƙirƙira. Hanyoyin guje wa plagiarism Ana iya kauce wa plagiarism ta hanyoyi kamar: Yin cikakken ambato ga dukkan bayanan da aka samo daga wasu. Yin amfani da tsarin ambato kamar APA, MLA, Chicago ko Harvard. Rubuta ra'ayi da kalmomin kai maimakon kwafa. Sanya alamar zance idan an kwafi kalmomi kai tsaye. Amfani da manhajojin binciken plagiarism kafin miƙa aiki. Manhajojin gano plagiarism Akwai manhajoji da dama da ake amfani da su domin gano plagiarism, ciki har da: Turnitin iThenticate Grammarly Plagiarism Checker Copyscape PlagScan Muhimmancin guje wa plagiarism Guje wa plagiarism yana nuna gaskiya, mutunta haƙƙin mallakar ilimi, ƙarfafa bincike na gaskiya, da kuma taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ilimi da ƙirƙira. Hakan kuma yana kare mutuncin marubuci da cibiyar ilimi. Kammalawa Plagiarism babban laifi ne a duniyar ilimi da bincike. Duk wanda yake rubutu ko gudanar da bincike yana da alhakin ba da daraja ga asalin marubutan da ya yi amfani da ayyukansu. Bin ƙa'idodin ambato da mutunta haƙƙin mallakar fasaha yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da gaskiya, inganci da ci gaban ilimi. Manazarta 1. Ogedegbe, Isaiah. Plagiarism and Intellectual Theft. 2. UNESCO. Academic Integrity and Plagiarism Guidelines. 3. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Intellectual Property and Copyright. 4. American Psychological Association (APA). Publication Manual of the APA. bfw4r1h91rdr3if0dhjljk10v9kjqva 0 53371 879264 795286 2026-07-09T02:02:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohd Khalid bin Mohd Yunus''' (An haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da uku 1943) dan siyasan kasar [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Minista a sassan daban-daban da kuma majalisun daban-daban. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar da ke wakiltar Jempol daga shekara ta 1986 zuwa shekarar 2004. Ya kasance memba na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), wani bangare na jam'iyyar Barisan Nasional (BN). A halin yanzu memba ne na Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA). == Ayyukan siyasa == Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus da farko ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Negeri Sembilan wanda ke wakiltar Jempol. Bayan an soke kujerar mazabar jihar Jempol, an samu nasarar tsayawa takarar dan majalisa na Jempol a babban zaben 1986 kuma an nada Khalid a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Land da Regional Development a majalisar ministoci ta uku ta Mahathir Mohamad. Khalid ya samu nasarar tsayawa takarar dan majalisa na Jempol a 1990, 1995, 1999 bi da bi, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Kasa da Ci gaban hadin gwiwa daga 1990 zuwa 1995, Mataimakin Ministar Ilimi daga 1995 zuwa 1999, Mataimakin Minister of Information daga 1999 zuwa 2002 da Mataimakin Ma'aikatar Ci gaban 'Yan Kasuwanci daga 2002 zuwa 2003 biyo bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministoci. A cikin 2018, Khalid ya shiga Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA) ta hanyar barin UMNO. A cikin babban zaben 2022 ba tare da nasara ba ya tsaya takarar dan majalisa na Jempol.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pru.sinarharian.com.my/calon/7758/khalid-yunus|title=Khalid Yunus|work=Sinar Harian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/11/1020471/khalid-yunus-kembali-bertanding-di-parlimen-jempol|title=Khalid Yunus kembali bertanding di Parlimen Jempol|trans-title=Khalid Yunus returned to contest the Jempol Parliamentary seat|work=[[Berita Harian]] |date=3 November 2022}}</ref> == Tafiyar Dutsen Everest == Bai yi nasara a hawa zuwa saman Dutsen Everest ba, amma ya kai mita 7,200. Likitan ya shawarce shi da ya daina a wannan lokacin saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya.<ref>[http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2007&dt=0608&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_08.htm Khalid reda gagal ke puncak Everest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129210001/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2007&dt=0608&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_08.htm|date=2016-11-29}} Utusan Online, dicapai pada [[29 November]] [[2016]]</ref> == Sakamakon zaben == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Parliament of Malaysia'''<ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php |title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri |publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]] |language=ms |access-date=4 February 2017 }} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{Cite web|title=Malaysia General Election|work=undiinfo Malaysian Election Data|publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]|url=http://undi.info/|access-date=4 February 2017}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/negerisembilan.html|title=Election in Negeri Sembilan|work=The Star|access-date=2023-07-20|archive-date=2023-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015531/https://election.thestar.com.my/negerisembilan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Candidate !Votes !Pct ! colspan="2" |Opponent(s) !Votes !Pct !Ballots cast !Majority !Turnout |- | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="3" |'''P104 Jempol, Negeri Sembilan''' | rowspan="2" {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|'''Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']]) | rowspan="2" |'''17,467''' | rowspan="2" |'''66.23%''' | {{party shading/DAP}} | |Tham Kin Sung (DAP) | align="right" |7,078 |26.84% | rowspan="2" |26,604 | rowspan="2" |10,389 | rowspan="2" |74.91% |- | {{party shading/PAS}} | |Mohamad Abdullah (PAS) | align="right" |1,828 | align="right" |6.93% |- |1990 | {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |{{nowrap|'''Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']]) |'''20,609''' |'''60.20%''' | {{party shading/S46}} | |Abdul Aziz Abdullah (S46) |13,625 |39.80% |35,266 |6,984 |78.26% |- |1995 | rowspan="2" |'''P114 Jempol, Negeri Sembilan''' | {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |{{nowrap|'''Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']]) |'''24,653''' |'''73.37%''' | {{party shading/S46}} | |Abdul Aziz Abdullah (S46) | align="right" |8,949 |26.63% |35,251 |15,704 |74.80% |- |1999 | {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |{{nowrap|'''Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']]) |'''23,727''' |'''66.77%''' | {{party shading/PAS}} | |Abd. Rahim Yusof (PAS) |11,808 |33.23% |36,546 |11,919 |73.65% |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |P127 Jempol, Negeri Sembilan | bgcolor="{{party color|Homeland Fighter's Party}}" rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" |Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus (PUTRA) | rowspan="3" align="right" |654 | rowspan="3" align="right" |0.91% | {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Shamshulkahar Mohd. Deli (<nowiki><b id="mwow">UMNO</b></nowiki>) |'''30,138''' |'''41.98%''' | rowspan="3" |72,808 | rowspan="3" |5,857 | rowspan="3" |75.99% |- | {{party shading/PH}} | |[[Norwani Ahmat]] (AMANAH) |24,281 |33.82% |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}" | |Norafendy Mohd Salleh (BERSATU) |16,722 |23.29% |} == Daraja == * {{Flag|Malaysia}} : ** [[File:Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_PSM.svg|50x50px]] Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – '''Tan Sri''' (2016)<ref name=Semakan>{{cite web|url=https://www.istiadat.gov.my/semakan-penerima-darjah-kebesaran-bintang-dan-pingat/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran Bintang Dan Pingat|website=www.istiadat.gov.my}}</ref> * {{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}} : ** [[File:MY-NEG_Meritorious_Service_Medal_-_PJK.svg|50x50px]] Meritorious Service Medal (PJK) (1980) ** Knight Companion na Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (DSNS) - '''Dato'''' (1987)[[File:MY-NEG_Order_of_Loyalty_to_Negeri_Sembilan.svg|50x50px]]<ref name="Semakan"></ref> == Hadin waje == * [http://www.umno-online.com/ UMNO A Yanar Gizo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927013812/http://www.umno-online.com/ |date=2004-09-27 }} * [http://www.kembaranegara.com/dato%E2%80%99-haji-khalid-yunus/ Bayanan da ake kira Pendaki Negara]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus on Facebook == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 259h784vcqipuochgkofzibttmth20t 0 54062 879263 319917 2026-07-09T02:00:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dato 'Mohd Imran bin Tamrin [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Selangor (MLA) na Sungai Panjang tun daga watan Mayu 2018. Shi memba ne na United Malays National Organisation, wani bangare na jam'iyyar Barisan Nasional (BN). Shi ne Shugaban Matasa na UMNO na Sungai Besar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Matasa ya UMNO naSelangor tun Maris 2023. == Sakamakon zaben == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Selangor'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=Malay|accessdate=13 December 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/selangor.html|title=14th General Election Malaysia (GE14 / PRU14) - Selangor|website=election.thestar.com.my|access-date=2023-07-29|archive-date=2020-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219134531/https://election.thestar.com.my/selangor.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Shekara !Mazabar ! colspan="2" |Mai neman takara !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct ! colspan="2" |Masu adawa !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct !Zaben da aka jefa !Mafi rinjaye !Masu halarta |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="3" |N03 Sungai Panjang | rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | rowspan="2" |'''Mohd Imran Tamrin''' (<nowiki><b id="mwMw">UMNO</b></nowiki>) | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" |'''10,530''' | rowspan="2" |'''40.53%''' | {{Party shading/Keadilan}} | |Mariam Abdul Rashid (AMANAH) | style="text-align:right;" |8,446 |35.52% | rowspan="2" |26,408 | rowspan="2" |2,084 | rowspan="2" |Kashi 86.19% |- | {{Party shading/PAS}} | |Mohd Razali Saari (PAS) | style="text-align:right;" |6,999 |26.95% |- |2023 | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Mohd Imran Tamrin (UMNO) | align="right" | | align="right" | | bgcolor="{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}" | |Mohd Razali Saari (PAS) | align="right" | | | | | |} == Daraja == * {{Flag|Pahang}} : ** [[File:MY-PAH_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Pahang_-_Knight_Companion_-_DIMP.svg|50x50px]] Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (DIMP) – '''Dato'''' (2015)<ref name=IST>{{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 3x18c5chm71rtga02m3t4pzdplh67x7 0 54071 879182 878566 2026-07-08T20:20:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meji Alabi''' ( listen ⓘ ; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1988) fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai ne [['Yan Najeriya na Burtaniya|na Najeriya-Birtaniya]], darakta, mai daukar hoto kuma furodusa. Darakta ne kuma ya yi aiki tare da [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], <ref name=":142">{{Cite web |title=A N T I on Instagram: "Black Is King, a film by @beyonce.⁣ Super pumped to have played our part on the Nigerian chapter of this film 🧡 alongside amazing…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928005317/https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/ |archive-date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> [[Burna Boy]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hahn |first=Rachel |date=21 August 2019 |title=Burna Boy Proves He's Nigeria's Most Stylish Musician in His New Video |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burna-boy-pull-up-nigeria-new-music-video-african-giant |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> [[Wizkid]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=Meji Alabi: Tales of an "Experience Junkie" |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/meji-alabi-tales-of-an-experience-junkie |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Runtown and director Meji Alabi go virtual this weekend |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/2021/04/23/runtown-and-director-meji-alabi-go-virtual-this-weekend/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=voice-online}}</ref> [[Davido]], [[Tiwa Savage]], Popcaan, Goldlink, Koffee da Nasty C. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=WATCH THE MEJI ALABI DIRECTED VIDEO FOR GOLDLINK AND MALEEK BERRY'S 'ZULU SCREAMS' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/watch-the-meji-alabi-video-for-goldlink-and-maleek-berrys-zulu-screams/ |access-date=23 May 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko a shekarar 2024, ''Water and Garri'', wanda Tiwa Savage ta fito a ciki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=C.J. |title=In Tiwa Savage’s ‘Water and Garri,’ Meji Alabi Finds a Fresh Directorial Perspective - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-water-and-garri/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Meji a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1988, a Landan, kuma ya shafe tsawon lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana ƙaura tare da mahaifinsa bayan rabuwar iyayensa a 1989. Ya yi yawo tsakanin London, [[Bahamas]], da Texas, Amurka. Ya halarci Makarantar Tsakiya ta Spring Forest da Makarantar Sakandare ta Stratford duka a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] . Meji Alabi ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yammacin London da digiri na farko a fannin Lissafi da Kuɗi, kuma yana da digirin Lasisi na Aikin Jinya daga Kwalejin St. Phillips da ke [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kpade |first=Sabo |date=16 February 2021 |title=Interview: Meji Alabi Is Bringing Nigerian Culture to the World, One Music Video at a Time |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-nigeria-music-video/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=okayafrica}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steven |first=Rachael |date=24 July 2020 |title=WHAT WOULD I CHANGE: DIRECTOR MEJI ALABI |url=https://www.creativereview.co.uk/what-would-i-change-director-meji-alabi/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=CreativeReview}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2014, Alabi ya kafa JM Films tare da Jimi Adesanya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=Director Meji Alabi, Black Dog Films Draw The Line Against Malaria |url=https://www.shootonline.com/video/director-meji-alabi-black-dog-films-draw-line-against-malaria |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=shootonline}}</ref> JM Films (wani reshe na Unbound Studios) kamfani ne na ayyukan watsa labarai da shirye-shirye wanda ya ƙware a fannin zane-zane masu ƙirƙira, bidiyon kiɗa, tallace-tallace, fina-finai da talabijin kuma yana zaune a Legas, Najeriya. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Priorgold Pictures wanda wani kamfani ne na shirya fina-finai da ke Legas, Najeriya wanda aka ƙirƙira don biyan buƙatun masana'antar nishaɗi ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki da ma'aikata don aiwatar da abubuwan gani masu ƙirƙira. A shekarar 2014, ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar 'Murda' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya rera tare da Patoranking, Shaydee . Nasarar wannan bidiyon ta jawo masa hankali sosai a masana'antar kiɗan Najeriya kuma an zaɓe shi a wannan shekarar a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan MTV Africa Music Awards don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo. Haka kuma a shekarar 2014, ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar 'Crazy' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya rera tare da [[Wizkid]] kuma an zaɓe shi a shekarar 2015 don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane da Darakta) a [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtukan nishaɗi na Najeriya]] da kuma mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa a The Headies 2015 . A shekarar 2016, ya jagoranci bidiyon 'Kontrol' na Maleek Berry wanda ya nuna sabon salon da yake bi wajen jagorantar bidiyon wakoki ga fitattun mawakan Najeriya. A wannan shekarar, ya jagoranci 'Aje' wanda Alikiba ya rera, wanda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Soundcity MVP a shekarar 2017. A shekarar 2018, Alabi ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar [[Davido]] mai suna 'Assurance' a cikin fim ɗin 'A Good Time'. Tun daga shekarar 2018, Alabi ya yi aiki tare da [[Burna Boy]] a wasu ayyukansa. Ya ba da umarni ga Pull Up, On The Low, da Gum Body tare da Jorja Smith daga kundin wakokin Burna Boy mai suna 'African Giant'. Meji ya kuma ba da umarni ga bidiyon Way Too Big, Wonderful, Monsters You Made wanda ya nuna [[Chris Martin]] da Real Life tare da Stormzy daga kundin wakokin 'Twice As Tall'. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da [[Wizkid]] a cikin kundin wakokin Made in Lagos, kuma yana da jagoranci a cikin bidiyon wakokin Ginger tare da [[Burna Boy]], No Stress da Smile tare da HER. A shekarar 2020, Alabi ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa tare da Jimi Adesanya a fim ɗin Najeriya na Black Is King wanda Beyonce Knowles-Carter ta shirya. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Ibra Ake da Jenn Nkiru don yin bidiyon waƙar ' Brown Skin Girl ' wadda ta lashe kyautar Grammy, wanda aka yaba masa a matsayin mataimakin darakta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=19 July 2020 |title=Beyoncé's 'Black Is King' Visual Album Releases First Full Trailer And Key Art |url=https://deadline.com/video/beyonces-black-is-king-trailer-key-art/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=deadline}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2020 |title=Meji Alabi, Muhammad Atta & Other Nigerian Creatives who Created Magic on Beyoncè's "Black Is King" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/nigerian-creatives-black-is-king/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=bellanaija}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Alabi ya yi aiki tare da Black Dog Films a matsayin darektan aikin gani na kamfen ɗin 'Zero Malaria: Draw The Line Against Malaria'. Wannan ƙungiya ta ƙunshi 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya kuma mai ba da agaji [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yar kasuwa Osas Ighodaro, wacce ta lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics ta Kenya kuma mai riƙe da rikodin duniya na marathon Eliud Kipchoge, mai binciken Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai hawa dutse Saray Khumalo, mai zane-zanen Najeriya Laolu Senbanjo a halin yanzu kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Rugby ta ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu Siya Kolisi, da kuma mai tsara rawa ta Rwanda-Britaniya Sherrie Silver . Alabi ya jagoranci kuma ya rubuta fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Water and Garri'', wanda [[Tiwa Savage]] ta fito a ciki kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2024. <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar 2026, ya jagoranci shirin [[Documentary film|fim mai suna]] ''Surviving Biafra: Voices from the Nigerian Civil War'', wanda ke binciko [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Tamasin |date=June 1, 2026 |title=Meji Alabi, Grammy-winning director, explores his Nigerian grandfather’s role in the Biafran war for BBC Africa Eye |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8r826465dko |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=[[BBC Africa Eye]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bidiyo == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Artist(s) ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |"Murda" | rowspan="1" |2014 |[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. Patoranking & Shaydee) | |- |"Crazy" | rowspan="5" |2015 |[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. [[Wizkid]]) | |- |"Satan Be Gone" |Asa | |- |"Eyo" |Asa | |- |"Right Now" |[[Seyi Shay]] | |- |"Never Gonna Stop" |Niyola | |- |"Kontrol" | rowspan="2" |2016 |Maleek Berry | |- |"Aje" |Alikiba | |- |"For Life" | rowspan="7" |2017 |Runtown | |- |"Ma Lo" |[[Tiwa Savage]] (feat. [[Wizkid]]) | |- |"All Night" |Yungen (feat. Mr Eazi) | |- |"Unstable" |Zak Abel | |- |"Been Callin" |Maleek Berry | |- |"All Night" |Yungen | |- |"Sugarcane" |Tiwa Savage | |- |"Check" | rowspan="13" |2018 |Kojo Funds (feat. Raye) | |- |"Space For Two" |Mr. Probz | |- |"Property" |Mr Eazi | |- |"Fever" |[[Wizkid]] | |- |"Get It Now Remix" |[[Tiwa Savage]] ( feat. Omarion) | |- |"Assurance" |[[Davido]] | |- |"On The Low" |[[Burna Boy]] | |- |"Dun Rich" |Popcaan (feat.[[Davido]]) | |- |"Pon My Mind" |Maleek Berry | |- |"Jungle" |Nasty C | |- |"Energy" |Skepta & [[Wizkid]] | |- |"No Crime" |Nonso Amadi | |- |"London Town" |Mr Eazi feat. Giggs | |- |"Take Over" | |Beatfreakz feat. Mr Eazi, Seyi Shay, Shakka, | |- |"Dis Love" | rowspan="10" |2019 |DJ Spinall (feat. Wizkid & Tiwa Savage) | |- |"Sweet in the Middle" |[[Davido]](feat. Naira Marley, Zlatan Ibile & Wurld) | |- |"Pull Up" |Burna Boy | |- |"Risky" |[[Davido]] (feat. Popcaan) | |- |"Traffic Jam" |Banx+Ranx feat. Kojo Funds | |- |"Gum Body" |[[Burna Boy]] (feat. Jorja Smith) | |- |"49-99" |Tiwa Savage | |- |"Zulu Screams" |Goldlink | |- |"Body Deep" |Wavy The Creator | |- |"Hold Me Down" |Eugy feat. Wavy The Creator | |- |"Wonderful" | rowspan="13" |2020 |Burna Boy | |- |"4AM" |Manny Norte | |- |"Dangerous Love" |Tiwa Savage | |- |"Cause A Commotion" |Bugzy Malone feat. Skip Marley | |- |"Cool As A Breeze" |Chronixx | |- |"Monsters You Made" |Burna Boy feat. Chris Martins | |- |"Cool Me Down" |DJ Tunez (feat. Wizkid) | |- |"Way Too Big" |Burna Boy | |- |"Kini Issue" |Runtown | |- |"No Stress" |Wizkid | |- |"Smile" |Wizkid (feat. H.E.R) | |- |"Lento" |Mr Eazi (feat. J Balvin) | |- |"Real Life" |Burna Boy feat. Stormzy | |- |"Ginger" |2021 |Wizkid (feat. Burna Boy) | |- |"Hide n' Seek" |2022 |Stormzy | |- |"Aboboyaa" | rowspan="3" |2023 |Popcaan (feat. Burna Boy) | |- |"Party Girls" |Victoria Monét (feat. Buju Banton) | |- |"My Love" |Leigh-Anne (feat. Ayra Starr) | |} == Tallace-tallace == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Lakabi ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Alamar(s) ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | "Mai Likitan Zane" | 2016 | Hadaddun abubuwa da Selfridges | |- | "Bangano" | 2017 | Tigo Nipa | |- | "S4" | rowspan="2" | 2018 | Infinix | |- | "Makon Salo" | GTB | |- | "Kamfen ɗin ƙaddamar da kyau" | rowspan="5" | 2019 | UOMA | |- | "Autism: Uwa ta sani" | GTB | |- | "Abinci da Abin Sha" | GTB | |- | "Fashion Shi ne 'Yanci" | GTB | |- | "Lamba ta 5" | Infinix | |- | "Baƙi Yana Haskakawa Mafi Haske" | 2021 | Guinness | |- | "Kada Ka Daina Buri" | 2021 | OREO | |- | "Manyan Rangwame: Abincin Rana" | 2022 | KFC | |- | "Manyan Rangwame: Talata" | 2022 | KFC | |- | "Tayoyin Horarwa" | 2022 | Toyota | |- | "An Yi Don Motsawa" | 2022 | Cadillac | |- | "Abincin Abinci Mai Daɗi" | 2023 | Fanta | |- | "Kawai ƙara sifili" | 2023 | Coca-Cola | |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {| class="sortable wikitable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Taron ! scope="col" | Kyauta ! scope="col" | Mai karɓa ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2014 | Kyautar MTV Africa Music Awards ta 2014 | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo | rowspan="1" ||{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | [[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya na 2015]] | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane & Darakta) | "Hauka"<br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">( [[Seyi Shay]] )</span> |{{Nom}} | |- | The Headies 2015 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa | rowspan="2" | " [[Seyi Shay]] (Hauka)" |{{Nom}} | |- | 2016 | The Headies 2016 |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | rowspan="1" | [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya]] | Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara | " [[Seyi Shay]] (Yolo Yolo)" |{{Won}} | |- | Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa | " Alikiba (Aje)" |{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya]] | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane & Darakta) | "Malo"<br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">( [[Tiwa Savage]] )</span> |{{Nom}} | |- | The Headies 2018 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa | " [[Tiwa Savage]] (Malo)" |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | The Headies 2020 | " [[Wizkid]] (Murmushi)" |{{Nom}} | |- | Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity | Bidiyon Shekara | [[Tiwa Savage]] (49-99)|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title=Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, Rema, Teni & More Win Big at 2020 Soundcity MVP Awards |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/full-list-of-2020-soundcity-mvp-award-winners-nigerian-music/ |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> |- |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] ==Manazarta 84j51nd96thrqp6tyhv35n7brel4jg9 0 54140 879271 862927 2026-07-09T03:21:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  {{Reflist}}Moses Inwang (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1978) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, furodusa, edita, kuma marubucin allo wanda aka fi sani da fina-fakkaatu na gargajiya a cikin [[Nollywood]] waɗanda ke magana da matsalolin al'umma da batutuwan rayuwa masu banƙyama waɗanda ba a rubuta su a fina-fukkunan Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Inwang ya sami karbuwa sosai saboda aikinsa a matsayin darektan da kuma furodusa na fim mai ban tsoro na tunani Torn[[Torn|Rashin ƙarfi]] Torn <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2013 |title=Torn |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3460492/ |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> a matsayin Darakta da Mai gabatarwa, fim din da aka fitar a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2013 |title=Movie review: With 'Torn', Moses Iwang finally makes an impression » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-with-torn-moses-iwang-finally-makes-an-impression/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Tare da gabatarwa da yawa, lambar yabo da kuma sanarwa da aka samu daga wannan fim din, ya ci gaba da jagorantar da samar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru kamar Damage, Cold Feet, Stalker, Last 3 digits, Alter Ego, Crazy People, American Driver, Unroyal, kuma a ƙarshe Merry Men 2; Ayo Makun (AY) " fim din blockbuster, wanda ya fito a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma na 2019 a Najeriya tare da jimlar miliyan 240. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Full List of Winners for Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards 2013 Released |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082101/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>[4][5][6] [Bayanin zagaye]''<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (November 2020)">circular reference</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>'' Tare da aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, '''Sneezemankind''' kamar yadda aka yi masa jawabi, ya sami lambar yabo ta farko a fim a shekarar 1998 lokacin da ya hada kai da Two Good Men . A shekara ta 2004 ya fara kamfanin samar da shi, Sneeze Films, kuma ya fara da fim din Save My Soul . 2008, duk da haka, ya gan shi yana jagorantar fim din, Lost Maiden, <ref>{{Cite web |last=New York Nigeria |title=Lost Maiden by Chisom Oz-lee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbru0nEcwsc |access-date=6 January 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> fim din da ya kawo batun batun kaciya ta mata zuwa gaba, wanda ya jagoranci tattaunawar zamantakewa. Ya ci gaba da yin Save Our Souls, fim mai ilmantarwa game da ciwon daji. Ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya hada hannu da Damage a cikin 2011, yana magana game da batun tashin hankali na cikin gida, fim din da ya sami gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya fitar da kyaututtuka a [[Florida]], Amurka. <ref name="iroko">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2012 |title=Uche Jombo's Movie Damage(2012) Wins Two Awards |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/2012/09/17/uche-jombos-damage2012-wins-two-awards/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031021/http://blog.irokotv.com/2012/09/17/uche-jombos-damage2012-wins-two-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inwang ta halarci [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . == Ayyuka == Inwang ya shiga cikin haske kuma da sauri ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci don jagorantar abin ban tsoro na tunani, Torn, wanda ya samar kuma ya saki a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar. Fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo da yawa da kuma karbuwa a cikin gida da kuma duniya. Koyaya, aikinsa ya nutse a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya bayan an kwantar da shi don jagorantar Merry Men 2, fim ɗin da Ayo Makun (A.Y.) na Corporate World Entertainment ya samar, wanda ya fito a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma na 2019. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Inwang shi ne yaron namiji da ya tsira a cikin iyali na shida bayan ya rasa ɗan'uwansa tun yana ƙarami. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Emem Inwang]] . == Rayuwar sana'a == A shekara ta 2004, ya fara kamfanin samar da shi, Sneeze Films kuma ya fara da fim din Save My Soul . A shekara ta 2008, ya ba da umarnin fim din, Lost Maiden, fim din da ya kawo batun kaciya ta mata zuwa gabatarwa ta zamantakewa. Ya kuma yi Save Our Souls, fim mai ilmantarwa game da ciwon daji. Ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya hada hannu da Damage a cikin 2011, fim din da ya shafi batun tashin hankali na cikin gida, yana karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma gabatarwa.<ref name="iroko"/> Labarin tunani mai ban tsoro Torn wanda ya samar a shekarar 2012 kuma wanda aka saki a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a shekarar 2013, ya ba shi da mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka fito a ciki sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa. A shekara ta 2012, fim dinsa Damage ya sami Inwang gabatarwa don mafi kyawun darektan a Oscars na Afirka da aka gudanar a [[Florida]] Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maestromedia |date=7 July 2012 |title=2012 NAFCA Awards Nominees: The Full List |url=http://maestromedia.blogspot.com/2012/07/2012-nafca-awards-nominees-full-list.html |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> yayin da fim din ya lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau a African Oscars Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nollywood & African Film Critics' Awards |url=https://letterboxd.com/tajlv/list/the-nollywood-african-film-critics-awards/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=letterboxd.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Award for Best Director . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=City People Entertainment Awards & full list of winners. Photos Inclusive - Gistmania |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,161129.0.html |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=www.gistmania.com}}</ref> Fim dinsa na 2013 Torn ya sami gabatarwa 9 a lambar yabo ta GIAMA a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] da kuma gabatarwa 6 a Kyautar Nollywood . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Rita Dominic, OC Ukeje, Fathia Balogun, Uche Jombo, Mike Ezuruonye, Ireti Doyle & More Make the 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards Nominees List |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/09/rita-dominic-oc-ukeje-fathia-balogun-uche-jombo-mike-ezuruonye-ireti-doyle-more-make-the-2013-best-of-nollywood-awards-nominees-list/}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ya ci gaba da yin rikodin a matsayin Darakta na farko a Nollywood don karɓar gabatarwa biyu a matsayin mafi kyawun darektan a Nollywood Movies Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nollywood Movie Awards 2014. &#124; Xplorenollywood |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/nollywood-movie-awards-2014/}}</ref> Fim dinsa, The Last 3 Digits, an zabi shi don mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a African Movie Academy Awards AMAA a cikin 2015 kuma an zaba shi daga cikin 'yan fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] da aka nuna wa dubban mutane a Nollywood Week Paris . Fim dinsa Stalker, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya wanda aka fara a Najeriya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2016, ya sami gabatarwa 10 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 3 a 2015 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards a Amurka. A cikin 2015 STALKER, wani fim da Moses Inwang ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni, ya shiga cikin gabatarwa 12 a GIAMA awards Hin ouston kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka ga Bthe est Actor, Best actress da Best Film categories. Har ila yau a cikin 2015 Stalker ya lashe kyautar Best International Film a bikin fim na New York . A cikin 2017 fim dinsa na American Driver daga kamfanin samar da shi Sneeze Films ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Peoples, Harlem New York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The People's Film Festival on Instagram: "TPFF 2017 Winner : Best Comedy -American Driver @Regrann from @sneezemankind - Another one! we did it again! TPFF…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BVXJ1HWDs8H/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Instagram}}</ref> An kuma zabi ''[[American driver|''Direban Amurka'']]'' don "Comedy of the Year" a 2017 Best of Nollywood Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BON Awards &#124; Nominees for the Best of Nollywood Awards, 2017 |url=http://www.bonawards.com/2017/09/06/nominees-for-the-best-of-nollywood-awards-2017/ |website=www.bonawards.com |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026114403/http://www.bonawards.com/2017/09/06/nominees-for-the-best-of-nollywood-awards-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, wani blockbuster, Alter Ego, wanda Moses Inwang ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], an sake shi ga masu sauraro masu sa ido sosai a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya kuma nan da nan ya zama mafi yawan magana game da fim na shekara. Alter Ego ta sami lambar yabo don Fim mafi Kyau a bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka AFRIFF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=AFRIFF 2017 WINNERS |url=https://afriff.com/afriff-2017-winners/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |archive-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128160117/http://afriff.com/afriff-2017-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Nollywood na Toronto da kuma kyautar fim mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards AMVCA tare da fim din samun gabatarwa tara. An ba shi kyautar fim mafi kyau ta duniya a bikin fim na Peoples na NY . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The People's Film Festival on Instagram: "The People's Film Festival 2018 Best International Film "Alter Ego" #alterego #bestinternationalfilm #sneezemankind #thepeoplesfilmfestival…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bj7XztPnCWJ/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Instagram}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Moses Inwang ya samar da fim din Crazy People wanda ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai goma mafi girma na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.ng/ |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Blog |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2024-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113181618/https://sodasandpopcorn.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>[3] Daga baya ya fitar da wasan kwaikwayo na Cold Feet . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles • Connect Nigeria |url=https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2019/05/moses-inwang-releases-trailer-for-new-movie-cold-feet/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2019-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918235600/https://connectnigeria.com/articles/2019/05/moses-inwang-releases-trailer-for-new-movie-cold-feet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2019 |title=WATCH the Trailer for Moses Inwang's 'Cold Feet' starring Joselyn Dumas, Jim Iyke, Beverly Naya, Enyinna Nwigwe |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/04/watch-the-trailer-for-moses-inwangs-cold-feet-starring-joselyn-dumas-jim-iyke-beverly-naya-enyinna-nwigwe/}}</ref> A ƙarshen 2019, Musa ya yi kwangila da kamfanin A.Y's Corporate World Entertainment don jagorantar fim ɗin da ya lashe lambar yabo da yawa, Merry Men, kuma abin da ya biyo baya, Merry Man, 2, ya ci gaba da fitowa a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma a ofishin akwatin a ƙarshen 2019 tare da jimlar miliyan 240. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |Kyautar Oscars ta Afirka, Florida, Amurka |Fim mafi kyau | rowspan="2" |''Lalacewar''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=August 2011&#124;publisher= |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201108010242.html}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Oscars ta Afirka |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="7" |''[[Torn|Rashin ƙarfi]]''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=City People Entertainment Awards & full list of winners. Photos Inclusive |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,161129.0.html |website=Gistmania}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |Mafi kyawun Motsi|{{Nom}} | |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako|{{Nom}} | |- |Hoton Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} | |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara|{{Nom}} | |- |2014 |Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Lambar 3 ta Ƙarshe''|{{Won}} | |- |2015 |Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |Fim mafi kyau (Drama) |''Mai sayarwa''|{{Won}} | |- |2016 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Zulu ta Afirka |Darakta Mafi Kyawu ||{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Comedy na Shekara | rowspan="2" |''[[American driver|Direban Amurka]]''|{{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a |Mafi Kyawun Comedy|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na Afirka (AMVCA) |Mafi kyawun Marubuci (Movie / TV Series) |[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Canja Kai]]|{{Won}} | |- |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''[[Body language (2021)|Harshe na Jiki]]''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="1" |2020 |Kyautar Hollywood ta Afirka ta 2020 |Darakta mafi kyau a cikin Fim mai zaman kansa (Afirka) |''Rashin Gaskiya''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAPAWARDS &#124; HAPA 2020 Winners |url=https://www.hapawards.com/hapa-2020-winners/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Jama'a |Mafi Kyawun Duniya |Ƙafafu na sanyi|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Ƙafafu na sanyi|{{Won}} |- |2022 |Bikin Fim na NollywoodWeek |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a |Rufewa|{{Won}} | |} {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Bayani !Fitowa !Matsayi !Irin wannan |- |1998 |''Mutane Biyu Masu Kyau'' |Moses Inwang ne ya samar da shi |[[Tony Umez]], Ernest Obi, Stephnora Okere |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2004 |''Ka ceci Rai na'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Ndidi Obi, [[Zack Orji|Zach Orji]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2008 |''Mace da ta ɓace'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] |Chisom Oz-Lee ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2016 |''[[Stalker (fim na 2016)|Mai sayarwa]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim]], [[Jim Iyke]], [[Caroline Danjuma]] |Darakta da marubuci |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''[[American driver|Direban Amurka]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Evan King, [[Jim Iyke]], Anita Chris |Bode Ojo da Moses Inwang ne suka samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |''[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Canja Kai]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Jide Kosoko]]; [[Emem Inwang]], [[Kunle Remi]] |Esther Eyibio ce ta samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|''Harshe na Jiki'']] |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi | | | |- |2018 |''[[Crazy People (2018film)|Mutanen da suka haukace]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Chigul]], [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Kunle Afolayan]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2019 |''Ƙafafu na sanyi'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]], [[Beverly Naya]], [[Femi Adebayo]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2019 |''[[Maza masu farin jini 2|Maza Masu Farin Ciki 2]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Ayo Makun]], [[Ramsey Nouah]] |Ayo Makun ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2020 |''[[Unroyal|Rashin Gaskiya]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Pete Edochie]], [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], Matilda Lambert, [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], Ik Ogbonna, [[Femi Adebayo|Femi Adebayo Salami]], Ime Bishop Umoh, Abayomi Alvin, [[Linda Osifo]], Emem Inwang |Matilda Lambert Productions ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2021 |''[[Lockdown (2021Nigerian film)|Rufewa]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], [[Sola Sobowale]], [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Akpotha]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], Nobert Young, [[Charles Awurum]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie]], [[Jide Kene Achufusi]] |Rukeme David Eruotor, Michael Djaba ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2021 |''[[Bad comments|Magana mara kyau]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Sharon Ooja]], Ini Edo, [[Ayo Makun]], [[Yemi Blaq]], [[Chiwetalu Agu|Chikwetalu Agu]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], Edward Chukwuma-Jiah, Ben Lugo Touitou, |Darlington Abuda ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''[[Merry Men 3|Maza Masu Farin Ciki 3: Nemesis]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Fred Amata, Segun Arinze, Olurotimi Adeyemo, Katerina Ataman |Darlington Abuda ne ya samar da shi |Fim ɗin da aka nuna |- |''[[Blood Vessels (fim na 2023)|Jirgin Jini]]'' | | |Daraktan | |- |2024 |''[[Dead Serious (fim)|Matattu Mai tsanani]]'' | |[[Sharon Ooja]] |Daraktan | |} * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gi6qfjlc5nt7xgi2ujxy94nag3x44ga 0 56210 879231 431512 2026-07-08T23:21:58Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edidi''' gari ne a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙaramar hukumar]] [[Isin (Nijeriya)|Isin]][[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]], [[Najeriya|a Nijeriya]]. Garin Edidi ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka uku: '''Edidi Oja''', '''Edidi Oke-Ona''' da '''Edidi Idera'''. An ganoEdidi yana kusa kimanin 400 km (250 ml)da arewa maso gabas a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da kimanin 53 km (33 ml) kudu da [[Ilorin]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Ga cikakken bayani game da Edidi: Edidi gari ne da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar Isin a Kwara. Gari ne mai muhimmanci a yankin, kuma yana da tarihin zama da al'adu na mutanen Yarbawa. Edidi ya ƙunshi manyan unguwanni ko sassa uku, wato: Edidi Oja – cibiyar kasuwanci da harkokin ciniki. Edidi Oke-Ona – tsohon sashe na garin mai yawan gidajen zama. Edidi Idera – wani sashe da ke da gidaje da gonaki. Matsayi da Yanayi Edidi yana da nisan kusan kilomita 53 kudu da Ilorin, babban birnin Jihar Kwara, sannan yana kusan kilomita 400 arewa maso gabas da Lagos. Garin yana cikin yankin savanna, wanda ya dace da noma. Tattalin Arziki Babban abin dogaron mutanen Edidi shi ne: Noma, musamman masara, rogo, doya, dawa da wake. Kiwon dabbobi. Kasuwanci a kasuwannin cikin gari da na yankuna makwabta. Sana'o'i kamar saƙa, walda, kafinta da ɗinki. Al'adu da Harshe Yawancin mazauna Edidi Yarbawa ne, kuma harshen Yarbanci (Yorùbá) shi ne mafi rinjaye. Haka kuma ana amfani da Turanci a makarantu da harkokin gwamnati. Addini Mazauna garin suna bin addinai daban-daban, musamman: Musulunci Kiristanci Wasu kuma suna bin addinan gargajiya na Yarbawa. Ilimi da Ci gaba A garin akwai makarantu na firamare da sakandare, cibiyoyin lafiya, da kuma hanyoyin mota da ke haɗa Edidi da sauran garuruwa na Jihar Kwara. Muhimmanci Edidi na daga cikin manyan garuruwan Ƙaramar Hukumar Isin. Garin ya shahara da zaman lafiya, noma, da kuma haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummarsa. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin yankin ta hanyar noma da kasuwanci. 3ngh2r2cms4df7vo9pg4ozz1gs3jxm0 0 56366 879230 437513 2026-07-08T23:19:34Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makwa''' (wanda kuma ake yi wa lakabi da '''Makwia''') birni ne, a [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sakkwato]], a [[Najeriya|ƙasar Nijeriya]]. Yana nan a kusan {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== Makwa Makwa (wanda kuma ake kira Makwia) ƙaramar gari ce da ke cikin Jihar Sakkwato a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya. Garin yana cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Gudu, kusa da iyakar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Nijar. An kiyasta cewa garin na da yawan jama'a kusan mutum 3,000, kodayake babu sabbin alkaluman ƙidayar jama'a da aka wallafa. Matsayi Makwa tana kusan latitude 13°20′39″ Arewa da longitude 4°15′30″ Gabas, tana kuma da tsayin kusan mita 252 daga matakin teku. Tarihi Ba a samu cikakken tarihin Makwa a rubuce ba. Duk da haka, kamar sauran garuruwan yankin Sakkwato, ana ganin ta samo asali ne daga tsofaffin ƙauyukan Hausawa da suka bunƙasa ta hanyar noma, kiwo da kasuwanci. Tattalin Arziki Babban hanyoyin samun kuɗin shiga na mutanen Makwa sun haɗa da: Noman gero, dawa, masara da wake. Kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki. Ƙananan kasuwanci da cinikin amfanin gona da dabbobi. Al'umma da Addini Mafi yawan mazauna Makwa Hausawa ne, kuma harshen Hausa shi ne harshen sadarwa. Addinin Musulunci shi ne addinin da ya fi rinjaye, tare da gudanar da bukukuwan addini da al'adun gargajiya. Ilimi da Lafiya Akwai makarantun firamare da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko da ke ba wa al'ummar yankin hidima. Mazauna na kuma zuwa manyan garuruwan kusa domin samun ƙarin ayyukan gwamnati, ilimi da lafiya. Sufuri Ana isa Makwa ta hanyoyin mota da ke haɗa ta da sauran garuruwa a Jihar Sakkwato. Motoci da babura su ne hanyoyin sufurin da aka fi amfani da su. Muhimmanci Makwa na daga cikin garuruwan da ke tallafa wa tattalin arzikin karkara a Jihar Sakkwato ta hanyar noma da kiwo. Haka kuma tana taka rawa wajen samar da abinci da bunƙasa kasuwanci tsakanin ƙauyukan yankin. 7h7slzxtmoyn60ya4xdsmcptf8tn0af 0 56539 879354 482668 2026-07-09T06:10:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Muslimin Yahaya.png|thumb|Muslimin Yahaya]] '''Muslimin bin Yahaya''' (Jawi مسلمين بن يحيى; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da bakwai 1967) [[Ɗan siyasa|ɗan siyasan]] Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar (MP) na Sungai Besar tun daga watan Mayu na shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas2018. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Ci gaban Kasuwanci da hadin kai a cikin gwamnatin Barisan Nasional (BN) a karkashin tsohon Firayim Minista [[Ismail Sabri Yakob|Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] da tsohon Minista Noh Omar daga watan Agustan 2021 zuwa faduwar gwamnatin BN a watan Nuwamba 2022 da Mataimakin Ministar I a cikin gwamnatin Perikatan Nasional (PN) a karkashin tsohuwar Firayim Ministan Muhyiddin Yassin da tsohon Ministan Mohd Radzi Md Jidin daga watan Maris 2020 zuwa fadular gwamnatin PN a watan Agustan 2021. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), jam'iyya ce ta hadin gwiwar PN kuma tsohuwar jam'iyyar Pakatan Harapan (PH) kuma memba ne na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), jam'iyyar da ke cikin hadin gwiwarsa ta Barisan Nasional (BN). Bayan shan kashi na BN zuwa PH a babban zaben 2018, ya yi murabus daga UMNO a 2018 kuma ya shiga BERSATU a 2019. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a Parit 8 Gambut, Sungai Panjang, Sungai Besar, Selangor a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1967 kuma ya auri abokin aikinsa, Hanisah Paiman . == Ayyuka == A baya an nada shi Babban Sakatariyar Tan Sri Noriah Kasnon a Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Kasuwanci a shekarar 2014. == Sakamakon zaben == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Parliament of Malaysia'''<ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE – 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE15">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/selangor.html|title=The Star Online GE15 Selangor|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=2023-08-13|archive-date=2020-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219134531/https://election.thestar.com.my/selangor.html|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref> !Year !Constituency ! colspan="2" |Candidate !Votes !Pct ! colspan="2" |Opponent(s) !Votes !Pct !Ballots cast !Majority !Turnout |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="5" |'''P093 Sungai Besar, Selangor''' | rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Keadilan}} | | rowspan="2" |'''Muslimin Yahaya''' (PPBM) | rowspan="2" align="right" |'''17,350''' | rowspan="2" |'''42.11%''' | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Budiman Mohd Zohdi (UMNO) | align="right" |16,636 |40.37% | rowspan="2" |41,878 | rowspan="2" |714 | rowspan="2" |85.92% |- | {{Party shading/PAS}} | |Mohamed Salleh M Husin (PAS) | align="right" |7,220 |17.52% |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | bgcolor="{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}" rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" |'''{{nowrap|Muslimin Yahaya}}''' (BERSATU) | rowspan="3" align="right" |'''19,791''' | rowspan="3" |'''38.75%''' | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Jamal Yunos (UMNO) | align="right" |13,984 |27.38% | rowspan="3" |51,070 | rowspan="3" |2,721 | rowspan="3" |79.32% |- | {{Party shading/PH}} | |Saipolyazan Mat Yusop (PKR) | align="right" |17,070 |33.42% |- | bgcolor="{{party color|Homeland Fighter's Party}}" | |Asmawar Samat @Samad (PEJUANG) | align="right" |225 | align="right" |0.44% |} == Daraja == * {{Flag|Malaysia}} : ** [[File:MY_Darjah_Yang_Mulia_Pangkuan_Negara_(Defender_of_the_Realm)_-_SMN.svg|50x50px]] Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (2015) * {{Flag|Federal Territory (Malaysia)}} : ** [[File:MY-FED_Darjah_Mahkota_Wilayah_-_Knight_Commander_-_PMW.svg|50x50px]] Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (PMW) – '''Datuk''' (2022) == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1967]] fo9lpbuqvkqcqtf10b887wom8xmo1ij 0 57464 878984 481273 2026-07-08T16:03:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:HONDA FIT (GE) China.jpg|HONDA_FIT_(GE)_China|right|300px]] [[File:Honda Fit GK Shishi 01 2022-09-24.jpg|Honda_Fit_GK_Shishi_01_2022-09-24|right|300px]] [[File:Honda Fit GK Facelift Shishi 02 2022-10-08.jpg|Honda_Fit_GK_Facelift_Shishi_02_2022-10-08|right|300px]] [[File:Honda FIT HYBRID・L Honda SENSING (DAA-GP5) interior.jpg|Honda_FIT_HYBRID・L_Honda_SENSING_(DAA-GP5)_interio|right|300px]] [[File:Honda Fit Basic interior.jpg|Honda_Fit_Basic_interior|right|300px]] ==Gabatarwa== [[Fayil:HONDA FIT (GE) China (14).jpg|thumb|honda fit]] '''Honda Fit''' ( [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]] : ホンダ・フィット, Hepburn : ''Honda Fitto'' ) ko '''Honda Jazz''' karamar mota ce da Honda ke ƙera kuma ta sayar da ita tun 2001 sama da ƙarni huɗu. Yana da salon jikin ƙyanƙyashe kofa biyar kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin supermini a Burtaniya, motar da ba ta da ƙarfi a Amurka, da mota mai haske a Ostiraliya. <ref>See [[Talk:Honda Fit]] for a breakdown of terms used by different sources.</ref> An sayar da shi a duk duniya kuma aka kera shi a tsirrai goma a cikin ƙasashe takwas, tallace-tallace ya kai kusan miliyan 5 a tsakiyar 2013. Honda yana amfani da farantin sunan "Jazz" a Turai, Oceania, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Hong Kong, Macau, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Indiya; da "Fit" a [[Japan]], Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan da Amurka. Rarraba Honda ta duniya kananan mota dandamali tare da City, Airwave, na farko-ƙarni Mobilio, Freed da kuma HR-V / Vezel, da Fit da aka lura da daya-akwatin ko monospace zane; Tankin mai da ke gaba; kujeru masu daidaitawa waɗanda ke ninka ta hanyoyi da yawa don ɗaukar kaya cikin sifofi daban-daban da girma dabam &#x2014; da ƙarar kaya gasa ga manyan motoci. Honda ya fito da nau'ikan nau'ikan wutar lantarki na Fit a Japan a cikin Oktoba 2010 da kuma a Turai a farkon 2011. A cikin 2012, Honda ya fito da Fit EV, ƙayyadaddun samfurin duk wani nau'in wutar lantarki wanda ya dogara da samfurin ƙarni na biyu a Amurka da Japan, kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin mota mai dacewa . Samfurin ƙarni na huɗu da aka saki a cikin 2019 a halin yanzu ana siyar dashi a Japan, Turai, China, Taiwan, Afirka ta Kudu, Brunei da [[Singafora|Singapore]]. An fara daga 2020, samfurin ya ƙare a yawancin ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Latin Amurka don maye gurbin shi da babban City Hatchback, yayin da aka janye shi gaba ɗaya daga kasuwar Arewacin Amurka saboda faɗuwar buƙatu a cikin ɓangaren ƙaramin yanki. == ƙarni na farko (GD/GE; 2001) == An fara halarta na farko Fit a cikin Yuni 2001 a Japan kuma daga baya an gabatar da shi a Turai (farkon 2002), Australia (karshen 2002), Kudancin Amurka (farkon 2003), Afirka ta Kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya (2003), Sin (Satumba 2004), da Mexico (karshen 2005). Abin mamaki, a Turai ana kiran wannan Jazz da Mark II Jazz, musamman ta hanyar masu samar da motoci, Mark I Jazz shine 1981-86 Honda City, mai suna 'Jazz' a Turai a lokacin. Samfurin samarwa na Amurka da Kanada da aka yi muhawara a cikin Janairu 2006 a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka a [[Detroit]] . An saki motar a Kanada da Amurka a cikin Afrilu 2006 a matsayin shekara ta 2007. Fit-tsarin ƙarni na farko yana amfani da dandamalin ƙananan ƙananan motoci na Honda, wanda kuma Fit Aria/City (wani nau'in Fit) ke amfani da shi, Airwave (nau'in wagon tasha na Fit Aria/City), Mobilio, da Mobilio Spike. . Dangane da yankin, Fit yana samuwa tare da 1.2-, 1.3- (a Turai ana kiranta 1.4&nbsp;L model), 1.5-lita i-DSI engine, ko 1.5-lita VTEC engine. Dukkanin injunan guda huɗu sun dogara ne akan dangin injin L-jerin na Honda. == Zamani na biyu (GE/GG; 2007) == Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na biyu ya yi muhawara a kan 17 Oktoba 2007 a 40th [[Tokyo]] Motor Show . A gabatarwar ta a cikin 2007, ta sami lambar yabo ta Motar Japan a karo na biyu. Motar ta ba da kafa mai tsayi fiye da wanda ya gabace ta kuma ta fi fadi da tsayi gaba daya. An ba da injuna biyu a cikin Fit na ƙarni na biyu. A 1.3-lita i-VTEC samar 100 PS (99 hp; 74 kW) da 6,000&nbsp;rpm da 127 ⋅m (13.0 kgm; 93.7 lb⋅ft) a 4,800&nbsp;rpm. An kuma ba da injin i-VTEC mai lita 1.5 kuma yana samar da mafi girman fitarwa na 120 PS (118 hp; 88 kW) a 6,600 rpm da 145 ⋅m (14.8 kgm; 107 lb⋅ft) a 4,800 rpm. An ƙaddamar da sigar matasan a watan Oktoban 2010 a Japan. Fit Hybrid ya ƙunshi injin mai lita 1.3 da injin lantarki, tare da kiyasin tattalin arzikin mai na {{Convert|3.3|L/100km}} an auna daidai da zagaye na 10-15 na Jafananci. Honda ya kuma nuna wani ra'ayi na motar lantarki bisa ga ƙarni na biyu Fit a cikin 2010. An samar da shi da yawa azaman '''Fit EV''' a cikin 2013-2015. An gabatar da 2013 samfurin shekara samar Fit EV a Nuwamba 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show . A karo na farko, an kuma samo shi a cikin salon motar motar tasha mai suna '''Fit Shuttle''' . Bambancin yana samuwa ne kawai a kasuwannin gida na Japan. == Tsari na uku (GK/GH/GP; 2013) == Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku yana riƙe da ra'ayin ƙira gabaɗaya na al'ummomin da suka gabata, musamman madaidaicin wurin tankin mai da ra'ayi mai daidaitawa da yawa, wanda aka tallata shi azaman "Magic Seat". Samfurin ya kuma yi muhawara da sabunta harshe na Honda wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "Exciting H Design". Sabon Tsarin Motar Mota na Duniya na Honda yana ɗaukar ƙarfi mai ƙarfi 780 MPa yana samar da ƙarfe don kashi 27 cikin ɗari na aikin jiki kuma yana da ɗan gajeren tsayi gaba ɗaya ta 4 cm (1.6 in), 3 cm (1.2 in) tsayin ƙafafu, haɓaka ƙafar baya ta 12.2 cm (4.8 in) kuma yawan fasinja ya karu da 136 L (4.8 ku ft) idan aka kwatanta da na baya. Bangarorin jiki duka suna welded kuma an kulle su zuwa firam a cikin wani nau'i na monocoque da kuma sararin sararin samaniya &#x2014; kuma dakatarwar torsion na baya ya fi ƙanƙanta, ba a ƙara yin amfani da mashaya mai hana ruwa gudu don haɓaka sararin ciki da kaya. HR-V na ƙarni na biyu yana raba dandamali tare da Fit/Jazz na ƙarni na uku. [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3r6subgmi9qxdf3020f8i9biem31j8s 0 57964 879514 492907 2026-07-09T10:46:42Z Smshika 14840 879514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Democratic presidential ticket 1864b.jpg|thumb|Democratic]] [[Fayil:American Samoa Democratic Party logo.png|thumb|democratic]] Jam'iyyar '''Midwest Democratic Front,''' karamar jam'iyyar siyasa ce daga yankin Midwest na Najeriya; Ta mamaye jihohin Edo da [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]] a yau. Jam’iyyar ta kasance daya daga cikin kananan jam’iyyu daban-daban da suka kulla kawance da jam’iyyu masu rinjaye a jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko, irin su Action Group,the Northern People’s Congress, [[Northern Elements Progressive Union|NEPU]] da National Council of Nigeria da Kamaru. == Nassoshi == * Toyin Falola; Tarihin Najeriya, Jaridar Greenwood, 1999. [[Category: Jam'iyyun Siyasa a Najeriya]] 4yf8uq8dcrw4ralktg3bzuzdmvj1e75 0 57970 879232 676495 2026-07-08T23:23:27Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} Wannan gari ne daya ke a yankin Ahmedabad a jihar Gujarat dake a kasar India. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Ga cikakken bayani da za a iya amfani da shi wajen inganta muƙalar Hausa ta Ghatlodiya Ghatlodiya yanki ne mai yawan jama'a da ci gaban birane a cikin Ahmedabad, a Gujarat, ƙasar India. Yana daga cikin manyan unguwannin arewa maso yammacin birnin Ahmedabad, kuma ya shahara a matsayin wurin zama da kuma cibiyar kasuwanci. Yankin yana da kyakkyawar hanyar sufuri, inda yake haɗe da manyan tituna da hanyoyin zirga-zirga na birnin, lamarin da ya sa zirga-zirga tsakanin Ghatlodiya da sauran sassan Ahmedabad ta kasance cikin sauƙi. A ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2001, Ghatlodiya na da yawan jama'a sama da mutum 106,000. Harshen Gujarati shi ne harshen da aka fi amfani da shi, tare da Hindi da Turanci. Yankin ya bunƙasa sosai cikin shekarun baya, inda aka gina makarantu, asibitoci, bankuna, cibiyoyin kasuwanci da wuraren shakatawa domin biyan bukatun mazauna yankin. Ghatlodiya na da unguwanni da dama, ciki har da KK Nagar, Chanakyapuri, Prabhat Chowk, Sayona City da tsohon ƙauyen Ghatlodiya. Haka kuma yankin yana da makarantu masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati, tare da cibiyoyin lafiya da ke ba da hidima ga mazauna yankin da kewaye. A fannin siyasa, Ghatlodiya tana da mazabar majalisar dokokin jihar Gujarat. Mazabar ta shahara saboda ta fitar da shugabannin ministocin jihar Gujarat guda biyu, ciki har da Anandiben Patel da Bhupendra Patel. Manazarta 1. Wikipedia (Turanci): Ghatlodiya. 2. Ghatlodiya Community – Bayanin yankin da hanyoyin sufuri. 7g2r0jagimemzp2on05h4bgnizpi0gb 0 58160 879240 513727 2026-07-08T23:39:57Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{stub}} [[Fayil:Jhal Magsi District.png|thumb|jhal magsi]] [[Fayil:Pakistan - Balochistan - Jhal Magsi.svg|thumb|Jhal magsi ]] Gari ne da yake a kalkashin yankin jahar Balochistan dake a kasar Pakistan. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} Jhal Magsi Jhal Magsi gari ne da ke cikin gundumar Jhal Magsi a lardin Balochistan, ƙasar Pakistan. Garin yana daga cikin muhimman tsoffin matsugunan al'ummar Baluchawa, kuma yana da muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin yankin. Duk da cewa hedkwatar gudanarwar gundumar tana garin Gandawah, Jhal Magsi ya kasance sanannen gari da aka sanya wa gundumar suna a kansa. Tarihi A da, yankin Jhal Magsi yana cikin tsohuwar gundumar Kachhi. A watan Disamban shekarar 1991 aka ware shi ya zama gunduma mai cin gashin kanta, sannan a watan Mayun shekarar 1992 aka sauya sunansa zuwa Jhal Magsi. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga ƙabilar Magsi, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙabilun Baluchawa da suka zauna a yankin tsawon ƙarni da dama. Yanayin ƙasa Jhal Magsi yana tsakiyar lardin Balochistan. Yankin yana da filayen noma masu faɗi, yayin da a yammacinsa akwai jerin tsaunukan Kirthar. Tsayin yankin daga saman teku ya bambanta daga kusan mita 40 zuwa mita 1,544. Manyan koguna da ke ratsa yankin sun haɗa da Mula, Sukleji, Nari, da Badrah, waɗanda ke samar da ruwa don ban ruwa da kuma amfani na yau da kullum. Tattalin arziki Babban abin dogaron tattalin arzikin mutanen yankin shi ne: Noma. Kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki. Kasuwanci. Manyan amfanin gona sun haɗa da alkama, sha'ir, auduga, rake, gero, sunflower da sauran amfanin gona. Haka kuma ana noma mangwaro, dabino, gwaiba, lemu, kankana da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa. Al'umma Mafi yawan mazauna yankin Musulmai ne. Manyan ƙabilun yankin sun haɗa da Magsi, Rind, Hathyari da wasu ƙabilun Baluchawa. Harsunan da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da Baluchi, Sindhi da Saraiki. Gudanarwa Gundumar Jhal Magsi tana da: Tehsil biyu: Jhal Magsi da Gandawah. Ƙaramar hukuma ta Mirpur. Ƙananan hukumomin ƙauyuka (Union Councils) da dama. Yawan jama'a Bisa ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2023, gundumar Jhal Magsi tana da: Yawan jama'a: 203,368. Faɗin ƙasa: kilomita murabba'i 3,615. Yawan mutane a kowane km²: kusan 56. Wuraren yawon buɗe ido Daga cikin wuraren da suka shahara a yankin akwai: Kogin Mula River. Kabarin Moti Gohram, wanda ake kira Taj Mahal na Balochistan. Wurin ibada na Peer Chattal Shah Noorani. Jhal Magsi Desert Rally, gasar tseren motoci da ake gudanarwa a hamada duk shekara, wadda ke jan hankalin mahalarta daga sassa daban-daban na Pakistan. Ilimi da ci gaba Yankin na ci gaba da samun bunƙasa a fannonin ilimi, hanyoyin sufuri, da ayyukan noma. Gwamnatin Balochistan na aiwatar da shirye-shiryen inganta hanyoyi, samar da ruwa, da bunƙasa harkokin noma domin ƙara haɓaka rayuwar al'ummar yankin. bps1obwd21zmivti3ppa07xmpuacfam 0 59225 879249 369033 2026-07-08T23:59:19Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Maemong''' kogi ne dake a jihar Guam a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]].{{stub}} == Duba kuma == * Jerin kogunan Guam == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} Kogin Maemong Kogin Maemong (Turanci: Maemong River) wani kogi ne da ke tsibirin Guam, wanda yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa na Amurka da ke yammacin Tekun Pasifik. Kogin yana cikin muhimman hanyoyin ruwa na kudancin Guam, kuma yana taka rawa wajen samar da ruwa, kiyaye muhalli, da tallafa wa rayayyun halittu da ke zaune a yankin. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan kudancin Guam, inda ruwan sama ke taruwa ya rika gangarowa zuwa ƙananan kwaruruka. Yayin da yake gudana, kogin yana bi ta cikin gandun daji masu yalwar bishiyoyi da ciyayi, wanda hakan ke ba shi muhimmanci wajen kare ƙasa daga zaizayar ruwa da kuma samar da mafaka ga tsuntsaye, kifaye, kwadi da sauran namun daji. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta Kogin Maemong shi ne cewa wani sashe na ruwansa yana shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta cikin duwatsun farar ƙasa (limestone) kafin ya sake fitowa a wani wuri. Wannan yanayi, wanda ake kira karst, ya zama abin nazari ga masana ilimin ƙasa da masu binciken albarkatun ruwa. Kogin Maemong yana haɗuwa da Kogin Bonya, kuma daga haɗuwarsu ake samun Kogin Tolaeyuus (Lost River). Wannan tsarin koguna yana taimakawa wajen jigilar ruwa zuwa sauran sassan tsibirin tare da ciyar da tsirrai da namun dajin yankin. Masana ilimin ƙasa sun ba wani nau'in dutsen farar ƙasa suna Maemong Limestone Member saboda an fara gano shi a yankin wannan kogi. Wannan ya sa kogin ya zama sananne a fannin ilimin ƙasa, kuma ana amfani da yankinsa wajen gudanar da bincike kan tarihin samuwar tsibirin Guam. A yau, Kogin Maemong na fuskantar ƙalubale irin su gurɓacewar muhalli, sare bishiyoyi da sauyin yanayi. Saboda haka, hukumomin Guam da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli suna gudanar da shirye-shiryen kiyaye ingancin ruwansa da kuma kare gandun dajin da ke kewaye da shi domin tabbatar da dorewar albarkatun ruwa. Muhimmanci Yana taimakawa wajen samar da ruwa ga muhalli. Yana kare ƙasa daga zaizayar ruwa. Muhimmin wuri ne ga binciken ilimin ƙasa (geology). Mafaka ce ga nau'o'in tsirrai da dabbobi na yankin Guam. Yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaiton tsarin muhalli na tsibirin. Manazarta 1. Maemong River. English Wikipedia. 2. United States Geological Survey (USGS). General Geology of Guam. 3. Water and Environmental Research Institute of the Western Pacific (WERI), University of Guam. kmmdfwgtte9kmtv241i9f11piv55ct0 0 60236 879234 436789 2026-07-08T23:30:06Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Emma_Thompson_at_2013_TIFF_1_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Mai ba da labari, Emma Thompson a cikin 2013]] '''''Injin Shakka: Acikin Koch Brothers' War on Climate Science''''' shine taƙaitaccen bayani na 2016 game da Koch Industries da ƙoƙarinsa na ɓata binciken yanayi.An sake shi ta hanyar Gidan Rediyon Real News a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ’yar wasan kwaikwayo Emma Thompson ce ta ruwaito shi. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} Injin Shakka: A Cikin Yaƙin ’Yan’uwa Koch kan Kimiyyar Yanayi Injin Shakka: A Cikin Yaƙin ’Yan’uwa Koch kan Kimiyyar Yanayi (da Turanci: The Doubt Machine: Inside the Koch Brothers' War on Climate Science) wani gajeren shirin fim ne na bincike da aka fitar a shekarar 2016. Shirin ya binciko yadda wasu manyan ’yan kasuwa a Amurka, musamman Charles Koch da marigayi David Koch, suka tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyi da ke ƙoƙarin rage amincewar jama'a da binciken kimiyyar sauyin yanayi. An samar da shirin ne domin wayar da kan jama'a game da yadda siyasa, tattalin arziki da manyan kamfanoni za su iya tasiri kan fahimtar jama'a game da kimiyya. An fitar da shirin ne ta hanyar The Real News Network a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2016, yayin da fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birtaniya Emma Thompson ta kasance mai ba da muryar ba da labarin shirin. Tsawon shirin bai kai sa'a guda ba, amma ya ƙunshi muhimman bayanai da hujjoji daga masana da 'yan jarida. Shirin ya tattauna da fitattun masana kimiyyar yanayi irin su Michael E. Mann, wanda ya shahara saboda bincikensa kan dumamar yanayi, da kuma 'yar jarida Jane Mayer, marubuciyar littafin Dark Money. Sun bayyana yadda wasu ƙungiyoyi da kamfanoni suka yi amfani da kuɗaɗen tallafi wajen yaɗa bayanan da ke jefa shakku kan sauyin yanayi duk da amincewar mafi yawan masana kimiyya cewa sauyin yanayi na faruwa kuma ayyukan ɗan Adam na daga cikin manyan musabbabansa. Shirin ya kuma yi bayani kan yadda wasu cibiyoyin bincike, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kafafen yaɗa labarai suka karɓi tallafi daga wasu manyan kamfanoni domin yaɗa ra'ayoyin da ke ƙin yarda da sauyin yanayi. A cewar masu shirya fim ɗin, irin wannan yaƙin neman tasiri ya jinkirta aiwatar da manufofin rage hayaƙin iskar carbon da kare muhalli a wasu ƙasashe. Bugu da ƙari, shirin ya nuna cewa yaɗa bayanan ƙarya ko masu jefa shakku kan kimiyya na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga manufofin gwamnati da fahimtar jama'a. Ya yi kira da a dogara da binciken masana kimiyya masu zaman kansu wajen yanke shawara kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da sauyin yanayi. Tun bayan fitowarsa, shirin ya samu yabo daga masu fafutukar kare muhalli, malamai da masu bincike saboda yadda ya bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin kuɗin manyan kamfanoni, siyasa da yaɗa bayanan da ke ƙalubalantar kimiyyar sauyin yanayi. Sai dai wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ƙungiyoyin da aka ambata a cikin shirin sun soki wasu daga cikin ikirarin da aka gabatar. Muhimman bayanai Sunan shiri: The Doubt Machine: Inside the Koch Brothers' War on Climate Science Shekarar fitarwa: 2016 Ranar fitarwa: 31 ga Oktoba, 2016 Mai wallafawa: The Real News Network Mai ba da labari: Emma Thompson Jigo: Sauyin yanayi, siyasa, manyan kamfanoni, da yaɗa bayanan da ke jefa shakku kan kimiyya. Ƙasa: Amurka Harshe: Turanci Manazarta 1. The Real News Network. The Doubt Machine: Inside the Koch Brothers' War on Climate Science. 2. Wikipedia (English). The Doubt Machine: Inside the Koch Brothers' War on Climate Science. 3. Jane Mayer. Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right. p2eidnq5bfqpg0ojzrfu4t7bqo3walh 0 60895 879265 681977 2026-07-09T02:08:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohd Zulkifli bin Zakaria''' ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Babban Kwamitin Jagora na Jam'iyyar 'Yan asalin [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] daga 23 ga Agusta shekara ta 2020 zuwa 2022.<ref>[https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/08/723824/muhyiddin-kekal-presiden-bersatu Tan Sri Muhyiddin kekal Presiden BERSATU]</ref> Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Democratic Action Party (DAP), jam'iyyar da ke cikin Pakatan Harapan (PH),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/politics/news.php?id=2209009|title=Former Kelantan BERSATU Deputy Chairman Mohd Zulkifli Joins DAP|work=[[BERNAMA]]}}</ref> kuma tsohon memba na Jam'iyya ta Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), jam'iyya ce ta Perikatan Nasional (PN). == Sakamakon zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kelantan'''<ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php |title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri |publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]] |language=ms |access-date=4 February 2017 }} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia General Election |url=http://undi.info/ |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=undiinfo Malaysian Election Data |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13|work=Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141057/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Shekara !Mazabar ! colspan="2" |Mai neman takara !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct ! colspan="2" |Masu adawa !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct !Zaben da aka jefa !Mafi rinjaye !Masu halarta |- |[[2004 Kelantan state election|2004]] |N20 Tawang | {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Mohd Zulkifli Zakaria (UMNO) | align="right" |6,815 |44.49% | {{party shading/PAS}} | |'''Hasan Mohamood''' (PAS) | align="right" |'''8,503''' |'''55.51%''' |15,527 |1,688 |84.47% |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Majalisar dokokin Malaysia'''<ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/ge14/kelantan.html|title=The Star Online GE14 Kelantan|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=23 July 2023}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/kelantan.html|title=The Star Online GE15 Kelantan|work=The Star|access-date=2023-09-30|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323050243/https://election.thestar.com.my/kelantan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Shekara !Mazabar ! colspan="2" |Mai neman takara !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct ! colspan="2" |Masu adawa !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct !Zaben da aka jefa !Mafi rinjaye !Masu halarta |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="6" |P025 Bachok, Kelantan | rowspan="2" {{party shading/Keadilan}} | | rowspan="2" |Mohd Zulkifli Zakaria (BERSATU) | rowspan="2" align="right" |4,880 | rowspan="2" |6.60% | {{party shading/PAS}} | |'''Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz''' (PAS) | align="right" |'''36,188''' |'''48.93%''' | rowspan="2" |75,945 | rowspan="2" |3,292 | rowspan="2" |82.01% |- | {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Awang Adek Hussin (UMNO) | align="right" |32,896 |44.48% |- | rowspan="4" |2022 | rowspan="4" {{party shading/Independent}} | | rowspan="4" |Mohd Zulkifli Zakaria (IND) | rowspan="4" align="right" |418 | rowspan="4" align="right" |0.47% | {{party shading/PAS}} | |'''Mohd Syahir Che Sulaiman''' (PAS) | align="right" |'''57,130''' |'''Kashi 63.89%''' | rowspan="4" |91,223 | rowspan="4" |29,901 | rowspan="4" |72,59% |- | {{party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Mohd Zain Yasim (UMNO) | align="right" |27,229 |30.45% |- | {{party shading/PH}} | |Nur Azmiza Mamat (PKR) | align="right" |4,366 | align="right" |4.88% |- | {{party shading/Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia}} | |Kamarul Azam Abdel Osman (PUTRA) | align="right" |274 | align="right" |0.31% |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ktrm7ujvg1y1mz0rmtsu73wt2fwaff6 0 61143 879373 323790 2026-07-09T07:00:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Mursi|image=File:Mursi Tribe, Ethiopia (8085545786).jpg|image_caption=Mursi men|total=11,500|total_year=2007|regions=Southwestern Ethiopia ([[Debub Omo Zone]])|languages=[[Mursi language]]|religions=[[Animism]], [[Christianity]]|related_groups=[[Surma people|Me'en]], [[Suri people|Suri]], [[Kwegu people|Kwegu]]|footnotes=[https://www.mursi.org]}} [[Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters|IRMursi people]] '''Mursi''' (ko '''Mun,''' kamar yadda suke kiran kansu) ƙabilar Surmic ne a [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Suna zaune ne a shiyyar Debub Omo na shiyyar Kudu, Al'ummai, da Jama'ar Kudancin, kusa da kan iyaka da [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. Bisa ƙididdigar da akayi a shekarar 2007, akwai Mursi 11,500, 848 daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a birane; daga cikin adadin kashi 92.25% na zaune ne a shiyyar Kudu maso Kudu.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf 2007 Ethiopian census, first draft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604045256/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf |date=2012-06-04 }}, Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (accessed 6 May 2009)</ref> Da yake kewaye da tsaunuka tsakanin kogin Omo da magudanar [[Kogin Mago|Mago]], gidan Mursi na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan ƙasar da ke zama saniyar ware. Maƙwabtan su sun haɗa da Aari, Banna, Mekan, Karo, Kwegu, Nyangatom da Suri. Gwamnatin Habasha ta haɗa su tare da Me'en da Suri da sunan Surma. == Harshe == Mursi suna magana da yaren Mursi a matsayin harshen uwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=242–57}}</ref> Wani yanki ne na dangin harshen Surmic. Mursi yana da alaƙa (sama da 80% cognate) da Me'en da Suri, da kuma Kwegu. Bisa kididdigar da akayi a shekarar 1994, akwai mutane 3,163 da aka tabbatar da cewa Mursi ne a jihar SNN; 3,158 sunyi magana da Mursi a matsayin yarensu na farko, yayin da 31 ke magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf ''1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region'', Vol. 1, part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232405/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf |date=2008-11-19 }}, Tables 2.11, 2.14, 2.17</ref> Bisa ƙididdigar ƙidayar kasa ta shekarar 1994, inda aka hada Mursi a karkashin Me'en, kashi 89.7% na harshe daya ne, kuma harsuna na biyu da ake magana da su su ne Bench (4.2%), Amharic, wanda ke zama daya daga cikin harsuna shida na hukuma na Habasha. (3.5%), Kafa (1.1%). Akwai nau'o'i biyu na harshen Mursi. rubutun kalmomi Ɗaya shine tushen Amharic, ko da ya ke harshen Mursi yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Surmic tareda tsarin wasula marasa daidaituwa da kuma jaddadawa da rashin damuwa idan aka kwatanta da Amharic. Harshen Surmic na Amharic Amharic<ref>[http://www.mursi.org/who-are-the-mursi/languagetugo Mursi Language]</ref>Na biyu shine mafi da cewa da haruffa na Latin. Tushen Latin David Turton da Moges Yigezu na Jami'ar Addis Ababa ne suka ƙirƙiro rubutun Latin. Jami'ar Addis Ababa<ref>[http://www.mursi.org/who-are-the-mursi/languagetugo "Mursi (tugo)"], Mursi Online website (accessed 15 November 2009)</ref><ref>Worku, Firew Girma (2021). A Grammar of Mursi: A Nilo-Saharan Language of Ethiopia. Brill: Leiden. doi:10.1163/9789004449916.</ref> == Addini da al'adu == [[File:Young_woman_in_Mago_NP.jpg|thumb| Matasan mata a Mago NP]] [[File:צלחת_שפה_של_אנשי_שבט_מורסי_באתיופיה.jpg|thumb| Farantin baki na kabilar Morsi]] Kamar yawancin manoma da makiyaya a Gabashin Afirka, Mursi sun yi imanin cewa suna samun wani ƙarfi fiye da nasu, wanda suke kira ''Tumwi''. Wannan yawanci yana cikin sararin sama, kodayake wani lokacin ''Tumwi'' yana bayyana kansa a matsayin wani abu na sama ( ''ahi a tumwin'' ), kamar bakan gizo ko tsuntsu. Babban ofishin addini da na al'ada acikin al'umma shine na Komoru, Firist ko Shaman. Wannan ofishi ne da aka gada, sabanin rawar siyasar Jalaba na yau da kullun. Kômoru ya ƙunshi jin daɗin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'umma da Allah (''Tumwi''), musamman idan ta fuskanci barazanar fari, kwari da cututtuka. Irin rawar daya taka ta kasance ta hanyar gudanar da al'adun gargajiya don kawo ruwan sama, don kare maza, da shanu da amfanin gona daga cututtuka, da kuma kawar da barazanar hare-hare daga wasu kabilu. Bisa manufa, domin kiyaye wannan alakar dake tsakanin jama'a da Tumwi, bai kamata Kômoru ya bar Mursiland ba ko ma ƙungiyar sa (''bhuran''). Ɗaya daga cikin dangi musamman, Komortê, ana ɗaukarsa, mafi kyau, dangin firist, amma akwai iyalai na firistoci a wasu dangi biyu, wato Garikuli da Bumai.<ref name="Turton 1973" /><ref name="Mursi Online Editor" /> Addinin mutan Mursi an raba shi da Animism ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}}</link>Ko da sun karbi addinin Kiristanci. Akwai Hidima a tashar Mishan da ke arewa maso gabashin Mursiland, wanda ke ba da ilimi, kula da lafiya na asali da koyarwa a cikin [[Kiristanci|addinin Kiristanci.]] == Zagayen rayuwa == Mursi na gudanar da bukukuwa iri-iri, na ilimi ko horo. Farantin lebe sanannen bangare ne naj Mursi da Surma, waɗanda watakila sune ƙungiyoyi na karshe a Afirka wadanda har yanzu al'ada ce ga mata su sanya manyan tukwane, fayafai na katako, ko 'faranti', acikin lebbansu na kasa. Ana huda lebban 'yan mata tun suna shekara 15 ko 16. Wani lokaci mata marasa aure suna sanya farantin leɓe don rawa, kuma ana ƙara sanya su don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido don samun ƙarin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=3–8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=amp}}</ref> Ana kiran farantin leɓe da ''dhebi a tugoin''. Mutuwar biki ( ''thagine'' ), wani nau'i ne na tashin hankalin mazaje na al'ada, wani abu ne mai kima da farin jini na mazan Mursi, musamman mazan da ba suyi aure ba, kuma babbar alama ce ta asalin Mursi. Tsararrun shekaru wata muhimmiyar siffa ce ta siyasa, inda ake samar da maza zuwa sunayen “tsawon zamani” kuma suna wucewa ta wasu “makin shekaru” a tsawon rayuwarsu; matan aure suna da darajar shekarun mazajensu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2016}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Omo National Park == [[File:3125_Ethiopie_ethnie_Mursi.JPG|thumb|285x285px| Mursi mace]] Ana zargin gidauniyar African Parks da jami’an gandun dajin na gwamnati da tursasa Mursi ya ba da filayensu da ke kan iyakokin dajin Omo ba tare da biyan diyya ba. Ana amfani da takardun ne don halasta iyakokin dajin, wanda wuraren shakatawa na Afirka suka mamaye. Wata kungiya mai suna "Native Solutions to Conservation Refugees" ta ce takardun za su mayar da Mursi 'yan ta'adda ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan nasu kasar kuma irin wannan kaddara ta fada wa Suri, Dizi, Me'en, da Nyangatom, wadanda kuma suke zaune a cikin wurin shakatawa. Bayan da gidauniyar African Parks Foundation ta kwace dajin Omo, Mursi na fargabar cewa a karshe za a kore su daga filayensu kamar Guji-Oromo a dajin Nechasar.Sakamakon matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, gidauniyar Parks Foundation ta bayyana shirinta na barin dajin Omo a shekarar 2007.Mursi sun ayyana yankinsu a matsayin yanki na kiyaye al'umma tun daga watan Yulin 2008 kuma sun fara aikin yawon shakatawa na al'umma. == Dam din Gibe III da Babban Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Kasuwanci == Dam din Gibe III mai amfani da wutar lantarki, a tsakiyar Basin Omo kuma wanda aka kammala a watan Oktoba 2015,zai yi matukar gyara tsarin ambaliyar ruwa wanda dubban mutane a karkashin ruwa ke dogaro da su.Ta hanyar daidaita magudanar ruwa, da kuma 'dagawa' karancin magudanar ruwa a lokacin noman rani, hakan kuma zai sa a samar da manyan hanyoyin noman rani na kasuwanci, dukda cewa sabon rahoton da aka fitar ya nuna cewa babu isasshen ruwa a kogin Omo. ban ruwa yankin da aka tsara na shuka.<ref name="RiverOmo" />Tuni dai Hukumar Kula da Suga ta kasar Habasha ta fara aiwatar da mafi girman buri a kan filin da aka karbo daga dajin Omo ko kuma Bodi da Mursi da Nyangatom da kuma Kara suke mamaye da su a halin yanzu. Idan aka tabbatar da tsare-tsare a halin yanzu, ƙananan Omo zai zama mafi girma a ƙasar Habasha, wanda aƙalla zai ninka yawan wuraren ban ruwa a ƙasar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|3}} == Ƙara karantawa == * (2000) Pancorbo, Luis: "Los labios del río Omo" en "Tiempo de África", shafi.&nbsp;176-190. Laertes. Barcelona. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/84-7584-438-3|84-7584-438-3]] * (2007) Silvester, Hans: ''Les Habits de la Nature'' Editions de la Martinière  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.mursi.org Mursi Online] * [http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#m Mutanen Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112040124/http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#m |date=2013-01-12 }} * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=muz Harshen Mursi] * [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/tattoos/photo9.html Gidan Hoto na Kasa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207073857/http://www.conservationrefugees.org/threatened.html Mursi na cikin hatsarin hana shiga ko kaura] * [http://www.mursi.org/pdf/african-parks-foundation.pdf/view Bayanin masanin ilimin ɗan adam akan Mursi da yanayin Park na Omo] (kuma ana samunsu azaman [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080227155334/http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/TGER/Notes%20for%2017%20May%20meeting.doc fayil ɗin Word] ) * [http://www.african-parks.org Gidauniyar Parks Foundation] * [http://www.mursi.org/who-are-the-mursi/languagetugo Shafin ''Mursi Online'' akan harshen Mursi 'Surmic' (tugo)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220041238/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/?search=mursi&start=0&rows=44&sort= Takaddun cikakken rubutu da labaran mujallu game da Mursi] (Tilastawa Hijira Kan Lantarki, Laburaren Dijital) * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Tafiya Tare da Mursi wani shiri ne na kasada/tafiya wanda ya mamaye nahiyoyi hudu yayin da David Willing ya haura 500&nbsp;kilomita a fadin kwarin Omo mai nisa na Habasha tare da kabilun Mursi. fbox3o5r8bu24bxzb84ecuk46u8h8sc 0 61477 879392 668380 2026-07-09T08:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=I Made Tito Wiratama|image=|fullname=I Made Tito Wiratama|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=y|2003|7|31}}|birth_place=[[Denpasar]], Indonesia|height=1.75 m|currentclub=[[Bali United F.C.|Bali United]]|clubnumber=55|position=[[Midfielder]]|youthyears1=2015–2017|youthclubs1=SSB Mandala United|youthyears2=2018–2022|youthclubs2=[[Bali United F.C. Youth Sector|Bali United]]|years1=2022–|clubs1=[[Bali United F.C.|Bali United]]|caps1=26|goals1=3|nationalyears1=|nationalteam1=|nationalcaps1=|nationalgoals1=|club-update=22:30, 23 November 2024 (UTC)|ntupdate=}} An haifi Tito a ranan 31 ga watan yuli shekara ta 2003 a kasar Indonesia dan wasan kwallon kafa == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Tito a Denpasar, kasar Indonesia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Made Tito Wiratama, Calon Bintang Masa Depan Bali United |url=https://ringtimesbali.pikiran-rakyat.com/olahraga/pr-286351845/made-tito-wiratama-calon-bintang-masa-depan-bali-united |publisher=ringtimesbali.pikiran-rakyat.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Bali United === Tito ya buga wa makarantar matasa ta Bali United wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terbongkar Ini Kekurangan Putera Bali Made Tito Wiratama di Mata CEO Bali United Yabes Tanuri, Wajib Buat Ini |url=https://www.balitren.com/bali-united/7957752670/terbongkar-ini-kekurangan-putera-bali-made-tito-wiratama-di-mata-ceo-bali-united-yabes-tanuri-wajib-buat-ini |publisher=balitren.com |access-date=2025-07-02 |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303012600/https://www.balitren.com/bali-united/7957752670/terbongkar-ini-kekurangan-putera-bali-made-tito-wiratama-di-mata-ceo-bali-united-yabes-tanuri-wajib-buat-ini |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yabes Doakan Made Tito Dipanggil Pelatnas |url=https://www.nusabali.com/berita/136719/yabes-doakan-made-tito-dipanggil-pelatnas |publisher=nusabali.com}}</ref>A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekarar ta 2022, Tito ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Bali United.<ref name="titobali">{{Cite web |title=AKTIF DI BURSA TRANSFER, COACH TECO UNGKAP KONDISI SKUAD BALI UNITED SAAT INI |url=https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/aktif-di-bursa-transfer-coach-teco-ungkap-kondisi-skuad-bali-united-saat-ini/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Bali United Official Website |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630161826/https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/aktif-di-bursa-transfer-coach-teco-ungkap-kondisi-skuad-bali-united-saat-ini/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko da ba a hukumance ba a kan Persebaya a gasar cin kofin shugaban kasar a Indonesia ta shekarar ta 2022 inda ya maye gurbin Yabes Roni a minti na 70. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kisah Made Tito Wiratama, Dulu Anak Gawang Kini Perkuat Bali United |url=https://www.libero.id/detail/16988/kisah-made-tito-wiratama-dulu-anak-gawang-kini-perkuat-bali-united.html |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=LiberoID}}</ref> Kuma a ƙarshe ya fara bugawa a hukumance a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 2023 a 2022-23 Liga 1 wasa da Persebaya Surabaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAKUKAN ROTASI HADAPI PERSEBAYA, MADE TITO HUNI LINI TENGAH BALI UNITED |url=https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/lakukan-rotasi-hadapi-persebaya-made-tito-huni-lini-tengah-bali-united/ |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=Bali United Official Website |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218105636/https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/lakukan-rotasi-hadapi-persebaya-made-tito-huni-lini-tengah-bali-united/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi kyau sosai a wasan farko da ya yi, ya sami nasarar ba da gudummawa biyu ga Bali United, gudummawa guda biyu sun zo a burin na uku da Privat Mbarga ya zira da kuma burin na huɗu da Ilija Spasojević ya zira a rabi na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2023 |title=Stefano Cugurra Buka Suara soal Made Tito Lakoni Debut dan Cetak Dua Assist untuk Bali United |url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/313698688/stefano-cugurra-buka-suara-soal-made-tito-lakoni-debut-dan-cetak-dua-assist-untuk-bali-united |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=www.bolasport.com |language=id}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye na farko tare da kulob din lokacin da Bali United ta doke Persis 3-1 a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Cetak gol perdana, Made Tito dapat pujian dari pelatih Bali United |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3416994/cetak-gol-perdana-made-tito-dapat-pujian-dari-pelatih-bali-united |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=Antara News}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|23 November 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Bali United |2022–23 | rowspan="1" valign="center" |Lig 1 |6 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |6 |1 |- |2023–24 |Lig 1 |9 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |10 |1 |- |2024–25 |Lig 1 |11 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |11 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !26 !3 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !27 !3 |} == Daraja == '''Bali United U-18''' * Elite Pro Academy Liga 1 U-18: 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bali United Kampiun Mola Elite Pro Academy Liga 1 U-18 2021 |url=https://www.pssi.org/news/bali-united-kampiun-mola-elite-pro-academy-liga-1-u-18-2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=PSSI - Football Association of Indonesia |language=id-ID }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Lig 1 Matashi Mai kunnawa na Watan: Agusta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=𝙔𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙮𝙚𝙧 𝙊𝙛 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙝 I MADE TITO terpilih sebagai Young Player Of The Month, Pekan 4 BRI Liga 1-2024/25 |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DAFqB4JotAR/?igsh=MW42Y3dsY2c0amN1Zg== |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=www.instagram.com |language=id}}</ref> Satumba 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2024 |title=𝙔𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙮𝙚𝙧 𝙊𝙛 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙝 I Made Tito terpilih sebagai Young Player Of The Month, September. |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DBsTfysI0a3/?igsh=N3BoaXJkOWg2c3Nh |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=www.instagram.com |language=id}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|i-made-tito-wiratama/852644}} * [https://www.baliutd.com/player/i-made-tito-wiratama/ Na Yi Tito Wiratama]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a Shafin yanar gizon Bali United [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] n13lzgocar8v1adakpvyydwiyykdqjt 0 63334 879395 730282 2026-07-09T08:14:13Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Southern campus (IA southerncampus1952univ).pdf|thumb|Barbara Adams (Masani)]] {{Stub}} == Farkon aiki da gidan kayan gargajiya na Petrie == An haifi Barbara Bishop a Asibitin Hammersmith da ke Landan ga Charles da Ellaline Bishop.Iyayenta ba su da aikin yi amma ta sami gurbin karatu a makarantar Godolphin da Latymer amma kudinta bai yi karatu ba bayan sha shida. <ref name="odnb">H. S. Smith, 'Adams, Barbara Georgina (1945–2002)', ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, Jan 2006; online edn, Jan 2009 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/77023, accessed 11 Oct 2016]</ref>Bayan ta tashi daga makaranta ta ci gaba da karatu a makarantar dare.A shekaru goma sha bakwai,ta zama mai koyo a gidan kayan tarihi na tarihi. Ta yi aiki kuma ta yi karatu a lokacinta kuma a cikin 1962,ta zama mataimakiya a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi . <ref name="odnb"/>Ta kware a fannin ilimin halittu a gidan kayan gargajiya kuma ta zama mataimakiyar RB Benson.Ta koma sashen ilimin halin dan Adam na Dr KP Oakley a cikin 1964 inda ta saba da kayan aikin kayan aiki kuma ta sami ilimin ilimin jikin mutum.<ref name="Friedman Lesko">[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/bios/Adams_Barbara.pdf Barbara Adams, 1945-2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030130356/https://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/bios/Adams_Barbara.pdf |date=2020-10-30 }}, by Renée Friedman and Barbara Lesko, Brow.edu, Retrieved 11 October 2016</ref>A cikin 1964 ta lashe gasar kyau ''ta Miss Hammersmith'' kuma an buga littafin waƙarta na ''Kasusuwa a cikin raina''.<ref name="odnb" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] Barbara Adams (Masaniyar Tarihin Masar) Barbara Adams (an haife ta da suna Barbara Bishop a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1945 – ta rasu 26 ga Yuni, 2002) fitacciyar masaniyar kayan tarihi ce ta Birtaniya wadda ta shahara a fannin Egyptology (nazarin tarihin Masar ta dā). Ta yi suna musamman wajen bincike kan tarihin Masar kafin zamanin sarakunan Fir'auna, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana a wannan fanni. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Barbara Bishop a Asibitin Hammersmith da ke birnin Landan, ga iyayenta Charles Bishop da Ellaline Bishop. Duk da cewa iyayenta ba su da wadata, ta sami gurbin karatu a makarantar Godolphin and Latymer School. Sai dai saboda matsalolin kuɗi, ta daina karatu tana da shekara 16. Bayan ta bar makaranta, ta ci gaba da halartar makarantar dare domin ƙara iliminta. Lokacin da ta kai shekara 17, ta fara aikin koyon sana'a a Natural History Museum da ke Landan. A nan ta samu horo kan binciken kimiyya da kula da kayan tarihi, wanda ya zama ginshiƙin aikinta na gaba. Farkon aikinta A shekarar 1962, Barbara ta samu aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a Natural History Museum. Da farko ta yi aiki a fannin nazarin kwari (Entomology) tare da masani R. B. Benson. Bayan haka, a shekarar 1964, aka mayar da ita zuwa sashen ilimin ɗan Adam, inda ta yi aiki tare da Dr. K. P. Oakley, tana koyon nazarin ƙasusuwan mutane da tsoffin kayan tarihi. A wannan shekarar ce kuma ta lashe kambun Miss Hammersmith, sannan aka wallafa kundin waƙoƙinta mai suna Bones in My Soul. Aikinta a fannin Egyptology A shekarar 1965, Barbara ta shiga aiki a Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology na University College London, inda ta fara ƙwarewa sosai a fannin ilimin tarihin Masar ta dā. Ta yi aiki tare da manyan masana, kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu bincike kan tarihin Masar kafin kafuwar daulolin Fir'auna. An naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Mai Kula da Gidan Tarihi a shekarar 1975, sannan a shekarar 1984 ta zama Mai Kula da Gidan Tarihi (Curator). Ta riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa lokacin da rashin lafiya ya tilasta mata rage aiki. Barbara ta jagoranci bincike da tono kayan tarihi a wurare da dama a Masar, musamman a Hierakonpolis, inda bincikenta ya taimaka wajen gano muhimman bayanai game da rayuwa, al'adu da addinan mutanen Masar kafin zamanin dauloli. Rubuce-rubuce da gudummawa Barbara Adams ta rubuta littattafai da maƙaloli masu yawa kan tarihin Masar ta dā. Ta kuma shirya jerin littattafan Shire Egyptology Series, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen yaɗa ilimin Egyptology ga ɗalibai da masu sha'awar tarihi a duniya. Ayyukanta sun kasance muhimmin tushe ga masu bincike, kuma sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda al'ummar Masar ta samo asali kafin zamanin Fir'auna. Rasuwa A shekarar 2001, an gano Barbara Adams na fama da cutar daji. Bayan fama da rashin lafiya na wani lokaci, ta rasu ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2002, tana da shekara 57. Gadonta Barbara Adams ta bar gagarumar gudummawa a fannin ilimin kayan tarihi da tarihin Masar ta dā. Har yanzu ana amfani da bincikenta da littattafanta a jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike a faɗin duniya, kuma ana tunawa da ita a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana Egyptology na ƙarni na ashirin. sytaxmf4jwotwjjpd6qwyy7djh1fvqn 0 63797 879248 719325 2026-07-08T23:55:40Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} Daga Mayu 1999 zuwa Mayu 2000 ta rike matsayi na bayan-doc a Sashen Astrophysics na Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai,ESTEC,Noordwijk,tare da Malcolm Fridlund.A cikin lokacin 2000-2002 ta kasance memba na kwamiti na Majalisar Binciken Norwegian.Tun daga watan Mayun 2000 an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin masanin falaki a NOT,na farko a matsayin mataimakiyar masanin ilmin taurari sannan daga baya(shekarar alif dubu biyu da biyu 2002)a matsayin mai kula da astronomer. ==Manazarta== [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] Anlaug Amanda Djupvik Anlaug Amanda Djupvik masaniya ce daga ƙasar Norway a fannin ilimin taurari (Astrophysics). Ta shahara saboda bincikenta kan yadda taurari ke samuwa, tsarin samuwar duniyoyi (planetary systems), da kuma nazarin taurarin da ke wajen tsarin hasken rana (exoplanets). Ta yi aiki a manyan cibiyoyin binciken sararin samaniya na Turai, musamman tare da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA). Rayuwa da ilimi Anlaug Amanda Djupvik ta taso a ƙasar Norway inda ta fara sha'awar kimiyyar taurari tun tana yarinya. Bayan kammala karatun firamare da sakandare, ta shiga jami'a inda ta karanci ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya. Daga baya ta kammala digirin-dokta (PhD) a fannin ilimin taurari, inda bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan samuwar taurari da duniyoyi. Aikin bincike Bayan kammala digirinta, Djupvik ta fara aiki a cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban na Turai. Daga Mayu 1999 zuwa Mayu 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike bayan digirin-dokta (Postdoctoral Researcher) a Sashen Astrophysics na Cibiyar Fasahar Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESTEC) da ke Noordwijk, ƙasar Netherlands. A wannan aiki ta yi haɗin gwiwa da masanin taurari Malcolm Fridlund, inda suka gudanar da bincike kan ayyukan lura da taurari da shirye-shiryen binciken sararin samaniya. Daga 2000 zuwa 2002, ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar bincike da ke gudanar da bincike kan samuwar taurari da duniyoyi. Ta yi amfani da manyan na'urorin hangen nesa na ƙasa da na sararin samaniya wajen tattara bayanai game da taurari masu tasowa. Fannonin bincikenta Ayyukan binciken Djupvik sun fi mayar da hankali kan: Samuwar sabbin taurari. Tsarin samuwar duniyoyi a kusa da taurari. Nazarin gajimaren ƙura da iskar gas da ke samar da taurari. Binciken exoplanets (duniyoyin da ke kewaya wasu taurari banda Rana). Amfani da fasahar hangen nesa ta zamani wajen nazarin sararin samaniya. Wallafe-wallafe Anlaug Amanda Djupvik ta rubuta tare da haɗa hannu wajen wallafa muƙalu da dama a mujallolin kimiyya na duniya. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a mujallu masu daraja a fannin ilimin taurari, inda aka yi amfani da sakamakon bincikenta wajen fahimtar yadda tsarin taurari da duniyoyi ke samuwa. Gudummawa ga kimiyya Gudummawar Djupvik ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa binciken ilimin taurari a Turai. Ta shiga ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin bincike da jami'o'i da dama, inda ta ba da gudummawa wajen horar da matasa masu bincike da kuma inganta hanyoyin nazarin sararin samaniya. Muhimmanci Anlaug Amanda Djupvik tana daga cikin fitattun masana ilimin taurari na Norway. Bincikenta ya taimaka wajen ƙara fahimtar yadda taurari da duniyoyi ke samuwa da kuma yadda tsarin sararin samaniya yake canzawa. Ayyukanta sun kasance masu amfani ga shirye-shiryen binciken sararin samaniya na Turai da sauran ƙasashe. Manazarta 1. European Space Agency (ESA). 2. ESA European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC). 3. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS). 4. Wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na Anlaug Amanda Djupvik a mujallolin ilimin taurari. 5. Takardun bincike da aka wallafa a fannin Astrophysics da Astronomy. ncw9b2ns0l9js0ef1393kq0fxiiv6wh 0 65893 879428 821473 2026-07-09T09:33:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naomi Adeline Helen Millard''', née '''Bokenham,''' (16, Yuli 1914, Green Point, [[Cape Town]] - 12, Yuni 1997) ta kasance ƙwararriya ce a fannin [[Ilimin halayyar yanayi|ilimin]] nazarin [[Halitta ta mutum|halittu]] ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Zoological Society of South Africa da kuma Zoologica Africana Journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Campos|first1=Felipe Ferreira|last2=Pérez|first2=Carlos Daniel|last3=Puce|first3=Stefania|last4=Marques|first4=Antonio Carlos|date=2020-05-21|title=Zygophylax naomiae Campos, Perez, Puce & Marques 2020, sp. nov.|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3853152 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3853152}}</ref> == Rayuwa. == Naomi Adeline Helen Bokenham ta kasance a ranar 16, ga watan Yuli 1914, a Green Point, [[Cape Town]].<ref name=":0"/> Ta kammala makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Wynberg kuma ta shiga Jami'ar Cape Town a shekara ta 1932, ta kammala digiri na biyu a 1935.<ref name=":0"/> A cikin shekarar 1938, Bokenham ta auri Arthur Millard kuma daga baya ya zauna a Pillans Road, Rosebank, yana renon ɗa da ɗiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Frssaf|first=A. C. Brown|date=1998-01-01|title=Naomi A.h. Millard 1914–1997|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00359199809520365|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|volume=52|issue=2|pages=437–441|doi=10.1080/00359199809520365|issn=0035-919X}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1942, an ba wa Millard lambar yabo ta Ph.D. da digiri, kuma a cikin shekarar 1946, an naɗa ta a matsayin ma'aikaciya na dindindin a matsayin malama.<ref name=":0"/> == Sana'a == A cikin shekarar 1951, Millard ta wallafa ''Abubuwan lura da gwaje-gwaje akan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin teburin Bay Harbour, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a cikin Ma'amaloli na Royal Society of South Africa''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Millard|first=Naomi|date=1951|title=Observations and Experiments on Fouling Organisms in Table Bay Harbour, South Africa|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MILOAE|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|volume=33|issue=4|pages=415–446|doi=10.1080/00359195109519892}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 1952, an ba ta lambar yabo da ingancin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya.<ref name=":0"/> A cikin shekarar 1958, Millard ta sami ƙarin girma zuwa babbar laccara kuma a cikin shekarar 1963, ta zama Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa.<ref name=":0" /> Daga shekarun 1961, zuwa 1972, Millard ta kasance sakatariyar girmamawa na kungiyar Zoological Society of Africa Executive Council of South Africa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=History and Overview|url=https://zssa.co.za/history-and-overview/|access-date=2021-01-18|website=Zoological Society of Southern Africa (ZSSA)|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127195300/https://zssa.co.za/history-and-overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1967, Millard ta wallafa wani aikin ''Hydrois daga kudu maso yammacin Tekun Indiya.'' ''Annals na gidan tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reference Summary - Millard, N.A.H., 1967|url=https://www.sealifebase.ca/References/FBRefSummary.php?id=92985|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.sealifebase.ca}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1971, ta yi ritaya daga Jami'ar kuma ta shiga cikin ma'aikatan gidan adana kayan tarihi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin masaniya a fannin ilimin halittun ruwa da ke nazarin hydroids na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":0"/> A cikin shekarar 1972-1977, Millard ta kasance Editar Jarida na Ƙungiyar Zoological Society na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Wani aikin Millard akan hydroids an wallafa shi a cikin shekarar 1977- ''Hydroids daga ɗakunan Kerguelen da Crozet, wanda jirgin ruwa MD.03, na Marion-Dufresne ya tattara.'' ''Ann.'' ''S. Afr.'' ''Mus''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reference Summary - Millard, N.A.H., 1977|url=https://www.sealifebase.ca/References/FBRefSummary.php?id=3103|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.sealifebase.ca}}</ref> A lokacin aikinta, ta kwatanta harajin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxlist|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1980, an ba wa Millard lambar yabo ta Zinariya ta Ƙungiyar Zoological Society ta [[Kudancin Afirka]]. <ref name=":0"/> Naomi AH Millard ta mutu a ranar 12, ga watan Yuni 1997. <ref name=":0"/> == Zaɓaɓɓun Ayyuka. == * 1951 - Observations and experiments on fouling organisms in table Bay Harbour, South Africa. * 1967 - Hydrois from the south-west Indian Ocean. Annals of the South African Museum. * 1977 - Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD.03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. == Species named after Millard. == * ''Gymnangium millardi'' <small>Ronowicz sp.</small> <small>nov.</small><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ronowicz|first1=Marta|last2=Boissin|first2=Emilie|last3=Postaire|first3=Bautisse|last4=Bourmaud|first4=Chloé Annie-France|last5=Gravier-Bonnet|first5=Nicole|last6=Schuchert|first6=Peter|date=2017-04-19|title=Modern alongside traditional taxonomy—Integrative systematics of the genera Gymnangium Hincks, 1874 and Taxella Allman, 1874 (Hydrozoa, Aglaopheniidae)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=4|pages=e0174244|pmid=28422958|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0174244|pmc=5396908 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1274244R |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 1997]] pddtwznv33d1shs0l7ls9e9ma4byvjl 0 67543 878993 640902 2026-07-08T16:10:23Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hujja}} {{databox}} '''Reva Brooks''' (Mayu 1913 - 24 Janairu 2004) 'yar kasar Kanada mai daukar hoto ce wacce ta yi yawan cin ayyu kan ta a ciki da wajen San Miguel de Allende a Mexico. Gidan kayan gargajiya na [[San Francisco]] ta zaɓi Reva Brooks a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mata 50 masu daukar hoto a tarihi.<ref>Brooks, Reva". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</ref> == Sana'a == An haifi Reva Silverman a [[Toronto]], Ontario a watan Mayu 1913. Iyayen ta, Moritz Silverman da Jenny Kleinberg sun yi ƙaura zuwa Kanada daga [[Poland]]. Moritz ya isa Toronto a shekara ta 1905 kuma ya fara aiki a gundumar tufafin Yahudawa a kan titin Spadina, kuma bayan shekaru uku ya sami isasshen kuɗi don aika Jenny, wanda ya aura a lokaci ɗaya. Moritz Silverman ya kafa kansa a cikin wani shagon tela da dan nawa, inda Reva da yayyen ta shida suka girma. {{Sfn|Virtue|2001}} A 1935, ta auri mai zane Frank Leonard Brooks . Yayin da suke tafiya zuwa San Miguel de Allende ta ɗauki hoto. Ma'aura tan sun kasan ce farkon abin da ya zama sanan nen yanki na masu fasaha a wan nan garin. {{Sfn|Canadian Women Artists History Initiative}} Sun isa a 1947, suna shirin zama na shekara guda yayin da Frank Brooks ya yi karatun zane-zane, kuma ya zauna tsawon shekaru hamsin. {{Sfn|Virtue|2012}} A ranar 12 ga Agusta 1950 Leonard da Reva Brooks, da Stirling Dickinson da wasu malaman Amurka biyar, an kori su daga Mexico. Dalili a hukumance shi ne ba su da takardar bizar aiki da ta dace amma dalilin na iya kasan cewa takun saka da mai wata makaran tar fasaha ta kishiya. Leonard Brooks ya yi nasarar dage wannan odar ta yadda za su iya komawa ta hanyar tuntubar da ya yi da Janar Ignacio M. Beteta, wanda ya taba ba da shawara kan zane-zane kuma dan uwansa Ramón Beteta Quintana ya kasan ce dan siyasa mai tasiri a matakin kasa. {{Sfn|Berger|Wood|2010}} == Aiki == A cikin Satumba-Oktoba 1950, kafin buɗe hukuma ta Instituto Allende a San Miguel, ta gudanar da nunin ayyu kan masu fasaha na gida. Ayyukan Leonard da Reva Brooks sun haɗa a cikin wannan nunin. {{Sfn|Virtue|2001}} An fara gane daukar hoto na Reva Brooks kuma Minor White ya yaba da shi a cikin 1952 lokacin da aka sake buga hoton Reva na ''Anciana'' (Dona Chencha), a bangon bango na uku na ''Aperture'', bugu mai tasowa tare da manufa don zama dan dalin ci gaban kyawu a daukar hoto. {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} A wannan shekarar, Reva Brooks ya sayar da daya daga cikin shahararrun hotunan ta, ''Confrontation'', hoton da Brooks ya dauka a 1948 na wata uwa da ke baƙin ciki game da yaron da ya mutu, ga Edward Steichen, darektan daukar hoto a Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) a New York, {{Sfn|Virtue|2012}} kuma a cikin 1955 an haɗa aikin a cikin nunin ''The Family of Man'' na MOMA, ɗaya daga cikin manyan nune-nunen na daukar hoto. (An haɗa shi a cikin wani sashe da ke magana akan ra'ayin "mutuwar duniya" - sakamakon bam ɗin hydrogen, har yanzu tsoro bayan yakin a cikin fahimtar jama'a). {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} Yawancin girma daga ainihin bugu, shi ne na farko a cikin ra'ayi tsakanin ayyukan sanan nun masu daukar hoto, irin su Roman Vishniac . {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} A cikin 1975, ''Yaro Matattu'', na yaron da ke cikin ''Tashe-tashen hankula'', an haɗa shi a cikin jerin hotuna guda biyar a cikin nunin ''mata na Hotuna: Binciken Tarihi'', a San Francisco Museum of Art . Ya kawo sabon hankali ga Reva, inda ya bayya na ta a matsa yin babbar mace mai daukar hoto a Mexico, da Kanada. {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} Reva Brooks (tare da mijinta Leonard) aka nuna a Eaton's Art Gallery, Toronto, a 1949. EXPO'67 ne ya samar da babban taro don aikin ta a cikin ''Nunin Hoto na Duniya: Kamara a matsa yin Shaida'' . {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} Ko da yake ɗaiɗaikun masu daukar hoto sun kasan ce ba a bayyana sunan su ba don goyon bayan jigon kyakkya wan fata, Hotunan Reva an gane su ta hanyar batun saboda sha'awar ɗan adam. Har yanzu, an ga aikinta a tsakanin masu daukar hoto masu daraja, irin su Inge Morath . {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} A cikin 1976, an haɗa aikin ta a cikin wani nuni a National Gallery of Canada, kuma a cikin 1989, a cikin Art Gallery na Windsor, Ontario. {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} Nunin solo na farko na Reva Brooks ta kasance a cikin 1998 a Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto, tare da nunin haɗin gwiwa tare da Leonard Brooks a Edward Day Gallery, Kingston, Ontario. {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} Ta shiga cikin nune-nunen nune-nune da yawa a Kanada da ƙasashen waje, kamar nata na baya-bayan nan a Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Kanada, [[Ottawa]], a cikin 2000, tare da nunin solo dinta na ƙarshe kasancewar ta baya-baya a Art Gallery na Ontario a 2002. {{Sfn|Sutnik|2003}} Ta mutu a San Miguel de Allende a shekara ta 2004. {{Sfn|Canadian Women Artists History Initiative}} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} === Littafi Mai Tsarki === *   *   *   *   *   *   87noj19h2nqgo64olsfqgeygs9gpzhk 0 68835 879157 873704 2026-07-08T19:02:44Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Plot" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359096140|A Naija Christmas]]" 879157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''A Naija Kirsimeti''''' fim ne na Kirsimeti na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya jagoranta kuma [[Abayomi Alvin]], [[Kunle Remi]], [[Efa Iwara]] da Rachel Oniga suka fito. An saki fim din a [[Netflix]] a ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix 'A Naija Christmas' Review: Vibrant, wholesome family film that shines with love |url=https://meaww.com/netflix-a-naija-christmas-review-vibrant-wholesome-family-film-that-shines-with-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216114856/https://meaww.com/netflix-a-naija-christmas-review-vibrant-wholesome-family-film-that-shines-with-love |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2021 |website=Meaww}}</ref> Shi ne fim na Kirsimeti na farko na Najeriya a kan Netflix . == Makirci == A Naija Kirsimeti ya ba da labarin wata tsohuwar uwa wacce ta damu saboda ƴaƴanta maza sun ki yin aure kuma sun ba da jikoki. Ta kalubalanci su ta hanyar miƙa ɗanta na farko ya auri gidan [[Ikoyi]] a matsayin gadonsa. Ajike yana yin rikodi a cikin ɗakin studio lokacin da Ugo ya shiga tare da kwanan wata. Ta ɓoye kuma ta lura yayin da Ugo ke ba da kwanan wata. Wasu mata sun shiga cikin sauri kuma sun haifar da rikici a cikin ɗakin karatu saboda Ugo ya yaudare su. A waje, ya ga cewa motarsa ma ta lalace. Mama ta shirya taro tare da matan da ba su da tabbas, to amma an yi mata ba'a saboda ba ta da kakarta. A halin yanzu, Obi ya ba da shawara ga Vera a cikin girman kai da kuma zane-zane. Vera ta tafi. Mama ta ga raƙuman rai na shawarar Obi, sai ta fadi kuma aka kai ta asibiti. Mama ta tsawata wa 'ya'yanta maza saboda rashin yin aure. Ta sanar da su cewa na farko daga cikinsu da ya yi aure zai gaji gidanta. Tony Torpedo, wani shark mai ba da rance ya ziyarci Ugo don dawo da kudadensa. A kokarin neman abokin tarayya, Ugo ya kai ga tsohuwar harshen wuta ba tare da amfani ba. Obi ya kusanci Vera a wurin aiki. Ta bukaci shi ya faranta mata rai ta hanyar kirkirar babban filin wasa don samun ta. Mama ta dauki 'ya'yanta maza zuwa coci don neman yarinya "mai kyau". Ugo ta sadu da Ajike, mawaƙa kuma ta ba ta zaman studio kyauta. Don samun ƙaunar Ajike, Ugo ya ba da kansa a matsayin mai bugawa na coci. Matan makoma sun shirya bikin Kirsimeti a [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin]] amma mahaifiyar Agatha ba ta iya halarta saboda an kira ta asibiti. Obi ya gabatar da ra'ayi ga kamfanin kebul a kusa da bikin gala na ghetto wanda suke so. Hakazalika, Vera ta ba da shawarar dare na kwanan wata. Chike da Ajike suna ƙoƙari su bayyana wa mazauna Mushin ra'ayin kogon. Ajike ya yi rikodin demo a cikin ɗakin studio na Ugo kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa wani taron dare. Ugo ya koma gida don ganin cewa an kwashe wasu kayan aikinsa. A halin yanzu, ana ganin Chike a gado tare da ɗaya daga cikin matan Mama na ƙaddara, Sammy. Ya fito da taron dare da aka gayyaci Ugo ya kasance mai tsaro na coci. Ajike ya ta'azantar da Ugo bayan Javelin ya doke shi. Ya tambaye ta a kwanan wata. Vera ta nemi Obi ya aure ta a bikin ofishinsu. Wannan a bayyane ya damu da Kaneng kuma ta yi ƙarya cewa ta dawo tare da saurayinta. Kaneng da Obi sun fita. Ugo da Ajike a ƙarshe sun tafi ainihin kwanan wata. Obi ya gaya wa Vera cewa ba zai iya auren ta ba saboda yana son Kaneng. Ta ba shi bulala mara kyau. Ya zama cewa Tony Torpedo tsohon saurayi ne na Kanengs. Ya ziyarci Obi kuma ya gargadi shi ya bar Kaneng shi kaɗai. Chike ta tafi gidan Sammy kuma ta yi mamakin samun mijinta a can. Ya bar cikin takaici. Ajike ya bugu kuma ya jagoranci zaman ibada a cikin kulob din dare. Ta farka a gidan Ugo. Ugo ya ba da shawarar dangantaka da Ajike kuma ta gaya masa cewa dole ne cocin ya ba da izini ga dangantakarsu. Cocin ya yi masa tambayoyi kuma ya yi gargadi game da kusanci kafin aure. Obi ya gabatar da Kaneng amma Javelin ya sadu da shi kuma ya kai shi Torpedo wanda ya buƙaci a biya shi don lalacewar motsin rai ga sautin adadin da Ugo ya ci. 'Yan uwansa sun ziyarci Ugo waɗanda suka nuna mamakin kayan aikin da ya ɓace. Ugo ta kalubalanci Ajike game da dangantakarta da Tony Torpedo kuma wannan a bayyane ya dame ta. Ta ce ta san Tony tun tana yarinya a Mushin kuma kawai ta je gana da shi don yin roƙo a madadin Ugo. Tony ya dawo da kayan Ugo. Kaneng da Obi sun daidaita. An sake bayyana cewa Obi ya biya Tony. Obi ya dauki Kaneng zuwa bikin Kirsimeti na iyali kuma mahaifiyar ta amince da ita. Ugo ya yi mamakin Ajike a cikin jam'iyyar kuma sun sake haduwa. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Abayomi Alvin]] a matsayin Chike * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Ugo * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Obi * Rachel Oniga a matsayin Madam Agatha / Mama * [[Linda Osifo]] a matsayin Vera * [[Segilola Ogidan]] a matsayin Ajike * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Tony Torpedo * [[Uzoamaka Aniunoh]] a matsayin Cassie * [[Ade Laoye]] a matsayin Kaneng * [[Mercy Johnson|Mercy Johnson Okojie]] a matsayin Mrs. Bliss (Sammy) * [[Carol King]] a matsayin Deaconess Fakorede * Bayode Agbi a matsayin Shugaba na Kamfanin Cable * Onikosi Bukola Abisoye a matsayin uwargidan motsa jiki * Soledayo Adegbite a matsayin Amos * Temitope Olaiwola a matsayin Direban taksi * [[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Alabi Pasuma]] a matsayin Mai zane-zane na Musamman * Imoikor Joseph a matsayin Fasto * Joseph Jaiyeoba a matsayin Javelin == Karɓar baƙi == IA cikin bita ga The New York Times, [[Kennedy (commentator)|Lisa Kennedy]] ta rubuta "Tare da mummunar nods da aka yi da kyau ta hanyar 'yan karkatarwa, 'A Naija Christmas' na iya zama kamar nishaɗi duk da cewa wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na tsakiya-na-hanya. Wannan hanyar ce kawai ta ratsa Legas, Najeriya. " Kunle Afolayan ya sami yabo saboda jagorancinsa."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=A Naija Christmas: Why Is It So Special and Hyped Up? |url=https://gizmostory.com/a-naija-christmas-why-is-it-so-special-and-hyped-up/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226200758/https://gizmostory.com/a-naija-christmas-why-is-it-so-special-and-hyped-up/ |archive-date=2021-12-26 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=Gizmo Story |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Kirsimeti == Plot == Kirsimeti a Naija ya ba da labarin wata uwa da ta tsufa wadda ta shiga cikin damuwa saboda 'ya'yanta maza sun ƙi yin aure su ba ta jikoki. Mama ta shirya taro da matan da ba su da wani tasiri, amma ana yi mata ba'a saboda ba kaka ba ce. Ta ce ta san Tony tun tana ƙarama a Mushin kuma ta je ta gana da shi ne kawai don ta roƙi Ugo. == Tsari == Kirsimeti a Naija ya ba da labarin wata uwa da ta tsufa wadda ta shiga cikin damuwa saboda 'ya'yanta maza sun ƙi yin aure su ba ta jikoki. Ta ƙalubalanci su ta hanyar ba da ɗanta na fari don ya auri gidanta [[Ikoyi|na Ikoyi]] a matsayin gadonsa. Ajike tana yin rikodi a cikin ɗakin studio lokacin da Ugo ya shigo tare da wata budurwa. Ta ɓoye tana kallon yadda Ugo ke zolayar budurwar. Sai wasu mata suka shigo cikin gaggawa suka tayar da tarzoma a studio saboda Ugo ya yaudare su. A waje kuma ya ga an lalata motarsa.Mama ta kira taron ƙungiyar mata ta “Undiluted Destiny”, amma aka yi mata ba’a saboda ba ta da jikoki. A lokaci guda, Obi ya nemi auren Vera cikin shagali da walwala, amma Vera ta bar wurin.Mama ta ga shirin neman auren ta hanyar kai tsaye (live stream), sai ta suma aka garzaya da ita asibiti. A can ta yi wa ’ya’yanta maza fada saboda ba su yi aure ba. Ta sanar da su cewa wanda ya fara yin aure shi ne zai gaji gidanta.Tony Torpedo, wani mai ba da bashi da tsananin karɓa, ya je wajen Ugo domin ya karɓi kuɗinsa. Ugo ya nemi tsoffin budurwansa domin ya sami wadda za ta aure shi amma bai yi nasara ba.Obi ya je wajen Vera a wurin aiki. Ta ce idan yana son ya dawo zuciyarta, sai ya ƙirƙiri kyakkyawan shiri (pitch) da zai burge ta. Mama ta kai ’ya’yanta coci domin neman “kyakkyawar” yarinya.Ugo ya haɗu da Ajike, wata mawaƙiyar coci, ya ba ta damar yin rikodi kyauta a studio. Don ya sami ƙaunarta, ya yi aikin mai buga gangar coci. A lokacin da mata na “Destiny” suka shirya bikin Kirsimeti a Mushin, Mama Agatha ba ta halarta ba saboda an kira ta asibiti.Obi ya gabatar wa kamfanin talabijin wani shiri game da bikin ghetto gala, kuma sun so shi. Daga baya Vera ta gayyace shi zuwa wani dare na soyayya.Chike da Ajike sun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana wa mutanen Mushin manufar bikin. Ajike ta yi demo a studio na Ugo sannan ta gayyace shi zuwa wani taron dare. Da Ugo ya koma gida sai ya ga an ɗauke wasu kayan ɗakinsa.A gefe guda kuma, an ga Chike a gado tare da Sammy, ɗaya daga cikin matan “Destiny” na Mama. Ashe taron da Ajike ta gayyaci Ugo shi ne tsaron dare na coci.Bayan Javelin ya doke Ugo, Ajike ta rarrashe shi. Daga nan ya gayyace ta zuwa fita. Vera kuma ta nemi auren Obi a wajen bikin ofis. Wannan ya ɓata wa Kaneng rai, sai ta yi ƙarya cewa ta dawo wajen tsohon saurayinta. Daga baya Kaneng da Obi suka nuna soyayya sosai.Ugo da Ajike daga ƙarshe suka fita a matsayin masoya. Amma Obi ya gaya wa Vera cewa ba zai aure ta ba domin yana son Kaneng, sai Vera ta mare shi.An gano cewa Tony Torpedo tsohon saurayin Kaneng ne. Ya je wajen Obi ya gargaɗe shi da ya rabu da Kaneng. Chike ya je gidan Sammy, amma ya yi mamakin ganin mijinta a can, sai ya tafi cikin baƙin ciki.Ajike ta bugu da giya har ta jagoranci waƙar bauta a wani gidan rawa. Da ta farka, ta tsinci kanta a gidan Ugo. Ugo ya nemi su fara soyayya, amma Ajike ta ce dole coci ta amince da dangantakar. Cocin ta yi masa tambayoyi tare da gargadin kada su kusanci juna kafin aure.Obi ya nemi Kaneng, amma Javelin ya kama shi ya kai shi wajen Torpedo, wanda ya nemi a biya shi diyya ta motsin rai daidai da bashin da Ugo yake binsa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * A Naija Christmasa kanNetflix * {{IMDb title|15565704}} 9dnrqqsrjd0bijp9nqhk2xgthgr0kao 0 69321 879538 385568 2026-07-09T11:29:49Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331958116|The Campus Queen]]" 879538 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Campus Queen wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] na 2004 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta tare da samarwa daga Mainframe Films da Television Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=7 Tunde Kelani Films You Should Watch Immediately |url=https://www.zikoko.com/list/tunde-kelani-films/ |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a bikin kiɗa-finai na Afirka na 2004 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓin fim na hukuma a bikin fina'a na Black a [[Kamaru]] . == Tarihi == .<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2011 |title=Campus Queen |url=http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000806/http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>The Campus Queen fim ne tare da kiɗa da yawa, rawa da gwagwarmaya, don haka yana nuna salon rayuwar ɗalibai a makarantun jami'a. Har ila yau, yana nuna sha'awar iko da mafi girma ta kungiyoyin dalibai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Obente * [[Lere Paimo]] a matsayin Cif Bongo * Segun Adefila a matsayin Toks * Toyin Adegbol a matsayin Uwar Toks * Sound Sultan * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tolu * Tope Idowu a matsayin Gwamna * Afeez Oyetoro a matsayin Kendy (Cook) * Serah Mbaka a matsayin Banke * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] a matsayin Farfesa * Segun Odegbami a matsayin Dean * Doyin Hassan a matsayin Goroso * Tunde Lawal a matsayin Ike * [[Madam Kofo|Abiola Atanda]] n2wrm1kban6g0sgkfkyi9ipyawug1kc 879539 879538 2026-07-09T11:31:10Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Campus Queen wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] na 2004 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta tare da samarwa daga Mainframe Films da Television Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=7 Tunde Kelani Films You Should Watch Immediately |url=https://www.zikoko.com/list/tunde-kelani-films/ |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a bikin kiɗa-finai na Afirka na 2004 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓin fim na hukuma a bikin fina'a na Black a [[Kamaru]] . == Tarihi == .<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2011 |title=Campus Queen |url=http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000806/http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>The Campus Queen fim ne tare da kiɗa da yawa, rawa da gwagwarmaya, don haka yana nuna salon rayuwar ɗalibai a makarantun jami'a. Har ila yau, yana nuna sha'awar iko da mafi girma ta kungiyoyin dalibai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Obente * [[Lere Paimo]] a matsayin Cif Bongo * Segun Adefila a matsayin Toks * Toyin Adegbol a matsayin Uwar Toks * Sound Sultan * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tolu * Tope Idowu a matsayin Gwamna * Afeez Oyetoro a matsayin Kendy (Cook) * Serah Mbaka a matsayin Banke * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] a matsayin Farfesa * Segun Odegbami a matsayin Dean * Doyin Hassan a matsayin Goroso * Tunde Lawal a matsayin Ike * [[Madam Kofo|Abiola Atanda]] ej793tvek88wo3pl1whut7veh4684gn 879540 879539 2026-07-09T11:31:47Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Campus Queen wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] na shekarar 2004 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta tare da samarwa daga Mainframe Films da Television Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=7 Tunde Kelani Films You Should Watch Immediately |url=https://www.zikoko.com/list/tunde-kelani-films/ |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Fim din ya fara ne a bikin kiɗa-finai na Afirka na 2004 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓin fim na hukuma a bikin fina'a na Black a [[Kamaru]] . == Tarihi == .<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2011 |title=Campus Queen |url=http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000806/http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>The Campus Queen fim ne tare da kiɗa da yawa, rawa da gwagwarmaya, don haka yana nuna salon rayuwar ɗalibai a makarantun jami'a. Har ila yau, yana nuna sha'awar iko da mafi girma ta kungiyoyin dalibai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Obente * [[Lere Paimo]] a matsayin Cif Bongo * Segun Adefila a matsayin Toks * Toyin Adegbol a matsayin Uwar Toks * Sound Sultan * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tolu * Tope Idowu a matsayin Gwamna * Afeez Oyetoro a matsayin Kendy (Cook) * Serah Mbaka a matsayin Banke * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] a matsayin Farfesa * Segun Odegbami a matsayin Dean * Doyin Hassan a matsayin Goroso * Tunde Lawal a matsayin Ike * [[Madam Kofo|Abiola Atanda]] 1dxhkabwi6ctxvs7xnz4nm0ry45pdc0 879541 879540 2026-07-09T11:33:07Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Campus Queen wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] na shekarar 2004 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta tare da samarwa daga Mainframe Films da Television Productions. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin kiɗa-finai na Afirka na 2004 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓin fim na hukuma a bikin fina'a na Black a [[Kamaru]] . == Tarihi == .<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2011 |title=Campus Queen |url=http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000806/http://www.victolavideos.com/video/campus-queen/ |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref>The Campus Queen fim ne tare da kiɗa da yawa, rawa da gwagwarmaya, don haka yana nuna salon rayuwar ɗalibai a makarantun jami'a. Har ila yau, yana nuna sha'awar iko da mafi girma ta kungiyoyin dalibai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Obente * [[Lere Paimo]] a matsayin Cif Bongo * Segun Adefila a matsayin Toks * Toyin Adegbol a matsayin Uwar Toks * Sound Sultan * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tolu * Tope Idowu a matsayin Gwamna * Afeez Oyetoro a matsayin Kendy (Cook) * Serah Mbaka a matsayin Banke * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] a matsayin Farfesa * Segun Odegbami a matsayin Dean * Doyin Hassan a matsayin Goroso * Tunde Lawal a matsayin Ike * [[Madam Kofo|Abiola Atanda]] kib85y3heeeco2p38mavu2jkycvfz1a 879542 879541 2026-07-09T11:35:27Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Campus Queen wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] na shekarar 2004 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta tare da samarwa daga Mainframe Films da Television Productions. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin kiɗa-finai na Afirka na 2004 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓin fim na hukuma a bikin fina'a na Black a [[Kamaru]] . == Tarihi == The Campus Queen fim ne tare da kiɗa da yawa, rawa da gwagwarmaya, don haka yana nuna salon rayuwar ɗalibai a makarantun jami'a. Har ila yau, yana nuna sha'awar iko da mafi girma ta kungiyoyin dalibai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Obente * [[Lere Paimo]] a matsayin Cif Bongo * Segun Adefila a matsayin Toks * Toyin Adegbol a matsayin Uwar Toks * Sound Sultan * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tolu * Tope Idowu a matsayin Gwamna * Afeez Oyetoro a matsayin Kendy (Cook) * Serah Mbaka a matsayin Banke * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] a matsayin Farfesa * Segun Odegbami a matsayin Dean * Doyin Hassan a matsayin Goroso * Tunde Lawal a matsayin Ike * [[Madam Kofo|Abiola Atanda]] syrqpovdzbtnkumwk8tctb3b5q15idl 879543 879542 2026-07-09T11:35:58Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 879543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Campus Queen wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] na shekarar 2004 wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya jagoranta tare da samarwa daga Mainframe Films da Television Productions. Fim din ya fara ne a bikin kiɗa-finai na Afirka na 2004 a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓin fim na hukuma a bikin fina'a na Black a [[Kamaru]] . == Tarihi == The Campus Queen fim ne tare da kiɗa da yawa, rawa da gwagwarmaya, don haka yana nuna salon rayuwar ɗalibai a makarantun jami'a. Har ila yau, yana nuna sha'awar iko da mafi girma ta ƙungiyoyin dalibai. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Obente * [[Lere Paimo]] a matsayin Cif Bongo * Segun Adefila a matsayin Toks * Toyin Adegbol a matsayin Uwar Toks * Sound Sultan * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tolu * Tope Idowu a matsayin Gwamna * Afeez Oyetoro a matsayin Kendy (Cook) * Serah Mbaka a matsayin Banke * [[Akinwunmi Isola]] a matsayin Farfesa * Segun Odegbami a matsayin Dean * Doyin Hassan a matsayin Goroso * Tunde Lawal a matsayin Ike * [[Madam Kofo|Abiola Atanda]] 7dntt3d9dqcq5fqshoq3kddnu00uoie 0 70904 879397 459342 2026-07-09T08:22:09Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yakamul''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Kap''' ko '''[[Tsibirin Ali|Ali]]''', yare ne na Austronesian da ake magana a East Aitape Rural LLG, [[Sandaun Province|Lardin Sandaun]], [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]] . Ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Yakamul ( 142°40′36′′E / 3.271334°S 142.676556°E / -3.271334; 142.67 6556 (Yakamul 1)) a arewacin gabar teku da tsibirin Ali, Angel, da [[Tsibirin Seleo|Seleo]].<ref name="Ethnologue22-PNG2">{{Cite web|website=Gary F.|format=Fennig}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Abubuwan da aka samo asali == * [Hasiya] Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin acikin dandalin www.jw.org/ha. {{North New Guinea languages}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0hey429aw1ewujig617s9ysw63spoau 0 71745 879517 628274 2026-07-09T10:58:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nchifor Valery,''' ɗan wasan talabijin ne na ƙasar [[Kamaru]] An san shi da fim din Obsession, wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a 2011 London-run ZAFAA Award . Ya kuma lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na namiji a matsayin jagora a lambar yabo ta jan gashin gashin gashi ta 2017. Ya kuma lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na namiji a matsayin jagora a lambar yabo ta jan gashin gashin gashi ta 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/interviews/412-zafaa.html |title=Tiptopstars |publisher=Tiptopstars.com |date=2012-01-15 |accessdate=2018-06-17 |archive-date=2018-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165202/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/interviews/412-zafaa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ndolezone">{{cite web |url= http://ndolezone.com/list-winners-red-feather-awards/ |title= List of winners from the red feather awards |accessdate= 2018-03-15 |archive-date= 2018-03-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180305185612/http://ndolezone.com/list-winners-red-feather-awards/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=" ghanacelebrities ">{{cite web |url= https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/10/28/zafa-awards-2011-winners-frank-arase-raja-samira-yakubu-pascal-amanfo-tv-africa-grab-awards/ |title= ZAFA Awards 2011 Winners! Frank Arase Raja, Samira Yakubu, Pascal Amanfo, TV Africa Grab Awards! |website= ghana celebrityu |accessdate= 2018-03-15 |archive-date= 2018-04-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031538/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/10/28/zafa-awards-2011-winners-frank-arase-raja-samira-yakubu-pascal-amanfo-tv-africa-grab-awards/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,83664.0.html|title=Genevieve Nnaji wins best actress award - Gistmania|date=1 November 2011|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/omotola-genevieve-stella-damasus-nominated-for-cameroon-entertainment-awards|title=Omotola, Genevieve, Stella Damasus nominated for Cameroon Entertainment Awards - Nigerian Entertainment Today|date=21 March 2012|publisher=}}</ref> == Tarihi == An haifi '''Valery''' ɗan ƙasar Kamaru ne. Ya kammala karatu tare da B.Ed a ilimi a Jami'ar Buea .<ref name="missginapromotes.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.missginapromotes.com/2016/09/star-profile-nchifor-valery-actor.html# |title=Miss Gina Promotes : Star Profile: Nchifor Valery - Actor |access-date=2018-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192134/http://www.missginapromotes.com/2016/09/star-profile-nchifor-valery-actor.html# |archive-date=2018-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Valery ya fara sana'arsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin a Buea, a cikin fim din Leather Gangsters, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2006. "Babban matsayi na aikin da na yi ya zuwa yanzu shine lokacin da aka zaba ni don mafi kyawun zuwa ZAFAA duniya (ZAFAA) a London shine na yi tafiya kuma na lashe kyautar a cikin wani rukuni tsakanin manyan sunaye daga Ghana Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu. " Valery ya gaya wa Njokatv. <ref name="missginapromotes.com" /> fito a cikin fina-finai sama da 40 wadanda suka hada da gajeren fina-fallace, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. shekara ta 2012 shi ne mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin rawar goyon baya wanda ya ba shi wata lambar yabo a wannan rukuni a Cameroon Movie Merit Awards, CMMA, fitowar 2012 da Fred Keyanti ya shirya. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * Mutum don karshen mako (2017) tare da [[Syndy Emade]], [[Yul Edochie|Alexx Ekubo]] * ''Rashin jituwa'' (2011) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan fashi na fata'' * ''Magana'' == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon |- |2011 |Kyautar ZAFAA |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai zuwa |Shi da kansa| {{Won}} |- !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon |- |2017 |Karanta Fuka-fuki) |Matsayin goyon bayan dan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau |Shi da kansa| {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Kamaru]] * [[Sinima a Kamaru|Fim na Kamaru]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Nchifor Valerya kanFacebook [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 5mcjk9jfxlw8d8i2oxv45f3lrz0eq80 0 71812 879216 878590 2026-07-08T21:57:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michelle Bello''' (an haife ta a matsayin '''Michelle Aisha Bello''' ; 30 ga Satumba 1982) daraktan fina-finai ne [['Yan Najeriya na Burtaniya|na Birtaniya]] kuma furodusa a fina-finai. Ita ce kuma Shugabar Kamfanin Nishaɗi da Buga Littattafai na Blu Star Entertainment Limited da ke Najeriya. An haifi Bello a Landan, Ingila. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bello a watan Satumba na shekarar 1982 ga Abdullahi Dominic da Sylviane Bello. Bello 'yar asalin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ce, Faransa, Baƙar fata da kuma [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] . Ta yi shekarunta na farko a Legas, Najeriya, tana karatun renon yara da firamare kuma tana da shekaru takwas, amma ta tafi Ingila inda ta sami takardar shaidar GCSE da A-level . A lokacin da take girma a Ingila ne ta gano sha'awarta ga yin fim kuma ba ta taɓa waiwayawa ba. == Sana'a == Bello ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 2001 don yin karatun sadarwa (ƙwararre a fannin Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai) a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Washington DC. A can, ta yi wasu gajerun fina-finai kuma a lokacin wani shiri na karatu a ƙasashen waje a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], Bello ta yi fim ɗinta na farko mai tsawon 16mm mai suna Sheltered. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Amurka a shekarar 2005, ta koma Najeriya don cimma burinta na zama furodusa/darakta a fina-finai. A shekarar 2007, Bello ta yi aiki tare da fitacciyar furodusa a talabijin kuma mai gabatarwa Mo Abudu a matsayin mataimakiyar furodusa a shirinta na talabijin mai suna Moments with Mo. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta shirya bidiyon waƙar Greenland mai lambar yabo ga fitaccen mawaki kuma mai ɗaukar hoto TY Bello. Michelle ta shirya kuma ta ba da umarni a fim ɗinta na farko mai suna Small Boy <ref>[http://www.supplementmagazine.org/michelle-bellos-small-boy-html Small Boy] {{Dead link|date=April 2020|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2007. Fim ɗin ya yi nasara nan take a Amurka domin daga cikin fina-finai 400, an zaɓe shi don kyaututtuka biyu a bikin fina-finan baƙar fata na Amurka da aka yi a Los Angeles a shekara mai zuwa. An zaɓi waɗanda aka zaɓa su ne kyautar Heineken Red Star Award don 'Innovation in Film' da kuma kyautar Target Filmmaker Award don 'Most Inspirational Film'. A gida, Small Boy ya ci gaba da lashe [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|kyautar African Movie Academy Award]] biyu don 'Best Art Direction' da 'Best Young Child Actor' a watan Afrilun 2009. An fara nuna fim ɗin a Legas, Najeriya a watan Mayun 2010. tare da taurarin Nollywood da masu sana'a a masana'antar. Bayan haka, Bello ta koma Amurka ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Sadarwa, wacce ta ƙware a fannin Darakta a Fina-finai, a Jami'ar Regent da ke Virginia. Ta yi amfani da damar wajen haɓaka sana'arta kuma ta yi gajerun fina-finai da dama. A lokacin da take Jami'ar Regent, an zaɓi Bello don yin aikin horo tare da Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta ICM a bikin Fina-finai na Cannes na 2011. Ta kuma halarci bikin fina-finai na Sundance a wannan shekarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aji da jami'ar ta shirya kuma ta haɗu da wasu fitattun masu shirya fina-finai a lokacin zamanta. Bayan kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na 2011, Bello ta koma gida don shiga masana'antar da ke bunƙasa da aka sani da [[Nollywood]] . Iliminta, tare da gogewarta a masana'antar a gida da kuma ƙasashen waje, ya sa Bello ta kasance mai iya shiryawa da kuma ba da umarni fim ɗinta na biyu mai suna [[Flower Girl (fim)|Flower Girl]], wanda aka fitar a watan Fabrairun 2013 don yin bita mai daɗi. Fim ɗin ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a sinima a faɗin Najeriya kuma daga baya aka sake shi a Ghana kuma ya sami irin wannan martanin. Watanni da yawa bayan haka, an fara nuna Flower Girl a Amurka a bikin fina-finan Hollywood Black Film Festival da aka yi a Los Angeles a watan Oktoban 2013. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, an buɗe kasuwar fina-finan Burtaniya a cikin manyan gidajen sinima guda uku, ciki har da sinima Odeon, Vue da Cineworld. Michelle ita ce darakta mace ta farko 'yar Najeriya da ta fito a fim a Burtaniya. Daga baya Flower Girl ta lashe kyautar 'Mafi Kyawun Fim na Afirka' a Burtaniya a bikin fina-finai na Black International a farkon watan Nuwamba na 2013. Fim ɗin ya sake ketare Atlantic don a nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na Toronto Black Film a watan Fabrairu na 2014. Aberdeen, Scotland, ita ce tasha ta gaba don fim ɗin kuma an sake shi a sinima a watan Fabrairu. Ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Screen Nation Film & Television Award ta 2014 a Burtaniya don 'Favourite New Nollywood Film' a wannan watan. Fim ɗin ya kuma sami kyaututtuka na 'Mafi Kyawun Haske' a bikin fina-finai na Africa Movie Academy Awards na 2013, da kuma 'Mafi Kyawun Fim' a bikin fina-finai na Africa International Film Festival na 2013. An ba Michelle kyautar Trailblazer mai daraja da kuma sha'awar gaske a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards na 2014 da aka yi kwanan nan a Legas, Najeriya. Alkalan da suka kaɗa ƙuri'a sun bayyana cewa an ba ta kyautar "saboda jajircewarta da kuma baiwarta da ta nuna, da kuma iyawarta ta amfani da fasahar zamani wajen shirya fina-finai a Afirka". Wannan kyautar ta zo ne da sabuwar motar wasanni ta Hyundai. An zaɓi Flower Girl a matsayin wacce ta lashe kyaututtukan AMVCA guda huɗu, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim da Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Mai Tallafi, sannan ta lashe kyaututtukan Mafi Kyawun Marubuci a cikin Barkwanci da Mafi Kyawun Jaruma Mai Tallafi. Michelle a halin yanzu tana haɓaka fim ɗinta na uku mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michelle Bello's Romantic Movie "Flower Girl" starring Damilola Adegbite, Chris Attoh & Eku Edewor to premiere this Valentine's Day! View the Official Trailer & Poster {{!}} BellaNaija |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Linda Ikeji |date=6 November 2012 |title=Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog: Flower Girl: Introducing Nigeria's Newest Romantic Comedy |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2012/11/flower-girl-introducing-nigerias-newest.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=Lindaikeji.blogspot.com}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2013)">tushen da ba shi da tabbas?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Sauran aiki === A ƙarƙashin laima ta Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello ya buga littafin The Film Directory, wani littafi da ke ɗauke da sunayen masu shirya fina-finai da kamfanoni da dama a Najeriya. An ƙaddamar da bugu na farko a watan Satumba na 2007 a bikin fina-finai na Abuja kuma hukumomin gwamnati sun tallafa masa, ciki har da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Hukumar Fina-finai ta Najeriya] da [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng Hukumar Tace Fina-finai da Bidiyo ta Ƙasa] . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tun tana yarinya a makaranta a Ingila, iyawar Bello ta motsa jiki ta sa ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta makaranta, ninkaya da kuma masu zagaye. Baya ga wannan, ta kuma keɓe lokaci don ɓangaren kiɗanta kuma ta koyi buga saxophone da piano. Mahaifin Bello ɗan Najeriya, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (mai ritaya), an haife shi a Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], kuma ya tashi zuwa matsayi mafi ƙaranci a matsayin Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama a Afirka a shekarar 1980. Bayan shekaru 25 na aikin yabo, ya yi ritaya daga [[Sojojin Sama na Najeriya|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya]] . Mahaifiyarta 'yar Amurka/Faransa, Sylvaline, fitacciyar mai fafutukar fasaha ce ta Najeriya, tana haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane a gida da waje a matsayin Shugabar wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya mai suna Masoma Africa Foundation for the Arts. Tun tana ƙarama, mahaifiyar Bello ta fallasa ta ga kiɗa, shirye-shirye da fina-finai waɗanda koyaushe take jin daɗinsu. == Fina-finai == * An tsare (2005), Darakta/Furodusa * Ƙaramin Yaro (2009), Darakta/Furodusa * Yarinyar Fure (2013), Darakta/ Furodusa * Matsalolin Rashin Da'a (2016) - Mataimakin Furodusa == Talabijin == * Moments with Mo – Season 1 (2007) Mataimakin Furodusa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/news/jara-how-well-do-you-know-michelle-bello |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Jara: How well do you know Michelle Bello |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Daraktan Sesame Street Nigeria – Kashi na 1 (2010) == Bidiyon kiɗa == == lambobin yabo == * Wanda Ya Lashe: Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Saiti - Kyaututtukan Fina-finan Nollywood na 2014. * Wanda Ya Lashe: Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Sauti - Kyaututtukan Fina-finan Nollywood na 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda Ya Lashe: Mafi Kyawun Waƙar Sauti ga Efya - Kyaututtukan Fina-finan Nollywood na 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda Ya Lashe: Mafi Kyawun Edita - Kyaututtukan Fina-finan Nollywood na 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda Ya Lashe: Sabuwar Fim Din Nollywood da Aka Fi So - Screen Nation Awards 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda Ya Lashe: Kyautar Trailblazer - Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka Magic 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda Ya Lashe: Fitacciyar Jarumar Tallafawa - Kyautar Zabi ta Africa Magic Viewer's 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda Ya Lashe: Mafi Kyawun Rubutun (Barkwanci) - Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka Magic ta 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Wanda Ya Lashe: Mafi Kyawun Fina-finan Afirka - Bikin Fina-finan Baƙaƙe na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Burtaniya 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An Zaɓe: Mafi Kyawun Fim na 2013 - Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka Magic ta 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An Zaɓa: Fitaccen Jarumi Mai Tallafawa - Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Masu Kallon Afirka Magic ta 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An Zaɓa: Kyautar 'Yan Afirka Masu Hazaka a Fasahar Screening - Screen Nation Awards 2014. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An Zaɓa: Mafi Kyawun Fim - Bikin Fina-finan Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Afirka na 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * An Zaɓa: Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Haske - Afirka Movie Academy Awards 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Kyautar Karamin Yaro: Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) – Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jagorar Fasaha ta 2009. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Kyautar Karamin Yaro: Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) – Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Yaro Mai Taken Yara a 2009. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)" /> * Ƙaramin Yaro: Naɗi a Bikin Fina-finan Baƙar fata na Amurka da aka yi a Los Angeles 2008 (Kyautar Heineken Red Star Award for Innovation in Film) * Ƙaramin Yaro: An Zaɓe Shi a Bikin Fina-finan Baƙar fata na Amurka a Los Angeles 2008 (Kyautar Mai Shirya Fina-finai ta Target don Fim Mafi Wahayi) * An zaɓi 'Yar Flower Girl: Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka (AMAA) 2013 – An zaɓe ta don Nasara a Haske * An zaɓi Furen Yarinya a hukumance don a nuna ta a bikin fina-finan baƙaƙe na Hollywood na 2013 a Los Angeles a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2013 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] ==Manazarta dffwd4u7clckvwez3kn5bwgu48h4g4x 0 72493 879411 838152 2026-07-09T08:40:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nahed El Sebai''' ({{Lang-ar|ناهد السباعي}}; an haife a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1987) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Masar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be30b8c30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910095101/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be30b8c30|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 10, 2018|title=Nahed El Sebai|work=BFI}}</ref> Ta fito a fina-finai sama da goma tun daga shekarar 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be30b8c30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910095101/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be30b8c30|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 10, 2018|title=Nahed El Sebai|work=BFI}}</ref> Ita ce jikar Farid Shawki da Huda Sultan.<ref>{{Cite web |title="تصريحات صادمة".. ناهد السباعي لبرنامج "vip": "أقبل الزواج من مسيحي.. وأعترف بالمثليين" (فيديو) |url=https://www.elaosboa.com/810934/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=الأسبوع |language=ar }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Fim ! Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2012 | ''[[After the Battle (fim)|Bayan Yaƙin]]'' | | |- | 2010 | ''[[678 (fim)|678]]'' | | |- | 2009 | ''[[Scheherazade, Tell Me a Story|Scheherazade, Bani Labari]]'' | | |- | 2012 | ''Baad Al Mawkea'' | | |- | 2015 | ''Sukkar Mor'' | | |- | 2016 | ''Haram Elgasad'' | | |- | 2016 | ''Yom Lel Settat'' | | |- | 2016 | ''[[Ali, Akuya da Ibrahim|Ali Meaza wa Ibrahim]]'' | | |- | 2011 | ''18 ku'' | | |- | 2011 | ''X babba'' | | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] gw22o1f49t4kcv05pc55wmu8t523den 0 73101 879195 707785 2026-07-08T20:56:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Meseret Mebrate''' (Amharic) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Habasha. Ta fara fitowa ta hanyar fitowa a fim din 2002 ''Gudifecha'' kuma ta ci gaba da yin fim a fina-finai daban-daban da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin. An san ta da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin ''Gebena'' (2009) da ''Dana'' (2013). == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Meseret Mebrate a [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] a wani wuri na Ghibi Gabriel . Iyayenta ne suka yi renonta. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Addis Ababa kuma ta fara fim din tana da shekaru 18. Daga baya, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai daban-daban na talabijin kamar ''Gudifecha'' (2002), kuma wanda aka fi sani da shi shine ''Gebena'' (2009) da ''Dana'' (2013).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-19 |title=Artist Meseret Mebrate declared she is a pregnant |url=https://addisgo.com/2021/12/19/artist-meseret-mebrate-declared-she-is-a-pregnant/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=ADDIS GO |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Meseret Mebrate in America |url=https://fetanzena.com/meseret-mebrate-in-america/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925093257/https://fetanzena.com/meseret-mebrate-in-america/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, Meseret ya auri Zewdu Shibabaw, ɗan'uwan mawaƙin Habasha Egigayehu Shibabaw (Gigi). fada a ''Seifu a kan EBS'' a 2022 cewa tana da ciki na watanni 4.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+Fim din !Taken !Shekara |- |''Gudifecha'' |2002 |- |''Zema Hiwot'' |2006 |- |''Moriam Mider'' |2008 |- |''Hiroshima'' |2011 |- |''Hiryet'' |2015 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Talabijin !Taken !Shekara |- |''Gebena'' |2009 |- |''Dana'' |2013 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=242&&aNM=Meseret%20Mebrate Meseret Mebrate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814071602/https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=242&&aNM=Meseret%20Mebrate |date=2024-08-14 }} a kan Yageru [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] f3fs0g24r89eyuymfjkii4x13o2bmmb 0 73390 879261 581688 2026-07-09T01:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammed Ya kMarouazi''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1973) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Moroko|Maroko]] a halin yanzu yana zaune a [[Kanada]].<ref>Khadija Benhaddouch, [https://www.libe.ma/Mohamed-Marouazi-Mes-ambitions-vont-plus-loin-que-d-etre-un-acteurc_a114889.html "Mohamed Marouazi : Mes ambitions vont plus loin que d’être un acteurc"]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Libération (Morocco)|Libération]]'', January 20, 2020.</ref> <ref>Etan Vlessing, [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/canadian-screen-awards-tv-the-porter-film-1235330247/ "Canadian Screen Awards: TV Drama ‘The Porter’ Leads With 19 Nominations"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', February 22, 2023.</ref> fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Atif a fim din 2022 Breathe (Respire), wanda ya sami kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Kanada don Kyautar Taimako mafi Kyawu a Fim a 11th Canadian Screen Awards a 2023. [https://www.lesiteinfo.com/maroc/les-confessions-de-sanae-akroud-sur-son-divorce-font-reagir-la-toile-video/ "Les confessions de Sanae Akroud sur son divorce font réagir la Toile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228002448/https://www.lesiteinfo.com/maroc/les-confessions-de-sanae-akroud-sur-son-divorce-font-reagir-la-toile-video/ |date=2023-02-28 }}. ''Le Site Info'', March 21, 2022.</ref> su a shekarar 2019 cewa suna sake aure, kafin su bayyana a watan Fabrairun 2020 cewa suna sake haduwa, <ref>Zineb Idhannou, [https://www.plurielle.ma/lifestyle/sanaa-akroud-et-mohamed-marouazi-sont-officiellement-a-nouveau-ensemble/ "Sanaa Akroud et Mohamed Marouazi sont officiellement à nouveau ensemble"]. ''Plurielle'', February 5, 2020.</ref> amma sun tabbatar da saki a shekarar 2022. == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fina-finai === {{Columns-list|* 1996 - ''Another Country in My Eyes (Di cielo in cielo)'' * 1997 - ''Les amies d’hier'' * 1998 - ''Love Without a Visa (Amour sans visa)'' * 1998 - ''The Harem of Madame Osman (Le Harem de Madame Osman)'' * 2000 - ''[[Leïla (2001 film)|Leïla]]'' * 2000 - ''Ali, Rabiaa and the Others (Ali, Rabiaa et les Autres...)'' * 2001 - ''Tayf Nizar'' * 2001 - ''La Rive des muets'' * 2002 - ''[[Face to Face (2003 film)|Face to Face]] (Face à Face)'' * 2004 - ''Memory in Detention (Mémoire en détention)'' * 2006 - ''Shattered Wings (Ailes brisées)'' * 2006 - ''Message reçu'' * 2007 - ''Argana'' * 2007 - ''[[Burned Hearts]] (Les Cœurs brûlés)'' * 2007 - ''The Scent of the Sea (Rih lbhar/Parfum de Mer)'' * 2011 - ''The Mother'' * 2012 - ''[[L'enfant Cheikh]]'' * 2014 - ''Frontieras (Al Houdoud)'' * 2022 - ''[[Breathe (2022 film)|Breathe]] (Respire)''}}{{Columns-list|* 1999 - ''Aoualad Ennass'' * 2000 - ''Douaer Ezzamane'' * 2002 - ''Il bambino di betleheme'' * 2002 - ''Le Papillon noir'' * 2002 - ''Le journal de Wardia'' * 2003 - ''Dilemme'' * 2003 - ''L'Adieu'' * 2004 - ''Poursuite'' * 2005 - ''Déchirure'' * 2007 - ''Les Eaux Noires'' * 2007 - ''Soleil couchant'' * 2007 - ''Petits secrets et gros mensonges'' * 2008 - ''Mi taja' * 2009 - ''L'Étranger'' * 2011 - ''Les cinq saisons'' * 2011 - ''Kaboul Kitchen'' * 2013 - ''3orss Eddib (Les noces du loup)'' * 2014 - ''Toile d'araignée'' * 2015 - ''Les loups ne dorment jamais'' * 2018 - ''[[Jack Ryan (TV series)|Jack Ryan]]'' * 2019 - ''[[Blood & Treasure]]'' * 2020 - ''Toute la vie''}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> [[Category:Mutanan Maroko]] [[Category:Masu tsara fim]] [[Category:Maza]] n26bac6r842me4q7qxuvn0jx91u6jal 0 73590 879399 836835 2026-07-09T08:29:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nadia Niazi''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar [[Moroko|Maroko]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=MATIN|first=LE|title=Le Matin - Un débat passionnant de Nadia Niazi et Salwa Khattab|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2015/un-debat-passionnant-de-nadia-niazi-et-salwa-khattab/232746.html|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Le Matin|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Libé|title=Nadia Niazi : "Je suis patiente de nature"|url=https://www.libe.ma/Nadia-Niazi-Je-suis-patiente-de-nature_a24330.html|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Libération|language=fr|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119000036/https://www.libe.ma/Nadia-Niazi-Je-suis-patiente-de-nature_a24330.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadia Niazi|url=https://www.canalplus.com/personne/nadia-niazi/65432|access-date=2021-11-18|website=myCANAL|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119000034/https://www.canalplus.com/personne/nadia-niazi/65432|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadia Niazi|url=https://www.telerama.fr/personnalite/nadia-niazi,471494.php|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Télérama.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadia Niazi|url=https://www.academie-cinema.org/personnes/nadia-niazi/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Académie des César|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119000038/https://www.academie-cinema.org/personnes/nadia-niazi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Nadia Niazi|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/nadia-niazi/21904|access-date=2021-11-18|website=Africiné|language=fr}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2009: ''Ƙarshen Mala'iku'' * 2010: ''Iyalin suna tafiya a cikin inuwa'' * 2011: Ma'aikatar Rif''Mai son Rif'' * 2013: Ta ''Fitowa daga Morocco'' * 2013: Su karnuka ne''Su ne karnuka'' * 2015: ''Mahaifiyarka! '' * 2018: Rashin lafiya''Baƙo'' * 2018: ''Sofia'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|2719291}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] bhtz4poy85xcmjdvi3xfsavph425bu4 0 74031 879272 540652 2026-07-09T03:49:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mount Zion Faith Ministries''' wani kamfani ne na shirya fina-finai na Kirista da ke jihar [[Ibadan]] a Najeriya, wanda ya kware wajen tsarawa da shiryawa da kuma rarraba fina-finan Kiristanci da na wasan kwaikwayo. An kafa ta ne a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1985 ta marubutan Kirista da ’yan wasan kwaikwayo [[Mike Bamiloye]] da [[Gloria Bamiloye]],<ref name="About the Ministry">{{cite web | title=MZFM | website=About the Ministry | url=https://mountzionfilm.org/about-the-ministry/ | access-date=October 12, 2022 | archive-date=October 12, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012142322/https://mountzionfilm.org/about-the-ministry/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ta ƙunshi Kiristoci daga ƙasashe da yawa, waɗanda ke aiki don haɓaka koyarwar Kirista ta hanyar hotuna masu motsi. Ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, shekarar alif 1986, ma'aikatar ta shirya wasanta na farko a makarantar 'yan mata ta St. Margaret, [[Ilesa|Ilesha]]. A cikin shekarar 1987, Mike Bamiloye ya yi murabus don ya mai da hankali kan ma'aikatun bangaskiya na Dutsen Sihiyona.<ref name="ORISAKAHUNSI 2019">{{cite web | last=ORISAKAHUNSI | first=Ifeoluwa | title=MOUNT ZION FAITH MINISTRIES | website=gospelfilmsng | date=April 12, 2019 | url=https://gospelfilmsng.com/mount-zion-faith-ministries/ | access-date=October 12, 2022 | archive-date=October 12, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012142321/https://gospelfilmsng.com/mount-zion-faith-ministries/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim ɗin farko da Dutsen Sihiyona Faith Ministries ya yi shi ne "Bawan da ba ya da fa'ida" a cikin shekarar 1990.<ref name="gospelfilmsng 2019">{{cite web | title=Complete List of Mount Zion Film Productions (1990-2019) | website=gospelfilmsng | date=April 12, 2019 | url=https://gospelfilmsng.com/complete-list-of-mount-zion-film-productions-1990-2019/ | access-date=October 12, 2022 | archive-date=November 30, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130104009/https://gospelfilmsng.com/complete-list-of-mount-zion-film-productions-1990-2019/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ya samar da fina-finai fiye da 200, ciki har da Ide Esu, The Beginning of The End, Perilous Times, Abattoir, House on Fire, One Careless Night, da Agbara Nla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30th anniversary: Bamiloye reminiscences on Mount Zion Ministries |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/30th-anniversary-bamiloye-reminiscences-on-mount-zion-ministries/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Vanguard News |date=27 August 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="gospelfilmsng 2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Man |first=The New |title=History, Summary, Full List and Links to Watch Mount Zion Movies (1990-2022) |url=https://www.thenewman.org.ng/2021/05/mount-zion-films-history-film-lists.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=The New Man Movement}}</ref><ref name="BoomFresh">{{cite web | title=Mike Bamiloye sets to release Abejoye Season 6 | website=BoomFresh | date=November 27, 2022 | url=https://boomfresh.com.ng/abejoye/mike-bamiloye-sets-to-release-abejoye-season-6/ | access-date=November 27, 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == q0ifb2780pxl1v3n6k08u5c7ywrqydv 0 75045 879516 726721 2026-07-09T10:53:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nazeem Bartman''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga Madison na gaba a gasar USL League One .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=210163395|title=USF Athletics|website=www.gousfbulls.com|access-date=2024-03-15|archive-date=2016-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124100210/http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=210163395|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bartman ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kwaleji a Tyler Junior College, inda ya taka Wasa na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya koma Jami'ar South Florida a 2015. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=210163395|title=USF Athletics|website=www.gousfbulls.com|access-date=2024-03-15|archive-date=2016-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124100210/http://www.gousfbulls.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=7700&ATCLID=210163395|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bartman ya taka leda tare da USL PDL gefen Michigan Bucks a cikin 2013. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerstats.us/bios/nazeem-bartman/|title=Nazeem Bartman – SoccerStats.us|website=soccerstats.us|access-date=2024-03-15|archive-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914102303/http://soccerstats.us/bios/nazeem-bartman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Janairu 2017, an zaɓi Bartman a zagaye na huɗu (73rd gabaɗaya) na 2017 MLS SuperDraft ta Vancouver [[Whitecaps FC]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eightysixforever.com/2017/1/17/14302734/whitecaps-select-jorge-gomez-sancWhitecapshez-and-nazeem-bartman-in-superdraft-3rd-and-4th-round|title=Whitecaps Select Jorge Gomez Sanchez and Nazeem Bartman in SuperDraft 3rd and 4th round|date=17 January 2017|publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya sanya hannu tare da Whitecaps FC 2akan 27 Afrilu 2017. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/wfc2/post/2017/04/26/wfc2-sign-nazeem-bartman|title=Whitecaps FC sign forward Nazeem Bartman to USL contract|date=27 April 2017|publisher=}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2020, biyo bayan fafatawa tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa masu zaman kansu na Atlanta SC da Stumptown Athletic, Bartman ya fito tare da Louisiana Krewe FC yayin gasar cin Kofin Independent ta NISA . Ya zura kwallo a ragar Gaffa FC a wasa na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na yankin Central Plains, kuma daga karshe ya sauya yunkurin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, kafin kungiyar ta fadi da ci 3–3 (8–9 pk).<ref>{{cite web |title=Review our goals!! Here Nazeem Bartman's goal. |url=https://twitter.com/lakrewefc/status/1287598195258916866 |website=Twitter |publisher=Louisiana Krewe FC |accessdate=1 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Bartman ya dawo wasa tare da Des Moines Menace . A kan 16 Maris 2022, Bartman ya rattaba hannu tare da kungiyar USL League One Forward Madison . A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2022, an ba Bartman suna USL League One player of the week na mako na 10 na 2022 USL League One season bayan ya zura kwallo a raga da taimako a nasarar Madison da ci 2-1 akan FC Tucson . == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] gcxw2eg1e5u36va2xdxu069evq9onpe 0 77308 878974 468620 2026-07-08T15:06:38Z Istimicah 46167 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357211111|The Herbs]]" 878974 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Infobox television/styles.css"></templatestyles>  The Herbs jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na yara ƙanana da kamfanin Graham Clutterbuck na FilmFair ya yi wa [[BBC]]. Michael Bond (mai kirkirar Paddington Bear) ne ya rubuta shi, wanda Ivor Wood ya jagoranta ta amfani da 3D stop motion model animation kuma an fara watsa shi daga 12 Fabrairu 1968 a cikin BBC1 Watch tare da Mother timeslot. Akwai abubuwa 13 a cikin jerin, kowannensu na tsawon minti 15.spin-off series entitled The Adventures of Parsley was transmitted from 6 April 1970 in the five-minute period between the end of children's TV and the BBC Evening News. This had 32 episodes, some of which were released on VHS as Parsley the Lion and Friends. au3doop3wpg58040klcj0xozbrdwnri 0 77410 879172 462323 2026-07-08T19:18:02Z Zahrah0 14848 879172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Janine Duvitski''' (an haife shi '''Christine Janine Drzewicki''' ; a ranar 28 ga Watan Yuni shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da biyu miladiyya 1952) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Janine Duvitski |url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/95548 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819073602/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/95548 |archive-date=19 August 2010 |access-date=18 October 2010 |publisher=bfi}}</ref> yar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] ce ta [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]], wacce aka sani da rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin sitcom na gidan talabijin na [[BBC Hausa|BBC]] ''Jiran Allah'', ''Kafa daya a cikin kabari'' da ''Benidorm'' . Duvitski ya fara zuwa hankalin kasa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ''Abigail's Party'', wanda Mike Leigh ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni a cikin shekarar alif 1977. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Duvitski a Morecambe, Lancashire ga mahaifin [[Poland]] da mahaifiyar Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 1997 |title=HOW WE MET; ALISON STEADMAN AND JANINE DUVITSKI |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-met-alison-steadman-and-janine-duvitski-1258752.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Janine Duvitski |url=https://www.sueterryvoices.com/artist/janine-duvitski |website=Sue Terry Voices}}</ref> Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Nottingham, sannan makarantar nahawu na kyauta kai tsaye . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://nottinghamwomenshistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/List-of-Notable-Nottingham-Women.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031160157/http://nottinghamwomenshistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Lis-of-Notable-Nottingham-Women.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Pointless Celebrities: Janine Duvitski's acting career – Dracula to Benidorm |url=https://www.realitytitbit.com/celebrity-gossip-and-news/pointless-celebrities-janine-duvitskis-acting-career-dracula-to-benidorm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031193638/https://www.realitytitbit.com/celebrity-gossip-and-news/pointless-celebrities-janine-duvitskis-acting-career-dracula-to-benidorm |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> Ta yi horo a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Gabas 15 a Essex. Tana da yara hudu, Jack, Albert, Ruby, da Edith Bentall, tare da mijinta dan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Bentall. Ruby kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma Edith, 'yar karamar Duvitski, ita ce jagorar mawaka na Kungiyar Fours. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenstreet |first=Rosanna |date=November 2012 |title=Family jewel: Interview with Ruby Bentall |url=http://www.sheengate.co.uk/richmond-and-barnes/2012/11/27/family-jewel-interview-with-ruby-bentall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603064604/http://www.sheengate.co.uk/richmond-and-barnes/2012/11/27/family-jewel-interview-with-ruby-bentall/ |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=Sheengate Publishing}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Talabijin === Ba da dadewa ba bayan barin makarantar wasan kwaikwayo, an ba Duvitski wasu ƙananan ayyuka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin amma ba shi da wakili, kuma ya sanya talla a cikin kasida ta hukumar Spotlight tare da hoto. Sakamakon haka BBC ta tuntube ta don gwada wani wasan kwaikwayo game da lalata, mai suna ''BBC2 Playhouse: Diane (1975)'' . Duk da cewa tana cikin shekarunta na 20, bangaren na wata yarinya 'yar shekara 13 ne amma abin da ta gani ya gamsar da ita don samun nasarar ta. Kofar ta bude mata don Karin TV da matsayi kuma, yayin da take fitowa a ''Don Juan'' a Hampstead Theater, London, Mike Leigh ya hango ta wanda ya ba ta wani ɓangare na Angie a cikin samar da ''Abigail's Party'' (1977), wanda ta maimaita a cikin sigar talabijin. Babban darajar talabijin na Duvitski sun haɗa da matsayin Jane Edwards a cikin ''Jiran Allah'' (1990 – 1994), Pippa Trench a ''kafa daya a cikin kabari'' (1990 – 2000), da Jacqueline Stewart a ''Benidorm'' (2007 – 2018). A cikin ''wasan kwaikwayon Vanity'' na BBC ta buga Mrs Crawley. Ta kuma bayyana akan ''Blankety Blank na Lily Savage'' . Har ila yau, ta bayyana a cikin samar da ''Blue Tunawa Hills'' ta Dennis Potter, da kuma a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ''yakin Foyle'' ("Fifty Ships"), ''Brush Strokes'', ''Cowboys'', ''Citizen Smith'', ''Minder'', ''Midsomer Murders'' (1998), ''My Iyali'', ''Mutum Game da Gidan'', ''Gidan Georgian'', ''New Stateman'', ''Black Stuff'' by Alan Bleasdale, ''[[Ilimi]]'', ''Z-Cars'', ''Mafi Munin Makon Rayuwata'', ''Ƙananan Dorrit'', ''Har yanzu Bude Duk Sa'o'i'' kuma, a cikin 2013, kamar yadda Emily Scuttlebutt a cikin CBeebies ya nuna ''Tsohon Jack's Boat'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2013 |title=Old Jack's Boat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/oldjacksboat/jacks-friends.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630023242/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/oldjacksboat/jacks-friends.html |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015 Duvitski ya yi tauraro a cikin sitcom BBC ''Boy ya sadu da yarinya'' . A cikin 2017 ta bayyana a matsayin Misis Leydon, mataimakiyar Chapel, a cikin ''mutanen Asibitin'' mockumentary na BBC. === Fina-finai === Duvitski yana da karamin rawa a gaban Laurence Olivier da Donald Pleasence a ''Dracula'' (1979), kuma ya bayyana a cikin fim din kidan rock na 1980 ''Breaking Glass'' . Ta kuma bayyana a cikin ''Babban Babban Jirgin Kasa na Farko'' na Michael Crichton (1978), ''Hauka na King George'' (1994), ''Game da Yaro'' (2002), ''Sabuwar Duniya'' (2005) da ''Angel'' (2007). === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === Duvitski ya fara zuwa hankalin kasa a cikin ''Jam'iyyar Abigail'', wanda Mike Leigh ya rubuta kuma ya jagoranci a cikin shekarar 1977. An bude wasan a cikin Afrilun shekarar alif 1977 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hampstead, yana dawowa bayan fara gudu a lokacin rani na 1977, tare da jimlar wasanni 104. Wasan barkwanci na dabi'a na kewayen birni, wasan kwaikwayo ne mai ban sha'awa game da buri da dandano na sabon matsakaicin da ya kunno kai a Biritaniya a cikin 1970s. A cikin Nuwamban shekarar 1977 an rubuta wani takaitaccen sigar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya dauki tsawon mintuna 104, a matsayin Wasan BBC ''don Yau'' . Duvitski yana wasa Angela, ma'aikaciyar jinya, matar Tony Cooper. Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo kuma sun hada da shirye-shirye a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasar Birtaniya, Young Vic da [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Janine Duvitski: Other Works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0245207/otherworks |access-date=2 February 2018 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 ta fito a kan mataki a cikin farfaɗo na Turanci National Opera 's On Gari . Ayyukan da aka yi, wanda kuma ya haɗa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya mai ban dariya June Whitfield, ya ga Duvitski ya ba da "asusun ban dariya mai ban sha'awa na Lucy Schmeeler, abokin zama na gida Hildy".".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elleson |first=Ruth |date=9 May 2007 |title=On The Town – English National Opera |url=http://www.operatoday.com/content/2007/05/on_the_town_eng.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302005252/http://www.operatoday.com/content/2007/05/on_the_town_eng.php |archive-date=2 March 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=Opera Today}}</ref> Duvitski ya buga Fairy na Kayan lambu a cikin shekarar 2017 Sunderland Empire Theatre pantomime ''Jack da Beanstalk'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Katy |date=20 December 2017 |title=Review: Jack and the Beanstalk, Sunderland Empire |url=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/whats-on/theatre-and-comedy/review-jack-and-the-beanstalk-sunderland-empire-until-january-7-1-8920172 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064116/https://www.sunderlandecho.com/whats-on/theatre-and-comedy/review-jack-and-the-beanstalk-sunderland-empire-until-january-7-1-8920172 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ta buga Mummy Bear a cikin ''Goldilocks da Bears Uku'' a London Palladium, kuma daga baya ta bayyana a matsayin Fairy Moonbeam a cikin ''kyawun bacci na'' pantomime a gidan wasan kwaikwayon Lyceum na Sheffield. == Filmography == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |1972 |''Z Cars'' |Ginny | rowspan="3" |1 episode; credited as Janine Drzewicki |- |1973 |''Man About the House'' |Sheila |- |1975 |''Sadie, It's Cold Outside'' |Lana |- | rowspan="2" |1976 |''The Georgian House'' |Ariadne |6 episodes |- |''Scene'' |Gertie |TV series documentary; episodes: "A Collier's Friday Night" (Parts 1 & 2) |- |1977–1979 |''Play for Today'' |Audrey; Vera; Angela |Episodes: "Abigail's Party", "Scully's New Year's Eve", "Blue Remembered Hills" |- | rowspan="7" |1978 |''Miss Jones and Son'' |Cheryl |Episode: "More Fish in the Sea" |- |''People Like Us'' |Betsy Symes |TV mini-series |- |''Pickersgill People'' |Tracey Dawn Tattersall |TV series |- |''Happy Ever After'' |Cynthia |Episode: "The Hut Sut Song" |- |''The Sunday Drama'' |Lesley |Episode: "Alphabetical Order" |- |''Premiere'' |Di |Episode: "One of These Nights I'm Gonna Get an Early Day" |- |''Me! I'm Afraid of Virginia Woolf'' |Maureen | rowspan="2" |Television film |- | rowspan="5" |1979 |''Afternoon Off'' |Doreen |- |''The Other Side'' |Gina |TV series; 1 episode |- |''Murder at the Wedding'' |Gail |TV mini-series; 3 episodes |- |''Citizen Smith'' |Phillipa |2 episodes |- |''The Knowledge'' |Receptionist |Television film |- | rowspan="2" |1980 |''The Black Stuff'' |Student |Television film |- |''Minder'' |Carol |Episode: "The Beer Hunter" |- |1980–1981 |''Cowboys'' |Muriel Bailey |6 episodes |- |1981 |''Masterpiece Theatre: Sons and Lovers'' |Beatrice |TV mini-series |- |1985, 1989, 1992 |''Alas Smith & Jones'' |Unnamed |TV series; 5 episodes |- |1986 |''Brush Strokes'' |Natasha |Series 2, episode 5 |- | rowspan="3" |1987 |''Screen Two'' |Betty |Episode: "East of Ipswich" |- |''Casualty'' |Joyce |Episode: "A Little Lobbying" |- |''Ratman'' |Gallery Assistant | |- | rowspan="2" |1988 |''This is David Lander'' |Sheila Parkes |Episode: "Reduced to Tears" |- |''Number 27'' |Traffic Monitor |Television film |- |1989 |''Mornin' Sarge'' |Ellen |2 episodes |- |1990 |''The New Statesman'' |Interpreter |Episode: "Who Shot Alan B'Stard?" |- |1990–1994 |''Waiting for God'' |Jane Edwards |Series regular, 47 episodes |- |1990–2000 |''One Foot in the Grave'' |Pippa |Supporting role, 14 episodes |- |1991 |''Came Out, It Rained, Went Back in Again'' |Speaking Woman |TV short |- |1994 |''Young Jung'' |Lotte C. | rowspan="2" |Television film |- |1996 |''London Suite'' |Emma – Nanny |- | rowspan="2" |1998 |''Midsomer Murders'' |Deirdre Tibbs |Episode: "Death of a Hollow Man" |- |''Vanity Fair'' |Mrs. Bute Crawley |5 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |''My Family'' |Mrs. Hodder |Episode: "Pain in the Class" |- |''The Mrs Bradley Mysteries'' |Mrs. Cockerton |Episode: "The Rising of the Moon" |- |2002 |''George Eliot: A Scandalous Life'' |Gossip |Television film |- | rowspan="3" |2003 |''Doctors'' |Mary Winterbourne |1 episode |- |''Foyle's War'' |Eve Redmond |Episode: "Fifty Ships" |- |''The Young Visiters'' |Queen Victoria |Television film |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''Shadow Play'' |Katie |4 episodes |- |''Trial &amp;amp; Retribution'' |Sandra Dutton |Episodes: "Blue Eiderdown" (Parts 1 & 2) |- |2004–2006 |''The Worst Week of My Life'' |Eve |17 episodes |- |2006 |''The Children's Party at the Palace'' |Maid at Buckingham Palace |TV special |- |2007–2018 |''Benidorm'' |Jacqueline Stewart |Series regular, 73 episodes |- |2008 |''Little Dorrit'' |Mrs. Meagles |Supporting role, 8 episodes |- |2009 |''Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire'' |Agnes Grimshank | |- |2011–2014 |''This is Jinsy'' |Mrs. Goadion |Main role, 13 episodes |- |2012 |''A Young Doctor's Notebook & Other Stories'' |Belladonna Zbinka | |- |2013 |''Plebs'' |Soothsayer |Episode: "Saturnalia" |- |2013–2015 |''Old Jack's Boat'' |Emily Scuttlebutt |Series regular, 47 episodes |- |2015 |''Crackanory'' |Phillis / Agnes Sprottle |2 episodes |- |2015–2016 |''Boy Meets Girl'' |Peggy |Main role, 12 episodes |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Doctor Thorne'' |Lady Scatcherd |TV mini-series; all 3 episodes |- |''Houdini &amp;amp; Doyle'' |Martha |Episode: "The Monsters of Nethermoor" |- |''Still Open All Hours'' |Elsie Bridges |2016 Christmas Special |- |2017 |''Hospital People'' |Mrs. Leydon |Main role, 6 episodes |- |2021 |''Murder, They Hope'' |Betty |Episode: "The Bunny Trap" |- |2021 |''Midsomer Murders'' |Hattie Bainbridge |Episode: "The Witches of Angel's Rise" |} === Fim === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 1975 | ''[[Diane (1975 film)|Diane]]'' | Diane | |- | 1977 | ''Jabberwocky'' | Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi | |- | 1978 | ''Babban Fashin Jirgin Kasa na Farko'' | Maggie | |- | 1979 | ''Dracula'' | Annie | |- | 1980 | ''Karya Gilashin'' | Jackie | |- | 1982 | ''Mishan'' | Millicent, Ames' Maid | |- | 1985 | ''Amarya'' | Bautawa Yarinya | |- | 1988 | ''Nitsewa ta Lambobi'' | Marina Bellamy | |- | rowspan="2" | 1994 | ''Giorgino'' | Josette | |- | ''Mahaukacin Sarki George'' | Margaret Nicholson asalin | |- | 1997 | ''An share daga Teku'' | Madam Finn | |- | 2002 | ''Game da Yaro'' | Caroline / SPAT | |- | 2005 | ''Sabuwar Duniya'' | Maryama | |- | 2007 | ''Mala'ika'' | Ina Lottie | # |- | 2019 | ''Little Joe'' | Eleanore | |} == Magana == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * {{IMDb name|0245207|Janine Duvitski}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i8i4oquq1y8gah5d9ttcihv63cgz7fl 0 78421 879391 451741 2026-07-09T08:07:52Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kofin Lamar Hunt na Amurka na 2019 shi ne karo na 106 na Kofin U.S. Open, gasar cin kofin knockout a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka. Ita ce gasar da ta fi tsufa a Amurka, kuma kungiyoyi 84 ne suka fafata daga wasanni a Tsarin Amurka<ref>https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/01/31/18/24/20190131-2019-lamar-hunt-us-open-cup-format-and-schedule-finalized</ref> Wadanda suka shiga 84 sun hada da kungiyoyi 21 na Amurka daga Major League Soccer da kungiyoyi 25 na Amurka da ba su da alaƙa a Gasar USL. Sabuwar USL League One ta shiga kungiyoyi shida da ba su da alaƙa. Gasar cancanta, da aka gudanar a cikin 2018 da farkon 2019, ta ƙayyade ƙungiyoyi bakwai daga wasannin masu son gida. Wadanda suka shiga 10 daga USL League Two da 14 daga National Premier Soccer League an ƙaddara su ne bisa ga sakamakon da aka samu a waɗancan wasannin a cikin 2018. A ƙarshe, tun daga wannan shekara, an gayyaci mai cin Kofin Amateur na Kasa, Milwaukee Bavarian SC, zuwa gasar. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category: Wasanni a Amurika]] Kofin Lamar Hunt na Amurka na 2019 Kofin Lamar Hunt na Amurka na 2019 shi ne karo na 106 da aka gudanar da Kofin U.S. Open, gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta tsarin fitar da ƙungiya ɗaya (knockout tournament) mafi tsufa a Amurka. Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Amurka (U.S. Soccer Federation) ce ke shirya wannan gasa, kuma tana bai wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na matakai daban-daban damar fafatawa domin lashe kofin. A shekarar 2019, ƙungiyoyi 84 ne suka shiga gasar. Mahalarta sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi 21 daga Major League Soccer (MLS), ƙungiyoyi 25 daga USL Championship, ƙungiyoyi 6 daga sabuwar USL League One, da kuma ƙungiyoyi daga wasannin masu son ƙwallon ƙafa da suka samu gurbin shiga ta hanyar gasar cancanta da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 da farkon shekarar 2019. An gudanar da gasar ne a matakai daban-daban, inda ƙungiyoyi ke fafatawa a wasan fitar da ɗaya har sai an kai wasan ƙarshe. Wannan tsarin yana ba ƙananan ƙungiyoyi damar gwada ƙarfinsu da manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasar, lamarin da ke ƙara armashi da jan hankalin masoya ƙwallon ƙafa. Wasan ƙarshe ya gudana ne a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2019, inda ƙungiyar Atlanta United FC ta doke Minnesota United FC da ci 2–1, ta haka ta lashe kofin U.S. Open karo na farko a tarihinta. Da wannan nasara, Atlanta United ta samu damar wakiltar Amurka a gasar CONCACAF Champions League ta shekarar 2020. Muhimmancin gasar Kofin Lamar Hunt na Amurka na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin gasa a ƙwallon ƙafa a Arewacin Amurka. Gasar tana ba ƙungiyoyi daga manyan da ƙananan rukunan ƙwallon ƙafa damar fafatawa a dandali guda, abin da ke haifar da manyan abubuwan mamaki da kuma ƙarfafa ci gaban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka. frfhtcpidrko4lz3cdzzb0ragvf165l 0 82580 879241 558743 2026-07-08T23:42:34Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mwazulu Diyabanza portrait.jpg|thumb|Mwazulu Diyabanza]] '''Emery Mwazulu Diyabanza''' (An haifeshi ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1978) dan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne dan kasar Kongo. An fi saninsa da goyon bayan dawo da al'adu da kuma kwashe kayayyakin tarihi na Afirka daga gidajen tarihi na Turai da aka samu a lokacin mulkin mallaka. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1978]] Emery Mwazulu Diyabanza Emery Mwazulu Diyabanza (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1978) ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne kuma mai rajin kare haƙƙin al'adun Afirka daga Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo (DR Congo). Ya shahara a duniya saboda fafutukarsa ta neman a dawo da kayan tarihi da al'adun Afirka da aka kwashe zuwa gidajen tarihi na Turai a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Rayuwar farko An haifi Diyabanza a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo. Tun yana matashi ya nuna sha'awar kare tarihin Afirka, al'adunta da kuma haƙƙin al'ummomin da suka rasa muhimman kayan tarihinsu sakamakon mulkin mallaka. Ya yi imanin cewa kayan tarihi ba kayan nuni kawai ba ne, suna wakiltar tarihin al'umma, addininsu, al'adunsu da kuma asalinsu. Gwagwarmayarsa Diyabanza ya zama sananne ne ta hanyar shirya gangamin wayar da kai game da mayar da kayan tarihin Afirka da ke gidajen tarihi na Turai. Ya yi ta jaddada cewa yawancin waɗannan kayayyaki an kwashe su ne ba tare da izini ba a lokacin da ƙasashen Turai suka mallaki ƙasashen Afirka. A shekarar 2020, ya shiga wasu manyan gidajen tarihi a ƙasashen Faransa, Netherlands da Belgium, inda ya yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar wasu kayan tarihi yana mai bayyana cewa yana son mayar da su ga ƙasashen da suka fito. Ya ɗauki waɗannan matakai ne a matsayin zanga-zangar lumana domin jawo hankalin duniya kan batun mayar da kayan tarihin Afirka. Kama shi da shari'a Bayan waɗannan abubuwa, hukumomin ƙasashen da abin ya faru suka kama Diyabanza tare da gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu bisa zargin ƙoƙarin satar kayan tarihi. Sai dai shi da magoya bayansa sun bayyana cewa manufarsa ba sata ba ce, illa nuna cewa waɗannan kayan tun farko mallakin al'ummomin Afirka ne. Shari'unsa sun haifar da muhawara mai faɗi tsakanin masana tarihi, masu kula da gidajen tarihi, gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin kare al'adun gargajiya. Wasu sun goyi bayan matsayinsa, yayin da wasu suka soki hanyar da ya bi wajen isar da saƙonsa. Tasiri Ayyukan Diyabanza sun ƙara ƙarfafa tattaunawa a duniya game da mayar da kayan tarihin da aka kwashe daga Afirka. Wasu ƙasashen Turai sun fara mayar da wasu kayayyaki ga ƙasashen Afirka, yayin da ake ci gaba da tattaunawa kan makomar dubban sauran kayayyakin tarihi. Diyabanza na ci gaba da fafutukar ganin an dawo da kayan tarihin Afirka tare da ƙarfafa ƙasashen Afirka su kare al'adunsu da tarihinsu. Duba kuma - Mayar da kayan tarihin Afirka - Mulkin mallaka a Afirka - Gidajen tarihi na Turai Manazarta 1. Rahotanni kan gwagwarmayar Emery Mwazulu Diyabanza da shari'o'in da ya fuskanta a Faransa da sauran ƙasashen Turai. 2. Bincike kan batun mayar da kayan tarihin Afirka daga gidajen tarihi na Turai. q963m1qzuc8xp5cersiiyt73c13qkuv 0 82876 879222 654712 2026-07-08T23:03:47Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ile Ife Crown in the National Ethnographic Museum, Warsaw.jpg|thumb|Hular tarihi da daular ife a gidan tarihi]] [[Fayil:Ife Empire.jpg|thumb|Taswirar daular ife]] '''Daular Ife''' Ita ce daular farko, a [[Tarihin Yarabawa|tarihin Yarbawa]]. An kafa ta ne a yankin kudu, maso yammacin [[Najeriya]] a yanzu da kuma gabashin [[Benin]]. Daular Ife ta kasance daga shekarar 1200 zuwa 1420. [[Oduduwa|Odùduwà]] ne ya kafa daular, daular ta zama sananniya saboda nagartattun kayan fasaha. Duk da cewa [[Yarbanci]] shine babban yaren daular, amma akwai kuma yarukan da ake magana da su a ƙarƙashin daular. Ta hau kan karagar mulki ta hanyar kasuwanci da jihohin [[Sahel]] da gandun daji. Babban birninta, [[Ifẹ|Ilé-Ife]], ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan birane a cikin ƙarni na 14 [[Afirka ta Yamma|a Yammacin Afirka]]. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category: Dauloli]] [[Category: Tarihin Yarbawa]] Daular Ife (Cikakken Bayani) Daular Ife tana daga cikin tsofaffin kuma mafi muhimmancin daulolin Yarbawa a tarihin Yammacin Afirka. Ana kallonta a matsayin cibiyar asalin al'adun Yarbawa, kuma garin Ilé-Ifẹ̀ ana ɗaukarsa a al'adance a matsayin wurin da rayuwar Yarbawa ta fara. Asali Bisa ga tatsuniyoyin Yarbawa, Odùduwà shi ne ya kafa masarautar Ife kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kakannin yawancin sarakunan Yarbawa. Masana tarihi sun nuna cewa Ilé-Ifẹ̀ ta bunƙasa tsakanin ƙarni na 11 zuwa na 15, yayin da binciken kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa an zauna a yankin tun kafin wannan lokaci. Wuri Daular Ife tana yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ta yau, musamman a cikin Jihar Osun. Tasirinta ya kai zuwa sauran yankunan Yarbawa da wasu sassan ƙasar Benin ta yau. Tsarin Mulki Sarkin Daular Ife ana kiransa Ooni na Ife. Ooni shi ne shugaban siyasa da addini. Yana aiki tare da manyan hakimai da dattawa wajen gudanar da mulki, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da warware rikice-rikice. Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin daular ya dogara ne da: Noma (do ya, rogo, dawa da sauran amfanin gona). Kasuwanci tsakanin yankunan gandun daji da ƙasashen Sahel. Sana'o'in hannu kamar ƙera tagulla, ƙarfe, tukwane da saƙa. Cinikin gishiri, auduga, ƙyalle, ƙwayoyin ado da sauran kayayyaki. Fasaha Daular Ife ta yi suna sosai saboda ƙwarewarta wajen ƙera: Gumakan tagulla. Gumakan terracotta (yumɓu). Sassaka dutse da itace. Waɗannan ayyukan fasaha suna daga cikin mafi inganci da aka taɓa samarwa a Afirka kafin zuwan Turawa. Addini Kafin zuwan Musulunci da Kiristanci, mutanen Ife suna bin addinin gargajiyar Yarbawa. Suna bautar Orisha (iskoki ko alloli) kamar: Obatala Ogun Sango Al'adu Mutanen Ife sun shahara da: Bukukuwan gargajiya. Kiɗa da rawa. Sarauta mai ƙa'idoji. Girmama dattawa da iyaye. Sana'o'in hannu da kayan ado. Dangantaka da sauran Dauloli Daular Ife ta yi hulɗar kasuwanci da sauran masarautun Yarbawa kamar: Daular Oyo Daular Benin Ana ganin fasahar Ife ta yi tasiri sosai kan fasahar Benin. Fāɗuwa Daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 16, tasirin Daular Ife ya fara raguwa saboda: Rikice-rikicen cikin gida. Haɓakar Daular Oyo. Sauye-sauyen hanyoyin kasuwanci. Duk da haka, Ilé-Ifẹ̀ ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar al'adu da addinin Yarbawa. Muhimmanci Daular Ife tana da matuƙar muhimmanci saboda: Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin tushen tarihin Yarbawa. Ta samar da ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin fasaha a Afirka. Ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa kasuwanci a Yammacin Afirka. Har yanzu Ooni na Ife yana da babban matsayi a al'adu da sarautun Yarbawa. Manazarta UNESCO. Sacred Grove of Osun-Osogbo and Yoruba Cultural Heritage. Frank Willett. Ife in the History of West African Sculpture. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ife (ancient Yoruba city and civilization). 72ee6okvyxxt5vubqir5zd94ogta9l7 0 87164 879251 549361 2026-07-09T00:03:16Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ashley Jeein Park''' (haihuwa: shida ga Yuni a 1991) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawakiya ta Amurka. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1991]] Ashley Park Ashley Jeein Park (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1991) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, mawakiya, 'yar rawa kuma marubuciyar waƙoƙi daga Amurka. Ta yi suna musamman a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway da kuma fina-finan talabijin. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Mindy Chen a cikin shirin talabijin na Emily in Paris, da kuma rawar Gretchen Wieners a wasan kwaikwayon Broadway na Mean Girls, wanda ya sa aka zaɓe ta domin lambar yabo ta Tony Award. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ashley Park a Glendale, jihar California, amma ta taso a garin Ann Arbor na jihar Michigan. Iyayenta 'yan asalin Koriya ta Kudu ne da suka zauna a Amurka. Tun tana ƙarama ta nuna ƙwarewa a fannin rawa, waka da wasan kwaikwayo, inda ta fara koyon rawa tana da shekara uku. A lokacin da take da shekara 15, an gano tana fama da cutar sankarar jini mai suna Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Bayan shafe watanni tana jinya da samun magani, ta warke gaba ɗaya. Wannan ƙalubale ya ƙarfafa mata gwiwa wajen cimma burinta na zama ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, ta shiga Jami'ar Michigan, inda ta yi karatu a fannin wasan kwaikwayo (Musical Theatre) kuma ta kammala da digiri na farko. Farkon aikinta Ashley Park ta fara aikinta a manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na Broadway. Ta fito a cikin shahararrun wasanni irin su: Mamma Mia! The King and I Sunday in the Park with George Waɗannan ayyuka sun ba ta damar nuna ƙwarewarta wajen haɗa rawa, waka da wasan kwaikwayo. Shahararta A shekarar 2018 ta samu babban suna bayan ta taka rawar Gretchen Wieners a wasan kwaikwayon Mean Girls na Broadway. Wannan rawa ta sa aka zaɓe ta domin lambar yabo ta Tony Award a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ta shiga harkar fina-finai da talabijin, inda ta fi shahara saboda rawar Mindy Chen, ƙawar Emily, a cikin shirin Emily in Paris na Netflix. Wannan shiri ya ƙara mata farin jini a duniya. Ta kuma fito a cikin wasu fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar: Joy Ride (2023) Beef Girls5eva Only Murders in the Building Salon aikinta Ashley Park ta shahara wajen haɗa wasan kwaikwayo, waka da rawa. Tana da ƙwarewa sosai a wasannin musical theatre, kuma muryarta ta sa ta yi fice a Broadway kafin ta shiga fina-finai da talabijin. Lambobin yabo da karramawa Saboda hazakarta, Ashley Park ta samu zaɓe da karramawa da dama, ciki har da: Zaɓen Tony Award saboda Mean Girls. Zaɓen Drama Desk Award. Zaɓen Outer Critics Circle Award. Yabo daga masu sukar fina-finai da talabijin saboda rawarta a Emily in Paris. Rayuwa ta sirri Ashley Park ta kasance mai goyon bayan ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a kan cutar sankarar jini, saboda irin ƙalubalen da ta fuskanta a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Har ila yau, tana shiga ayyukan tallafawa matasa masu sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa. Fitattun ayyuka Wasannin Broadway Mamma Mia! The King and I Sunday in the Park with George Mean Girls Talabijin Emily in Paris Girls5eva Beef Only Murders in the Building Fina-finai Joy Ride (2023) Gadonta Ashley Park na daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 'yan asalin Koriya ta Kudu da suka yi fice a masana'antar nishaɗi ta Amurka. Ta zama abin koyi ga matasa da dama saboda jajircewarta, musamman bayan nasarar da ta samu bayan warkewa daga cutar sankarar jini. Manazarta 1. Wikipedia – Ashley Park. 2. IMDb – Ashley Park Biography. 3. Broadway World – Ashley Park Profile. 4. Netflix – Emily in Paris Cast Profile. jo32v6t5ujb538jhy64e3e0lhehi0sr 0 87165 879227 558353 2026-07-08T23:13:29Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lucas Nicolas Bravo''' (hauhuwa: 26 ga Maris 1988) dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Faransa. An fi saninsa da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo mai dogon zango na barkwanci da soyayya na Netflix mai suna Emily a Faris daga shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin har zuwa tau. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] Ga cikakken bayani cikin Hausa da za a iya amfani da shi wajen faɗaɗa wannan muƙalar: Lucas Nicolas Bravo (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma tsohon abin talla (model) daga ƙasar Faransa. An haife shi a birnin Nice, da ke yankin Alpes-Maritimes na Faransa. Ya shahara sosai saboda fitowarsa a matsayin Gabriel, wani matashin shugaban girki, a cikin shirin talabijin na Netflix mai suna Emily in Paris, wanda aka fara nunawa a shekarar 2020. Rayuwar farko Lucas Bravo ɗan tsohon fitaccen ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Faransa, Daniel Bravo, ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Eva Bravo mawaƙiya ce. Yana yawan yin ƙaura tare da iyalinsa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya zauna a birane daban-daban na Faransa da Italiya kafin ya cika shekara 14. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Lycée Pasteur da ke Neuilly-sur-Seine. Sana'a Lucas Bravo ya fara fitowa a fina-finan talabijin na Faransa a shekarar 2013. Daga baya ya fito a fina-finai da dama kafin ya samu babban suna a duniya ta hanyar shirin Emily in Paris. Rawar da ya taka a matsayin Gabriel ta sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa a matakin duniya. Baya ga Emily in Paris, ya fito a fina-finai kamar: Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris (2022) Ticket to Paradise (2022) The Honeymoon (2022) Rayuwar sirri Kafin ya zama shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Lucas Bravo ya taɓa aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban girki (sous-chef). Haka kuma ya yi aikin abin talla (model) ga kamfanoni daban-daban kafin ya mayar da hankali kan harkar wasan kwaikwayo. Fitattun ayyuka Sous le soleil de Saint-Tropez (2013) La Crème de la crème (2014) Emily in Paris (2020–zuwa yanzu) Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris (2022) Ticket to Paradise (2022) The Honeymoon (2022) Manazarta 1. Wikipedia – Lucas Bravo. 2. IMDb – Lucas Bravo Biography. kary0z47fui11ay8kt380r0a4ft4fw0 0 88629 879506 553094 2026-07-09T10:27:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''National Agricultural Extension, Research and Liaison Services,''' wata hukuma ce mallakin tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin ma’aikatar noma. Yana daya daga cikin Cibiyoyin Binciken Aikin Noma na Kasa (NARIs) guda 18 a Najeriya kuma Farfesa Emmanual Ikani shine Babban Darakta (NAERLS). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nnabuife |first=Collins |date=2024-10-26 |title=Tinubu's minister commends stakeholders over devt of proposed extension service delivery bill |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tinubus-minister-commends-stakeholders-over-devt-of-proposed-extension-service-delivery-bill/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nnabuife |first=Collins |date=2024-02-14 |title=Stakeholders intensify effort on extension service bill to boost rural agriculture |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/stakeholders-intensify-effort-on-extension-service-bill-to-boost-rural-agriculture/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Noma ta Kasa (National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS)) ta samo asali ne daga Sashen Ayyuka na Musamman na tsohuwar Ma’aikatar Noma ta Arewacin Najeriya a 1963. Da farko, an san shi da Sashen Hulɗar Bincike (RLS) kuma daga baya an canza shi zuwa Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Noma (IAR) a cikin 1968. A shekarar 1975, Majalisar Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU) ta raba ERLS da IAR sannan ta mayar da ita suna da Ayyukan Extension and Research Liaison Services (AERLS). AERLS ta zama cibiya mai zaman kanta a cikin Rukunin Aikin Noma na Jami'ar. A cikin 1987, AERLS ta sami aikin ƙasa kuma an canza shi zuwa NAERLS. NAERLS ta kafa ofisoshin shiyya 5 a kowace shiyyoyin noma 5 na Najeriya. Bugu da kari, NAERLS ta kafa Ofisoshin Shiyya guda 6 dake cikin kowace Cibiyoyin Bincike guda 6 da ke hade da fadin kasar nan. A shekarar 2024 an gabatar da dokar farfado da aikin noma ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa domin bunkasa ayyukan noma da kuma sanya ma’aikatan fadada tsarin su kasance cikin tsari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=History – NAERLS |url=https://naerls.gov.ng/history/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128000208/http://naerls.gov.ng/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nnabuife |first=Collins |date=2024-06-26 |title=NASS to receive agric extension revitalization bill draft, Thursday |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nass-to-receive-agric-extension-revitalization-bill-draft-thursday/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2024-11-26 |title=Agricultural Extension Service Bill scales first reading |url=https://thesun.ng/agricultural-extension-service-bill-scales-first-reading/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == NAERLS ta ƙunshi shirye-shirye shida tare da sa ido da ayyukan aiwatarwa waɗanda ke kula da fannoni daban-daban na haɓaka aikin gona. Shirin Binciken Sadarwar Sadarwar Aikin Noma ya binciko ingantattun dabarun sadarwa, yayin da shirin tattalin arzikin noma da sarrafa albarkatun gona ke mayar da hankali kan nazarin tattalin arziki da kuma rabon albarkatu mafi kyau. Shirin Ayyukan Aikin Noma da Aiki yana tantance tasirin aikin, yana gano wuraren da za a inganta. Shirin Binciken Tsawaita Aikin Noma yana haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin faɗaɗawa don haɓaka yawan aiki. Shirin Horarwa da Watsawa yana haɓaka ƙarfi ta hanyar horo da ayyukan kai tsaye, yayin da Laburare, Takaddun bayanai, da Shirin Albarkatun Bayanai ke ba da damar samun bayanan aikin gona da takaddun shaida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adaji |first=Daniel |date=2024-10-11 |title=Local maize production costs rise by 69.7% – NARLS |url=https://punchng.com/local-maize-production-costs-rise-by-69-7-narls/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=Nigeria Key Message Update: Below-average harvest and poor macroeconomy sustain Crisis (IPC Phase 3) or worse outcomes in north (November 2023) - Nigeria {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-key-message-update-below-average-harvest-and-poor-macroeconomy-sustain-crisis-ipc-phase-3-or-worse-outcomes-north-november-2023 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Hakeem |date=2024-11-05 |title=Ondo Senator, Adegbonmire, facilitates skill acquisition for 170 youths, women |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ondo-senator-adegbonmire-facilitates-skill-acquisition-for-170-youths-women/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == j25sd620gyhnd3t4gynxgx4n86xrzq3 0 89533 879262 643480 2026-07-09T01:52:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879262 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani''' ( Arabic </link> ; An haife shi 4 ga watan Maris shekara tab 1970) ɗan siyasan Iraki ne wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Iraki tun 27 Oktoba 2022. Kafin ya zama firayim minista, ya rike mukamai da dama; wato, Ministan Kwadago da Harkokin Jama'a, Ministan Masana'antu da Ma'adinai, Mukaddashin Ministan Kasuwanci, Ministan Kula da Hijira da Gudun Hijira, Mukaddashin Ministan Kudi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Mohammed Shia Al-Sudani |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/who-mohammed-shia-al-sudani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221040709/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/who-mohammed-shia-al-sudani |archive-date=2022-12-21 |access-date=2022-12-28 |publisher=Washington Institute}}</ref> Mukaddashin Ministan Noma, <ref>{{Cite web |title=محمد شياع السوداني.. رئيس الوزراء العراقي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2022/7/26/%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825102015/https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/encyclopedia/2022/7/26/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A |archive-date=2024-08-25 |access-date=2024-05-10 |publisher=AlJazeera}}</ref> da Ministan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=وزارة حقوق الانسان :: Ministry Of Human Rights |url=http://www.humanrights.gov.iq/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324235512/http://www.humanrights.gov.iq/ |archive-date=2008-03-24 |access-date=2012-10-20 |publisher=Humanrights.gov.iq}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=تشكيلة الحكومة العراقية :: Iraqi Cabinet Members |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-i/iraq.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313003308/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-i/iraq.html |archive-date=2013-03-13 |publisher=CIA}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya rike mukamin Gwamnan Maysan, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Alan |date=28 November 2010 |title=Maysan Province receives new vocational training center |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/61496/maysan-province-receives-new-vocational-training-center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064622/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/61496/maysan-province-receives-new-vocational-training-center |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=dvidshub.net |publisher=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service}}</ref> da kuma Magajin Garin Amarah . <ref>{{Cite web |title=One year in power: an overview of Mohammed Shia al-Sudani’s government |url=https://cfri-irak.com/en/article/one-year-in-power-an-overview-of-mohammed-shia-al-sudanis-government-2024-01-03 |publisher=Centre français de la recherche sur l’Irak (CFRI) |access-date=2024-12-23 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219222831/https://cfri-irak.com/en/article/one-year-in-power-an-overview-of-mohammed-shia-al-sudanis-government-2024-01-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Al Sudani a [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]], a ranar 4 ga Maris 1970, ga dangin Larabawa 'yan Shi'a masu matsakaicin matsayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadow |first=May |last2=Yavorsky |first2=Erik |date=18 November 2022 |title=Who Is Mohammed Shia al-Sudani? |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/who-mohammed-shia-al-sudani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221040709/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/who-mohammed-shia-al-sudani |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=washingtoninstitute.org |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy}}</ref> Wanda ya fito daga lardin Maysan a kudancin Iraki, mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a Bankin Haɗin gwiwar Noma na Iraki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=محمد شياع السوداني.. رئيس الوزراء العراقي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2022/7/26/%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=ar}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 10, an kashe mahaifinsa da wasu 'yan uwa guda biyar bisa laifin kasancewa 'yan jam'iyyar Dawa ta Musulunci ; haramtacciyar jam'iyyar da ke adawa da mulkin Ba'ath a Iraki. Al Sudani ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Bagadaza kuma ya yi digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar aikin gona da digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da ayyuka . Sudani ta shiga cikin tashin hankalin 1991 wanda ya fara bayan kawo karshen yakin Gulf . == Sana'a == A cikin 1997, an nada Al Sudani a Ofishin Noma na Maysan. Daga nan sai aka nada shi a wasu manyan mukamai a ofishin kamar shugaban sashen noma na birnin Kumait, shugaban sashen noma na birnin Ali Al-Sharqi, da kuma shugaban sashen samar da noma. Ya kuma kasance injiniya mai kulawa a cikin shirin bincike na kasa tare da Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . === Farkon sana'ar siyasa === Bayan mamayar Iraki Al Sudani ya yi aiki a matsayin kodineta tsakanin gwamnatin lardin Maysan da hukumar wucin gadi ta hadin gwiwa . A shekara ta 2004 an nada shi Magajin Garin Amarah, kuma a zaben lardi na 2005 an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar lardin Maysan. An sake zabe shi a 2009 kuma aka nada shi Gwamnan Maysan. === Ministan kare hakkin dan Adam === Firayim Minista Nouri al-Maliki ne ya nada shi a matsayin ministan kare hakkin bil'adama bayan zaben 'yan majalisa na 2010, wanda majalisar ta amince da shi a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2010. Ma'aikatarsa ce ke kula da gano kaburbura a kasar Iraki wadanda suka faru a zamanin gwamnatin Saddam Hussein. An ba da rahoton irin waɗannan lokuta guda biyu a cikin 2011, Daya a Anbar da wani a Al Diwaniyah . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ب |first=بغداد-أ ف |title=استخراج رفات 812 شخصا من مقبرة جماعية غرب العراق |url=http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/537109.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=صحيفة الوسط البحرينية |language=ar}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin koli na De-Baathification na kasa a takaice |Hukumar Shari'a da Laifin Laifin De-Ba'athification, wacce ke da ikon hana mutane shiga gwamnati saboda alaka da tsohuwar jam'iyyar Ba'ath mai mulki .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">haɗu</span></nowiki>'' &#x5B;</sup> ma'aikatar ƙaura don taimaka wa 'yan Iraqi mazauna Siriya su koma Iraki a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=وزارة حقوق الإنسان تجدد دعوتها العراقيين إلى العودة من سوريا {{!}} الحرة |url=https://www.alhurra.com/iraq/2012/08/30/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=www.alhurra.com |language=ar |archive-date=2024-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820224409/https://www.alhurra.com/iraq/2012/08/30/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance minista a watan Agustan 2014 lokacin da [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|kungiyar]] IS ko Daesh ta kashe dubban [[Yazidi|Yazidawa]] a arewacin Iraki. Ya bayyana hakan a matsayin "mummunan ta'addanci" ya kuma ce "hakin kasashen duniya ne su tashi tsaye wajen yakar 'yan ta'addar Daesh" da kuma "fara yaki da Daesh domin kawo karshen kisan kiyashi da cin zarafin jama'a." Ya bukaci hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta kaddamar da bincike kan laifukan da kungiyar ISIS ta aikata a kan fararen hula. Ya bayyana laifukan da suka aikata da ya kai na kisan kiyashi da cin zarafin bil adama . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=UN Human Rights Council Requests Investigation into Daesh's Human Rights Abuses in Iraq |url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2014/09/03/un-human-rights-council-requests-investigation-into-islamic-states-human-rights-abuses-in-iraq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627011019/http://www.ijrcenter.org/2014/09/03/un-human-rights-council-requests-investigation-into-islamic-states-human-rights-abuses-in-iraq/ |archive-date=2015-06-27 |access-date=2015-08-16 |website=International Justice Resource Center}}</ref> "Muna fuskantar wani dodo na ta'addanci," in ji shi. "Dole a dakile yunkurinsu, a daskarar da kadarorinsu, a kwace su, a lalata musu karfin soja." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heilprin |first=John |last2=Press |first2=Associated |title=UN backs inquiry of IS group's alleged crimes |url=http://krqe.com/2014/09/01/un-backs-inquiry-of-is-groups-alleged-crimes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927121454/http://krqe.com/2014/09/01/un-backs-inquiry-of-is-groups-alleged-crimes/ |archive-date=2014-09-27 |access-date=2015-08-16 |website=KRQE News 13}}</ref> === Ministan kwadago da zamantakewa === An nada shi ministan kwadago da zamantakewa a shekarar 2014, sannan Mohammed Mahdi Ameen al-Bayati ya gaje shi a ma’aikatar kare hakkin bil’adama a watan Oktoban 2014, lokacin da gwamnatin Haider al-Abadi ta hau karagar mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sikimic |first=Simona |last2=Atkinson |first2=Mary |date=10 July 2015 |title=Iraq's human rights minister talks battling IS and the Speicher 'mass murder' |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraqs-human-rights-minister-talks-battling-and-speicher-genocide-1241514602 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807010730/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraqs-human-rights-minister-talks-battling-and-speicher-genocide-1241514602 |archive-date=7 August 2015 |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=Middle East Eye}}</ref> === Ministan riko === A lokacin aikinsa na siyasa, Al Sudani ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan riko na ma'aikatu da dama: Noma, Kudi, Hijira da Gudun Hijira, Masana'antu da Ma'adanai, da Kasuwanci . === Firayam Minista === [[Fayil:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Iraqi_Prime_Minister.jpg|left|thumb| Al Sudani tare da sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka [[Antony Blinken]] a watan Afrilun 2024]] A wani yunkuri na kawo karshen rikicin siyasar Iraki na 2022, tsarin daidaitawa a hukumance ya zabi Al Sudani a matsayin Firayim Minista a watan Mayu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Coordination Framework nominate Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani as candidate for Iraqi prime minister |url=https://pukmedia.com/EN/Details/74942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725213628/https://pukmedia.com/EN/Details/74942 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date= |website=[[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]]}}</ref> Ya yi nasarar kafa gwamnati, wanda majalisar wakilai ta amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Oktoba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Iraqi parliament approves new government headed by Mohammed Shia al-Sudani |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-lawmakers-approve-government-prime-minister-designate-sudani-2022-10-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102111708/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraq-lawmakers-approve-government-prime-minister-designate-sudani-2022-10-27/ |archive-date=2022-11-02 |access-date= |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A cikin watan Janairun 2023, a wata hira da ''jaridar Wall Street Journal'', Al Sudani ya kare kasancewar sojojin Amurka a kasarsa, kuma bai tsara jadawalin ficewarsu ba, yana mai nuni da rundunar sojojin Amurka da na NATO da ke horarwa da kuma taimakawa dakarun Iraki wajen tunkarar kungiyar IS., amma akasarin kauracewa yaki, ko da yake ya ambaci cewa ba a bukatar hadin gwiwar sojojin da Amurka ke jagoranta a Iraki. ''Masanin tattalin arziki'' ya bayyana cewa, Al Sudani na da alaka da Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF), kuma wa'adinsa ya kara dagula tasirinsu a Iraki. Gwamnatinsa ta kara yawan dakaru na PMF da 116,000, inda ta kara adadin zuwa kusan 230,000, sannan ta sanya kasafin kudinta zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 2.7. Har ila yau, ta kaddamar da wani kamfani na gini mai alaka da PMF, mai suna bayan kashe kwamandan PMF [[Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis]] ; Kamfanin yana ba da dama ga 'yan kwangilar gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta ba kamfanin da filaye mai mahimmanci. <ref name=":0" /> A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2023, Al Sudani ta kori jakadan [[Sweden]] a Iraki tare da soke izinin aiki ga kamfanonin Sweden bayan Sweden ta amince da shirin kona kur’ani . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2023 |title=Prime Minister orders to withdraw the Iraqi Chargé d'Affairs in Stockholm, and instructs the Swedish Ambassador to leave Iraqi territory |url=https://ina.iq/eng/27673-prime-minister-orders-to-withdraw-the-iraqi-charge-daffairs-in-stockholm-and-instructs-the-swedish-ambassador-to-leave-iraqi-territory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720181004/https://ina.iq/eng/27673-prime-minister-orders-to-withdraw-the-iraqi-charge-daffairs-in-stockholm-and-instructs-the-swedish-ambassador-to-leave-iraqi-territory.html |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date= |website=[[Iraqi News Agency]]}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2023, Al Sudani ya isa Moscow kuma ya gana da shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] . A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2023, ya yi kira da a tsagaita wuta a yakin Isra'ila da Hamas . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Rahim |first=Rend |date=25 October 2023 |title=Iraq, Sudani, and the War on Gaza |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/iraq-sudani-and-the-war-on-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029031013/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/iraq-sudani-and-the-war-on-gaza/ |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=Arab Center Washington D.C.}}</ref> [[Fayil:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای_و_محمد_شیاع_السودانی.jpg|left|thumb| Al Sudani tare da Jagoran Addinin Iran Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] a watan Nuwamba 2023]] A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2023, yayin ganawa da shugaban kasar Iran [[Ebrahim Raisi]], ya bayyana harin Hamas kan Isra'ila a matsayin "sakamakon shekaru da dama da gwamnatin Sahayoniya ta yi na aikata laifuka kan al'ummar Gaza." A ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 2024, ya gana da shugabar gwamnatin Jamus [[Olaf Scholz]] a Munich yayin da yake halartar taron tsaro na Munich inda ya gana da shugabannin duniya daban-daban. A watan Afrilun 2024, Al Sudani ta yi Allah wadai da harin bam da Isra'ila ta kai kan ofishin jakadancin Iran a Damascus . Haka kuma a cikin wannan watan ya ziyarci Amurka inda ya gana da shugaba Joe Biden. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghdad Is Ready for a New Chapter in U.S.-Iraq Relations |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/04/baghdad-ready-new-chapter-us-iraq-relations |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Har ila yau ya tarbi shugaban kasar Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdogan inda suka sanya hannu kan wani aikin juyin juya hali mai suna hanyar ci gaban Iraki . A watan Mayun 2024, ya halarci bikin tunawa da marigayi Shugaba Ebrahim Raisi, wanda ya mutu a wani hatsarin jirgi mai saukar ungulu, a Tehran babban birnin Iran. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren da Isra'ila ta kai kan kasar Labanon inda ya gana da shugabanni daban-daban wadanda suka tattauna da shi kan alakar kasashen biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Iraq {{!}} General Debate |url=https://gadebate.un.org/en/78/iraq |website=gadebate.un.org |language=en}}</ref> A yayin farmakin da 'yan adawar kasar Siriya suka kai wa gwamnatin Assad a shekara ta 2024 ya bayyana cewa, abin da ke faruwa a kasar Siriya a yau yana cikin maslahar yahudawan sahyoniyawan [[Isra'ila]], wadda ta yi ruwan bama-bamai da gangan a kan wuraren da sojojin Siriyan suka yi a hanyar da ta share fagen samun karin wasu kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda. yankunan Siriya." Sai dai kuma ya kaucewa shiga cikin rikicin na bangaren [[Bashar al-Assad]] duk kuwa da matsin lamba daga wasu kungiyoyin cikin gida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reuters |date=2024-12-06 |title=Iraq considers Syria intervention as rebels advance |url=https://theprint.in/world/iraq-considers-syria-intervention-as-rebels-advance/2392182/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Al Sudani yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza hudu. == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Current heads of government}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hpw7q3qjlfcb1e0fzovsv3g4kapp0hr 0 91771 879244 574968 2026-07-08T23:49:06Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Ann Evans''' (22 Nuwamba 1819 - 22 Disamba 1880; a madadin Mary Anne ko Marian <ref>Ashton, Rosemary (1996). George Eliot: A Life. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 255. ISBN 978-024113473</ref> <ref>Jacobs, Alexandra (13 August 2023). "George Eliot's Scandalous Answer to 'The Marriage Question'". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2023</ref> ), wanda aka sani da sunanta na alkalami '''George Eliot''', marubuciya ce 'yar Ingila, mawaƙiya, 'yar jarida, mai fassara, kuma ɗayan manyan marubuta. na [[Zamanin Victorian|Zamanin Sarauniya Victoriya]].<ref>George Eliot (…) is the most earnestly imperative and the most probingly intelligent of the great mid-Victorian novelists". In: Sanders, Andrew The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Clarendon Press, 1994. p. 440</ref> Ta rubuta litattafai bakwai: Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1862-1863), Felix Holt, the Radical (1866), Middlemarch (1871-1872) da Daniel Deronda (1876). Kamar yadda Charles Dickens da Thomas Hardy, ta fito daga lardin Ingila; akasarin ayyukanta an saita su a can. Ayyukanta an san su da haƙiƙanin haƙiƙanin su, hangen nesa na tunani, fahimtar wuri da cikakken kwatancen karkara. Mawallafin marubuci Virginia Woolf ya bayyana Middlemarch a matsayin "ɗayan litattafan Turanci da aka rubuta don manyan mutane"<ref>Woolf, Virginia. "George Eliot." The Common Reader. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1925. pp. 166–176.</ref> da Martin Amis<ref>Long, Camilla.Martin Amis and the sex war[dead link], The Times, 24 January 2010, p. 4: "They've [women] produced the greatest writer in the English language ever, George Eliot, and arguably the third greatest, Jane Austen, and certainly the greatest novel, Middlemarch</ref> da Julian Barnes<ref>Guppy, Shusha. "Interviews: Julian Barnes, The Art of Fiction No. 165". The Paris Review (Winter 2000). Retrieved 26 May 2012.</ref> a matsayin mafi girma novel a cikin harshen Turanci. Abin kunya kuma ba tare da al'ada ba ga zamanin, ta zauna tare da mai aure George Henry Lewes a matsayin abokin aurensa, daga 1854 zuwa 1878, kuma ta kira shi mijinta. Ya kasance yana aure da matarsa ​​kuma yana kula da 'ya'yansu, ko da ta bar shi ya zauna da wani mutum kuma ya haihu da shi. A cikin watan Mayun 1880, watanni goma sha takwas bayan mutuwar Lewes, George Eliot ya auri abokinsa na dogon lokaci, John Cross, wani mutum da ya girme ta, kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa Mary Ann Cross. ==Rayuwa== ===Rayuwar farko da ilimi=== An haifi Mary Ann Evans a [[Nuneaton]], [[Warwickshire]], Ingila, a ''South Farm'' a cikin Estate Hall Arbury.<ref>Cooke, George Willis. George Eliot: A Critical Study of her Life, Writings and Philosophy. Whitefish: Kessinger, 2004. [1]</ref> Ita ce ɗa ta uku na Robert Evans (1773 – 1849), manajan gidan Arbury Hall, da Christiana Evans (née Pearson, 1788 – 1836), ‘yar mai gida. Cikakkun ƴan uwanta sune: Christiana, wanda aka fi sani da Chrissey (1814–1859), Isaac (1816–1890), da ƴan’uwan tagwaye waɗanda suka mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan haihuwa a cikin Maris 1821. Har ila yau, tana da ɗan’uwa rabi, Robert Evans (1802– 1864), da 'yar'uwar' yar'uwa, Frances "Fanny" Evans Houghton (1805-1882), daga auren mahaifinta na baya zuwa Harriet Poynton (1780-1809). A farkon 1820, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa wani gida mai suna Griff House, tsakanin Nuneaton da Bedworth.<ref> George Eliot Biography – life, childhood, children, name, story, death, history, wife, school, young". www.notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref>Matashin Evans ƙwararren mai karatu ne kuma a bayyane yake haziki. Domin ba a ganinta kyakkyawa a zahiri, ba a tunanin Evans tana da damar yin aure da yawa, kuma wannan, tare da basirarta, ya sa mahaifinta ya saka hannun jari a cikin ilimin da ba sau da yawa ba mata.<ref>Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. Norton, 1995. pp. 24–25</ref> Daga shekaru biyar zuwa tara, ta shiga tare da 'yar uwarta Chrissey a makarantar Miss Latham a Attleborough, daga shekaru tara zuwa goma sha uku a makarantar Mrs. Wallington a Nuneaton, kuma daga shekaru goma sha uku zuwa goma sha shida a makarantar Miss Franklin a Coventry. A makarantar Misis Wallington, ’yar bishara Maria Lewis ce ta koyar da ita—wadda aka aika wa wasiƙunta na farko. A cikin yanayin addini na makarantar Miss Franklin, Evans ya fuskanci shiru, imani mai ladabi wanda ya saba wa aikin bishara.<ref>Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. Norton, 1995. p. 31</ref> Bayan ya cika shekara goma sha shida, Evans ba shi da ilimi kadan.<ref>Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot: Voice of a Century. Norton, 1995. p. 52</ref> Godiya ga muhimmiyar rawar da mahaifinta ke takawa a kan kadarorin, an ba ta damar shiga ɗakin karatu na Arbury Hall, wanda ya taimaka mata ilimin kanta da zurfin koyo. Iliminta na gargajiya ya bar ta; Christopher Stray ya lura cewa "littattafan George Eliot sun zana sosai a kan adabin Girka (daya daga cikin littattafanta ne kawai za a iya buga shi daidai ba tare da amfani da nau'in nau'in nau'in Hellenanci ba), kuma sau da yawa bala'i na Girkanci ya rinjayi jigoginta".<ref>Christopher Stray Classics Transformed, p. 81</ref> ==Tunawa da girmamawa== Anyi wurare da dama don tunawa a mahaifarta wato Nuneaton. Wannan su hada da Kwalejin George Eliot, Makarantar Middlemarch Junior, Asibitin George Eliot (tsohon Asibitin Gaggawa na Nuneaton), <ref>BIRMINGHAM REGIONAL HOSPITAL BOARD GROUP 20 HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE. Birmingham Regional Hospital Board Group 20 Hospital Management Committee. 1944–1974.</ref> da George Eliot Road, a Foleshill, Coventry. Hakanan, The Mary Anne Evans Hospice a Nuneaton. Wani mutum-mutumi na Eliot yana cikin Titin Newdegate, Nuneaton, kuma Nuneaton Museum & Art Gallery yana da nunin kayan tarihi masu alaƙa da ita. An ba wa wata na'ura mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa da ke gina rami na Bromford a kan High Speed ​​2 don girmama ta.<ref>Bromford Tunnel". HS2. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</ref> A cikin 2015, an ba wa sabon ɗakin zama sunan Evans a Jami'ar Royal Holloway ta London, magajin Kwalejin Bedford, wanda Evans ya halarta a 1850-1. ==Ayyukan ta== ===Littattafai=== * ''[[Adam Bede]]'' (1859) * ''[[The Mill on the Floss]]'' (1860) * ''[[Silas Marner]]'' (1861) * ''[[Romola]]'' (1863) * ''[[Felix Holt, the Radical]]'' (1866) * ''[[Middlemarch]]'' (1871–1872) ** [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.HOUGH:5340370 "Quarry for Middlemarch"], MS Lowell 13, Houghton Library, Harvard University (A digital facsimile of the manuscript of research notes) * ''[[Daniel Deronda]]'' (1876) ===Tarin Gajerun Labarai da tatsuniyoyi=== * ''[[Scenes of Clerical Life]]'' (1857) ** ''The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton'' ** ''Mr Gilfil's Love Story'' ** ''Janet's Repentance'' * ''[[The Lifted Veil (novella)|The Lifted Veil]]'' (1859) * ''[[s:Brother Jacob|Brother Jacob]]'' (1864) * ''[[Impressions of Theophrastus Such]]'' (1879) ===Fassarori=== * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/249 ''Das Leben Jesu, kritisch bearbeitet (The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined)''] [https://archive.org/details/lifeofjesuscriti02stra Volume 2] by [[David Strauss]] (1846) * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/250 ''Das Wesen des Christentums (The Essence of Christianity)''] by [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] (1854) * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/321 ''The Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza''] by [[Benedict de Spinoza]] (1856) ===Shayari=== * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/331 ''Knowing That I Must Shortly Put Off This Tabernacle''] (1840) * ''[[s:In a London Drawingroom|In a London Drawingroom]]'' (1865) * ''[[s: A Minor Prophet|A Minor Prophet]]'' (1865) * ''[[s:Two Lovers|Two Lovers]]'' (1866) * ''[[s:Poems That Every Child Should Know/The Choir Invisible|The Choir Invisible]]'' (1867) * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/228 ''The Spanish Gypsy''] (1868) * ''[[s:The poems of George Eliot (Crowell, 1884)/Agatha|Agatha]]'' (1868) * ''[[s:The poems of George Eliot (Crowell, 1884)/Brother and Sister|Brother and Sister]]'' (1869) * ''[[s:How Lisa Loved the King|How Lisa Loved the King]]'' (1869) * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/602 ''Armgart''] (1870) * ''[[s:Stradivarius|Stradivarius]]'' (1873) * ''[[s:The poems of George Eliot (Crowell, 1884)/Arion|Arion]]'' (1873) * ''[[s:The poems of George Eliot (Crowell, 1884)/The Legend of Jubal|The Legend of Jubal]]'' (1874) * ''[[s:I Grant You Ample Leave|I Grant You Ample Leave]]'' (1874) * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/596 ''Evenings Come and Go, Love''] (1878) * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/598 ''Self and Life''] (1879) * [https://georgeeliotarchive.org/items/show/150 ''A College Breakfast Party''] (1879) * ''[[s:The poems of George Eliot (Crowell, 1884)/The Death of Moses|The Death of Moses]]'' (1879) ===Labaran gaskiya=== * [[s:Impressions of Theophrastus Such. Essays and Leaves from a note-book/Three Months in Weimar|"Three Months in Weimar"]] (1855) * [[s:Essays of George Eliot/Silly Novels by Lady Novelists|"Silly Novels by Lady Novelists"]] (1856)<!--Alternate: PDF copy http://faculty.winthrop.edu/kosterj/ENGL618/readings/theory/EliotSillyNovels.pdf - archived https://www.webcitation.org/6TU37dzeK?url=http://faculty.winthrop.edu/kosterj/ENGL618/readings/theory/EliotSillyNovels.pdf --> * [[s:Essays of George Eliot/Natural History of German Life|"The Natural History of German Life"]] (1856) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=4MopnRJ-HmMC&pg=PA654 Review of John Ruskin's ''Modern Painters'' in ''Westminster Review'', April 1856] * [[s:Essays of George Eliot/The Influence of Rationalism|"The Influence of Rationalism"]] (1865) {{stub}} ==Manazarta==George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) George Eliot sunan alƙalami ne na Mary Ann Evans (22 Nuwamba 1819 – 22 Disamba 1880), fitacciyar marubuciya, 'yar jarida, mai fassara, kuma masaniyar adabin Ingila. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan littattafan Turanci na ƙarni na 19 saboda ƙwarewarta wajen bayyana halayen ɗan Adam, zamantakewa, ɗabi'a, da matsalolin rayuwa. Littattafanta sun yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban adabin Turanci kuma har yanzu ana karanta su a duniya. Rayuwar farko An haifi Mary Ann Evans a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1819, a Arbury Farm, Warwickshire, Ingila. Mahaifinta, Robert Evans, ya kasance mai kula da manyan kadarori, yayin da mahaifiyarta, Christiana Evans, ta kasance uwargida. Tun tana yarinya ta nuna ƙwarewa wajen karatu da rubuce-rubuce, inda ta koyi Turanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci da kuma Italiyanci. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta a shekarar 1836, Mary Ann ta ɗauki nauyin kula da gidan iyalinsu tare da mahaifinta. Wannan ya sa ta ƙara samun gogewa game da rayuwar al'umma, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen rubuce-rubucenta. Farkon aikinta A shekarar 1851 ta koma birnin Landan, inda ta fara aiki a mujallar Westminster Review a matsayin edita da marubuciya. Ta fassara muhimman littattafan falsafa daga Jamusanci zuwa Turanci, abin da ya ƙara bunƙasa iliminta da sunanta a duniyar adabi. Saboda ana nuna wariya ga mata marubuta a lokacin, ta zaɓi amfani da sunan George Eliot domin a karɓi aikinta ba tare da son zuciya ba. Rubuce-rubuce George Eliot ta rubuta littattafai da dama waɗanda suka shahara saboda zurfin tunani da ingancin labari. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukanta akwai: Scenes of Clerical Life (1857) Adam Bede (1859) The Mill on the Floss (1860) Silas Marner (1861) Romola (1863) Felix Holt, the Radical (1866) Middlemarch (1871–1872) Daniel Deronda (1876) Littafinta Middlemarch ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman littattafan da aka taɓa rubutawa a harshen Turanci saboda yadda ya yi bayani mai zurfi kan rayuwar al'umma da halayen mutane. Salon rubutu George Eliot ta yi fice wajen: Bayyana halayen mutane da zurfin tunani. Nuna matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Tattauna ɗabi'a da alhakin mutum. Hada falsafa da labari cikin salo mai sauƙin karantawa. Nuna muhimmancin ilimi da tausayi a rayuwar al'umma. Rayuwar sirri Mary Ann Evans ta rayu tare da George Henry Lewes, marubuci kuma masanin falsafa, duk da cewa ba su yi aure ba saboda matsalolin shari'a. Dangantakarsu ta kasance abin cece-kuce a lokacin, amma Lewes ya kasance babban mai goyon bayanta har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1878. A shekarar 1880 ta auri John Walter Cross, wanda ya kasance ƙarami gare ta da shekaru masu yawa. Rasuwarta George Eliot ta rasu a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1880, tana da shekaru 61, sakamakon rashin lafiya. An binne ta a Highgate Cemetery da ke Landan, maimakon Westminster Abbey, saboda ra'ayoyinta da rayuwarta sun sa ba a ba ta wannan girmamawa a lokacin. Daga baya, an sanya mata abin tunawa a Poets' Corner na Westminster Abbey saboda irin gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabin Ingila. Gadonta George Eliot ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan mata a tarihin adabin duniya. Littattafanta suna ci gaba da zama abin nazari a jami'o'i da makarantu saboda zurfin fahimta game da rayuwar ɗan Adam. Ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa mata za su iya yin fice a duniyar adabi, kuma tasirin aikinta yana ci gaba har zuwa yau. Kammalawa George Eliot ta kasance marubuciya mai hangen nesa wadda ta yi amfani da hikima, ilimi da ƙwarewar rubutu wajen bayyana rayuwar al'umma da halayen ɗan Adam. Ayyukanta sun kasance ginshiƙai a tarihin adabin Turanci, kuma har yanzu suna da tasiri ga masu karatu da masana adabi a faɗin duniya. exs6ugy8my0wjglvafxfgwowru4ijkq 0 93284 879117 587910 2026-07-08T18:40:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mulkin mallaka na yankin Yammacin Afirka da ke fadin Nijar ya faru ne tsakanin tsakiyar karni na 19 zuwa 1960 lokacin da Najeriya ta zama sananne a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 29, 2023 |title=Nigerian Independence Day &#124; Boston.gov |url=https://www.boston.gov/news/nigerian-independence-day |website=www.boston.gov |access-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421023622/https://www.boston.gov/news/nigerian-independence-day |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan mamayewar tsarin ya gabatar da sabbin tsarin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa waɗanda suka canza ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar game da sauyin jinsi da matsayi na jinsi. Tilasta ra'ayoyin Yammaci a wata hanya ko wata na iya rinjayar ayyukan zamantakewa da al'adun Afirka koyaushe yana haifar da canji a dangantakar iko, tsammanin al'umma, bayyanar matsayi na jinsi ko ma ainihi. Ƙarfin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya gabatar da tsarin doka wanda sau da yawa ya ƙarfafa tsarin shugabanci kuma ya rage amincewa da ayyukan 'yan asalin da suka rungumi bambancin jinsi. Tilasta tsarin shari'a na Yammacin Turai yana da sakamako mai dorewa, yana rinjayar dokokin gado, haƙƙin mallaka, da ayyukan aure. Wannan ba wai kawai ya ware mata a cikin tsarin doka ba har ma ya lalata matsayin gargajiya na wasu al'ummomi inda mata ke da iko na tattalin arziki da siyasa. Haɗakar da ka'idojin shari'a na mulkin mallaka tare da al'adun 'yan asalin sun haifar da tashin hankali kuma sun sake fasalin zamantakewar al'umma, suna ba da gudummawa ga yanayin yanayin jinsi da kuma gudana a cikin al'adun Najeriya. Wannan tasirin tsarin shari'a na mulkin mallaka da tsarin ilimi sun yi hulɗa tare da yanayin al'adu daban-daban na Najeriya, suna shafar al'ummomi a hanyoyi daban-daban. Sakamakon tilasta mulkin mallaka a kan tsarin shari'a da tsarin ilimi an tace su ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na al'adu daban-daban, suna tsara ƙalubale na musamman da dama ga kabilun daban-daban. == Matsayin jinsi da rashin daidaituwa a cikin al'ummar Igbo kafin mulkin mallaka == Al'ummar Igbo ta kunshi jihohin Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, da Imo tare da yare na asali na asali wanda ake magana a fadin jihohi biyar da suka hada da al'ummar Igbo. Wannan yaren ya kai yankin [[Mutanen Anioma|Anioma]] na [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] da wasu yankuna na Jihar Rivers A Kudancin Najeriya. === Wakilan Igbo da tsarin suna === === 'Ya'ya mata maza da mazaje mata === Biye da al'adun Igbo na rinjaye na namiji, 'yar mace ba za ta iya gadon dukiyar ƙasa ba; mutumin da ba shi da 'ya'yan namiji zai ba wa 'yarsa ta farko rawar yaro ta hanyar al'adun al'adu da alkawari da ake kira "Igba". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lindsay |first=Lisa A. |date=2017-09-01 |title=Male Daughters, Female Husbands at Thirty |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.14321/jwestafrihist.3.2.0093 |journal=Journal of West African History |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=93–101 |doi=10.14321/jwestafrihist.3.2.0093 |issn=2327-1868 |s2cid=158178391}}</ref> Ndu Yarinyar, wacce yanzu ake la'akari da 'yar namiji, tana ɗaukar matsayin namiji a cikin iyali. A kan wannan taron, ba a yarda 'yar namiji ta yi aure don hana ta barin gidan iyali ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osuji |first=Ucheoma C. |date=2023-06-21 |title=A Feminist Analysis of "Woman-Husband" and "Male-Daughter" Practice in Igbo Cultural Thought |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/cad/11/1/article-p104_6.xml |journal=Culture and Dialogue |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=104–121 |doi=10.1163/24683949-12340130 |issn=2222-3282 |s2cid=263726591}}</ref> Maza mata a gefe guda, mata ne waɗanda ke ɗaukar matsayi da ke da alaƙa da maza, gami da nauyin miji a cikin aure. Wannan aikin sau da yawa ana danganta shi da batutuwan rashin haihuwa, kamar yadda mace za ta iya ɗaukar matsayin miji don tabbatar da ci gaba da layin iyalinta. A irin waɗannan lokuta, miji na mace na iya auren wasu mata kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan haihuwa na al'umma, kamar haihuwar yara ta hanyar matar mace a madadin mijinta marar haihuwa. Wannan aikin, wanda aka sani da Nwanyi Bu ya nuna daidaitaccen matsayi na jinsi don magance takamaiman bukatun al'umma. A lokuta biyu, waɗannan nau'ikan jinsi sun kalubalanci ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai kuma sun nuna sassauci na matsayin jinsi a cikin al'ummar Igbo. Sanar da 'ya'ya mata maza da karɓar mazajen mata sun nuna fahimtar jinsi da ainihi a cikin al'adu da ruhaniya na al'ummomin Igbo kafin mulkin mallaka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun kasance da zurfi a cikin ra'ayi na duniya na Igbo kuma ba kawai ayyukan ƙiyayya ne game da ka'idojin jinsi da aka kafa ba amma a maimakon haka a al'adun al'adu na ainihi da aikin al'umma. Ada mmuonwu ('yar', ko 'ruhuyar matattu"; wanda kuma ake kira 'Agboho Mmanwu' ko 'Adamma' a wasu sassan al'ummar Igbo) ruhun mace ce da ke mallaki mutum a lokacin bukukuwan jana'izar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.addastories.org/about/ |website=adda}}</ref> a kan mallaka, wannan namiji mai mutuwa a ruhaniya ya sami mace, ya zama mai ruwa a cikin magana har sai lokacin da aka kwantar da matattu kuma bikin ya ƙare. == Jima'i, matsayin jinsi, da kuma saurin Yoruba kafin mulkin mallaka == Al'adun Yoruba shine bayyanar al'adun al'adu da kuma asalin [[Yarbawa|Mutanen Yoruba]], kabilanci da aka fi samu a Najeriya da sauran yankunan Yammacin Afirka. An san shi da wadata da bambancinsa, al'adun Yoruba sun ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban kamar harshe, addini, fasaha, kiɗa, rawa, da al'adun zamantakewa. Kafin zuwan Turawa a karni na goma sha bakwai, al'ummar Yorùbá suna da ra'ayoyi na musamman game da ma'anar jinsi da dangantaka. Ba kamar tsarin binary na Yammacin maza / maza da mata ba, irin wannan bambance-bambance bai wanzu a cikin al'ummomin Yorùbá ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muraina |first=Luqman Ọpẹ́yẹmí |last2=Ajímátanraẹjẹ |first2=Abdulkareem J. |date=2023-09-02 |title=Gender relations in Indigenous Yorùbá culture: questioning current feminist actions and advocacies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2023.2213171 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=44 |issue=9 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2023.2213171#d1e175 |issn=0143-6597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Oyèrón_ Oyěwùmí, a cikin "The Invention of Women: Making African Sense of Western Gender Discourse," ya shiga cikin ayyukan Yorùbá kafin mulkin mallaka kuma ya bincika abubuwan da ke tattare da shi a zamani. A cikin al'adun Yorùbá, bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata sun samo asali ne daga ayyukan zamantakewa maimakon gaskiyar halittu, kamar yadda ya jaddada. An yi amfani da prefixes "obìn" da "okùn" don ƙayyade nau'ikan jikin mutum, duk da haka Yorùbá ba su da kalma don jinsi ko wani ra'ayi mai alaƙa kafin tasirin mulkin mallaka. Wannan rashin nassoshin harshe na iya nuna cewa an gabatar da manufar jinsi a matsayin muhimmiyar zamantakewar al'umma ga al'ummar Yorùbá daga Yamma. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman al'adun al'adu da suka yi shiru sakamakon mamayewar mulkin mallaka shine yin luwadi tsakanin mutanen Yoruba. Ana magance wannan aikin da kalma mai ban sha'awa: "adodi /adofuro" wanda ake amfani da shi don komawa ga mutanen da ke shiga cikin hanci <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=Did Europe Bring Homophobia to Africa? - AAIHS |url=https://www.aaihs.org/did-europe-bring-homophobia-to-africa/#:~:text=Among%20the%20Yoruba%2C%20adofuro%20is,person%20who%20has%20anal%20sex}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chimakonam |first=Jonathan O. |last2=Agada |first2=Ada |date=2020 |title=The Sexual Orientation Question in Nigeria: Cultural Relativism Versus Universal Human Rights Concerns |journal=Sexuality & Culture |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1705–1719 |doi=10.1007/s12119-020-09705-9 |s2cid=214077385 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wani muhimmin tarihin da ba a faɗi ba game da mutanen Yoruba shine al'adun gargajiya game da ruwan jinsi ko watakila sarki mai canza launin fata da aka sani da [[Orompoto]], ita 'yar'uwar Sarki Egungunoju ce wacce ta mutu ba tare da ɗa namiji da ya girma ya zama sarki ba don hana kambin ya ƙaura daga danginsa, Orompoto ta hanyar sihiri ya canza zuwa mutum kuma ya zama sarki. Alaafin Orompotoniyun na Daular Oyo a Najeriya. == Matsayi, ainihi, da jima'i a cikin Hausa Fulani kafin mulkin mallaka == Kasancewa a yankin Arewa na Najeriya ta yanzu. [[Hausa Bakwai|Masarautar Hausa]] ta kunshi Jihohi bakwai na Hausa, kowace jiha da ke da sha'awar al'adu na musamman game da matsayin jinsi da kuma gudana kafin Jihadist Movement wanda ya haifar da Musulunci na manyan jihohin Hausa tsakanin karni na 11 da 12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2022 |title=HISTORY OF ISLAM IN NIGERIA. |url=https://www.schoolsoftware.com.ng/history-of-islam-in-nigeria/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeld |first=E. R. |date=1960 |title=Islam and Social Stratification in Northern Nigeria |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/587419 |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=112–128 |doi=10.2307/587419 |jstor=587419}}</ref> Babban ayyukan addini na mutanen Hausa-Fulani kafin wannan mamayewa shine Maguzawa Hanci aikin addini na Aninism wanda ya kunshi mallaka na ruhu da fitar da aljanu an yi shi ne ta hanyar maza da mata masu bi na Animist. Ba kamar addinin Islama ba, an ba mata damar yin wasu yanke shawara da suka saba wa ayyukan Islama na yau. Misali, a cikin kabilanci na Bori a Kano, mata na iya saki mazajensu ba tare da wani cikas na addini ba. Wadannan mata galibi ana kiransu da wulakanci na Hausa Karuwanci za su zaɓi zama a gidan mata a ƙarƙashin jagorancin magajiya. An san su da rayuwarsu ta musamman da aka yi ta hanyar rawa da karuwanci. A cikin gidan mata - mazaunan mata akwai wasu tsarin tsarin mulki wanda ke jagorantar halayyar mata da kare su daga yiwuwar cin zarafin maza. Matsayin mata da hulɗarsu da al'umma sun fara ɗaukar wani tsari bayan ƙungiyar Jihadist, wannan motsi wanda ya gabatar da Yan Taru watakila ya tsara matsayi da hulɗarta ta al'umma na mata da yawa na Hausa a yau Wani sha'awar al'adu mai ƙarfi wanda ƙila ya kasance shiru ta hanyar akidar mulkin mallaka shine game da asalin jinsi da jima'i wanda a yau yana da gardama game da rashin wanzuwar al'ummomin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka. A cikin shekaru goma / goma sha ɗaya da suka gabata, an sami wata hujja mai girma game da haƙƙin mutanen LGBTQ. Wannan da'awar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba game da wanzuwar jima'i iri ɗaya da ayyukan da ba su dace da jinsi a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini zai zama tushen abin da Dokar Aure na Jima'i (Hakkatarwa) na 2013 dokar nuna bambanci da za a gina a kan ta dabbatar da mutanen LGBTQ a Najeriya. Koyaya, bincike mai zurfi game da wasu ayyukan imani na al'adu a cikin al'ummar Hausa-Fulani kafin mulkin mallaka yana ba da hujjoji na gaskiya game da tsinkaye da kuma ayyukan jinsi iri ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shaidu shine kasancewar [[Yan daudu]] a cikin al'ummar kabilanci ta Hausa Fulani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cxh7vy2iy67bvvk4iazt8s8od6xj6eu 0 94055 879269 590587 2026-07-09T03:06:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Morgan Christen|honorific-suffix=|image=Judge Morgan Christen.jpg|image_size=200|alt=|caption=|office=Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]|term_start=January 11, 2012|term_end=|nominator=|appointer=[[List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama|Barack Obama]]|predecessor=[[Andrew Kleinfeld]]|successor=|office1=Associate Justice of the [[Alaska Supreme Court]]|term_start1=April 5, 2009|term_end1=January 11, 2012|nominator1=|appointer1=[[Sarah Palin]]|predecessor1=[[Warren Matthews]]|successor1=[[Peter J. Maassen]]|pronunciation=|birth_name=Morgan Brenda Christen or<br />Brenda June Christen<ref name="SJCQ">[https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Christen%20Senate%20Questionnaire%20Public%20Final.pdf United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees]</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1961|12|05}}|birth_place=[[Chehalis, Washington]], U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|citizenship=|nationality=|party=|otherparty=|height=|spouse=James Torgerson<ref name=family>{{cite web |title=Judge Morgan Christen Welcomed to Ninth Circuit |url=https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ninth-circuit-news/judge-morgan-christen-welcomed-to-ninth-circuit/ |website=ca9.uscourts.gov |publisher=United States Courts for the Ninth Circuit |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621110108/https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ninth-circuit-news/judge-morgan-christen-welcomed-to-ninth-circuit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>|partner=|relations=|children=Erin Christen<ref name=family/>|parents=|mother=|father=|relatives=|residence=|education=[[University of Washington]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Golden Gate University School of Law|Golden Gate University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])|alma_mater=|occupation=|profession=|known_for=|salary=|net_worth=|cabinet=|committees=|portfolio=|religion=|awards=|signature=|signature_alt=|website=<!--Embedded templates / Footnotes-->|footnotes=}} '''Morgan Brenda Christen''' (an Haife ta a watan Disamba 5, 1961) lauya ce Ba'amurkiya kuma masanin shari'a wanda ke aiki a matsayin alkalin da'irar Amurka na Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don zagaye na tara . A baya ta yi aiki a matsayin alkalin kotun jiha a Kotun Koli ta Alaska daga 2009 zuwa 2012 da kuma Kotun Koli ta Alaska daga 2002 zuwa 2009. == Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da aikin shari'a == An haifi Christen a cikin 1961 a Chehalis, Washington . Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Washington a 1983 tare da digiri na farko a cikin karatun kasa da kasa. Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Golden Gate, ta kammala karatun digiri tare da Likitan Juris a 1986. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar lauya, Christen ya kasance magatakarda na shari'a ga alkalin Kotun Koli na Alaska Brian Shortell daga 1986 zuwa 1987. Daga 1987 zuwa 2002, ta kasance a cikin aikin sirri a kamfanin lauya Preston Gates &amp;amp; Ellis, ta zama abokin tarayya a 1993. == Aikin shari'a == === Sabis na shari'a na jihar Alaska === Christen ya kasance alkali a Kotun Koli ta Alaska daga 2002 zuwa 2009. A cikin 2009, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara biyu da Majalisar Shari'a ta Alaska mai mutane bakwai ta ba da shawarar su maye gurbin Justice Warren Matthews a Kotun Koli ta Alaska . Kungiyoyi masu fafutukar hana zubar da ciki sun yi adawa da Christen saboda hidimar da ta yi a matsayin memba na kwamitin iyaye na Planned a tsakiyar 1990s. Duk da haka, a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2009, Gwamna Sarah Palin ya zaɓi Christen don ya cika gurbin a Kotun Koli ta Alaska. === Ma'aikatar shari'a ta tarayya === A kan Mayu 18, 2011, Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya zabi Christen zuwa wurin zama a kan Tara ta tara da Andrew Kleinfeld ya bar, wanda ya dauki matsayi mai girma a kan Yuni 12, 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2011 |title=President Obama Nominates Justice Morgan Christen for the United States Court of Appeals |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/18/president-obama-nominates-justice-morgan-christen-united-states-court-ap |website=White House Press Release}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2011, Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai ya ba da rahoton fitar da ita daga kwamitin da kuri'ar murya . Majalisar dattijai ta tabbatar da Christen ta hanyar kuri'a 95-3 a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Nomination (Confirmation Morgan Christen, of Alaska, to be U.S. Circuit Judge) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&session=1&vote=00231}}</ref> Ta karɓi hukumar a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2012 kuma tana kula da ɗakunanta a Anchorage . <ref name="CA9Seniority">{{Cite web |title=The Judges of this Court in Order of Seniority |url=https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/judicial-council/judges-seniority-list/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=www.ca9.uscourts.gov}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * List of first women lawyers and judges in Alaska == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] ibcrtncxd3zp007o9h5wq5ld4duakvi 0 94849 879023 786604 2026-07-08T16:27:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_Kadirga_plan_Gurlitt_1912.jpg|right|thumb| Shirin na Cornelius Gurlitt, 1912]] [[Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque_Kadirga_section_Gurlitt_1912.jpg|right|thumb| Sashin giciye na Cornelius Gurlitt, 1912]] '''Masallacin Sokollu Mehmed Pasha''' ( Turkish ) wani [[masallaci]] ne [[Daular Usmaniyya|na Ottoman]] a karni na 16 a unguwar Kadırga a gundumar Fatih, [[Istanbul]], Turkiyya. Babban vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha da matarsa İsmihan Sultan ne suka ba da izini tare. Masanin gine-ginen daular Mimar Sinan ne ya tsara shi kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 1571/2. An lura da masallacin don kyakkyawan ingancin tiles din na Iznik waɗanda ke ƙawata bangon ciki. == Tarihi == Architecture na Daular Usmaniyya Mimar Sinan ne ya tsara masallacin ga babban waziri Sokollu Mehmed Pasha da matarsa İsmihan Sultan 'yar Selim II kuma daya daga cikin jikokin Sultan [[Suleiman Mai Girma]] . {{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2005}} Kamar yadda rubutun da aka rubuta a cikin harshen Turkanci da ke sama da kofar arewa zuwa tsakar gidan, an kammala ginin ne a AH&nbsp;979 (1571/72 CE). Duk da cewa İsmihan Sultan da mijinta tare da hadin gwiwar sun baiwa masallacin, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ne kadai aka jera a rubutun harsashen. {{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2005}} == Gine-gine == === Na waje === An san masallacin saboda ƙalubalensa na gine-gine a kan tudu. Sinan ya warware wannan matsala ta hanyar gaban masallacin da wani fili mai hawa biyu. Babban bene na kasa ya kasu kashi-kashi, wadanda kudin hayar su ya kasance don taimakawa wajen kula da masallacin. Babban bene mai buɗaɗɗen tsakar gida yana da wuraren da ke tsakanin ginshiƙan bangon uku an rufe su don samar da ƙananan ɗakuna, kowannensu yana da ƙaramin taga, murhu da alkuki don adana kayan kwanciya, yana samar da wuraren zama na madrasah . Bangaren tsakar gida na hudu shi ne masallacin da kansa, wanda aka kera shi a matsayin hexagon da aka rubuta a cikin rectangular, sama da kubba mai dauke da kananan kusoshi hudu a kusurwoyi. Dome yana da 13 metres (43 ft) a diamita da 22.8 metres (75 ft) babba. Wurin alwala a tsakar gida yana da ginshiƙai goma sha biyu masu goyan bayan kubba mai siffar albasa. Minaret guda daya ana ajiye shi a kusurwar arewa maso gabas na masallacin. === Cikin gida === Ciki na Masallacin Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ya shahara ga fale-falen İznik, wanda aka yi masa ado da nau'ikan zane-zane na furanni masu launin shuɗi, ja da kore, tare da bangarori na kiraigraphy a cikin fararen haruffan ''thuluth'' akan ƙasa shuɗi. {{Sfn|Denny|2004}} ginshiƙan ciki suna amfani da marmara polychrome. ''[[Mimbari|Minbar]]'' an yi ta ne da farin marmara tare da hular maɗaukaki, wanda aka lulluɓe cikin tayal na Iznik. Gilashin da ke sama da ''mihrab'' suna da tabo. Sama da babbar kofar shiga, wanda aka zana shi da ginshiƙin tagulla, wani guntu ne na [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] a [[Makkah|Makka]] ; sauran guntuwar wannan baƙar fata suna saman ''minbar'' da ''mihrab'' . {{Sfn|Denny|2004}} Kazalika aikin tayal din, an fara fentin sassan masallacin. Yawancin zanen fenti an gyara su amma wasu daga cikin kayan fenti na asali sun tsira a saman katafaren ƙofar arewa, a kan maƙallan da ke goyon bayan barandar da ke sama da ƙofar, da kuma ƙarƙashin silin na bangon bango. {{Sfn|Necipoğlu|2005}} == Hotuna ==  <gallery> Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_7346.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque front| Sokollu Mehmet Pasha masallacin gaba Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_7342.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque courtyard| Masallacin Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5722.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque courtyard| Masallacin Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_7335.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque| Masallacin Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5710.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque mihrab and minber| Sokollu Mehmet Pasha masallaci mihrab da minber Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5716.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque mihrab and minber| Sokollu Mehmet Pasha masallaci mihrab da minber Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5719.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque mihrab and minber detail| Sokollu Mehmet Pasha masallaci mihrab da minber cikakken bayani Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5715.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque calligraphic tiles| Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Tiles calligraphic Fayil:Istanbul_Sokollu_Mosque_2002_399.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque calligraphic tiles| Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Tiles calligraphic Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5253.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque Iznik tiles| Masallacin Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Iznik tiles Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5706.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque Iznik tiles| Masallacin Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Iznik tiles Fayil:Sokollu_Mehmet_Pasha_mosque_5702.jpg|alt=Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque Iznik tiles| Masallacin Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Iznik tiles </gallery> == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://archnet.org/sites/2787 Sokullu Mehmet Paşa ve Ismihan Sultan Külliyesi (Kadırga)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116112125/https://www.archnet.org/sites/2787 |date=2023-11-16 }}, ArchNet. * [http://www.3dmekanlar.com/en/sokullu-mosque-2.html 360 digiri panoramic view of cikin masallacin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202041453/http://www.3dmekanlar.com/en/sokullu-mosque-2.html |date=2024-12-02 }}, 3dmekanlar. * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/sokollumehmet Hotunan Masallacin Sokollu Mehmet na Dick Osseman] oza4yyzhi2g8qtpddes3i2z2i3o7quf 0 95452 879171 600523 2026-07-08T19:17:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mavis Nduchwa''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Rewana Nduchwa''' (28 ga Agusta 1982 - 13 ga Agusta 2021), ita ce wacc ta kafa kuma Shugaba na gonakin Chabana agribusiness, wanda kuma ke kasuwanci da Kalahari Honey. Matar aure ce kuma mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu kyawawa da aka haifa a watan Afrilu 2014 da Afrilu 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=The journey so far: Mavis Nduchwa, CEO, Chabana Farms |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/the-journey-so-far-mavis-nduchwa-ceo-chabana-farms/63974/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=How We Made It In Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> 'yar kasuwa ce [[Botswana|ta motswana]], wacce tana ɗaya daga cikin 2020 Jack Ma foundation <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rw |first=Taarifa |last2=a |title=Jack Ma Foundation’s Top 50 finalists of 2020 “Africa’s Business Heroes” Competition |url=https://furtherafrica.com/2020/07/28/jack-ma-foundations-top-50-finalists-of-2020-africas-business-heroes-competition/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=FurtherAfrica |language=en-GB}}</ref> na 50 na Jaruman Kasuwancin Afirka na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwako |first=Taboka |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Nduchwa among Top 50 finalists |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/57438 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312112150/https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/57438 |archive-date=March 12, 2025 |access-date=August 24, 2020 |website=Botswana Daily News }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Mavis Nduchwa a cikin shekara ta 1983, a Francistown, [[Botswana]], kuma tana da digiri na farko a fannin gidaje da kula da baƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-23 |title=The new face of farming: youth making agribusiness ‘cool’! |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/special-edition-youth-2017/new-face-farming-youth-making-agribusiness-%E2%80%98cool%E2%80%99 |access-date=2020-08-08 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Nduchwa ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Chabana farms, wanda ke kasuwanci a matsayin Kalahari Honey. Tsarin kasuwancin zuma na Kalahari ya ta'allaka ne kan magance rikicin giwayen mutane a Botswana. Kamfaninta na tantance manoma don kafa rumfunan kuɗan zuma a matsayin hanyar rage ɓarnar amfanin gona. Ta tsarin kasuwancinta tana neman yin nazarin hanyoyin haɓaka yawan kuɗan zuma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When Life Gives You Elephants, Make Honey (And Money!) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewwight/2020/11/08/when-life-gives-you-elephants-make-honey-and-money/ |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Kamfaninta na zamantakewa da ke Kalahari Ruwan Zuma na samar da rumbun zuma ga matan karkara a matsayin hanyar kare gonakinsu daga giwaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavis Nduchwa |url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/people/mavis-nduchwa/ |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=Vital Voices |language=en}}</ref> Nduchwa ita ce 2020 Women Empower UN SDG ta lashe ƙalubalen a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|Afirka kudu da Sahara]], lambar yabo ta duniya ga mata a cikin kasuwanci <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Awardees |url=https://sustainability.asu.edu/we-empower/awardees-finalists/ |access-date=2020-08-25 |website=WE Empower UN SDG Challenge |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811111235/https://sustainability.asu.edu/we-empower/awardees-finalists/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da 2019 AFRINIC (Cibiyar Sadarwar ta Afirka). <ref>{{Cite web |last=COMMS |first=AFRINIC |title=AFRINIC-31 Fellowship Winners Announced |url=https://www.afrinic.net/blog/485-afrinic-31-fellowship-winners-announced |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=www.afrinic.net |language=en-gb |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215071749/https://www.afrinic.net/blog/485-afrinic-31-fellowship-winners-announced |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017 ta kasance cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gidauniyar [[Tony Elumelu]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agunbiade |first=Tolu |date=2015-06-16 |title=cofoundHER Interviews: Mavis Nduchwa of Chabana Farms |url=https://innov8tiv.com/cofoundher-interviews-mavis-nduchwa-of-chabana-farms/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Innov8tiv |language=en-US}}</ref> inda aka zaɓe ta don shirin Mandela Washington Fellow, Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI). Nduchwa tana riƙe da 2019 Mace 'yar Kasuwancin Botswana (Grant Thornton), Mafi kyawun Kyautar Kasuwancin Afirka na 2018 ( [[Gidauniyar Tony Elumelu|Tony Elumelu Foundation]]) da Botswana Innovation Award 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mavis Nduchwa |url=https://meaningful.business/team/mavis-nduchwa/ |access-date=2020-08-23 |website=Meaningful Business Community |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017 an zaɓe ta a [[Tony Elumelu|Tony Elumelu Entrepreneurship]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Agunbiade |first=Tolu |date=2015-06-16 |title=cofoundHER Interviews: Mavis Nduchwa of Chabana Farms |url=https://innov8tiv.com/cofoundher-interviews-mavis-nduchwa-of-chabana-farms/ |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=Innov8tiv |language=en-US}}</ref> aka zaɓa don Kasuwancin Tony Elumelu2 wanda ya dogara da Shirin Kasuwancin Afirka. horar da kasuwanci da tallafin $5000. A cikin shekara ta 2019, an nuna Nduchwa a cikin Gasar Abinci ta Duniya a matsayin alkalya baƙuwa tare da Samin Nosrat, Gaggan Anand, Marion Nestle da Arnold Kreilhuber. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Food Chain Global Champion Award 2019 winner: Akshaya Patra |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4svxDH03tg5yHsR7f91gsj3/the-food-chain-global-champion-award-2019-winner-akshaya-patra |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 7pysm9hz3ewovj3n737xrqd18uflclw 0 95523 879043 795226 2026-07-08T17:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Massaita_cisse.png|thumb| Cisse a cikin 2020]] '''Massata Cissé''' (a madadin Maïssata''';''' an haife ta a shekara ta 1961), wacce ake yi wa laƙabi da ''Mama Afrika'' (na ƙasashe daban-daban na nahiyar Afirka da ta ziyarta) mace ce daga [[Burkina Faso]], wacce ta yi fice saboda kasancewarta mace ta farko da ta tuka mota a yammacin Afirka, tana tuki tun a shekarar 1981. Ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarshen 2010s da farkon 2020s a cikin gidajen labarai na Faransanci kuma a halin yanzu tana aiki da wani kamfani dabaru mai suna ''Kanis Logistic. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MOYOUZAME |first=Aïsha |title=Massata Cissé, 60 ans et célèbre conductrice de poids lourd au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/entreprendre/0607-89832-massata-cisse-60-ans-et-celebre-conductrice-de-poids-lourd-au-burkina-faso |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Agence Ecofin |language=fr-fr}}</ref>'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=LA SEULE FEMME CONDUCTRICE DE POIDS LOURD |url=https://www.seneplus.com/societe/mama-africa-la-seule-femme-conductrice-de-poids-lourd-en-afrique |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=SenePlus |language=fr |archive-date=2025-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222190221/https://www.seneplus.com/societe/mama-africa-la-seule-femme-conductrice-de-poids-lourd-en-afrique |url-status=dead }}</ref> [ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbena |first=Oscar |date=2019-02-10 |title=Afrique de l'Ouest: Découvrez Massata Cissé, seule femme Conductrice de poids lourds depuis 28 ans |url=https://www.afrikmag.com/a-la-decouverte-de-la-seule-conductrice-de-vehicules-poids-lourds/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=AfrikMag |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Agbenu |first=Patience |last2=Rendez-vous |first2=Africa |date=2018-11-20 |title=Massata Cissé, seule femme conductrice de poids lourds |url=https://www.africardv.com/maman-africa/massata-cisse-seule-femme-conductrice-de-poids-lourds/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=L'actualité africaine |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628135032/https://www.africardv.com/maman-africa/massata-cisse-seule-femme-conductrice-de-poids-lourds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=MASSATA CISSÉ, L'UNIQUE FEMME CONDUCTRICE DE POIDS LOURDS EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST |url=https://negronews.fr/massata-cisse-lunique-femme-conductrice-de-poids-lourds-afrique-de-louest/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=NN |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-15 |title=Conductrice de poids lourds depuis 28 ans en Afrique de l'Ouest |url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/massata-cisse%CC%81-seule-conductrice-de-poids-lourds-depuis-28-ans-en-afrique-de-l-ouest/4660145.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Voice of America |language=fr}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar Cissé a matsayin majagaba kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, musamman a duniyar musulmi kuma da kanta tana gode wa iyayenta saboda ruhinta na gwagwarmaya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Femme active d'Afrique : Un trophée pour Massata Cissé, conductrice de remorque - NetAfrique.net % |url=https://netafrique.net/femme-active-dafrique-un-trophee-pour-massata-cisse-conductrice-de-remorque/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=netafrique.net}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> A cikin shekara ta 2017, an ba ta lambar yabo ta ''Trophée international de la Femme Active d'Afrique'' (TIFAA). <ref name=":2"/> Tana da jikoki da kanwa, Aminata Cissé. <ref name=":2"/> == Fim == An sanar da wani shirin gaskiya game da ita a cikin shekara ta 2017 a ƙarƙashin darekta {{Interlanguage link|Dieudonné Alaka|fr}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massata Cissé (Burkina Faso / Cameroun): Atelier PAS Sahara Agadir 2017 |url=https://www.3continents.com/wp-content/uploads/massata-cisse-burkina-cameroun.pdf}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] 2ygnb9d0id6tdtvn4jsgcndwzb4uakk 0 95576 879370 877303 2026-07-09T06:30:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>Wasu 'yan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar]] [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne, kuma ƙungiyoyinsu sun daidaita da ƙa'idodinsu. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar gabaɗaya shine wasanni mafi shahara a ƙasashen Larabawa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=3 July 2014 |title=MAP: The most popular sport in every country (soccer is really popular) |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/7/3/5868115/most-popular-sports-world-cup |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2013, ɗan jaridar [[BBC]] Rob Cowling ya lura cewa 'yan wasan Musulmi suna canza al'adar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila. Bikin Ramadan na Musulunci yana shafar ikon 'yan wasa na yin atisaye da wasa, yayin da wasu 'yan wasa suka ƙi sanya rigunan ƙwallon ƙafa da kamfanonin caca da kuɗi ke ɗaukar nauyi, saboda an haramta caca da karɓar riba a Musulunci. An ci zarafin wasu 'yan wasa Musulmi a wasanni, kuma an kai hari ga ƙungiyoyin da ke ɗaukar 'yan wasa Musulmi. <ref name="Beitar">{{Cite web |last=Paul Gittings |date=8 February 2013 |title=Israeli football club torched after signing Muslim players |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/08/world/meast/israel-football-arson |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Shahara da rikici == Ma'aikatan mai na Birtaniya ne suka gabatar da ƙwallon ƙafa ga Iran kuma aka haɓaka ta a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Reza Shah a shekarun 1920. Duk da cewa wasa da kallon wasan sau da yawa sun saba wa buƙatun addini a ƙarƙashin [[Iran|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]], har yanzu yana da farin jini. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2013 |title=Iran in June: A Fever Pitch of Football and Politics |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/13/jun/1037.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011350/http://www.payvand.com/news/13/jun/1037.html%20 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=15 July 2013 |publisher=www.payvand.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, an kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata mai suna Girls FC, wadda ta ƙunshi Musulmi da Kirista. Duk da buƙatun addini da kuma ƙin amincewa da mata masu sanye da gajeren wando da kuma "wasan maza", ƙungiyar ta sami karɓuwa sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Girls FC |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2012/06/2012626105337593602.html |access-date=15 July 2013 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Ramadan == A shekarar 2010, ƙungiyarsa ta Steel Azin da ke [[Tehran]] ta kori ɗan wasan Iran Ali Karimi saboda karya azumin watan Ramadan. An ga Karimi yana shan ruwa a lokacin horo; ya musanta duk wani cin zarafi kuma ƙungiyar ta dawo da shi bayan ya amince ya biya tarar dala 40,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams, Keith |date=26 August 2010 |title=Iran footballer returns after Ramadan fasting row |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11095904 |access-date=11 July 2013 |publisher=BBC News Middle East}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, an lura da tasirin da ke damun lafiyar 'yan wasa dangane da ɗan wasan [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] Demba Ba . An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai gajiya da gajiya" saboda [[Azumi A Lokacin Ramadan|azumin watan Ramadan]], ya zira kwallaye uku a cikin sama da mintuna talatin a wasan da suka doke Blackburn Rovers da ci 3-1 a wasansa na farko bayan Ramadan. 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa suna taka rawar gani a matakin koli har yanzu suna bin azumi duk da haɗarin samun rauni. A lokacin azumin Ramadan na 2019, 'yan wasan AFC Ajax [[Hakim Ziyech]] da [[Noussair Mazraoui|Noussair Mazroui]] sun shiga zagaye na biyu na [[UEFA Champions League|wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai]] da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspurs]] yayin da suke azumi, amma sai suka karya wasan mintuna 24 da fara wasan bayan rana ta faɗi. An kama su suna shan gel mai ƙarfi da ruwa a filin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2019 |title=Ajax duo break Ramadan fast during UCL semifinal vs Tottenham Hotspur |url=https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/champions-league/1094822/ajax-duo-noussair-mazraoui-hakim-ziyech-open-ramadan-fast-during-ucl-semifinal-vs-tottenham-hotspur/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509185948/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/champions-league/1094822/ajax-duo-noussair-mazraoui-hakim-ziyech-open-ramadan-fast-during-ucl-semifinal-vs-tottenham-hotspur/ |archive-date=9 May 2019 |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=FOX Sports Asia |language=en-US}}</ref> A [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018]], Mouez Hassan, mai tsaron gidan Tunisia ya yi amfani da dokar [[FIFA]] wadda ta tilasta dakatar da wasan idan mai tsaron gidan ya ji rauni. A lokacin wasannin da Portugal da Turkiyya, Hassan ya fadi kasa da dabara bayan faɗuwar rana domin bai wa abokan wasansa damar karya azuminsu, wadanda suka ci kwanuka da abubuwan sha na ion. Dabarar ta yi nasara, yayin da Tunisia ta yi kunnen doki 2-2 a wasannin biyu, da kungiyoyi mafi daraja [[FIFA|a FIFA]] . Ba dukkan ƙasashen da ke da alaƙa da Musulunci ba ne suka amince da azumi a [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya]] . Yawancin 'yan wasan Saudiyya, waɗanda za su buga wasa da Rasha a wasan farko, sun zaɓi ɗage alƙawarin addininsu har sai bayan gasar, suna fahimtar wahalhalun da suka fuskanta kamar samun awanni 18 na hasken rana a Rasha. Hukumomin Saudiyya sun ba su izini, waɗanda suka ba da izinin kauracewa gasar. A watan Afrilun 2021, ɗan wasan Leicester City Wesley Fofana ya karya azuminsa a filin wasa yayin wasan Premier League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title=Eid: 'You can be Muslim and still enjoy playing football' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-57056933 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Major League ta gabatar da "hutun abinci" a kakar wasa ta 2023 musamman don ''[[Iftar (Budar Baki)|buda baki]]'' . Alkalin wasa ya nuna hutun a matsayin tsayawa a wasa bayan faɗuwar rana kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin hutun ruwa. A watan Maris na 2025, a lokacin Ramadan, [[Dango Ouattara]] ya ce imaninsa ya zo kafin kwallon kafa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=Dango Ouattara: Bournemouth forward on Ramadan, faith and fasting |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/ckg8enx9j8no |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Addu'a == [[Fayil:Cheikhou_Kouyaté_makes_dua.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|[[Cheikhou Kouyaté]] yana yin dua kafin wasa]] Kiyaye addu'o'in Musulunci ya jawo 'yan wasa cikin rikici da manajojinsu. Harry Redknapp, lokacin da yake manajan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]], ya soki buƙatun 'yan wasan Frédéric Kanouté na addu'a da azumi. Newcastle United ta yi la'akari da gabatar da ɗakunan addu'a a filin wasa na St James da kuma filin horonsu. Duk da cewa ba a tsara ɗakunan don Musulmai kaɗai ba, an tsara ɗakunan ne don 'yan wasan Musulmi Demba Ba, Papiss Cissé, Hatem Ben Arfa da [[Cheick Tioté|Cheik Tioté]] su yi amfani da su don [[Sallah|yin addu'a]] . Ƙungiyar ta nuna cewa wannan ya bambanta da abubuwan da tsohon ɗan wasanta kuma ya musulunta, Didier Domi, ya fuskanta lokacin da aka gano yana yin addu'o'in Musulunci a cikin shawa. <ref name="Domi">{{Cite web |last=Ghozali, Faïza |date=23 February 2010 |title=Islam made in France |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Articles/Dossier/ARTJAJA2562p024-033.xml4/france-musulman-islam-bruno-metsuvivre-sa-foi-au-grand-jour.html |access-date=2 November 2013 |publisher=www.jeuneafrique.com |language=French}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2012-13, 'yan wasan Musulmi bakwai na Newcastle sun saba amfani da ɗakin addu'a na horo mai imani da yawa. 'Yan wasa da dama, kamar Demba Ba da Papiss Cissé, sun zaɓi yin sujada da goshi a ƙasa a matsayin bikin bayan sun zura kwallo. A shekarar 2012, mai sharhi kan ƙwallon ƙafa Gary Lineker ya tilasta masa neman afuwa bayan ya kwatanta wani irin bikin da ɗan wasa Karim Ait-Fana ya yi wa ƙungiyar Montpellier ta Faransa da Schalke a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]] a matsayin "cin ciyawa". Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Musulmi suma sun sanya riguna masu ɗauke da saƙonnin Musulunci a ƙarƙashin rigar ƙwallon ƙafarsu. Ɗan wasan Queens Park Rangers Adel Taarabt ya sanya riga mai ɗauke da saƙon "Ina Son Allah" yayin da [[Samir Nasri]], a shekarar 2012, ya yi bikin cin kwallo a ragar [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] da Southampton da riga mai ɗauke da saƙon " [[Eid Mubarak]] ". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aleem, Abdul |title=The Influence Of Islam On English Football |url=http://islamiquemagazine.com/the-influence-of-islam-on-english-football/ |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=Islamique Magazine |archive-date=15 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715013043/http://islamiquemagazine.com/the-influence-of-islam-on-english-football/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2012 |title=Nasri celebrates goal against Southampton with 'Eid Mubarak' T-shirt |url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2012-08-19/nasri-celebrates-winning-goal-against-southampton-with-eid-mubarak-t-shirt/ |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=ITV}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2016, an nemi magoya bayan da suka halarci wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya tsakanin Iran da Koriya ta Kudu a filin wasa na Azadi da ke [[Tehran]] su maye gurbin wakokin kwallon kafa da aka saba yi da wakokin addini yayin da wasan ya kasance a ranar tunawa da [[Tasu'a]], ranar ibada [[Shi'a|ta Musulunci ta Shi'a]] . Bayan ƙaruwar magoya bayanta Musulmai, ƙungiyoyin [[Premier League|Premier League na Ingila]] suna aiwatar da ɗakunan addu'o'i a filayen wasanninsu. [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] da aka ƙara wa matsayi a baya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke ba da wuraren addu'o'i ba kawai ga 'yan wasanta ba, har ma ga magoya bayanta da ma'aikatanta. Sauran ƙungiyoyin Burtaniya ciki har da [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]], [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], Bournemouth, Norwich City da Watford suma suna shirye su karɓi masaukin addu'o'i na ranar wasa. [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], wacce ta kammala ginin sabon filin wasa a shekarar 2019, ta aiwatar da ɗakunan addu'o'i masu addinai daban-daban. A watan Mayu na 2022, Blackburn Rovers ta zama ƙungiya ta farko a Burtaniya da ta karɓi bakuncin sallar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Idi]] tare da mutane 2000 suna murnar ƙarshen watan Ramadan a filin wasa. {{Clear left}} == Musulunci da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila == An kafa [[Premier League|gasar Premier League]], babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila, a hukumance a watan Fabrairun 1992. A lokacin kakar wasa ta farko ta gasar 1992-93, ɗan wasan Sipaniya ɗaya kawai Nayim ya yi addinin Musulunci. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=From the Red Side of the Field: Muslims in the English Premier League |url=https://seattledsa.org/2019/05/from-the-red-side-of-town-muslims-in-the-english-premier-league/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=Seattle Democratic Socialists of America |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, a kakar wasa ta 2018-19, akwai Musulmai sama da 50 da ke buga gasar Premier kuma ƙungiyoyi 19 daga cikin 20 suna da aƙalla ɗan wasa Musulmi ɗaya. <ref name="auto2"/> Waɗannan sun haɗa da fitattun 'yan wasa da dama, ciki har da [[Muhammad Salah|Mohamed Salah]] na Liverpool da [[Sadio Mané]], [[Paul Pogba]] na Manchester United, [[Mesut Ozil|Mesut Özil]] na Arsenal, [[N'Golo Kanté]] na Chelsea da Kurt Zouma, da kuma [[Riyad Mahrez]] na Manchester City. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40 Muslim Football Players |url=https://howtheyplay.com/team-sports/Muslim-Footballers |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=HowTheyPlay |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasztor |first=David |date=4 December 2015 |title=Zouma talks faith, family, Chelsea |url=https://weaintgotnohistory.sbnation.com/2015/12/4/9847112/kurt-zouma-interview-faith-family-chelsea |website=We Ain't Got No History}}</ref> Yawan 'yan wasan Musulmi da ke ƙaruwa ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda aka mayar da ƙwallon ƙafa ƙasashen duniya. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2018 |title=Islam in Football: The profound effect the religion has on the game |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/islam-football-liverpool-premier-league-pogba-salah-mane-512540 |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Hakan kuma ya haifar da ƙarin fahimta da kuma son rai daga ƙungiyoyin Premier League da magoya bayansu don biyan buƙatun addini na 'yan wasa. <ref name="auto" /> Yanzu haka ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar wani limamin addinin Musulunci kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi suna da ɗakunan addu'a na musamman. Duk da cewa har yanzu akwai kyamar Musulunci a gasar Premier, kasancewar taurarin ƙwallon ƙafa Musulmi a gasar Premier na iya yin tasiri mai kyau ga kyamar Musulunci a faɗin al'ummar Ingila a cewar wani bincike da [[Jami'ar Stanford|Jami'ar Stanford ta]] gudanar wanda ya danganta raguwar laifukan ƙiyayya da Musulmai da kashi 18.9% a gundumar da Liverpool take tun lokacin da Salah ya shiga ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcin |first=Tim |date=4 June 2019 |title=Mo Salah Has Singlehandedly Reduced Islamophobia in Liverpool |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mo-salah-has-singlehandedly-reduced-islamophobia-in-liverpool/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, an sanar da cewa kungiyoyin Premier za su shiga cikin wata doka don daidaita yarjejeniyoyi na tallafi da imanin 'yan wasa Musulmi. A watan Maris na 2023, kungiyoyi uku na Football League (Millwall, Luton da Swansea) suma sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2023 |title=Millwall, Luton and Swansea sign Muslim charter |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/64308147 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, an sanar da cewa a lokacin Ramadan mai zuwa, 'yan wasa za su sami 'yancin yin 'hutun shan giya' don karya azuminsu. Daga baya a wannan watan, dan wasan Everton [[Abdoulaye Doucouré|Abdoulaye Doucoure]] ya yi magana game da lokacin Ramadan mai zuwa a matsayinsa na ɗan wasa. An sake maimaita hutun a watan Afrilun 2023, da kuma Fabrairun 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aadam |date=16 February 2026 |title=Premier League and EFL to continue with breaks for Ramadan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c20jpvd300do |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Afrilun 2023, ƙungiyar mata ta Bradford City tana da masu horar da 'yan wasa Musulmi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2023 |title=NATH'S NATTERS: Bradford Muslims incredible in balancing sport with Ramadan |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/23472033.bradford-muslim-population-sport-ramadan/ |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2025, Djed Spence ya zama ɗan wasa na farko Musulmi da Ingila ta gayyata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2025 |title=Djed Spence hopes becoming first Muslim England player will inspire others |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cn95ldwqwygo |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djed Spence: Tottenham defender in line to become England's first Muslim player if he plays against Andorra or Serbia |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/13424706/djed-spence-tottenham-defender-in-line-to-become-englands-first-muslim-player-if-he-plays-against-andorra-or-serbia |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2025, Spence ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Ingila wasa a wasan da suka doke Serbia da ci 5-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026, inda ya maye gurbin Reece James a minti na 69. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2025 |title=Serbia 0-5 England |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpd9ld1g1vwt |access-date=10 September 2025 |website= |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Yin hakan ya zama ɗan wasa na farko Musulmi a Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Tottenham news: Djed Spence on England debut |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/ce80j1j101ro |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2025 |title=Djed Spence: England debutant's Muslim faith matters to UK community |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cr4q05l0gq9o |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A lokacin hutun Ramadan a watan Maris na 2026, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hafez |first=Shamoon |date=27 February 2026 |title=Man City: How club helps Muslim players during Ramadan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c20lzy1n59lo |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Masoyan Leeds sun yi wa 'yan wasan Musulmi na Manchester City ihu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hafez |first=Shamoon |date=2 March 2026 |title=Leeds say boos doing Ramadan pause 'disappointing' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cwy8njdrg7xo |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Hukumar Leeds ta yi Allah wadai da magoya bayan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2026 |title=Leeds United condemn boos in Man City game and demand 'respect' for Ramadan break in FA Cup against Norwich |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c15xd7741zxo |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Kayan aiki da tallafi == Shugabannin Musulmi a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] sun yi kira ga Musulmai da kada su sanya rigunan ƙwallon ƙafa da aka yi wa ado da giciye a jikin tambarin, kamar [[FC Barcelona]] da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]], suna ganin sun fi mayar da hankali kan [[Kiristanci]] . Sun kuma yi gargaɗi game da rigunan [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], waɗanda ke ɗauke da [[Iblis|shaidan]] . A shekarar 2012, [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta cire wani abu da ya yi kama da ƙwallon da aka saka a kan [[Real Madrid CF|ƙwallon da aka saka]] a kan ƙwallon da aka saka a kan ƙwallon da aka saka a kan ƙwallon. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peck, Brooks |date=30 March 2012 |title=Real Madrid make small but deliberate change to their crest for UAE resort island partnership |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-dirty-tackle/real-madrid-small-distinct-change-crest-uae-resort-202900831.html |access-date=18 October 2013 |publisher=Sports.Yahoo.com |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022103014/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/soccer-dirty-tackle/real-madrid-small-distinct-change-crest-uae-resort-202900831.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan canjin yana da alaƙa da gina wurin shakatawa na wasanni na dala biliyan 1 a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] ta Musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2013 |title=Real Madrid changing cross logo for Muslim fans, sponsors |url=http://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2012/04/real-madrid-changing-cross-logo-for.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034541/http://www.indianmuslimobserver.com/2012/04/real-madrid-changing-cross-logo-for.html |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=Indian Muslim Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid Reband Logo for Muslim Fans |url=http://www.theeasternpost.org/show_news.php?ofPage=16&id=3189&headLine=Real-Madrid-Reband-Logo-for-Muslim-Fans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927060347/http://www.theeasternpost.org/show_news.php?ofPage=16&id=3189&headLine=Real-Madrid-Reband-Logo-for-Muslim-Fans |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=The Eastern Post}}</ref> Frédéric Kanouté ya kan gyara rigarsa [[Sevilla FC|ta Sevilla]], don ɓoye tallafin da gidan caca ta yanar gizo 888.com ke bayarwa. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta cimma yarjejeniya cewa ɗan wasan bai amince da yin caca ta hanyar saka ta ba, kuma za a yafe masa duk wani kayan talla da 888. A watan Yulin 2013, ɗan wasan Newcastle United Papiss Cissé ya ƙi yin wasa da rigar da Wonga.com, wani kamfanin bayar da rance na ranar albashi, ya ɗauka, domin ba a yarda da karɓar riba a ƙarƙashin [[Fiƙihu|dokar Musulunci]] ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya amince ya saka rigar bayan an ɗauki hotonsa a gidan caca . == Dokar sutura == Bukatun da aka gindaya na sanya suturar Musulunci sun saba wa ka'idojin [[FIFA]] . A shekarar 2011, an hana ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Iran buga wasa a zagayen cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 2012 saboda kayan wasansu wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkun kayan wasan tsere da kuma rufe kai da ke ɓoye gashin kansu. Ana buƙatar mata a Iran su sanya [[Ayyukan rufe jiki na Islama ta ƙasa|maghnaeh]] don rufe kawunansu. FIFA ta yanke hukuncin cewa kayan sun karya ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodinta wanda ya ce, " ''<nowiki/>'Yan wasa da jami'ai ba za su nuna saƙonnin siyasa, addini, kasuwanci ko na sirri ko taken siyasa ko na sirri a cikin kowace irin yare ko tsari a kan kayan wasansu ko na ƙungiyar ba'' ." Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iran ta yi jayayya cewa kayan ba na addini ba ne ko na siyasa, an hana Iran buga wasan wanda aka ba Jordan 3-0. Zuwa shekarar 2012, FIFA ta canza hukuncinta na ayyana cewa mata suna da 'yancin sanya hijabi a matakin manyan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Warshaw, Andrew |date=5 July 2012 |title=Joy for FIFA Prince and Muslim women as football hijab ban is lifted |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/sports/summer/football/17585-joy-for-fifa-prince-as-football-hijab-ban-is-lifted |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=www.insidethegames.biz }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yulin 2023, an fara wani kamfen a Ingila don bai wa 'yan mata 'yan makaranta damar sanya hijabi yayin da suke buga ƙwallon ƙafa. Daga baya a wannan watan, 'yar wasan Morocco Nouhaila Benzina ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da ta sanya hijabi a gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Oktoban 2024, an hana 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, Iqra Ismail yin wasa da rigar tsere maimakon rigar gajeren wando, wanda ta yi imanin ya saɓa wa imaninta na addini. Wakiltar ƙungiyar Regent's Park, United Dragons FC, alkalin wasa ya hana ta shiga filin wasa saboda an gaya mata cewa sanya gajeren wando wajibi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elgueta |first=Adriana |last2=Bhandhukravi |first2=Alice |date=29 October 2024 |title=Muslim footballer stopped from playing in tracksuit bottoms |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3e83qlx058o |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Cin zarafi == An sha samun zarge-zargen cin zarafin Musulmi da dama da aka yi wa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Musulmi. A shekarar 2005, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Masar [[Mido]], lokacin da yake bugawa [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur,]] magoya bayan [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] sun yi masa ba'a da " ''Mahaifiyarka 'yar ta'adda ce'' " kuma a matsayin mai jefa ƙwallo a kan takalma saboda kamanninsa da Richard Reid . A shekarar 2007, magoya bayan [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] sun yi wa Mido, wanda a lokacin yake bugawa [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough,]] ba'a da cin zarafin Musulmi. A watan Oktoban 2013, an yi wa magoya bayan Musulmi na [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] cin zarafi yayin da suke gudanar da [[Sallan Magariba|sallar Maghrib]] a filin wasa na Boleyn a lokacin wasan [[Premier League|Premier]] tsakanin West Ham da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] . A watan Maris na 2015, an soki magoya bayan Musulmi na [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] tare da cin zarafinsu a shafukan sada zumunta bayan sun yi amfani da lokacin hutun rabin lokaci don yin addu'a a kan tabarmar sallah a kan matakala a [[Filin Wasa na anfield|Anfield]] yayin wasan da aka yi tsakanin Liverpool da Blackburn Rovers . [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool FC]] ta mayar da martani nan take game da cin zarafin da aka yi wa 'yan sandan Merseyside kuma ta fitar da sanarwar neman afuwa. Ƙungiyar 'yan kishin ƙasa ta Yahudawa ta ƙone ofisoshin ƙungiyar Beitar Jerusalem a watan Janairun 2013 bayan ta sayi 'yan wasanta na farko Musulmi. <ref name="Beitar"/> Duk da haka, ra'ayin da ake nunawa 'yan wasa Musulmi yana nuna sauyi. [[Premier League|Gasar Premier]] ta dakatar da al'adarta ta ba da kyautar champagne a matsayin kyautar gwarzon wasa sannan ta mayar da ita kofi lokacin da tauraron [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] Musulmi [[Yaya Touré]] ya fara lashe ta akai-akai. <ref name="auto"/> A cewar masu bincike a [[Jami'ar Stanford]], dan wasan [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool FC]] kuma dan kasar Masar [[Muhammad Salah|Mohamed Salah]] ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage kyamar Musulunci a yankin. Tun bayan zuwansa, gundumar Merseyside ta shaida raguwar laifukan kyamar Musulunci da kashi 18.9% kuma an samu raguwar sakonnin Twitter masu kyamar Musulunci sosai (kashi 7.8% zuwa 3.8%) idan aka kwatanta da magoya bayan wasu manyan kungiyoyin Ingila saboda karuwar sanin Musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Can Exposure to Celebrities Reduce Prejudice? The Effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic Behaviors and Attitudes |url=https://immigrationlab.org/working-paper-series/can-exposure-celebrities-reduce-prejudice-effect-mohamed-salah-islamophobic-behaviors-attitudes-2/ |access-date=9 November 2019 |website=Immigration Policy Lab |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, West Ham United da 'yan sanda sun binciki cin zarafin Musulunci da aka yi wa Mohamed Salah daga magoya bayan gida a filin wasa na London a lokacin wasan da aka buga tsakanin West Ham da Liverpool. An sami bidiyon inda aka ji wani yana ihu "Salah, kai Musulmi ne, Musulmi ne" ga Salah. A watan Oktoban 2020, an yanke wa wani mai goyon bayan West Ham United hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda nuna wariyar launin fata. An ci shi tarar fam 400 sannan aka hana shi shiga wasannin kwallon kafa na tsawon shekaru uku. == A cikin fim == Fim ɗin ''Offside'' na 2006 ya yi magana ne game da batun ƙwallon ƙafa, a wannan yanayin a Iran, da kuma mata masu kallo. An hana mata halartar wasanni a lokacin [[Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci|juyin juya halin Iran na 1979]], inda shugabannin addinin Musulunci suka ce mata a filayen wasa abin birgewa ne domin za su ga "ƙafafu marasa kauri" kuma su ji kalaman batanci daga magoya bayan maza. Shugaba [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen haramcin kafin shugaban ƙasar, [[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]], ya yi watsi da yunƙurinsa. Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin 'yan mata suna ɓoye kansu a matsayin maza don kallon wasan neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 tsakanin Iran da Bahrain a filin wasa na Azadi da ke [[Tehran]] . An hana nuna shi a Iran. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2006 |title=Iran censors hand Offside a red card |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/05/20084913126165646.html |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kiristanci da ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar * Kwallon Kafa a Wasannin Haɗin Kan Musulunci == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] md6pxarf2sqfxgajvfygbjibo7z08ae 0 96083 879267 598036 2026-07-09T02:40:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Monica Mutsvangwa''' ita ce Ministar Bayanai, Talla da Ayyukan watsa shirye-shirye na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's is Who |url=https://www.parlzim.gov.zw/about-parliament/who-s-who |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218204508/https://www.parlzim.gov.zw/about-parliament/who-s-who |archive-date=18 February 2020 |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=Parliament of Zimbabwe}}</ref> &nbsp;Ta riƙe muƙamai a cikin gwamnatin [[Robert Mugabe]] da kuma gwamnatin [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-17 |title=Bloated Cabinet weighs on Zim |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-17-bloated-cabinet-weighs-on-zim/ |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dube |first=Gibbs |date=1 December 2017 |title=Mnangagwa Appoints Coup Plotters to Key Ministries in Recycled Mugabe Cabinet |url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/mnangagwa-appoints-military-commanders-in-recycled-cabinet/4144702.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204931/https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/mnangagwa-appoints-military-commanders-in-recycled-cabinet/4144702.html |archive-date=2018-06-28 |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2017 |title=Mnangagwa names Zimbabwe's new cabinet |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mnangagwa-names-zimbabwes-new-cabinet-12215195 |access-date=2020-02-14 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Tun a shekara ta 2002 ta kasance mai taka rawa a harkokin siyasar Zimbabwe lokacin da ta tsaya takarar kansila a zaɓen ƙananan hukumomin birnin Harare.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://global.factiva.com/ha/default.aspx#./!?&_suid=1581695486778020881805293942768|title=Zanu-PF, MDC to Field Candidates in All Wards|date=20 February 2002|work=All Africa|access-date=14 February 2020|publisher=Factiva|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301095010/http://global.factiva.com/ha/default.aspx#./!?&_suid=1581695486778020881805293942768|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tana da alaƙa da [[ZANU-PF|Zanu-PF]]. A gwamnatin Robert Mugabe, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar ministar yaɗa labarai, watsa shirye-shirye da labarai da ayyukan watsa labarai da mataimakiyar ministar tsare-tsare ta tattalin arziki da inganta zuba jari.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Machivenyika|first=F.|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/cabinet-reshuffled/|title=Cabinet reshuffled|date=12 September 2015|work=The Herald|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gheauzw7krr54erldkyawf1oo5nho5w 0 96260 879225 659484 2026-07-08T23:10:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hamabe Minami from "Godzilla Minus One" at Red Carpet of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2023 (53347906096).jpg|thumb|Minami Hamabe babbar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dake kasar Japan ]]  {{databox}} Minami Hamabe (浜辺 美波, Hamabe Minami, an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekarata ta 2000) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Japan. Bayan ta fito a cikin fina-finai daban-daban da shahararrun shirye-shiryen talabijin tun tana yarinya, tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane na Japan a masana'antar nishaɗi ta zamani. Hamabe ta lashe kyautar New Generation a 2011 Toho Cinderella Audition kuma daga baya ta fara aikin fim a shekara mai zuwa. Ta sami shahara ta hanyar wasa Meiko Honma a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Anohana'' (2015), kuma daga baya ta sami ci gaba ta hanyar jagorantar Fim din soyayya Let Me Eat Your Pancreas (2017); tare da ƙarshen ta sami Sabon Shekara a 41st Japan Academy Prize . Hamabe daga baya ya fito a cikin ''Babban Yaƙin Archimedes'' (2019), Cursed in Love, The Promised Neverland (duka 2020), Kakegurui - Compulsive Gambler Sashe na 2 (2021), da One Day, You Will Reach the Sea (2022). A cikin 2023, ta yi aiki tare da Ryunosuke Kamiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin ''Ranman'' da [[Takashi Yamazaki]]'s ''kaiju'' epic ''Godzilla Minus One'' . Ayyukanta a ''Godzilla Minus One'' tare da <nowiki><i id="mwKQ">Shin Kamen Rider</i></nowiki> sun sami karbuwa ta duniya kuma ta lashe kyautar Best Supporting Actress a 66th Blue Ribbon Awards . == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:小沼雄一監督作品＆浜辺美波主演『咲-Saki-』.jpg|left|thumb|231x231px|Matashi Hamabe (jerin farko) a kusurwar dama ta biyu zuwa ta ƙarshe]] An haifi Hamabe a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2000, a yankin Ishikawa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=大会アドバイザー・大会アンバサダー（広報大使）・公式応援リーダー ｜金沢マラソン2017 |trans-title= |url=https://www.kanazawa-marathon.jp/2017/ambassador/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404053915/https://www.kanazawa-marathon.jp/2017/ambassador/index.html |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.kanazawa-marathon.jp}}</ref> Ta fara aikinta ta hanyar lashe kyautar New Generation a ''7th Toho Cinderella Audition'' . <ref name="official">{{Cite web |script-title=ja:浜辺美波 |url=http://www.toho-ent.co.jp/actress/profile.php?id=7310 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913025528/https://www.toho-ent.co.jp/actress/profile.php?id=7310 |archive-date=September 13, 2017 |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=Toho Entertainment}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, tare da yawancin su kasancewar sauye-sauye na raye-raye na shahararrun manga da wasannin bidiyo. Hamabe ta sami shahara sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a Japan saboda rawar da da ta taka wajen fim din Let Me Eat Your Pancreas, wanda ke ba da labarin dangantakar yarinya mai fama da rashin lafiya tare da abokin karatunta na namiji wanda ya gano game da rashin lafiyar ta hanyar haɗari. Fim din shine fim na 5 mafi girma a Japan a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN 2017 |url=http://www.eiren.org/boxoffice_e/2017.html |access-date=August 30, 2021}}</ref> An ba Hamabe lambar yabo ta Newcomer Of The Year a 41st Japan Academy Film Prize, tare da fim din da kansa ana zabar shi don kyautar Hoton Shekara a wannan bikin. [[Fayil:浜辺美波_2019年金沢マラソン_(cropped-3).jpg|left|thumb|231x231px|Hamabe a watan Oktoba 2019]] A cikin 2019, Hamabe ta fito a fim din The Great War of Archimedes . Fim din ya samu sama da yen biliyan 1.9 a Japan yana daga cikin fim din da ya fi samun kudin shiga na 2019 a Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN 2019 |url=http://www.eiren.org/boxoffice_e/2019.html |access-date=August 30, 2021}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Hamabe ta yi aiki tare da Ryusei Yokohama da [[Yukino Kishii]] a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na manga Cursed in Love . Hamabe ya kuma bayyana a fim din Murders At The House of Death a shekarar 2020. Fim din ya tara fiye da yen biliyan 1 kuma shine fim na 20 mafi girma a Japan na shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN 2020 |url=http://www.eiren.org/boxoffice_e/2020.html |access-date=August 30, 2021}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2020, Hamabe ta fito a fim din The Promised Neverland . Fim din ya samu sama da yen biliyan 2.1 a Japan, yana mai da shi daga cikin fim din da ya fi samun kudi a shekarar 2021 a Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOVIES WITH BOX OFFICE GROSS RECEIPTS EXCEEDING 1 BILLION YEN 2021 |url=http://www.eiren.org/boxoffice_e/index.html |access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> Hamabe ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Dr. White a cikin 2022. Wasan kwaikwayo ya samo asali ne daga litattafan Dr. White: Senrigan no Karute (wanda Kadokawa ya buga a 2015) da Dr. White - Kami no Shindan (wanda Kadokwa ya buga 2019), na Shin Kibayashi. Hamabe ya kuma bayyana tare da Sho Hirano a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na SP ''Seito ga Jinsei wo Yarinaoseru Gakko'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2021 |title="King ＆ Prince平野紫耀「24時間テレビ44」ドラマスペシャル主演決定 浜辺美波と初の教師役＜生徒が人生をやり直せる学校＞" |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2653857 |access-date=July 3, 2021}}</ref> Hamabe ya sake fitowa tare da [[Yukino Kishii]] a fim din One Day, You Will Reach the Sea (Yagate Umi e to Todoku) wanda aka saki a watan Afrilun 2022. ''NHK'' ta zabi Hamabe kai tsaye ba tare da sauraro ba a matsayin jarumi na 108 na Asadora ta NHK inda ta fito tare da Ryunosuke Kamiki a matsayin matar halin Kamiki. Fim don Asadora, mai taken ''Ranman'' (??), ya fara ne a farkon shekara ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title="浜辺美波が来春朝ドラ「らんまん」ヒロインに、"敬愛する大先輩"神木隆之介の妻役" |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/477044 |access-date=May 10, 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta fito a cikin manyan fina-finai guda biyu a cikin 2023: Hideaki Anno's live-action superhero film ''Shin Kamen Rider'' kuma ta taka irin wannan hali da na ''Ranman'' a cikin [[Takashi Yamazaki]]'s ''Godzilla Minus One'' . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Hamabe tana da kare na Pomeranian da take kira "Popu-chan".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minami Hamabe Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/MINAMI373HAMABE/status/1430457160560005120 |access-date=August 10, 2015}}</ref> Ita abokai ne na kusa da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Takumi Kitamura da Kanna Hashimoto . <ref name="eiga">{{Cite web |script-title=ja:浜辺美波 |url=http://eiga.com/person/91143/ |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=eiga.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c9ms460tp2nmf3rwrksmgwk93wno1zi 0 96717 878958 733532 2026-07-08T12:00:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Maria Clara Correia Alves (1869 – 1948) ɗan mata ɗan ƙasar Portugal ne. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Majalisar Mata ta Portugal a 1914 kuma duka Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar da editan wasiƙarta daga 1914 zuwa 1920. == Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya == An haifi Maria Clara Correia Alves a Montemor-o-Novo a cikin gundumar Evora ta [[Portugal]] a shekara ta 1869. Ta zama 'yar mata, Freethinker, da Freemason . Haɗuwa da [[Feminism|mata]] da tunani, ta gabatar da gabatarwa a taron Tunani 'Yanci na Duniya karo na 17 akan batun ''La Libre Pensée et Lemancipacion de la Femme'' (Tunani na 'Yanci da 'Yancin Mata). Anti-limami, tare da sha'awar ilimi, ta kasance farkon mai ba da goyon baya ga tsarin ilimin ilimi a Portugal. Ta kuma yi kamfen na goyon bayan saki. == Majalisar Matan Portugal ta kasa == [[Fayil:O_Século_jornal_feministas_sufragistas_ana_osorio_castro_maria_velela_beatriz_paes_pinheiro_lemos_clara_correia_alves_sofia_quintino_adeleide_cabete_carolina_beatriz_angelo_carmo_joaquina_lopes.jpg|thumb| Ƙari ga jaridar ''O Século'' game da zaɓe na Liga das Mulheres Republicanas, wanda aka buga a ranar Mayu 12, 1910: 5 - [[Ana de Castro Osório]] ; 6 - [[Maria Veleda]] ; 7 - Beatriz Pinheiro ; 8 - Maria Clara Correia Alves; 13 - Sofia Quintino ; 14 - [[Adelaide Cabete]] ; 15 - Carolina Beatriz Ângelo ; 16 - [[Maria do Carmo Joaquina Lopes]] .]] Alves ya shiga Jam'iyyar Republican ta Matan Fotigal, wanda duka biyun suka nemi kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Portugal kuma suka ba da shawarar [[Zaɓen Mata|zaben mata]] . Ta kasance memba ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ''Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas'' (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Matan Fotigal - CNMP) a cikin 1914, kuma tana da alhakin kafa alaƙa da fitattun mutane na ƙungiyar mata ta duniya. A cikin 1914 an yi taɗi mai tsanani tsakanin Alves da Majalisar Matan Faransanci (CNFF) da manyan sakatarorin Majalisar Mata ta Duniya (ICW), Avril de Sainte-Croix da [[Alice Solomon|Alice Salomon]], da kuma tare da sauran mata kamar Lady Aberdeen da Carrie Chapman Catt . Alves ya zama Sakatare-Janar na farko na Majalisar daga 1914 zuwa 1919 sannan ya ba da shawarar cewa a raba aikin gida biyu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Sannan ta yi shekara daya a matsayin Sakatare-Janar (Waje). Alves ita ce editan farko na gudanarwa na Babban Jarida na Majalisar na wata-wata, daga 1914 zuwa 1916, da kuma na jarida ko mujallar ''Alma mata'' (Ruwar mata) wacce ta maye gurbinta a 1917, wacce ta gyara har zuwa 1920. Amfani da kalmar mata maimakon mata a cikin taken jarida shine saboda shugabannin kungiyar sun san cewa ga mutane da yawa a Portugal "'yancin mata" yana da ban sha'awa. Suna so su nuna cewa mata da suke ba da shawara ta kasance tsaka-tsaki. <ref name="Ana">{{Cite web |last=Amorim |first=Ana Patrícia Cordeiro de Sousa |title=Exposição - rostos da República : no âmbito das comemorações do Centenário da República em Espinho: Volume 2 |url=https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/63244/3/PagesfromTESEMESANAAMORIM2000162691.pdf |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=University of Porto |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503084352/https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/63244/3/PagesfromTESEMESANAAMORIM2000162691.pdf |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAmorim">Amorim, Ana Patrícia Cordeiro de Sousa. [https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/63244/3/PagesfromTESEMESANAAMORIM2000162691.pdf "Exposição - rostos da República : no âmbito das comemorações do Centenário da República em Espinho: Volume 2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503084352/https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/63244/3/PagesfromTESEMESANAAMORIM2000162691.pdf |date=2022-05-03 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''University of Porto''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Rosa">{{Cite web |last=Matias Pires Correia |first=Rosa de Lurdes |title=O Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas: A Principal Associação de Mulheres da Primeira Metade do Século XX (1914-1947) |url=https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/12614/1/ocia%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20de%20Mulheres%20da%20Primeira%20Metade%20do%20S%c3%a9culo%20XX%20%201914-1947%20Rosa%20de%20Lurdes%20Matias%20Pires%20Correi.pdf |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Universidade Nova, Lisbon}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatias_Pires_Correia">Matias Pires Correia, Rosa de Lurdes. [https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/12614/1/ocia%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20de%20Mulheres%20da%20Primeira%20Metade%20do%20S%c3%a9culo%20XX%20%201914-1947%20Rosa%20de%20Lurdes%20Matias%20Pires%20Correi.pdf "O Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas: A Principal Associação de Mulheres da Primeira Metade do Século XX (1914-1947)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Universidade Nova, Lisbon''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Anne">{{Cite journal |last=Cova |first=Anne |date=October 2010 |title=O Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas (1914-1947) |url=https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/12069/1/ICS_ACova_ConselhoNacional_WORN.pdf |journal=Notícias |issue=84 |pages=14-18 |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503084523/https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/12069/1/ICS_ACova_ConselhoNacional_WORN.pdf |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCova2010">Cova, Anne (October 2010). [https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/12069/1/ICS_ACova_ConselhoNacional_WORN.pdf "O Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas (1914-1947)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304125439/https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/12069/1/ICS_ACova_ConselhoNacional_WORN.pdf |date=2024-03-04 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Notícias'' (84): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1917, ta bayyana cewa babban makasudin wannan sanarwar ita ce "matar Portuguese ta iya fita daga halin ko-in-kula da ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin shekaru aru-aru, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen dakile burinta na adalci da kuma jinkirta samun 'yancinta". A shekara ta 1921, masu fafutuka na Majalisar sun dauki shi "kadaitaccen mai magana da yawun matan Portugal saboda ita ce kawai mujalla da ke kare manufar mata". Duk da haka, buga ''Alma feminina'' ya haifar da matsalolin kudi ga Majalisar da kuma Alves da Shugaban Hukumar, [[Adelaide Cabete]], sun ba da damar rufe gibin a cikin 1919, domin a ci gaba da buga wasiƙar. Alves ya yi murabus a matsayin edita a tsakiyar 1920, amma ya zama mataimakin shugaban CNMP a 1921. <ref name="Rosa"/> == Daga bayan rayuwa == A cikin 1930s, Alves ya haɗu tare da mujallar ''Pensamento'', yana rubuta labarai da yawa akan mata. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Laburaren Municipal a [[Lisbon]] . <ref name="Ana"/> Maria Clara Correia Alves ta mutu a shekara ta 1948. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1869]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66f6kl14pw2gg4zy28h4qf2kotlah3v 0 99344 879218 846868 2026-07-08T22:24:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michael Oladapo Afolarin''' (An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan [[Satumba]]) wanda aka fi sani da Mike Afolarin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Najeriya]], mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai yin fim. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mike Afolarin ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Ta Legas|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ijanikin]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] don makarantar sakandare. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samun digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] ta (UNILAG) a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Famuwagun |first=Olamide |date=2023-01-17 |title=How school strike drove me into acting – Mike Afolarin |url=https://punchng.com/how-school-strike-drove-me-into-acting-mike-afolarin/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2013, Afolarin ya sami kwarewarsa ta farko tare da yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Magic Time a lokacin da yake [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] . Ba da daɗewa ba, Afolarin ya sami kulawa tare da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Ishaya, a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, Far From Home . <ref> name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Udodiong |first=Inemesit |date=2022-12-25 |title=Mike Afolarin, Gbubemi Ejeye & Bolanle Ninalowo talk Netflix's 'Far From Home' [Pulse Interview] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mike-afolarin-gbubemi-ejeye-and-bolanle-ninalowo-talk-netflixs-far-from-home-pulse/db1j9c3 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Jerin kashi biyar ya ba da labarin halin Afolarin - Ishaya, wani matashi mai basira da kwarewa daga iyali matalauta wanda ke kan manufa don cika mafarkinsa na zama sanannen mai zane, har ma da kuɗin sabon abokantaka da ya samu da aminci na iyalinsa. Afolarin kuma yana da fitowar fim a wannan ranar ta (Disamba 16, 2022) tare da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Akinzo a [[Funke Akindele]] da [[Tobi Makinde]]'s Battle on Buka Street . An nuna Akinzo a matsayin mai ban dariya amma mai gaskiya kuma mai daraja jagoran matasa na al'ummar Otanwa. <ref> name=":5">{{Cite web |title='Battle on Buka Street' Takes Audiences on a Wild and Witty Ride |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/battle-on-buka-street-takes-audiences-on-a-wild-and-witty-ride/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> Fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ya zama fim na biyu mafi girma a cikin ofishin akwatin, yayin da yake saita rikodin N135m a rana ɗaya, a cewar Vanguard.<ref> name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Battle on Buka Street |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt23635786/credits/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> A cikin wannan shekarar, Afolarin ya fara yin fim dinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan haruffa a cikin [[Emamode Edosio]]" ''[[Kasala (fim)|Kasala]]'' tare da [[Chimezie Imo]], Tomiwa Tegbe da Emeka Nwagbaraocha . Afolarin ya fito a ''Jira''-finai kamar Far From Home, [[Soole|''Soólè'']], The Wait, [[Kasala (fim)|''Kasala'']], <nowiki><i id="mwUQ">Adire</i></nowiki>, House of Ga'a da Your Excellency . [1][2]''.<ref> name=":9">{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-06-20 |title=Bolanle Austen-Peters' "House of Ga'a" Arrives on Netflix July 26th {{!}} See First Looks |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/06/house-of-gaa-netflix-july-26/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref> name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Udodiong |first=Inemesit |date=2022-12-25 |title=Mike Afolarin, Gbubemi Ejeye & Bolanle Ninalowo talk Netflix's 'Far From Home' [Pulse Interview] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mike-afolarin-gbubemi-ejeye-and-bolanle-ninalowo-talk-netflixs-far-from-home-pulse/db1j9c3 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref>'' Sauran ayyukan Afolarin sun hada da ''Asiri Ade'' wanda Adeoluwa Owu ya jagoranta, da ''Red Circle'', wanda Akay Mason ya jagorantar wanda Rixel Studios ya fitar, wanda ya sanar da kammala fim din tare da saƙo mai zurfi ga simintinsu da ma'aikatan su.<ref> name=":9">{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-06-20 |title=Bolanle Austen-Peters' "House of Ga'a" Arrives on Netflix July 26th {{!}} See First Looks |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/06/house-of-gaa-netflix-july-26/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref> name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Oloruntoyin |first=Faith |date=2024-02-13 |title=See more photos from Adeoluwa Owu's upcoming movie 'Asiri Ade' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/see-more-photos-from-adeoluwa-owus-upcoming-movie-asiri-ade/qm3p54f |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Title !Role !Notes/Ref |- |2017 |''[[Ajuwaya]]'' |Set Design |Directed by '''Tolu Lord Tanner''' |- | rowspan="6" |2018 |''Oyo State Investment Documentary'' |Aerial Cinematographer |Directed by Tolu 'Lord Tanner' |- |''We Tha Boyz'' | |Directed by [[Emamode Edosio|Ema Edosio]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Tha Boyz |url=https://amcxtra.vhx.tv/videos/we-tha-boyz |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=African Movie Channel Xtra |language=en}}</ref> |- |[[Kasala (fim)|''Kasala!'']] |Chikodi |Directed by Ema Edosio<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Babatunde |date=2022-09-16 |title=Movie recommendation for the week: Ema Edosio's Kasala (2018) |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/movie-recommendation-for-the-week-ema-edosios-kasala-2018/lrk6k71 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Nigerian New Wave Director Behind the Film 'Kasala!' - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/ema-edosio-nigerian-new-wave-movie-director-kasala/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Ajoche'' |Young Odumu |Directed by James Omokwe |- |''The Accused'' | |Directed by Muyiwa Aluko |- |''An Interview Story'' |Francis |Directed by Mike Afolarin |- | rowspan="7" |2019 |''Fortunately Ridiculous'' |Nnamdi |Directed by Olutobi Odunubi |- |[[Your Excellency (fim)|''Your Excellency'']] |Tunde Ajadi |Directed by [[Funke Akindele]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ihejirika |first=Uzoma |date=2023-03-10 |title=AV Club: 'Your Excellency' Encapsulates the Power of Media in the Political Arena |url=https://thenativemag.com/av-club-your-excellency-media/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Report |date=December 15, 2019 |title=Movie Review: 'Your Excellency' is a bunch of Instagram skits, not a movie |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/368264-movie-review-your-excellency-is-a-bunch-of-instagram-skits-not-a-movie.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> |- |''Brethren'' |Kinto |Directed by Lanre Olupona<ref>{{Cite web |title=MultiChoice Studios - Brethren |url=https://www.multichoicestudios.com/show/brethren |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.multichoicestudios.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Peace'' | |Directed by Mike Afolarin |- |''Stuck In Deep Mud'' |Tamuno |Directed by Charles Obi Emere |- |''Blast'' |Cameo |Directed by Tosin Ibitoye |- |''The 3rd Rule'' | |Directed by God'spower Okoh |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Inspector K'' |Idris |Directed by Abiola Sobo |- |''AARGH!'' |Femi |Directed by Kelvinmary Ndukwe |- |''Penance'' |Benjamin |Directed by [[Biodun Stephen]] |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |''The Olive (TV series)'' |David |Other casts are [[Theresa Edem]], [[Joke Silva]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adedayo |first=Adedamola |date=2023-06-01 |title="The Olive" Season 1 Review: How Accelerate TV Warmed Its Way Into Hearts{{!}} The Culture Custodian |url=https://culturecustodian.com/the-olive-season-1-review-how-accelerate-tv-warmed-its-way-into-hearts/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2023-05-16 |title=The Cast of Accelerate TV's "The Olive" talk about Season 2 & Why It's a Must-Watch |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/05/interview-the-cast-the-olive-2/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EM |date=2023-04-09 |title=The Olive Season 2 Premiere Starring Derby Frankson • Exquisite Magazine - Fashion, Beauty And Lifestyle |url=https://exquisitemag.com/more-on-em/editorials/the-olive-season-2-premiere-starring-derby-frankson/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=exquisitemag.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912095931/https://exquisitemag.com/more-on-em/editorials/the-olive-season-2-premiere-starring-derby-frankson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[The Wait (2021 fim)|''The Wait'']] |Essien |Directed by Fiyin Gambo, Yemi Morafa<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2023-01-20 |title="The Wait" Reaches No. 1 Spot on Netflix Nigeria {{!}} 7 Reasons Why You Should Watch! |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/01/the-wait-no-1-film-netflix-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shola-Adido |first=Oladotun |date=January 21, 2023 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: The Wait: Emotional love letter to Nigerian women |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/577046-movie-review-the-wait-emotional-love-letter-to-nigerian-women.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Soole]]'' |Maxwell |Directed by [[Kayode Kasum]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Onu |date=January 22, 2022 |title=Movie Review: 'Soole' is an ambitious roller coaster movie that is easily forgotten |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/507077-movie-review-soole-is-an-ambitious-roller-coaster-movie-that-is-easily-forgotten.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okechukwu |first=Daniel |title=Kayode Kasum On Soole And Escaping Death While Shooting |url=https://www.innollywood.com/p/kayode-kasum-soole |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.innollywood.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |[[Battle on Buka Street|''Battle on Buka Street'']] |Akinzo |Directed by [[Funke Akindele]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title='Battle on Buka Street' Takes Audiences on a Wild and Witty Ride |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/battle-on-buka-street-takes-audiences-on-a-wild-and-witty-ride/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shola-Adido |first=Oladotun |date=December 24, 2022 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: 'Battle on Buka Street' is perfect film to wrap up 2022 |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/572061-movie-review-battle-on-buka-street-is-perfect-film-to-wrap-up-2022.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Battle on Buka Street |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt23635786/credits/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- |[[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|''Far From Home'']] |Ishaya Bello |Netflix series directed by Catherine Stewart and Kayode Kasum<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Udodiong |first=Inemesit |date=2022-12-25 |title=Mike Afolarin, Gbubemi Ejeye & Bolanle Ninalowo talk Netflix's 'Far From Home' [Pulse Interview] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mike-afolarin-gbubemi-ejeye-and-bolanle-ninalowo-talk-netflixs-far-from-home-pulse/db1j9c3 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2022-12-14 |title=BN Red Carpet Fab: Netflix's "Far From Home" World Premiere |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/12/netflix-premiere-far-from-home-lagos/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Miss Bamidele's Girls'' |Ezekiel |Directed by [[Desmond Elliot]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss Bamidele's Girls (2022) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/miss-bamidele-s-girls-2022 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Miss Bamidele's Girls Streaming Online {{!}} Showmax |url=https://www.showmax.com/mr/stream/movies/miss-bamideles-girls/b31232fa-50c5-32a1-8da6-0941a4b140a1 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=@showmax |language=en-MR }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |<nowiki><i id="mwAVs">Adire</i></nowiki> |Deji |Directed by Adeoluwa Owu<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shola-Adido |first=Oladotun |date=January 28, 2024 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: Adire: Solid tale of redemption marred by predictable storyline |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/663014-movie-review-adire-solid-tale-of-redemption-marred-by-predictable-storyline.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Adire" Is An Empowering Tale of Transformation and Friendship |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/adire-is-an-empowering-tale-of-transformation-and-friendship/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Nollywood Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Anchor'' |Gideon |Directed by Ozioma B. Nwughala |- | rowspan="6" |2024 |''Ajosepo'' |Dapo |Directed by [[Kayode Kasum]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title='Ajosepo:' Chaos Unfolds at Mike Afolarin and Tomike Adeoye's Wedding in Kayode Kasum's Gripping Drama - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/ajosepo-mike-afolarin-tomike-adeoye-kayode-kasum/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Water and Garri'' |Mide |Directed by [[Meji Alabi]], other casts include [[Tiwa Savage]], [[Jemima Osunde]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-05-27 |title=Jemima Osunde, Mike Afolarin & Vannessa Amadi-Ogbonna Have This To Say About Tiwa Savage's Film "Water & Garri" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/05/behind-the-scenes-of-water-and-garri/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Onu |first=Stephen |date=2024-05-12 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: Tiwa Savage's Water & Garri movie lacks 'sugar' |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/693561-movie-review-tiwa-savages-water-garri-movie-lacks-sugar.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> |- |[[House of Ga'a|''House of Ga'a'']] |Oyemekun |Directed by [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Obed |date=2024-07-01 |title='House of Ga'a', Beverly Hills Cop: Axel F, other Netflix titles this July |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/708676-house-of-gaa-beverly-hills-cop-axel-f-other-netflix-titles-this-july.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2024-06-20 |title=Bolanle Austen-Peters' "House of Ga'a" Arrives on Netflix July 26th {{!}} See First Looks |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/06/house-of-gaa-netflix-july-26/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udodiong |first=Inemesit |date=2023-05-29 |title=Bolanle Austin-Peters teases her new film 'House of Ga'a' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bolanle-austin-peters-teases-her-new-film-house-of-gaa/txfxc11 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Boy Trouble'' |Henry |Directed by Taiwo Shittu |- |''Bottom Line'' |Steve |Directed by Bryan Adekunle |- |''Asiri Ade'' | |Directed by Adeoluwa Owu <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Oloruntoyin |first=Faith |date=2024-02-13 |title=See more photos from Adeoluwa Owu's upcoming movie 'Asiri Ade' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/see-more-photos-from-adeoluwa-owus-upcoming-movie-asiri-ade/qm3p54f |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> TBD |- |2025 |''A Lagos Love Story'' |King Kator |Directed by Naz Onuzo<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-02 |title=A Lagos Love Story - Nollywire |url=https://nollywire.com/titles/a-lagos-love-story/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+Nominations !'''Shekara''' !'''Abin da ya faru''' !'''Kyautar''' !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- |2018 |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|2018 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Ru'ya ta Shekara - namiji |Mike Afolarin|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-11-08 |title=Ramsey Nouah, Mercy Aigbe, Ifu Ennada, "10 Days In Sun City"... Here's the Full Nominee List for the 2018 Best of Nollywood (BON) Awards |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/11/ramsey-nouah-mercy-aigbe-ifu-ennada-10-days-in-sun-city-heres-the-full-nominee-list-for-the-2018-best-of-nollywood-bon-awards/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2018-12-09 |title=BON Awards 2018: Mercy Aigbe, Tana Adelana shine at 10th edition |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bon-awards-2018-mercy-aigbe-tana-adelana-shine-at-10th-edition/v9fvvnn |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> |- |2020 |[[2020 Best of Nollywood Awards|2020 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Ru'ya ta Shekara - namiji |Mike Afolarin|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayne |first=Augoye |date=December 2, 2020 |title=2020 BON: Here are 5 nominees for 'Best Kiss' category |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/429108-2020-bon-here-are-5-nominees-for-best-kiss-category.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-15 |title=BON Awards Unveils 2020 Nominee List – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/bon-awards-unveils-2020-nominee-list/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2022 |2022 Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Yin wasan kwaikwayo ||{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2023-09-25 |title=From Hilda Baci to Asake, Here Are This Year's The Future Awards Africa Nominees |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/09/17th-the-future-awards-africa-nominees/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen Yoruba * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7t519uttnvenexchme0z7aoo56akvtv 0 100760 878994 721882 2026-07-08T16:11:20Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bauta a Sudan''' ta fara ne a zamanin d ̄ a, kuma ta sake farfadowa a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu (1983-2005). A lokacin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara, an sayi mutane da yawa na Nilotic daga ƙananan [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] a matsayin bayi kuma Nubians, [[Misirawa|Masarawa]], [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] da [[Larabawa]] sun kawo su aiki a wasu wurare a [[Arewacin Afirka]] da Gabas. Farawa a cikin 1995, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa sun ba da rahoto game da ayyukan zamani, musamman a cikin yanayin yakin basasar Sudan na biyu. A cewar rahotanni na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] da sauransu, a lokacin yakin gwamnatin Sudan ta shiga cikin tallafawa da kuma shirya 'yan bindiga masu yawa a kasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin da ta yi da Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). <ref name="hrw-SaSRiS">{{Cite web |date=March 2002 |orig-date=March 1999 <!-- earlier backgrounder --> |title=Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan. Human Rights Watch Backgrounder |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/africa/sudanupdate.htm |access-date=15 October 2015 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya gano cewa gwamnati ta kasa aiwatar da dokokin Sudan game da satar mutane, kai hari da aiki na tilas, ko kuma taimaka wa iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa su gano 'ya'yansu.<ref name="hrw-SaSRiS" /> Wani rahoto (ta Ƙungiyar Manyan Mutane ta Duniya) ya sami 'yan bindiga da ke goyon bayan gwamnati da' yan tawaye (wanda SPLA ke jagoranta) da laifin sace fararen hula, kodayake sace fararen mutanen da 'yan bindigar gwamnati suka yi "na musamman damuwa" kuma "a cikin adadi mai yawa", ya haifar da bautar "a ƙarƙashin ma'anar bautar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Bautar Duniya ta 1926".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Factfinding Report Confirms Sudan Slavery |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=107}}</ref> Gwamnatin Sudan ta ci gaba da cewa bautar ta samo asali ne daga yaƙin kabilanci, wanda ba ta da iko.<ref name="hrw-SaSRiS"/> A cewar Cibiyar Rift Valley, mamayewar bayi da sace-sacen "ya ƙare" a cikin shekara ta 2002, kodayake "adadin da ba a sani ba" na bayi sun kasance a cikin bauta.<ref name="SASP">{{Cite web |last=Vlassenroot |first=Koen |title=The Sudan Abduction and Slavery Project. Rift Valley Institute |url=http://riftvalley.net/project/sudan-abduction-and-slavery-project#.Vi5xaNJVhBc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514085414/http://riftvalley.net/project/sudan-abduction-and-slavery-project#.Vi5xaNJVhBc |archive-date=2019-05-14 |access-date=2014-03-13 |publisher=Riftvalley.net}}</ref> "Slave" (ko Abeed) kalma ce ta launin "Bawa" da aka tsara ga mutanen Sudan masu fata. == Tarihin bautar a Sudan == === Tsohon zamani === [[Bauta|Bautar]] a yankin Sudan tana da dogon tarihi, wanda ya fara ne a zamanin Nubian da zamanin Masar kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu.<ref>Redford, D. B..From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Project MUSE</ref> Fursunonin yaki sun kasance abin da ke faruwa akai-akai a tsohuwar kwarin Nilu da sauran sassan Afirka. A lokacin cin nasara da kuma bayan cin nasarar yaƙe-yaƙe, tsoffin Nubians sun ɗauki Masarawa a matsayin bayi. Hakanan, tsoffin Nubians sun ɗauki bayi bayan sun ci yaƙe-yaƙe da Libyanci, Kan'aniyawa, da Masarawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice |url=http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/slavery.htm |access-date=2014-03-13 |publisher=Reshafim.org.il |archive-date=2012-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830093437/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/slavery.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Zamanin Tsakiya === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasarar Larabawa a Misira, Larabawa sun yi ƙoƙari su ci masarautun Kirista Nubia a lokuta da yawa, amma ta amfani da yaƙi na dabarun, ƙaramin Kirista Nubia ya ci manyan sojojin Larabawa. A ƙarshe, saboda ƙoƙarin da ba su yi nasara ba, Larabawa sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Baqt ta shekaru 600 tare da mulkin Nubian na Kirista na Makuria. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, Nubians, waɗanda suka riga sun shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Gabashin Afirka, sun amince da cinikin bayi 360 a kowace shekara ga maƙwabtansu na arewa don musayar kayan yaji da hatsi. === Karni na 16 zuwa 19 === [[Fayil:Die_Gartenlaube_(1872)_b_345.jpg|thumb|Mutanen ƙabilar Sudan sun kai hari kan ƙauyen Dinka a kusa da 1870]] [[Fayil:Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png|thumb|Kasuwar bayi a [[Khartoum]], Sudan, c. 1876]] Bayan faduwar masarautun Nubian a cikin 1504, Musulmai sun ci nasara a mafi yawan Nubia, yayin da [[Masarautar Sennar|Funj]] suka ci nasara a yawancin Sudan na zamani daga Darfur zuwa Khartoum; Funj sun fara amfani da bayi a cikin sojoji a cikin mulkin Badi III (r. 1692-1711).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa and Slavery 1500-1800 by Sanderson Beck |url=http://www.san.beck.org/1-13-Africa1500-1800.html#2 |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> Daga baya, masu bautar Masar sun fara mamaye yankin kudancin Sudan. Musamman, mai mulki [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Muhammad Ali na Masar]] ya yi ƙoƙari ya gina rundunar bayi na kudancin Sudan tare da taimakon masu bautar Nubian. Yunkurin hana bautar daga baya hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suka yi ƙoƙari a cikin 1899, bayan nasarar da suka samu a Yaƙin Mahdi . A cewar mai binciken Burtaniya kuma mai [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionist]] Samuel Baker, wanda ya ziyarci Khartoum a 1862, shekaru sittin bayan hukumomin Burtaniya sun ayyana cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba, bautar ita ce masana'antar "ta ci gaba da Khartoom a matsayin gari mai cike da tashin hankali". Baker ya bayyana al'adar bautar da ke kai hari kan ƙauyuka a kudu ta hanyar masu bautar Sudan daga Khartoum: Wani rukuni mai dauke da makamai zai tashi a Kogin Nilu, ya sami ƙauyen Afirka mai dacewa, ya kewaye shi da dare kuma ya kai farmaki kafin asuba, ya ƙone gidaje da harbi. Za a kama mata da matasa kuma a ɗaure su da "tsuntsaye masu laushi a kafaɗunsu", hannu da aka ɗaure da sanda a gaba, yara da aka ɗaura ga mahaifiyarsu. Don sanya "ƙauyen matalauta sosai cewa mazauna da suka tsira za a tilasta su hada kai da masu bautar bayi a tafiyarsu ta gaba da ƙauyukan da ke makwabtaka," ƙauyen za a sace shanu, hatsi, hauren giwa, tare da duk abin da ya lalace.<ref name="jok-quote-5" /> === Karni na 20 === Kafin binciken bautar na Ƙungiyar Al'ummai a 1923, Sudan ta Anglo-Masar (1899-1956) ta rushe Sashen Cutar Bautar tare da da'awar cewa bautar ta zama abin mamaki. Rahoton kan Sudan ga Hukumar Bautar Wuri (1923-1925) ya bayyana bautar da Larabawa Musulmai a Arewa suka yi wa 'yan gudun hijira na Nilotic Non-Muslims na Kudu maso Yamma, inda har yanzu ana gudanar da aikin gona ta hanyar aikin bawa a 1923. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun yi yaƙi da cinikin bayi a Sudan amma sun guji magance bautar kanta saboda tsoron haifar da tashin hankali. Birtaniya sun ba da izinin duk bautar da aka bayar ta hanyar kotunan shari'a waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar bayi, waɗanda ke amfani da dokar Islama don sarrafa mata, yara da bayi.[1] An gudanar da hare-haren bayi daga [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma an fitar da mutanen da aka sace zuwa bautar a Arabiya. A cikin shekarun 1920, jami'in noma na Burtaniya P. W. Diggle ya gudanar da kamfen na kansa don 'yantar da bayi a Sudan. Ya yi fushi da ganin bayi da aka yi wa duka, yara da aka karbe daga iyayensu da 'yan mata bayi da aka saba amfani da su don karuwanci. Diggle ya kasance muhimmin mai ba da labari ga TSC game da bautar a Sudan, wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga Birtaniya dangane da TSC. Birtaniya ta bayyana wa Lugard na TSC cewa ba zai yiwu a kawar da bautar a Sudan ba saboda babban haɗarin tashin hankali a cikin "ƙasar da aka gudanar da ita da kuma fashewa kamar Sudan" inda aka ba da izinin bautar ta hanyar dokar Islama. Har ila yau, Birtaniya ta gabatar da wata sanarwa da aka bayar a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1925 inda ta bayyana cewa duk bayi da aka haifa bayan 1898 sun sami 'yanci ta hanyar doka kuma cewa bayi suna da' yancin barin masu su kuma ba za a dawo da su ba idan sun yi haka, wanda ya ba TSC ra'ayin cewa Birtaniya ta dauki mataki game da bautar a Sudan. Ba da daɗewa ba aka gano cewa an ba da sanarwar 6 ga Mayu 1925 ne kawai ga jami'an Burtaniya kuma ba a san su ba ga Sudan. Lokacin da aka gabatar da wannan gaskiyar a cikin House of Lords, duk da haka, an umarci gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ta buga da kuma aiwatar da tanadin game da bautar a Sudan. Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauki mataki a kan [[Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya]] ta hanyar Sudan ta hanyar karɓar iko mafi kyau na [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]] da kuma kafa gidan tsabta a Port Sudan don bayi da Burtaniya ta dawo da su daga bautar a Masarautar Hejaz, wanda ya haifar da bayi sama da 800 da aka sake zama tsakanin 1925 da 1935. A lokacin Hukumar Bautar Wuri (TSC), an gano cinikin bayi mai tasowa tsakanin Sudan da Habasha: an gudanar da hare-haren bayi daga Habasha zuwa lardunan Funj da White Nile a Sudan ta Kudu, inda aka kama Berta, Gumuz da Burun wadanda ba Musulmai ba na Habasha ba, wadanda Musulmai Larabawa na Sudan suka saya daga 'yan kasuwa na Habasha a Sudan ko a fadin iyaka a Daular Habasha mai zaman kanta. Mafi shahararren mai sayar da bayi shine [[Khojali al-Hassan]], "Watawit" shaykh na Bela Shangul a Wallagi, da kuma babban matarsa Sitt Amna, wanda Burtaniya ta amince da shi a matsayin shugaban sashin gudanarwa a Sudan a cikin 1905. Khojali al-Hassan ya tattara bayi - yawanci matasa mata da yara maza ko yara - ta hanyar satar mutane, bautar bashi ko kuma a matsayin haraji daga talakawansa, kuma zai tura su haye iyakar zuwa ga matarsa, wanda ya sayar da su ga masu siye a Sudan. Consul Hodson na Burtaniya a Habasha ya ba da rahoton cewa dokar 1925 ba ta da wani tasiri a kan bautar da cinikin bayi da aka gudanar a kan iyakar Sudan da Habasha zuwa Tishana: Habashawa sun bukaci haraji kuma sun dauki 'ya'yan mutanen da ba za su iya biya bautar da su; har yanzu ana gudanar da hare-haren bayi a kan ƙauyuka da dare ta hanyar 'yan fashi da ke ƙone gidaje, kashe tsofaffi da bautar matasa. A wani lokaci a watan Maris na shekara ta 1925, lokacin da aka kama 'yan fashi, sojoji na gwamnati sun kwace bayi 300 da aka kama kuma a maimakon haka sun raba su a matsayin bayi ga sojojin su; an sayar da mata da yara a farashin $ 15MT a Habasha, kuma dokar hana bautar ta 1925 ta kasance kawai al'ada ce. A cikin 1927, an ruwaito cewa dan kasuwa na bayi Khojali al-Hassan, "Watawit" shaykh na Bela Shangul a Wallagi, ya sayar da bayi 13,000 daga Habasha zuwa Sudan ta hanyar matarsa Sitt Amna. A cikin 1929, Habasha ta gudanar da hare-haren bayi a cikin Birtaniya Kenya da kuma cinikin bayi yana gudana a Sudan, ya ba da gudummawa ga goyon bayan Burtaniya don kafa Kwamitin Masana kan Bautar Kungiyar Al'ummai. == Bauta a zamanin yau == A cikin shekarun 1980s, lokacin yakin basasa na biyu a Sudan, cinikin bayi ya dawo sabuwa karkashin gwamnatin National Islamic Front da kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar Baqqara da Rizeigat. <ref>{{Citation |last=Poggo |first=Scopas |title=Southern Sudanese Systems of Slavery |date=2024-01-30 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-884 |access-date=2024-09-11 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.884 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wannan ya shafi mutane da yawa daga kudu da tsakiyar Sudan, musamman Dinka, Nuer da Nuba, waɗanda aka kama aka sayar ko kuma a tilasta musu aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban daga ‘yan arewa masu kallon kansu a matsayin Larabawa.{{sfn|Jok|2001|p=viii}}<ref>John Eibner, shugaban ƙungiyar Christian Solidarity International-USA, ya bayyana cewa bauta a Sudan ta dawo sabuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s lokacin da gwamnatin Musulmi ta Arab ta fara farfado da ita. Ya ce wannan bauta ta samo asali ne daga jihad da gwamnati ta jagoranta kan waɗanda ba Musulmi ba. (source: {{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/449|title=My Career Redeeming Slaves|author=John Eibner|journal=Middle East Forum|date=December 1999|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-date=5 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705155607/http://www.meforum.org/article/449|url-status=dead}}</ref> Matsalar bauta ta ƙara tsananta bayan gwamnatin soja mai goyon bayan National Islamic Front ta karɓi mulki a 1989, inda gwamnatin Khartoum ta ayyana jihad akan ƙungiyoyin da ba Musulmi ba daga kudu.<ref name=meforum-MCRS>{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/449|title=My Career Redeeming Slaves|author=John Eibner|journal=Middle East Forum|date=December 1999|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-date=5 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705155607/http://www.meforum.org/article/449|url-status=dead}}</ref> An bai wa Baqqara dama su kashe waɗannan ƙabilu, su kwace dukiyoyinsu, su kama bayi, su kori sauran daga ƙasashensu, su kuma mamaye ƙasashen da karfi.{{sfn|Jok|2001|p=144-5}} Dokar Penal Code ta Sudan na shekarar 1991 ba ta ayyana bauta a matsayin laifi ba, amma Jamhuriyar Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar hana bauta ta duniya, ciki har da Slavery Convention da Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, da kuma yarjejeniyar International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).<ref name=hrw-SaSRiS/> Duk da haka, a cewar limamin Ansar movement kuma tsohon Firayim Minista, Sadiq al-Mahdi, jihad: <blockquote>na nufin farawa da yaki don dalilai na addini. [...] Gaskiya ne cewa gwamnatin [NIF] ba ta kafa doka da ke halatta bauta a Sudan ba. Amma fahimtar gargajiya ta jihad tana amincewa da bauta a matsayin abin da ke fitowa daga yaki. <ref>As-Sadiq Al-Mahdi zuwa ga Mary Robinson, Babbar Kwamishiniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam (Sashe na III: Laifukan Yaki), Maris 24, 1999.</ref></blockquote> Human Rights Watch<ref>"Children in Sudan: Slaves, Street Children and Child Soldiers," Human Rights Watch, Satumba 1995 [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Sudan.htm]</ref> da Amnesty International<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR54/002/1995/en "Sudan:‘The tears of orphans’: no future without human rights,"] Amnesty International, Janairu 1, 1995</ref> sun fara bada rahoto kan bauta a Sudan a 1995 a cikin mahangar yakin basasa na biyu. A 1996, an samu ƙarin rahotanni guda biyu – ɗaya daga wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma wani daga jaridar Baltimore Sun – waɗanda suka kasance ɗaya daga cikin rahotanni masu yawa daga kafafen yada labaran yamma tun daga 1995.{{#tag:ref|A cewar mai bincike Jok Madut Jok, ana samun cikakkun bayanai kan hare-haren bauta tun daga 1995 a mujallu da jaridun Amurka: ''The New Yorker'', ''The Washington Post'', ''The Washington Times'', ''The New York Times'', ''The Los Angeles Times'', ''The Boston Globe'', da kuma ''The South African Mail and Guardian'', da wasu mujallu da jaridun Turai da Kanada. "Yawancin su sun kuma yi ƙoƙarin bayyanawa rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a daukar bayi." {{sfn|Jok|2001|p=x}}<br> A Sudan kanta, "rubuce-rubucen jarida na tsari da tasiri" kan bauta ya fito daga Bona Malwal (wani ɗan jarida da tsohon minista na gwamnati), wanda ya fara yaƙin bayyanawa a shekarun 1980 a matsayin edita na jaridar ''Sudan Times''. {{sfn|Jok|2001|p=x}}|group=Note}} Human Rights Watch da wasu sun bayyana cewa bauta a Sudan a yau ana gudanar da ita ne ta hannun dakarun ƙungiyoyin Baqqara masu goyon bayan gwamnati, waɗanda ke kai farmaki kan fararen hula – musamman 'yan kabilar Dinka daga kudancin yankin Bahr El Ghazal. Baqqara na kama yara da mata kuma suna kai su yammacin Sudan da sauran wurare, inda ake tilasta musu aiki ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, ana hukunta su idan sun ƙi aiki, sannan ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki da kuma lalata da su. Gwamnatin Sudan "ta ba da makamai kuma ta amince da wannan aikin bauta da dakarun ƙabilar suka yi", waɗanda aka fi sani da suna ''muraheleen'', a matsayin hanya mai rahusa don raunana abokiyar hamayyarta a yakin basasa na biyu, wato Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), wadda aka yi zaton tana da gagarumar goyon baya daga kabilar Dinka daga kudancin Sudan.<ref name=hrw-SaSRiS/> A cewar rahoton 2002 daga International Eminent Persons Group (tare da goyon bayan Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka), an samu laifin sace fararen hula daga duka ɓangarorin – gwamnati da ‘yan tawayenta (SPLA) – amma "abin da ya fi jan hankali" shi ne hare-haren da dakarun pro-gwamnati masu suna ''murahaleen'' suka kai kan kauyuka a yankunan da SPLA ke iko da su kusa da iyakar arewa da kudu. Wannan Ƙungiya ta tabbatar da cewa "a yawancin lokuta", sace mutane shine mataki na farko a cikin wani tsarin cin zarafi da ya shafi bauta bisa ga ma’anar yarjejeniyar International Slavery Convention ta 1926 da kuma ƙarin yarjejeniya ta 1956.<ref name=SAFSiS-7/> Hasashen adadin mutanen da aka sace a lokacin yaki yana tsakanin 14,000 zuwa 200,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=20 March 2014|date=22 May 2002}}</ref> Wani hasashe daga masanin tarihi Jok Madut Jok yana cewa akwai tsakanin bayi 10,000 zuwa 15,000 a Sudan a kowane lokaci, inda adadin ke ci gaba da kasancewa daidai yayin da wasu ke guduwa, ana sayen 'yancinsu, ko a sako su saboda rashin lafiya – kuma sabbi na ci gaba da kama su.{{sfn|Jok|2001|p=1}} Har zuwa 1999, adadin bayi da ɗan bauta ya ke ci gaba da riƙe su bayan an raba ganimar yaki ba ya wuce "uku zuwa shida, kuma da wuya ya kai goma a kowanne ɗan bauta". Ko da yake cinikin bayi na zamani bai kai matakin bauta ta ƙarni na 19 ba, wasu daga cikin Baqqara "sun kasance dillalan bayi, suna sayar da su a wurare daban-daban a yammacin Sudan", da kuma "har zuwa Khartoum". Cinikin, wanda ba bisa doka ba ne kuma duniya tana ƙin shi, ana yi ne "a ɓoye", kuma "a matakin da bai ja hankali ba" don kada a samu hujjoji. "Masu bayi sukan musanta cewa yaran kudu da ke aiki a gidajensu bayi ne." {{sfn|Jok|2001|p=57}} A cewar rahoton CBS News na Janairu 25, 1999, ana sayar da bayi a Sudan da dala $50 kacal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/curse-of-slavery-haunts-sudan/|title=Curse Of Slavery Haunts Sudan|agency=CBS News|date=January 25, 1999}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2001, Michael Rubin ya rubuta a jaridar ''The Wall Street Journal'':<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Rubin|authorlink=Michael Rubin (historian)|url=http://www.michaelrubin.org/1211/dont-engage-rogue-regimes|title=Don't 'Engage' Rogue Regimes|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=December 12, 2001}}</ref> {{quote|Ta yaya bauta a Sudan take? Wani yaro ɗan shekara 11 Kirista ya faɗa mini game da kwanakin farko na kama shi: "An faɗa mini in zama Musulmi sau da yawa, na ƙi, shi ya sa suka sare yatsana." Alokor Ngor Deng yarinya ce ‘yar shekara 12 da aka kama a 1993. Tun lokacin bata sake ganin mahaifiyarta ba bayan masu bauta sun sayar da su daban-daban. Akon yarinya ce ‘yar shekara 13 da sojojin Sudan suka kama a garinsu shekaru biyar da suka wuce. Sojoji shida sun yi mata fyade a lokaci guda, sannan ta shaida kisan mutane bakwai kafin a sayar da ita...}} ==Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tmwf8ljhu2llva3pcyx11nm3wxh0hlg 0 102431 879004 813545 2026-07-08T16:17:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukuncin kisa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]''' hukunci ne na doka; duk da haka, kasar ba ta aiwatar da wani kisan kai ba tun shekara ta 2003, ma'ana cewa kasar ta fuskanci dakatarwar kisan kai daga kisan gillar da suka yi a shekara ta 2003 har zuwa Maris 2024. Ko da ba a aiwatar da kisa ba, kotuna suna ci gaba da yanke hukuncin kisa a kasar. A cikin 2019, jami'ai a majalisa dokokin kasar sun tattauna game da kawar da hukuncin kisa, amma a watan Maris na 2024, gwamnati ta sanar da niyyar su ci gaba da kashe-kashen a cikin ƙoƙari na yaki da tashin hankali a kasar. == Hanyoyin kisa da dokar hukuncin kisa == Bisa ga dokar da aka zartar a shekara ta 1898, ana kashe mutanen da aka samu da laifin laifukan farar hula ta hanyar ratayewa, yayin da ake hukunta laifukan soja da kisa ta hanyar harbi. Dokar azabtarwa ta DRC ta ba da izini ga Shugaban kasa ya tsara hanyar kisa. A shekara ta 1936, an zartar da doka da ta hana daukar hoto na kisan kai; an haramta kisan kai na jama'a a kasar ba tare da amincewar Shugaban kasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Death Penalty in Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013182521/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo |archive-date=13 October 2018 |access-date=4 May 2017 |website=www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org}}</ref> == Tarihin mulkin mallaka == A cikin 1921, Simon Kimbangu, shugaban addinin Kongo, kotun soja ta yi masa shari'a don "ƙazantar da tsaron jama'a" da "taɓata zaman lafiya". Ba a ba shi shawara ta shari'a ba. An yanke masa hukunci kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1921, amma kafin a kashe shi, Sarki Albert I na Belgium ya sauya hukuncinsa zuwa rai da rai. Kimbangu ya mutu a kurkuku a [[Lubumbashi]] (wanda aka sani da Elizabethville a lokacin) a shekara ta 1951 bayan ya yi shekaru 30 na hukuncin rai da rai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simon Kimbangu |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Simon-Kimbangu |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dvr">{{Cite book|last3=David van Reybrouck}}</ref> == 1998-2001: Ci gaban Pre-moratorium == A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1998, jami'an [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun wallafa wani rahoto da ya nuna cewa an yi kisa 21 a Kinshasa, kisan kiyashi na farko tun lokacin da Shugaba Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya hau mulki. Kodayake wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci sun kunshi fararen hula da sojoji, kuma kodayake laifukan sun kasance laifukan farar hula kamar fashi da kisan kai, duk hukuncin kisa an aiwatar da su ne ta hanyar harbi. Bayan kisan, kotun soja wacce ta hukunta mutanen ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a kalli kisan "a matsayin gargadi ga duk wani mai laifi".<ref name="UPENN">{{Cite web |date=28 January 1998 |title=Central and Eastern Africa: IRIN Update 342 for 28 Jan 98.1.28 |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin342.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306013825/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin342.html |archive-date=6 March 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1999, [[Amnesty International]] ta wallafa wani rahoto da ya nuna cewa DRC ta ga akalla mutane 46 da aka kashe tun watan Afrilun shekara ta 1999. Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa akwai fiye da 100 kisa a cikin DRC a cikin 1998 kadai kuma cewa, a cikin 1998, DRC ta kasance ta biyu ne kawai a China a cikin yawan sanannun kisa a wannan shekarar. An bayar da rahoton kisa 13 don laifuka daga fashi da makami zuwa kisan kai a [[Mbuji-Mayi]], Kasaï-Oriental, a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1999, da kuma kashe sojoji 20 a [[Lubumbashi]] a ranar 6 ga Mayu; an yanke wa sojoji hukuncin laifin aikata laifuka, gami da ficewar soja. Har ila yau, an tabbatar da kashe-kashen 15 a [[Kinshasa]] a ranar 13 ga Mayu, tare da duk wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci da laifuffuka na tashin hankali.<ref name="Amnesty1999">{{Cite web |last=Amnesty |author-link=Amnesty International |date=18 May 1999 |title=Scores of executions in the Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/scores-executions-democratic-republic-congo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424134226/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/scores-executions-democratic-republic-congo |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb}}</ref> Amnesty ta ba da rahoton cewa yawancin shari'o'in da suka gabata sun kasance marasa adalci, tare da yawancin waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci ba su da damar samun lauyoyi, kuma ga waɗanda suka sami damar samun lauyoyin, yawancin lauyoyin su ba su da isasshen lokaci don shirya shari'ar ko bincika shaidar da aka yi wa abokan cinikin su. Wasu daga cikin kisan gilla sun faru ne a cikin 'yan kwanaki bayan ƙarshen shari'ar, wasu kuma sun faru ne cikin sa'o'i kadan bayan ƙarshen shariʼar, wanda ya haifar da shakku cewa Shugaba Kabila na lokacin yana da isasshen lokaci don yin la'akari da duk wani roko na gafara. Ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni da suka yi kira gafara, wani yaro soja mai shekaru 15, ya sami sauya hukuncin su daga Shugaba Kabila na lokacin. Amnesty ta kuma gano cewa ana amfani da kotunan soja da yawa kuma ba daidai ba a cikin shari'o'in farar hula don dalilan zalunci na siyasa, gami da zanga-zangar da ba ta da tashin hankali a kan gwamnatin DRC.<ref name="Amnesty1999" /> A cikin wani rahoto daga baya, Amnesty ta kuma gano cewa an kashe mutane 11 a fili a [[Mbuji-Mayi]] a ranar 28 ga Yuli 1999 duk da dokar da ta daɗe tana hana kashe jama'a. Wannan rahoton ya gano cewa an shirya a kashe mace daya, Charlotte Ngoy, kuma ta tsere wa hukuncin kisa minti daya kafin a shirya a kashe ta; An yanke wa Ngoy hukuncin kisa saboda ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka saboda ta zauna tare da ɗan fashi mai dauke da makami.<ref name="DRCKHD">{{Cite web |last=Amnesty |author-link=Amnesty International |date=31 May 2000 |title=Democratic Republic of Congo: Killing Human Decency |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3b83b6e20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901030721/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3b83b6e20.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=RefWorld}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, an kashe sojoji shida na Kongo. Ba a bayyana sunayensu da laifukan da aka yanke musu hukunci ba. A watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, an yanke wa sojoji 13 hukunci kan makirci don hambarar da gwamnati kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa, amma babu wanda aka kashe, kuma Ministan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Ntumba Luaba, ya sanar da cewa za a sauya hukuncin kisa zuwa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2002 |title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the {{!}} Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/af/8322.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418024055/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/af/8322.htm |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=United States Department of State Archives}}</ref> == 2003-ya zuwa yanzu: Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan == Kashe-kashen karshe da aka yi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ya faru ne a watan Janairun shekara ta 2003. <ref name="PGA">{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Death Penalty |url=https://www.pgaction.org/ilhr/adp/rdc.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Parliamentarians for Global Action |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WCADP">{{Cite web |last=Dudley |first=Bronwyn |date=12 March 2020 |title=Death Sentences in the Democratic Republic of the Congo More Numerous than Previously Thought |url=https://worldcoalition.org/2020/03/12/death-sentences-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-more-numerous-than-previously-thought/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=World Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625165152/https://worldcoalition.org/2020/03/12/death-sentences-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-more-numerous-than-previously-thought/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kashe mutane 15; [[BBC|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya]] ya ba da rahoton cewa takwas daga cikin wadanda aka kashe sun kasance ta kuskure.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2010 |title=DR Congo death penalty verdict prompts concern |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8664155.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830015420/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8664155.stm |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Duk da yake har yanzu ana ba da hukuncin kisa a cikin al'umma, ana sauya su akai-akai zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.<ref name="AlJazeera51">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |title=DR Congo court sentences 51 to death over killing of UN experts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/29/dr-congo-court-sentences-51-to-death-over-killing-of-un-experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324032513/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/29/dr-congo-court-sentences-51-to-death-over-killing-of-un-experts |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, an yanke wa sojoji biyu da farar hula hukuncin kisa saboda kisan Didace Namujimbo, wani dan jarida da ke aiki ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyon Okapi, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008. <ref name="BBC"/> An kira shari'o'in "trials," tare da lauyoyin maza uku da aka hukunta suna karɓar barazanar kisa, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hukunta shari'o-tafiye da hukuncin kisa.<ref name="RSF">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Ten years of deliberate impunity in radio journalist's murder |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/ten-years-deliberate-impunity-radio-journalists-murder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128162634/https://rsf.org/en/news/ten-years-deliberate-impunity-radio-journalists-murder |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Reporters Without Borders |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Mayu 2021, an kashe wani jami'in 'yan sanda a [[Kinshasa]] a lokacin tashin hankali bayan karshen [[Ramadan]]. An gurfanar da mutane arba'in da daya a gaban shari'a kwana daya bayan kisan. Shari'arsu ta dauki rana daya, kuma an yanke wa 29 daga cikinsu hukunci kan kisan kai kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa, tare da yanke hukuncin kisa a hukumance a wannan Asabar, 15 ga Mayu. Biyu sun sami hukuncin shekaru 5 a kurkuku. An gabatar da shari'ar a talabijin.<ref name="AlJazeera30">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2021 |title=Thirty sentenced to death over anti-police clashes in DR Congo |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/15/thirty-sentenced-to-death-over-anti-police-clashes-in-dr-congo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224082224/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/15/thirty-sentenced-to-death-over-anti-police-clashes-in-dr-congo |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, wakilan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] guda biyu, Zaida Catalán na [[Sweden]] da Michael Sharp na Amurka, 'yan bindiga masu goyon bayan Kamwina Nsapu sun yi musu kwanton bauna yayin da suke binciken tashin hankali a Lardin Kasaï. Mutanen da ke dauke da makamai sun yi tafiya a cikin wani filin kuma sun kashe Catalán da Sharp; an gano jikinsu bayan kwana 16 bayan haka, a ranar 28 ga Maris, tare da yanke Catalán kai.<ref name="AlJazeera51"/><ref name="France24">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |title=DR Congo court sentences 51 in trial over 2017 murder of UN experts |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220129-dr-congo-court-sentences-51-in-trial-over-2017-murder-of-un-experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424130024/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220129-dr-congo-court-sentences-51-in-trial-over-2017-murder-of-un-experts |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Wani rahoto da aka ba Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa kwanton bauna "tsarin da aka shirya" ne don ɗaukar fansa a kan Majalisar Dinkinobho saboda rashin kare su daga Sojojin Kongo kuma cewa mambobin tsaron jihar na iya shiga, amma babu wanda aka yi la'akari da cewa ya ba da umarnin aikin ya taɓa zuwa shari'a. Duk da yanka ba a taɓa kama 22 daga cikin masu aikata laifin ba, duk mutane 54 da aka yi imanin cewa suna da hannu an yi musu shari'a a kotun soja a [[Kananga]], Kasaï-Central; an tuhume su da laifuka da suka fara daga "[[ta'addanci]]" da "kisan kai," zuwa "sa hannu a cikin tayar da kayar baya" da kuma "aikin aikata laifukan yaki ta hanyar yankewa". Masu gabatar da kara sun bukaci hukuncin kisa a kan 51 daga cikin 54 a shari'ar, kuma duk 51 daga cikinsu sun sami hukuncin kisa a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2022; saboda haka sun sami hukuncin mutuwa. Biyu daga cikin wadanda suka je kotu, ciki har da wani ɗan jarida, an wanke su daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen.<ref name="France24" /><ref name="AlJazeera51" /> Kwanaki bayan yanke hukunci da hukuncin kisa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi DRC ta ci gaba da dakatar da hukuncin kisa a kan, tana mai cewa, "Muna sake jaddada adawar Sakatare Janar game da amfani da hukuncin kisa. . . . Da yake lura da cewa akwai dakatarwar doka a kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da DRC, muna roƙon hukumomin DRC su ci gaba da jinkirin hukuncin kisa da yin la'akari da soke shi a cikin doka" <ref name="Jurist">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Pooja |date=2 February 2022 |title=UN calls for continued moratorium on death penalty in DRC |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/02/un-calls-for-continued-moratorium-on-death-penalty-in-drc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217180151/https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/02/un-calls-for-continued-moratorium-on-death-penalty-in-drc/ |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Jurist}}</ref><ref name="UNNews">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=Following DR Congo murder trial, UN calls for death penalty moratorium to remain |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303051440/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111032 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=United Nations News |language=en}}</ref> === 2019-yanzu: Dokar kawarwa da sake dawowa === A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan 2019, dan majalisa na kasa André Mbata ya gabatar da lissafin memba mai zaman kansa don soke hukuncin kisa. An ba da aikin bincike na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa don bincika lissafin. Kimanin watanni uku bayan haka, a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2019, mambobin Majalisar dokokin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo sun hadu don tattauna shirye-shiryen inganta kawar da hukuncin kisa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, wata sanarwa daga Ministan Shari'a Rose Mutombo Kiese ta bayyana cewa nan da nan, za a sanya hukuncin kisa kuma a aiwatar da shi a lokuta na cin amana, [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]], laifuka a kan bil'adama, leken asiri, tawaye da makircin laifi, tare da sauran laifuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zenda |first=Cyril |title=Death sentences surge as DRC lifts execution ban |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/congo-death-penalty-restored-mass-death-sentences/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=FairPlanet |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan za'a yi amfani da shi ga sojoji, ga waɗanda suka yi tawaye da umarni ko kuma suka yi fice kuma suka shiga cikin abokan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Congo reinstates the death penalty after more than 20 years as it struggles to deal with militants |url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-reinstates-death-penalty-eda4477a375495196c2ac43726092a4d |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Shawarwarin ya fuskanci zargi mai mahimmanci daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da masu gwagwarmaya, wadanda suka yi jayayya cewa hukuncin kisa ba zai magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali ba kuma zai iya haifar da cin zarafin bil'adama da kisa mara adalci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=DR Congo reinstates death penalty after 21 years amid escalating violence and militant attacks |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/03/dr-congo-reinstates-death-penalty-after-21-years-amid-escalating-violence-and-militant-attacks/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.jurist.org |language=en-US}}</ref> ''ECPM'', wata kungiya ta Faransa, ta yi kira ga "ba kayan aiki" na hukuncin kisa kuma ta ce za a iya amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki na "matsi na siyasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fournier |first=Emilie |date=2024-03-18 |title=Lifting of the Moratorium in the DRC: ECPM and CPJ call for the non-instrumentalisation of the death penalty |url=https://www.ecpm.org/en/lifting-of-the-moratorium-in-the-drc-ecpm-and-cpj-call-for-the-non-instrumentalisation-of-the-death-penalty/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=ECPM |language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnati ta tabbatar da shawarar don cire "masu cin amana" daga sojoji da kuma hana "ta'addanci na birni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zenda |first=Cyril |title=DR Congo's death penalty revival: A dangerous shift |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/story/dr-congo-death-sentence-coup-trial/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=FairPlanet |language=en}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, kotun soja ta yanke wa sojoji 8 hukuncin kisa saboda tsoro da laifuka da suka shafi tserewa daga fagen fama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-03 |title=A military court sentences 8 Congolese army soldiers to death for cowardice, other crimes |url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-trial-military-desertion-violence-5302f6d4d26fe5484e6a1c1e5578b424 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 2025, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Kongo ta kashe mutane 102 a cikin makon da ya gabata, a cikin wata sanarwa daga Ministan Shari'a. Sanarwar ta kuma ambaci cewa za a kashe wasu mutane saba'in. Gwamnati ta ce mutanen "masu fashi ne da makamai" da kuma "masu 'yan fashi na birni". An kashe su a gidan yarin Angenga a arewa maso yammacin Kongo. Wasu mazauna garin [[Goma (birni)|Goma]] sun yi maraba da shawarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=Congo will execute more than 170 people convicted of armed robbery, official says |url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-executes-kulunas-bandits-dc460aa0fc69489f2c1005b33796e0c9 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Congo executes 102 'urban bandits' with 70 more set to be killed, officials say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo-executes-102-urban-bandits-70-set-killed-117351718 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> == Rahoton bincike == A cikin 2020, wani rahoto na bincike da Prison Insider da World Coalition Against the Death Penalty suka yi ya bayyana cewa akwai akalla mutane 510 da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a cikin kasar, tare da wannan adadi ya ninka ƙididdigar kungiyar da ta gabata.<ref name="WCADP"/> Rahoton ya kunshi ganawa da fursunoni a duk fadin kasar wadanda suka bayar da rahoton cewa an yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Mutumin da aka yanke masa hukunci mafi ƙanƙanta da aka yi hira da shi yana da 20, yayin da mafi tsufa ya kasance 70, kuma matsakaicin shekarun fursunoni na gidan yari shine 40. Akalla an yi hira da mace daya, kodayake yawancin fursunoni da ke cikin gidan yari a cikin al'ummar maza ne. Kimanin kashi 44 cikin 100 na fursunonin da ke gefen mutuwa sun sami hukuncin kisa bayan 2015, yayin da kashi 16 cikin 100 na masu zaman kansu suka sami hukuncin kisa tsakanin 2000 da 2015.<ref name="WCADP" /> Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa akalla mutane biyar sun sami hukuncin kisa lokacin da ba su kai shekara 18 ba, duk da sake fasalin Dokar Shari'a ta Soja a 2002 da ta hana kashe mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifukan da suka faru lokacin da suke kananan yara.<ref name="PrisonInsider">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2022 |title=DRC: Detention conditions of people sentenced to death |url=https://www.prison-insider.com/en/articles/rdc-conditions-de-detention-des-condamnes-a-mort |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424145534/https://www.prison-insider.com/en/articles/rdc-conditions-de-detention-des-condamnes-a-mort |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Prison Insider |language=en}}</ref> A baya, gwamnatin Kongo ta sanar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam cewa an yanke wa mutane 26 kawai hukuncin kisa a cikin DRC tsakanin 2006 da 2017, amma waɗancan kungiyoyin sun gano cewa ainihin adadin hukuncin kisa a wannan lokacin ya kai kusan 268, kuma akwai kusan hukuncin kisa 156 da aka zartar tsakanin 2016 da 2019. Jami'an Kongo sun kuma bayyana cewa mafi yawan hukuncin kisa sun samo asali ne daga hukunce-hukuncen kisan kai, tawaye, laifuka a kan bil'adama, da laifukan yaki, yayin da sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa an yanke wa kashi 48 cikin dari na mutane hukuncin kisa saboda ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka, kashi 45 cikin dari an yanke musu hukuncin kisa saboda kisan kai da ba a shirya ba, kashi 29 cikin dari an hukunta su da fashi, kashi 12 cikin dari an same su da hannu kan shiga cikin dari don shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu tayar da kayar da kayatarwa, kuma kashi 9 cikin dari an yi musu hukuncin kisa. Duk da yake kashi 66 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka yi hira da su suna da wani nau'i na wakilcin shari'a a shari'a, da yawa daga cikinsu sun bayyana cewa ba su sami isasshen taimakon shari'a ba, tare da yawancin lauyoyin da ba su da ƙwarewa da wasu suna barin su a tsakiyar shari'a saboda rashin diyya ta kuɗi daga abokan cinikin su; wasu sun sadu da abokan cinikinsu a ranar shari'ar ba tare da wata hanyar shirya ta gaba ba. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba a ba su masu fassara ba duk da shingen harshe yayin shari'ar kotu, kuma wasu sun ba da rahoton cewa mambobin tilasta wa su yi ikirari.<ref name="WCADP"/> Duk da dokar azabtarwa ta Kongo da ke tabbatar da wakilcin shari'a na duniya ga dukkan fursunoni, kashi 34 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka yi hira sun ce ba su iya samun lauya ba kuma ba a ba su ɗaya ba yayin gwajin su. Binciken ya kammala cewa "kudin da aka ware don taimakon shari'a gabaɗaya ba a samuwa a ofisoshin shawarwari na kyauta na Ƙungiyar Bar Association. Lauyoyi da masu ba da shawara saboda haka ba su da albarkatu don shirya fayiloli da shirya kare abokan cinikin su". <ref name="WCADP" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o3ab3mfulobsuxh9oqxuedbiziyh90r 0 103219 878989 853843 2026-07-08T16:07:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Uzurin Beljiyam ga Kongo''' shine batun muhawarar al'umma a [[Beljik|Beljiyam]] game da nuna uzuri game da rawar da kasar ta taka a cikin [[Ayyukan Zalunci a Ƙasar Kwango|ta'asar da aka yi a cikin 'Yancin Kwango]] (ko [[Jamhuriyar Kwango]] mai 'yancin kai) da [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] tsakanin 1885 zuwa 1960, da kuma mulkin mallaka na Ruanda-Urundi (1924-1919). A karni na 21, hukumomi da wakilai da dama na gwamnatin Belgium sun nemi afuwar wasu bangarori na mulkin mallaka na Belgium a kasashen Kongo, [[Ruwanda]] da Burundi, musamman tun daga shekarar 2018. Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan irin uzurin da lamarin zai dace da wanda ya kamata ya bayyana, ko kuma a wasu lokuta ba zai zama dole ba. Bugu da ƙari, an tattauna yadda za a fi dacewa da kayan mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba, ciki har da mutum-mutumi, sunayen tituna, da kuma tsarin gidajen tarihi. == Muhawara ta siyasa == [[Fayil:Esclave_fouetté_avec_une_chicotte,_État_indépendant_du_Congo.jpg|thumb| Zaluntar wani dan Kwango.]] [[Fayil:Victim_of_Congo_atrocities,_Congo,_ca._1890-1910_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19).jpg|thumb| Misali na sanannen yanke hannu a cikin Jihar 'Yancin Kwango.]] A cikin jawabin jama'a na Belgium, Sarkin Leopold na biyu na Belgium (r. 1865-1909), wanda ya mulki Kongo Free State a matsayin mallakarsa na kashin kansa daga 1885 zuwa 1908, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar nauyin farko na ta'asar da aka yi a can a wancan lokacin mulkin mallaka. A farkon karni na 21, ana lalata mutum-mutumin Leopold II akai-akai saboda wannan dalili. Misali, mutum-mutumin Leopold da ke dandalin Al'arshi a Brussels an yi masa tabo sau da yawa da fenti. === 2018 === A cikin watan Yunin 2018, bayan shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa, a karon farko a Belgium an sanya wa wani fili sunan [[Patrice Lumumba]], wanda aka fi sani da wanda ya sami ‘yancin kai na Kongo (30 Yuni 1960), amma an kashe shi a watan Janairu 1961 bisa umarnin gwamnatin Belgium. Masu fafutuka tun da farko sun ba da shawarar sanya sunan babban filin da ba shi da suna bayan Lumumba a cikin gundumar Ixelles/Elsene da ke makwabtaka da shi, amma a cikin 2016 magajin garin Dominique Dufourny (MR) ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar. <ref name="De Coninck" /> A watan Agustan 2018, wani lamari ya faru a bikin Pukkellop, inda wasu mahalarta suka rera wakokin wariyar launin fata na mulkin mallaka. 'Yan siyasa sun yi tir da lamarin. Ofishin mai gabatar da kara na tarayya ya umurci mawakan da su ziyarci wurin tunawa da Kazerne Dossin, Cibiyar adana kayan tarihi da kuma Documentation Center kan Holocaust da ‘Yancin Bil Adama da ke sansanin wucewa na Mechelen don samun ilimi na tilas. Bayan zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na Belgium na 14 Oktoba 2018, Pierre Kompany ( cdH ) ya zama magajin gari na farko baƙar fata a Belgium, wato a cikin gundumar Brussels na Ganshoren . A cikin shirin muhawarar talabijin ''na C'est pas tous les jours dimanche'' a RTL-TVI, Kompany (wanda aka haifa a [[Belgian Congo|Kongo Belgian]] ) ya yi kira ga 'yan siyasa da su nuna uzuri ga Kongo da sunan Belgium. A cikin wannan nunin, Wakilin Richard Miller ( MR ) ya ce ya fi son bayyana uzuri "a cikin sunan kansa". Daga Nuwamba 2018 zuwa Janairu 2019, Canvas ya watsa shirye-shiryen shirin ''Kinderen van de kolonie'' ( ''Yaran Mulkin Mallaka'' ), wanda ya tada muhawarar jama'a tun ma kafin sakin na farko ya fito. A cewar masana, wannan shi ne fim na farko da aka gabatar da al'ummar Belgian da hotuna da faifan bidiyo daga Kongo 'ba tare da duba ta fuskar farfagandar mulkin mallaka ba. === 2019 === Bayan da kwamitin kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai suna "Kwawara kan Al'ummar Afirka" ya buga wani rahoto a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2019 wanda ya nuna cewa uzuri ga mulkin mallaka na baya zai dace, 'yan siyasa da dama sun nuna niyyar shiga muhawara game da batun. Firayim Minista Charles Michel ( MR ) ya ce ya sami rahoton "bakon abu ne". Komawa cikin 2010, mahaifinsa Louis Michel har yanzu yana kwatanta Leopold II a matsayin "jarumi mai kishi ga karamar ƙasa kamar Belgium". Hakazalika, ministan raya kasa Alexander De Croo ( Open Vld ) ya gano sukar da masana suka yi kan gidan kayan tarihi na Afirka da aka gyara a matsayin abin ban mamaki. 'Yar majalisar dokokin Flemish Sabine de Bethune ( CD&amp;amp;V ), da kanta haifaffen [[Kinshasa]] (sai ''Léopoldville/Leopoldstad'' ) a cikin Belgian Kongo, ta gabatar da wani kuduri a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu don kaddamar da bincike na tarihi game da kisan gillar da dan mulkin mallaka na Belgian ya yi a Kongo bayan zaben Tarayyar Belgium na 26 ga Mayu 2019 . Jam'iyyun adawa Groen, Ecolo da kuma sp.a sun dade suna kira ga irin wannan binciken. Jam'iyyar gwamnati Open Vld ta bayyana cewa tana son yin la'akari da neman gafara bayan zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. A cikin shirin muhawara na Eén ''De Zevende Dag'', shugaban N-VA Bart De Wever ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan "gafarar tarihi", yana nuna cewa ya kamata a "duba shugaban kasa" don bayyana shi, saboda alakar da ke tsakanin Kongo da Leopold II. Bishop na Katolika na Kongo Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da ''Terzake'' na Maris 2019 cewa akwai "masu mahimmanci" a cikin Kongo a yau fiye da gafarar mulkin mallaka, "kamar ci gaban kasa", in ji shi. Ya nuna damuwarsa cewa, idan aka nemi afuwar mulkin mallaka, "za a bude wasu takardu", kuma mutane za su yi nisa sosai. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2019, an gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a tsakanin mazauna Flanders kan yuwuwar neman gafarar Kongo. An yi hakan ne a lokacin wani zaɓe na VRT, RTBF, ''De Standaard'' da ''La Libre Belgique'' game da aniyar jefa ƙuri'a na mutane a zaben 26 ga Mayu 2019. An bukaci mahalarta taron da su yi tsokaci game da wannan sanarwa mai zuwa: "Ya kamata Belgium ta nemi afuwar Kongo a hukumance kan laifukan da ta aikata a lokacin mulkin mallaka." 51% na masu amsa sun yarda, 32% basu yarda ba. === 2020 === Bayan zanga-zangar George Floyd a watan Mayun 2020, an sake yin muhawara kan wariyar launin fata da wariya a Belgium, kuma tambayar yiwuwar neman afuwar Kongo ta sake kunno kai. An sake lalata wasu mutum-mutumi na Leopold II, da kuma mutum-mutumi na Leopold II na Belgium, Ekeren ya lalace sosai har aka cire shi. A cikin watan Yuni 2020, wannan sabunta hankali ya jagoranci Shugaban Chamber Patrick Dewael ya ba da shawarar samar da "kwamitin sulhu" a cikin Majalisar Wakilai, wanda zai yi bincike kan yadda za a magance mafi kyawun mulkin mallaka a baya, da yuwuwar neman afuwa ga Kongo. A lokaci guda, shugabannin jam'iyyar irin su Joachim Coens (CD&V) da Conner Rousseau (sp.a) sun yi magana game da neman afuwar, inda Coens ya bayyana a fili ga Sarki Philip da gwamnatin tarayya kan wannan aiki. === 2024 === A cikin Disamba 2024, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Brussels ta sami Beljiyam da alhakin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama saboda yadda take kula da yara Métis (gaurayawan kabilanci), tare da ba da umarnin biyan diyya ga matan Métis biyar da suka shigar da kara a jihar. == Ayyuka da aka kammala == === Neman gafara ga dangin Lumumba === [[File:Anefo 910-9740 De Congolese2.jpg|thumb|Patrice Lumumba a Brussels a 1960.]] A farkon shekarun 2000, wani kwamiti na majalisar dokokin Belgium ya gudanar da bincike kan cikakken yanayin da aka kashe Patrice Lumumba a 1961, wanda shi ne Firayim Minista na farko na Jamhuriyar Congo ta Farko, da kuma tantance ko wasu 'yan siyasan Belgium sun taka rawa. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2001, kwamitin ya fitar da rahotonsa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lachambre.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/lmb/312_6_volume1.pdf |title=Verslag van de parlementaire onderzoekscommissie belast met het vaststellen van de precieze omstandigheden waarin Patrice Lumumba werd vermoord en van de eventuele betrokkenheid daarbij van Belgische politici vol. I |publisher=Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers |date=16 November 2001 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Rahoton ya nuna cewa ko da yake babu wata shaida kai tsaye da ke nuna gwamnatin Belgium ta da hannu, tana da "alhakin ɗabi'a" kan halin da ya kai ga kashe Lumumba. Shugaban kwamitin Geert Versnick ya bukaci gwamnati ta ba da gafara ga dangin Lumumba, sannan jam’iyyun Agalev da Ecolo suka bukaci a biya diyya don al’ummar Congo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst06022002_001 |title=België biedt excuses aan voor Lumumba |author=Bart Beirlant |work=De Standaard |date=6 February 2002 |access-date=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> A shekarar 2002, Firayim Minista Guy Verhofstadt (VLD) ya nemi afuwa a madadin Belgium bisa halin da kasar ta taka wajen kashe Lumumba.<ref name="DE_STANDAARD_11020219">{{Cite news |url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20190211_04169029 |title=VN-experten vragen Belgische excuses voor koloniaal verleden |author=mg, yd |work=De Standaard |date=11 February 2019 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Ministan Harkokin Waje Louis Michel (MR) ya karanta jawabi a gaban Majalisar Wakilai a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2002, inda ya nemi gafara a madadin gwamnatin Belgium ga dangin Lumumba, Mpolo da Okito, da kuma jama'ar Congo. Ko da yake Michel bai yi amfani da kalmar "alhakin ɗabi'a" ba, ya ce wasu daga cikin 'yan majalisar da Belgians sun da hannu a cikin abubuwan da suka kai ga mutuwar Lumumba.<ref>{{Cite news |url= |format= |title= BELGA NEXT: Moord op Lumumba: België biedt zijn excuses aan |publisher=Belga |language=nl |date=5 February 2002 |access-date= }}</ref> === Filin Patrice Lumumba === A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2018, magajin garin Brussels Philippe Close (PS) ya bude Filin Patrice Lumumba a cikin birnin Brussels bayan majalisar gari ta amince da canza sunan a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2018.<ref name="De Coninck">{{Cite news |url=https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/lumumba-heeft-dan-toch-zijn-eigen-plein-tje-in-brussel-baf2a361/ |title=Lumumba heeft dan toch zijn eigen plein (tje) in Brussel |author=Douglas De Coninck |work=De Morgen |date=1 July 2018 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="Lumumbasquare VRT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/04/24/brussel-krijgt-een-plein-vernoemd-naar-patrice-lumumba/ |title=Brussel krijgt een plein vernoemd naar Patrice Lumumba |author=Belga |work=VRT NWS |date=24 April 2018 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Akwai irin wannan bukata a wasu garuruwa na kasar. A watan Janairu 2019, gwamnatin birnin Ghent ta bayyana cewa tana son girmama Lumumba da suna a titi ko fili. A baya, wasu masu fafutuka sun sauya sunan Titin Leopold II zuwa 'Titun Patrice Lumumba'.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hln.be/regio/gent/eerbetoon-aan-vermoorde-congolees-gent-krijgt-een-lumumbastraat~a45c3485/ |title=Eerbetoon aan vermoorde Congolees: Gent krijgt een Lumumbastraat |author=Sabine Van Damme |work=Het Laatste Nieuws |date=22 January 2019 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> A Janairu 2021, gwamnatin Ghent ta sanar da cewa za a canza sunan Titin Leopold II cikin shekara guda, kuma sunan Patrice Lumumba yana kan gaba daga jerin sunayen da za a iya amfani da su, ko da yake har yanzu ba a tabbatar ba ko za a sa masa wannan sunan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20210121_96144084 |title=Stad Gent schrapt Leopold II-laan, bewoners krijgen compensatie voor adreswijziging |author=Bert Staes |work=Het Nieuwsblad |date=21 January 2021 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> === AfricaMuseum === Ziyarar Sarki Philip na Belgium zuwa sabunta gidan tarihin Royal Museum for Central Africa (AfricaMuseum) da aka shirya a watan Disamba 2018 an soke ta, kamar yadda 'yan jarida suka ce, saboda muhawara da ke gudana, kuma Sarki ya so ya kasance tsaka-tsaki.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bruzz.be/samenleving/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum-2018-12-04 |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=EDB |work=BRUZZ |date=4 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum~af491f17/ |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=Bruno Struys |work=Het Laatste Nieuws |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/koning-komt-niet-naar-opening-africamuseum-bf491f17/ |title=Koning komt niet naar opening AfricaMuseum |author=Bruno Struys |work=De Morgen |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="VRT_NWS_03122018">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/12/03/koning-filip-niet-naar-heropening-africamuseum-tervuren/ |title=Koning Filip niet naar heropening AfricaMuseum Tervuren |author=Kristien Bonneure |work=VRT NWS |date=3 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> An kafa AfricaMuseum tun a farkon karni na 20 ta hannun Sarki Leopold II, wanda a lokacin shine mallakin Congo Free State.<ref name="VRT_NWS_03122018"/> Gidan tarihin ya samo asali ne daga wani baje kolin mallaka a cikin Brussels International Exposition (1897).<ref name="van Zijst">{{Cite news |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2262602-omstreden-africamuseum-verbouwd-maar-is-er-wel-genoeg-veranderd |title=Omstreden Africamuseum verbouwd, maar is er wel genoeg veranderd? |author=Elise van Zijst |work=NOS |date=8 December 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Saboda yawan jama'ar da suka ziyarce shi, aka mayar da shi na dindindin a 1904, aka gama gini a 1910.<ref>Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref> A farkon bayyanar da aka fara, akwai wani sashi da ake kira "gidan namun daji na mutane", inda Leopold II ya kawo Congolese 200 zuwa Belgium don nuna rayuwarsu. Daga cikin su, 7 sun mutu. A lokacin bude sabon gidan tarihin a 2018, an sanya alamar tunawa da su.<ref name="van Zijst"/> === Neman gafara ga 'ya'yan jini biyu === Daga 1959 zuwa 1962, a lokacin da Belgian Congo da Ruanda-Urundi suka sami ‘yanci, kusan yara 1,000 da suka fito daga iyayen Belgium da mata Congolese an kwashe su zuwa Belgium, an raba su da iyayensu. Mafi yawansu ba su da takardu kuma an ajiye su a gidan marayu da makarantu na Katolika. A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2019, Firayim Minista Charles Michel ya nemi afuwa a madadin Belgium.<ref name="Paelinck">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/04/03/premier-michel-biedt-excuses-aan-voor-behandeling-metiskinderen/ |title=Premier Michel biedt excuses aan voor behandeling metiskinderen uit koloniale periode |author=Gianni Paelinck |work=VRT NWS |date=3 April 2019 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |language=nl}}</ref> Kafin hakan, shugaban majalisa Siegfried Bracke (N-VA) ya yi bayani kan tarihin wannan lamari, da kuma cewa wannan gafarar ta samo asali ne daga wasu kudurori da majalisa ta amince da su a Flanders, Senate, da Majalisar Wakilai.<ref name="Kamanayo">{{Cite book |last=Kamanayo |first=Georges |date=May 2020 |title=Tussen twee werelden. Een leven in Europa en Afrika. |url=https://docplayer.nl/207639165-Tussen-t-wee-werelden-tus-u-sen-n-twee-were-r-ld-l-e-d-n-n-p-r-p-e-r-ss-e-ind-n-d-d-d.html |location= |publisher=Polis |pages=22–27 |isbn=9789463105255 |accessdate=30 June 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181714/https://docplayer.nl/207639165-Tussen-t-wee-werelden-tus-u-sen-n-twee-were-r-ld-l-e-d-n-n-p-r-p-e-r-ss-e-ind-n-d-d-d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan haka ne Charles Michel ya yi jawabin da aka karɓa da tafi, ciki har da daga ‘yan majalisa da wasu yaran jini biyu da suka halarta.<ref name="Paelinck"/> === Nadamar Sarkin Belgium ga Shugaban Congo === A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2020, yayin bikin shekaru 60 da samun ‘yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo, Sarki Philip ya rubuta wasika ga Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi. A ciki, ya ce: "Wannan tarihi yana da abubuwan kirki da kuma mawuyacin lokaci. A lokacin Congo Free State, an aikata ayyuka masu zafi da tashin hankali. A mulkin mallaka kuma, an ci gaba da wahala da tozarci. Ina bayyana matukar nadama kan wadannan raunuka na tarihi."<ref name="Filip">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/06/30/koning-filip-betuigt-diepste-spijt-voor-belgische-wandaden-in/ |title=Koning Filip betuigt "diepste spijt" voor Belgische wandaden in Congo |author=Belga |work=VRT NWS |date=30 June 2020 |accessdate=30 June 2021}}</ref> Wannan ne karo na farko da wani sarkin Belgium ya fito fili ya bayyana irin wadannan ayyuka.<ref name="Filip"/> Wasikar ta zo ne bayan wasu kiraye-kirayen da Joachim Coens (CD&V) da wasu suka yi na neman afuwa.<ref name="Coens"/> Duk da haka, bai ambaci rawar Sarki Leopold II ba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53232105 |accessdate=2 July 2020 |work=BBC News |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> Wasu masu fafutuka sun ce bai nemi gafara sosai ba.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/europe/belgium-drc-leopold-ii-regrets-scli-intl/index.html |title=Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities – but doesn't apologize |author=Rob Picheta |work=CNN |date=1 July 2020 |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} a8t2jea240rrmzishf54ytqct6h3hkm 0 105514 879001 659674 2026-07-08T16:15:38Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Obalufon Alayemore (Yoruba: Ɔbalùfọ̀n Aláyémọrọ), wanda kuma ake magana da shi a matsayin Ọbalùfọ̀n II ko kawai Alayemore, shi ne Ooni na Uku na Ife, babban [[Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya|sarkin gargajiya]] na Daular Ife. Ya gaji mahaifinsa Obalufon Ogbogbodirin. Ooni Oranmiyan ne ya tilastawa Obalufon Alayemore sauka daga mulki, daga baya kuma ya dawo tare da taimakon mazauna yankin domin kwato karagar mulki.<ref>Dayo, Ologundudu (2008). ''The cradle of Yoruba culture''. Nigeria: Centre for spoken words. p. 206. ISBN <bdi>978-0615220635</bdi>. Retrieved July 30, 2015.</ref> A cikin tarihin tarihi, Obalufon II ya yi suna saboda ƙwaƙƙarfan kamfen ɗinsa na soja da diflomasiyyar siyasa da ke da nufin maido da tasiri da ikon Ifè kan hanyoyin kasuwanci a yankin arewa. Obalufon II ya farfado da manufofin fadada da magabata suka bullo da shi a karni na goma sha biyu da goma sha uku, wadanda a baya suka fadada daular Ifè ta hada da Owu, [[Owo]], Edo, da kuma wasu muhimman yankuna na Ekiti da Igbomina, duk sun fada karkashin tasirin Ife.<ref>Ogundiran, Akinwumi (2020). The Yoruba: A New History. Indiana University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780253051509</nowiki>.</ref> Obalufon II yayi nasarar kwato yankunan da suka bata tare da kafa sabbin yankunan Ife. An danganta nasarorin da ya samu ga ’yan kan iyaka, wadanda suka kasance mafarauta, mayaka, masu aikin karfe maimakon manyan mutane. A lokacin mulkin Obalufon II, Ile-Ife ya mallaki manyan garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kan hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke haɗa ƙasar Yorùbá ta tsakiya da kogin Neja. Misali, an gano jerin matsugunai masu kamanceceniya da al'adar kayan aiki da Ile-Ife, musamman ta fuskar salon yumbu da kayan gine-gine irin su tukwane da fale-falen bango, tun daga Ile-Ife har zuwa Upper Osun, Igbomina, da Ekiti. An gina wadannan matsugunan ne ko kuma an karfafa su don tabbatar da hanyar Ife zuwa kogin Niger<ref>Ogundiran, Akinwumi (2020). ''The Yoruba: A New History''. Indiana University Press. ISBN <bdi>9780253051509</bdi>.</ref>[[Fayil:Orisha_crown_locally_called_"ADE_OBALUFON"_from_Osun_state.jpg|left|thumb|A locally made crown called "Ade Obalufon" from Osun state]] Ife ta kai kololuwar zamaninta na gargajiya a karkashin mulkin Obalufon II, wanda ya sami yalwar zaman lafiya da wadata a duk fadin yankin. Sunansa ya zama daidai da dukiya, ƙirƙira, tsaro, da kwanciyar hankali. Musamman yawan samar da gyalen gilasai da shigo da kayan aikin tagulla zuwa Ile-Ife ya yi yawa a zamanin mulkinsa, kuma ana yaba masa a al’adun baka wajen ba da hotunan tagulla na kakannin sarauta. Da yawa daga cikin masu yin tagulla daga Ile-Ife, wadanda suka yada sana’o’insu a sassa daban-daban na duniyar Yarabawa, watakila sun yi hakan a zamanin mulkinsa, kamar yadda al’adun baka na Ile-Ife, Ijebu-Ode, da Benin suka nuna. Saboda haka, Obalufon II ana girmama shi a yankuna da yawa na duniyar Yarabawa, ciki har da Benin, a matsayin majiɓincin ƙera kayan aikin tagulla.<ref name="Akinwumi">{{Cite book|last3=Akinwumi Ogundiran}}</ref> A yau an bayyana shi a matsayin majibincin fasahar simintin tagulla da masaku, amma kuma a matsayin allahn shugabanci na gari kuma wanda ya kafa Ogboni, kungiyar ta gano cewa yana da zabin masu mulki da kuma kiyaye hanyoyin kasuwanci. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan zane-zane wanda aka gano shi a matsayin majiɓinci shine tsantsar abin rufe fuska na jan karfe da aka nuna a nan kuma aka sani da mashin Obalufon. An dade da adana shi a cikin fadar a cikin dakin da aka gano tare da nadin sarauta kuma an yi imanin cewa ya taka rawa a cikin waɗannan bukukuwan. An kuma bayyana cewa shi ne sarkin Ile-Ife na farko da ya yi amfani da rawani a matsayin alamar hukuma<ref>Blier, Suzanne Preston (1985). "Kings, Crowns and Rites of Succession: Obalufon Arts at Ife and Other Yoruba Centers". ''Art Bulletin''. '''LXVII''' (3): 383–401. doi:10.1080/00043079.1985.10788279</ref> == Mutuwa == Wataƙila Obalufon II ya mutu ne sakamakon wata cuta mai yaduwa da ta addabi birnin a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na mulkinsa. Wannan kamuwa da cuta mai yiyuwa ne ƙanƙara, annoba mai maimaita a Ife.<ref name="Akinwumi">{{Cite book|last3=Akinwumi Ogundiran}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOgundiran2020">[[Akinwumi Ogundiran|Ogundiran, Akinwumi]] (2020). </cite></ref>Ana yi masa kallon babban sarkin Ife na ƙarshe. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5zhwapsk3yr89bkqh4fkig7m3r22t29 0 106299 878961 666193 2026-07-08T13:07:28Z Merjoor 14653 878961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na jihar Benue na shekarar 1999''' ya faru ne a Najeriya a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1999. Dan takarar [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] [[George Akume]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar [[All People's Party|APP]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-18 |title=1999 governors: Where are they now? |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/1999-governors-now/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Election Monitoring, 2,18 Feb 1999 |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_21899.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIGERIAN STATE ELECTED GOVERNORS - 1999 |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/focus/states/governors1999.html |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Nigeria World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2021-05-23 |publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref><ref name="NT">{{Cite web |last=Tracker |first=Nigerian |date=2021-03-22 |title=How First Set Of 1999 Governors Went To Political Oblivion |url=https://nigeriantracker.com/2021/03/22/how-first-set-of-1999-governors-went-to-political-oblivion/ |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=Nigerian Tracker |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aondowase, Nyam |year=2015 |title=AN ANALYSIS OF THE 2003 AND 2007 ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/53451/Nyam_Analysis_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=May 22, 2021 |format=PDF}}</ref> [[George Akume]] ya kayar da [[Mike Mku]] da sauransu don lashe zaben [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] a zaben fidda gwani. Abokin aikinsa shi ne Ogiri Ajene . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Imobo-Tswam, Simon |date=November 20, 2006 |title=Nigeria: Benue 2007 - Onoja Factorand Anointment Rumour |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200611201316.html |access-date=May 22, 2021 |website=All Africa |publisher=Daily Champion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel, Odang |title=State Governors and Their Deputies |url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies/ |access-date=May 31, 2021 |website=Rainbow Nigeria |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213047/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/10/08/state-governors-and-their-deputies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarin zabe == Ana zabar [[Jerin Sunayen Gwanonin Jihar Benue|Gwamnan Jihar Benue]] ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a. == Sakamakon == George Akume na PDP ya fito ya lashe gasar. <ref name="NT"/> <ref name="IFES">{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=Report on the Impact of IFES Activities in Nigeria, November 1998 to April 1999 |url=https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/r01781.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203164238/http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/r01781.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2017 |access-date=2021-05-20 |publisher=IFES}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=ROSE EJEMBI |date=December 31, 2009 |title=Suswam can't be Akume's boy –Gov's aide |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2009/dec/31/national-31-12-2009-04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124114928/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2009/dec/31/national-31-12-2009-04.htm |archive-date=January 24, 2010 |access-date=May 22, 2021 |publisher=Daily Sun}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benue State Governors |url=http://www.iambenue.com/benue-state/benue-state/benue-state-governors/ |access-date=May 22, 2021 |website=I Am Benue}}</ref> Adadin masu jefa kuri'a a jihar don zaben ya kai 1,806,121. Koyaya, an ba da katunan jefa kuri'a 1,813,000 a baya a jihar<ref name="IFES"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Egwu, Sam |last2=Leonard, David K. |last3=Matlosa, Khabele |date=2021-05-20 |title=NIGERIAN ELECTIONS SINCE 1999 |trans-title=What does Democracy Mean? |url=https://www.eisa.org/pdf/JAE8.1Egwu.pdf |journal=Journal of African Elections |publisher=EISA |volume=8 |issue=1 |access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> == Manazarta == qg4wttgprnk0kogigvjdwbg3ymnitch 0 107621 879332 671938 2026-07-09T05:21:55Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879332 wikitext text/x-wiki Shirin Daidaita [[Kiribati]] ('''KAP''') shiri ne na dala miliyan 5.5 wanda gwamnatin Kiribati ta kafa tare da goyon bayan [[Global Environment Facility|Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya]] (GEF), [[Bankin Duniya]], [[United Nations Development Program|Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], da Gwamnatin Japan. [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] daga baya ta shiga hadin gwiwa, ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1.5 ga kokarin. Shirin yana da niyyar faruwa sama da shekaru 6, tallafawa matakan da ke rage tasirin Kiribati ga tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] da hauhawar matakin teku ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi, kimantawa da kare albarkatun ruwa, da kuma sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa. A farkon Shirin Daidaitawa, wakilan daga kowane tsibirin da aka zauna sun gano manyan canje-canjen yanayi da suka faru a cikin shekaru 20-40 da suka gabata, kuma sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance waɗannan canje-canje a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gaggawa na bukata. Shirin yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bangarorin da suka fi rauni a kasar a yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da inganta gudanar da samar da ruwa a ciki da kewayen Tarawa; matakan kariya na kula da bakin teku kamar sake dasa mangrove da kariya ga ababen more rayuwa na jama'a; ƙarfafa dokoki don rage lalacewar bakin teku; da kuma shirin daidaita yawan jama'a don rage haɗarin mutum<ref>Government of Kiribati Climate Change Strategies Archived 2012-02-02 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Matakai Uku == Ana aiwatar da Shirin Daidaita Kiribati (KAP) a matakai uku 3: * Mataki na I: Shirye-shiryen (2003-2005, an kammala). Wannan matakin ya fara aiwatar da daidaitawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziki na kasa kuma ya gano saka hannun jari na farko don Mataki na II. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tsari mai zurfi na shawarwari na ƙasa kuma yana da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen Ci gaban Kasa na 2004-07 da Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Ma'aikatar, da kuma tattara Shirin Adaptation na Kasa (NAPA) wanda aka kammala a farkon 2007. * Mataki na II: Aiwatar da Jirgin Sama (2006-2010). Manufar wannan matakin na yanzu shine haɓaka da kuma nuna ganewar asali na tsarin matsalolin da suka shafi yanayi da ƙira da aiwatar da matakan daidaitawa masu tsada, yayin ci gaba da haɗa hankalin wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin yanayi]] da amsawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da aiki. * Mataki na III: fadada (2010-2015). Ana koyon darussan da yawa a cikin Mataki na II na yanzu kuma waɗannan suna sanar da ƙira da shirye-shiryen fadada shirin don [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] (CCA) wanda zai haɗa da matakan Rage Hadarin Bala'i (DRR) wanda, a Kiribati musamman, yana da alaƙa da shirye-aikacen sauyin yanayi. Bankin Duniya ya yaba da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Kiribati don kasancewa "shugaban duniya wajen kafa tushe don magance barazanar daga haɗarin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990", kodayake asalin dalilin karuwar waɗannan "haɗari" a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan shine [[Canjin yanayi|canjin yanayi na mutum]], maimakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi. == Bayan shekara ta 2010 == Gwamnatin Kiribati ta yi niyyar cewa bin aikin zai mai da hankali kan wurare biyu masu fifiko: kula da albarkatun ruwa da juriya na bakin teku. Waɗannan su ne manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da aka gano a cikin NAPA da kuma mayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi na KAPII da aka aiwatar tare da ma'aikatun gwamnati. Girman ayyukan matukin jirgi masu nasara zai goyi bayan babban burin daidaitawa da canjin yanayi da rage haɗarin bala'i a cikin manyan fannoni na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Kiribati. Dukkanin rahotanni na KAP na waje za a samu a [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106060656/http://www.climate.gov.ki/library.html Tashar canjin yanayi ta Gwamnatin Kiribati]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kiribati]] * Sanarwar Ambo * Taron Canjin Yanayi na Tarawa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Buga takardun KAP Bayanin tuntuɓar KAP Dabarun sauyin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati Portal canjin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati == Manazarta == qlw6qfc8ttohfyjdxrdslnfyk75e4dq 879335 879332 2026-07-09T05:23:29Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879335 wikitext text/x-wiki Shirin Daidaita [[Kiribati]] ('''KAP''') shiri ne na dala miliyan 5.5 wanda gwamnatin Kiribati ta kafa tare da goyon bayan [[Global Environment Facility|Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya]] (GEF), [[Bankin Duniya]], [[United Nations Development Program|Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], da Gwamnatin Japan. [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] daga baya ta shiga hadin gwiwa, ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1.5 ga kokarin. Shirin yana da niyyar faruwa sama da shekaru 6, tallafawa matakan da ke rage tasirin Kiribati ga tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] da hauhawar matakin teku ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi, kimantawa da kare albarkatun ruwa, da kuma sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa. A farkon Shirin Daidaitawa, wakilan daga kowane tsibirin da aka zauna sun gano manyan canje-canjen yanayi da suka faru a cikin shekaru 20-40 da suka gabata, kuma sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance waɗannan canje-canje a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gaggawa na bukata. Shirin yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bangarorin da suka fi rauni a kasar a yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da inganta gudanar da samar da ruwa a ciki da kewayen Tarawa; matakan kariya na kula da bakin teku kamar sake dasa mangrove da kariya ga ababen more rayuwa na jama'a; ƙarfafa dokoki don rage lalacewar bakin teku; da kuma shirin daidaita yawan jama'a don rage haɗarin mutum<ref>Government of Kiribati Climate Change Strategies Archived 2012-02-02 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Matakai Uku == Ana aiwatar da Shirin Daidaita Kiribati (KAP) a matakai uku 3: * Mataki na I: Shirye-shiryen (2003-2005, an kammala). Wannan matakin ya fara aiwatar da daidaitawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziƙi na kasa kuma ya gano saka hannun jari na farko don Mataki na II. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tsari mai zurfi na shawarwari na ƙasa kuma yana da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen Ci gaban Kasa na 2004-07 da Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Ma'aikatar, da kuma tattara Shirin Adaptation na Kasa (NAPA) wanda aka kammala a farkon 2007. * Mataki na II: Aiwatar da Jirgin Sama (2006-2010). Manufar wannan matakin na yanzu shine haɓaka da kuma nuna ganewar asali na tsarin matsalolin da suka shafi yanayi da ƙira da aiwatar da matakan daidaitawa masu tsada, yayin ci gaba da haɗa hankalin wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin yanayi]] da amsawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da aiki. * Mataki na III: fadada (2010-2015). Ana koyon darussan da yawa a cikin Mataki na II na yanzu kuma waɗannan suna sanar da ƙira da shirye-shiryen fadada shirin don [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] (CCA) wanda zai haɗa da matakan Rage Hadarin Bala'i (DRR) wanda, a Kiribati musamman, yana da alaƙa da shirye-aikacen sauyin yanayi. Bankin Duniya ya yaba da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Kiribati don kasancewa "shugaban duniya wajen kafa tushe don magance barazanar daga haɗarin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990", kodayake asalin dalilin karuwar waɗannan "haɗari" a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan shine [[Canjin yanayi|canjin yanayi na mutum]], maimakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi. == Bayan shekara ta 2010 == Gwamnatin Kiribati ta yi niyyar cewa bin aikin zai mai da hankali kan wurare biyu masu fifiko: kula da albarkatun ruwa da juriya na bakin teku. Waɗannan su ne manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da aka gano a cikin NAPA da kuma mayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi na KAPII da aka aiwatar tare da ma'aikatun gwamnati. Girman ayyukan matukin jirgi masu nasara zai goyi bayan babban burin daidaitawa da canjin yanayi da rage haɗarin bala'i a cikin manyan fannoni na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Kiribati. Dukkanin rahotanni na KAP na waje za a samu a [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106060656/http://www.climate.gov.ki/library.html Tashar canjin yanayi ta Gwamnatin Kiribati]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kiribati]] * Sanarwar Ambo * Taron Canjin Yanayi na Tarawa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Buga takardun KAP Bayanin tuntuɓar KAP Dabarun sauyin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati Portal canjin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati == Manazarta == 0w0i4qbuqzk3qk5dopsrabrkz131ztv 879338 879335 2026-07-09T05:24:59Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879338 wikitext text/x-wiki Shirin Daidaita [[Kiribati]] ('''KAP''') shiri ne na dala miliyan 5.5 wanda gwamnatin Kiribati ta kafa tare da goyon bayan [[Global Environment Facility|Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya]] (GEF), [[Bankin Duniya]], [[United Nations Development Program|Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], da Gwamnatin Japan. [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] daga baya ta shiga hadin gwiwa, ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1.5 ga kokarin. Shirin yana da niyyar faruwa sama da shekaru 6, tallafawa matakan da ke rage tasirin Kiribati ga tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] da hauhawar matakin teku ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi, kimantawa da kare albarkatun ruwa, da kuma sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa. A farkon Shirin Daidaitawa, wakilan daga kowane tsibirin da aka zauna sun gano manyan canje-canjen yanayi da suka faru a cikin shekaru 20-40 da suka gabata, kuma sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance waɗannan canje-canje a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gaggawa na bukata. Shirin yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bangarorin da suka fi rauni a kasar a yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da inganta gudanar da samar da ruwa a ciki da kewayen Tarawa; matakan kariya na kula da bakin teku kamar sake dasa mangrove da kariya ga ababen more rayuwa na jama'a; ƙarfafa dokoki don rage lalacewar bakin teku; da kuma shirin daidaita yawan jama'a don rage haɗarin mutum<ref>Government of Kiribati Climate Change Strategies Archived 2012-02-02 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Matakai Uku == Ana aiwatar da Shirin Daidaita Kiribati (KAP) a matakai uku 3: * Mataki na I: Shirye-shiryen (2003-2005, an kammala). Wannan matakin ya fara aiwatar da daidaitawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziƙi na kasa kuma ya gano saka hannun jari na farko don Mataki na II. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tsari mai zurfi na shawarwari na ƙasa kuma yana da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen Ci gaban Kasa na 2004-07 da Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Ma'aikatar, da kuma tattara Shirin Adaptation na Kasa (NAPA) wanda aka kammala a farkon 2007. * Mataki na II: Aiwatar da Jirgin Sama (2006-2010). Manufar wannan matakin na yanzu shine haɓaka da kuma nuna ganewar asali na tsarin matsalolin da suka shafi yanayi da ƙira da aiwatar da matakan daidaitawa masu tsada, yayin ci gaba da haɗa hankalin wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin yanayi]] da amsawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziƙi da aiki. * Mataki na III: fadada (2010-2015). Ana koyon darussan da yawa a cikin Mataki na II na yanzu kuma waɗannan suna sanar da ƙira da shirye-shiryen fadada shirin don [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] (CCA) wanda zai haɗa da matakan Rage Hadarin Bala'i (DRR) wanda, a Kiribati musamman, yana da alaƙa da shirye-aikacen sauyin yanayi. Bankin Duniya ya yaba da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Kiribati don kasancewa "shugaban duniya wajen kafa tushe don magance barazanar daga haɗarin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990", kodayake asalin dalilin karuwar waɗannan "haɗari" a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan shine [[Canjin yanayi|canjin yanayi na mutum]], maimakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi. == Bayan shekara ta 2010 == Gwamnatin Kiribati ta yi niyyar cewa bin aikin zai mai da hankali kan wurare biyu masu fifiko: kula da albarkatun ruwa da juriya na bakin teku. Waɗannan su ne manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da aka gano a cikin NAPA da kuma mayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi na KAPII da aka aiwatar tare da ma'aikatun gwamnati. Girman ayyukan matukin jirgi masu nasara zai goyi bayan babban burin daidaitawa da canjin yanayi da rage haɗarin bala'i a cikin manyan fannoni na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Kiribati. Dukkanin rahotanni na KAP na waje za a samu a [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106060656/http://www.climate.gov.ki/library.html Tashar canjin yanayi ta Gwamnatin Kiribati]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kiribati]] * Sanarwar Ambo * Taron Canjin Yanayi na Tarawa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Buga takardun KAP Bayanin tuntuɓar KAP Dabarun sauyin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati Portal canjin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati == Manazarta == 4xhkgcpl0rgtgls10fnly7zbbbm7c3i 879339 879338 2026-07-09T05:26:33Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879339 wikitext text/x-wiki Shirin Daidaita [[Kiribati]] ('''KAP''') shiri ne na dala miliyan 5.5 wanda gwamnatin Kiribati ta kafa tare da goyon bayan [[Global Environment Facility|Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya]] (GEF), [[Bankin Duniya]], [[United Nations Development Program|Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], da Gwamnatin Japan. [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] daga baya ta shiga hadin gwiwa, ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 1.5 ga kokarin. Shirin yana da niyyar faruwa sama da shekaru 6, tallafawa matakan da ke rage tasirin Kiribati ga tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]] da hauhawar matakin teku ta hanyar wayar da kan jama'a game da canjin yanayi, kimantawa da kare albarkatun ruwa, da kuma sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa. A farkon Shirin Daidaitawa, wakilan daga kowane tsibirin da aka zauna sun gano manyan canje-canjen yanayi da suka faru a cikin shekaru 20-40 da suka gabata, kuma sun ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance waɗannan canje-canje a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gaggawa na bukata. Shirin yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bangarorin da suka fi rauni a kasar a yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a. Shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da inganta gudanar da samar da ruwa a ciki da kewayen Tarawa; matakan kariya na kula da bakin teku kamar sake dasa mangrove da kariya ga ababen more rayuwa na jama'a; ƙarfafa dokoki don rage lalacewar bakin teku; da kuma shirin daidaita yawan jama'a don rage haɗarin mutum<ref>Government of Kiribati Climate Change Strategies Archived 2012-02-02 at the Wayback Machine</ref> == Matakai Uku == Ana aiwatar da Shirin Daidaita Kiribati (KAP) a matakai uku 3: * Mataki na I: Shirye-shiryen (2003-2005, an kammala). Wannan matakin ya fara aiwatar da daidaitawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziƙi na kasa kuma ya gano saka hannun jari na farko don Mataki na II. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tsari mai zurfi na shawarwari na ƙasa kuma yana da alaƙa da shirye-shiryen Ci gaban Kasa na 2004-07 da Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Ma'aikatar, da kuma tattara Shirin Adaptation na Kasa (NAPA) wanda aka kammala a farkon 2007. * Mataki na II: Aiwatar da Jirgin Sama (2006-2010). Manufar wannan matakin na yanzu shine haɓaka da kuma nuna ganewar asali na tsarin matsalolin da suka shafi yanayi da ƙira da aiwatar da matakan daidaitawa masu tsada, yayin ci gaba da haɗa hankalin wayar da kan jama'a game da [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin yanayi]] da amsawa cikin tsarin tattalin arziƙi da aiki. * Mataki na III: fadada (2010-2015). Ana koyon darussan da yawa a cikin Mataki na II na yanzu kuma waɗannan suna sanar da ƙira da shirye-shiryen faɗaɗa shirin don [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] (CCA) wanda zai haɗa da matakan Rage Hadarin Bala'i (DRR) wanda, a Kiribati musamman, yana da alaƙa da shirye-aikacen sauyin yanayi. Bankin Duniya ya yaba da Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Kiribati don kasancewa "shugaban duniya wajen kafa tushe don magance barazanar daga haɗarin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990", kodayake asalin dalilin karuwar waɗannan "haɗari" a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan shine [[Canjin yanayi|canjin yanayi na mutum]], maimakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi. == Bayan shekara ta 2010 == Gwamnatin Kiribati ta yi niyyar cewa bin aikin zai mai da hankali kan wurare biyu masu fifiko: kula da albarkatun ruwa da juriya na bakin teku. Waɗannan su ne manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da aka gano a cikin NAPA da kuma mayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi na KAPII da aka aiwatar tare da ma'aikatun gwamnati. Girman ayyukan matukin jirgi masu nasara zai goyi bayan babban burin daidaitawa da canjin yanayi da rage haɗarin bala'i a cikin manyan fannoni na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Kiribati. Dukkanin rahotanni na KAP na waje za a samu a [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106060656/http://www.climate.gov.ki/library.html Tashar canjin yanayi ta Gwamnatin Kiribati]. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kiribati]] * Sanarwar Ambo * Taron Canjin Yanayi na Tarawa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Buga takardun KAP Bayanin tuntuɓar KAP Dabarun sauyin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati Portal canjin yanayi na gwamnatin Kiribati == Manazarta == iiosjzn4fndtqd04qw3z7sw5z9wrmxl 0 107750 878995 795169 2026-07-08T16:12:00Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 878995 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Sister '''Mary Reilly''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 1930) malamar Katolika ce, jagora, mai ba da shawara, kuma Sister of Mercy daga Kudancin Providence, Rhode Island . Reilly ta kasance nun na tsawon shekaru 75, bayan ta shiga Mercys a shekarar 1948. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Edward Fitzpatrick Globe |title='God is not a "he," ' says 90-year-old founder of R.I. girls' school - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/rhode-island/2019/12/24/god-not-says-year-old-founder-girls-school/m7XTs8sYtEnexp0BrZ9j8I/story.html |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Reilly mace ce wacce aikinta ke mai da hankali kan karfafa mata da 'yan mata. Reilly kuma tana shiga cikin ayyukan don magance da kawo karshen canjin yanayi da fataucin mutane.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Milkovits |first=Amanda |title=Conference goers discuss strategies for stopping child sex trafficking |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/2013/12/10/20131210-conference-goers-discuss-strategies-for-stopping-child-sex-trafficking-ece/35380108007/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Providence Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Reilly a titin Dudley, a Kudancin Providence, ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas, waɗanda suka girma cikin talauci.<ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 1948, Reilly ta shiga ƙungiyar Sisters of Mercy ta addini.<ref name=":0"/> == Aiki a Rhode Island == A shekara ta 1970, Reilly ta shiga ƙungiyar hidima a St. Michael the Archangel Roman Catholic Church, inda ta sadu da matasan mata da yawa, marasa ilimi, waɗanda ba su da goyon baya kuma sun nuna rashin bege. Wannan ya sa Reilly ta kirkiro kungiyoyi ga matasa, uwaye masu karamin karfi don samun tallafi da ilimi. A shekara ta 1975, Reilly ya taimaka wajen gina Ma'aikatun McAuley, wanda ke ba da sabis daban-daban ga mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi, gami da shirin ci gaban gidaje da ma'aikata ga uwaye marasa aure da yaransu. Ma'aikatun kuma suna ba da abinci kusan 300 a rana ga mutanen da ba su da abinci. An sanya wa Ma'aikatar McAuley suna ne bayan wanda ya kafa Sisters of Mercy, Catherine McAuley, wanda, a cikin 1824, ya gina mafaka ga marasa gida don tallafawa da ilimantar da mata matalauta. Ya zuwa 2018, kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na Ma'aikatar McAuley ya kai dala miliyan 1.5. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=Patricia Andreu Special to The |title=Sister Mary: Tireless advocate for girls |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/lifestyle/2018/06/09/women-in-action-sister-mary-is-tireless-advocate-for-girls/7098488007/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Providence Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spotlight |first=Jim Hummel The Rhode Island |title=Many helping hands |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/2018/04/27/rhode-islands-mcauley-ministries-casts-its-net-wide-to-help-others/12372880007/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Providence Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1978, Reilly ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Good Friday Walk for Hunger a Rhode Island . Ana gudanar da tafiya a kowace shekara kuma tana tallafawa kungiyoyi na gida, na ƙasa, da na duniya a kokarin su na kawo karshen yunwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=Hundreds participate in annual Good Friday walk for the hungry |url=https://www.abc6.com/hundreds-participate-in-annual/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=ABC6 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202040049/https://www.abc6.com/hundreds-participate-in-annual/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowney |first=Brian J. |date=29 April 2011 |title=Good Friday Walk heightens awareness of poverty |url=https://www.thericatholic.com/stories/good-friday-walk-heightens-awareness-of-poverty,4054 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Rhode Island Catholic |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 1981, Reilly ya kafa Dorca's Place, wanda yanzu ake kira Dorcas International Institute of Rhode Island, shirin karatu da rubutu da ilmantarwa ga manya masu karamin karfi, musamman uwaye baƙi. Ita ce babbar mai ba da ilimin manya a Rhode Island . <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> A shekara ta 2001, Reilly ta kafa Sophia Academy, makarantar tsakiya mai zaman kanta ga 'yan mata daga ƙananan unguwanni na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kwalejin Sophia ta sami cikakken izini ta hanyar Association of Independent Schools of New England, wanda ya yaba da "shirin adalci na musamman da cikakke". A watan Yulin 2016, [[Malala Yousafzai]] ta ziyarci Kwalejin Sophia, don nuna makarantar a matsayin misali na daidaito na ilimi ga 'yan mata daga gidajen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=BRIAN CRANDALL AND JESSICA A. BOTELHO, NBC 10 |date=2016-07-28 |title=Malala surprises Sophia Academy students |url=https://turnto10.com/news/local/malala-surprises-sophia-academy-students |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=WJAR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-05-23 |title=Genocide Education Project of R.I. Announces Recipient of 2017 Genocide Educator of the Year Award |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2017/05/23/genedri-award2017/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=The Armenian Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2016, YWCA Rhode Island ta amince da Reilly a matsayin "Mace mai Nasara". A cikin 2018, Reilly ta yi bikin cika shekaru 70 a matsayin 'yar'uwar jinƙai. A cikin 2019, an shigar da Reilly cikin Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame saboda aikinta a matsayin malami, mishan, da kuma aikin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Award Winners |url=https://www.womenofachievementri.org/2016-award-winners-2/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2018 |title=Jubilarians celebrate many years of service |url=https://www.thericatholic.com/stories/jubilarians-celebrate-many-years-of-service,10238 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Rhode Island Catholic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily News Staff |title=Prominent Rhode Islanders to be inducted into state hall of fame |url=https://www.newportri.com/story/news/state/2019/04/25/prominent-rhode-islanders-to-be-inducted-into-state-hall-of-fame/5343594007/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Newport Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Mary Reilly – Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame |url=http://riheritagehalloffame.com/sister-mary-reilly/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasa == A cikin 1972, Reilly da wasu 'yan majami'a 47 sun tafi [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] kuma sun kafa NETWORK Nuns on the Bus, ƙungiyar adalci ta ƙasa wacce ke shiga cikin ƙungiyar al'umma. Ta zagaya jihohi 15 tare da masu fafutuka a cikin 2013, don inganta sake fasalin shige da fice na "bi-partisan, commonsense".<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A cikin shekarun 1960, Reilly ta yi shekaru shida a matsayin mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a [[Honduras]] da [[Belize]], wanda ya fallasa ta ga matsalar talauci a kasashe masu tasowa, musamman tsakanin mata, kuma ya inganta "sanin mata". <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> A shekara ta 1995, Reilly ta halarci taron duniya kan mata a [[Beijing]] . Wannan ya taimaka mata ta shirya don buɗe Kwalejin Sophia . <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4zrn1vq71ouvjjga0y6rmc38mpyq2ti 0 109187 879415 682188 2026-07-09T08:46:19Z BnHamid 12586 879415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:San_Francisco_Youth_Climate_Strike_-_March_15,_2019_-_29.jpg|thumb|Masu tafiya suna riƙe da tutar da ke dauke da kalmomin "Matasa da Ru'ya ta Yohanna". Yunkurin Yanayi na Matasa na San Francisco - Maris 15, 2019.]] Afocalypse yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don nuna yanayin da aka annabta wanda ya shafi rugujewar wayewar ɗan adam a duniya saboda sauyin yanayi.  Irin wannan rugujewar zai iya zuwa ta hanyar wasu abubuwa masu alaƙa da juna kamar yunwa, matsanancin yanayi, yaƙi da rikici, da cututtuka.  Akwai kalmomi iri ɗaya da yawa da ake amfani da su kamar dystopia yanayi, rugujewa, wasan ƙarewa, da bala'i == Ma'anar kalmar == A yanayi apocalypse iya zuwa ta hanyar ka'ida ta hanyar saiti na lokaci guda da suka danganci juna kamar yunwa (rashin amfanin gona, fari), matsanancin yanayi (guguwa, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]]), yaki (wanda ya haifar da karancin albarkatu) da rikici, tsarin haɗari (wanda ya danganta da [[Tasirin canjin yanayi|ƙaura]], yunwa, ko rikici), da cututtuka.<ref name="Kemp2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kemp |first=Luke |last2=Xu |first2=Chi |last3=Depledge |first3=Joanna |last4=Ebi |first4=Kristie L. |author-link4=Kristie Ebi |last5=Gibbins |first5=Goodwin |last6=Kohler |first6=Timothy A. |last7=Rockström |first7=Johan |author-link7=Johan Rockström |last8=Scheffer |first8=Marten |author-link8=Marten Scheffer |last9=Schellnhuber |first9=Hans Joachim |author-link9=Hans Joachim Schellnhuber |last10=Steffen |first10=Will |last11=Lenton |first11=Timothy M. |date=23 August 2022 |title=Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=34 |pages=e2108146119 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11908146K |doi=10.1073/pnas.2108146119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9407216 |pmid=35914185 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da yiwuwar === {{excerpt|Climate change and civilizational collapse|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Asalin == Magana da imani da ke tattare da apocalypticism suna da tushe mai zurfi a cikin mahallin addini, kuma irin wannan hanyoyin maganganu suna haifar da fassarorin apocalypth na duniya na yanayi. Fassarar tarihi sun fada cikin wahayi biyu na apocalypse: bala'i da ban dariya. Mummunar apocalypticism ta tsara kyakkyawan abu da mugunta, tare da abubuwan da aka riga aka tsara. Sabanin haka, tsarin wasan kwaikwayo yana jaddada ma'aikatar ɗan adam mara kyau, kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar buɗewa, episodic, da kuma ci gaba.<ref name=":4" /> Wasu daga cikin manyan littattafai a cikin muhalli suna amfani da ko dai mummunan ko ban dariya na apocalyptic: [[Rachel Carson]]'s Silent Spring (1962), Paul da [[Anne H. Ehrlich|Anne]] Ehrlich's The Population Bomb (1972), da Al Gore's Earth in the Balance (1992). <ref name=":4" /> Akwai al'adar Yammacin duniya na bayyana apocalypse na yanayi tare da hotuna da bayanin mahayan dawakai huɗu na Apocalypse da sauran siffofi na apocalypse of the Christian faith.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skrimshire |first=Stefan |date=2014 |title=Climate change and apocalyptic faith |journal=WIREs Climate Change |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=233–246 |bibcode=2014WIRCC...5..233S |doi=10.1002/wcc.264 |s2cid=143074932}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == === A cikin almara === {{excerpt|Climate fiction#Description of apocalyptic scenarios}} == Karɓar baƙi == Wasu masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa al'umma ba za ta iya fahimtar ainihin ƙarshen tsinkaya na duniya ba, kuma a maimakon haka, ƙarin gwamnatoci za su kasance a shirye su amsa da inganci don hana bala'i idan rahotanni sun tsara lamarin a matsayin ƙaramin matsala fiye da yadda yake.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Feinberg |first=Matthew |last2=Willer |first2=Robb |date=9 December 2010 |title=Apocalypse Soon? |journal=Psychological Science |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=34–38 |doi=10.1177/0956797610391911 |pmid=21148457 |s2cid=39153081}}</ref> Tattaunawa game da yiwuwar bala'i na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan al'umma ta hanyar sa mutane da yawa su ji cewa idan halin da ake ciki ya kasance mai ban tsoro, to dole ne a sami kyakkyawan shiri don hana shi don haka babu wani mataki da ake bukata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swyngedouw |first=Erik |date=March 2013 |title=Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures |journal=Capitalism Nature Socialism |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1080/10455752.2012.759252 |s2cid=143450923}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2023)">better&nbsp;source&nbsp;needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Kalmomin da suka danganci == Yanayin yanayi kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don komawa ga haɗarin rushewar al'umma da yiwuwar halakawar ɗan adam saboda [[tasirin canjin yanayi]]. Amfani da kalmar yana neman inganta kula da haɗari ta hanyar sanya fifiko mafi girma a kan yanayin mafi munin, don "haɓaka aiki, inganta juriya, da sanar da manufofi". <ref name="Carrington" /> An yi amfani da kalmar ''karshen wasan'' dangane da canjin yanayi ta wasu marubuta a baya, kamar a cikin littafin The Extinction Curve na John van der Velden da Rob White, wanda aka buga a 2021. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1pwfv9xlhytyghqxz0p41vp7unyw5qb 879416 879415 2026-07-09T08:47:06Z BnHamid 12586 879416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:San_Francisco_Youth_Climate_Strike_-_March_15,_2019_-_29.jpg|thumb|Masu tafiya suna riƙe da tutar da ke dauke da kalmomin "Matasa da Ru'ya ta Yohanna". Yunkurin Yanayi na Matasa na San Francisco - Maris 15, 2019.]] Afocalypse yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don nuna yanayin da aka annabta wanda ya shafi rugujewar wayewar ɗan adam a duniya saboda sauyin yanayi.  Irin wannan rugujewar zai iya zuwa ta hanyar wasu abubuwa masu alaƙa da juna kamar yunwa, matsanancin yanayi, yaƙi da rikici, da cututtuka.  Akwai kalmomi iri ɗaya da yawa da ake amfani da su kamar dystopia yanayi, rugujewa, wasan ƙarewa, da bala'i == Ma'anar kalmar == A yanayi apocalypse iya zuwa ta hanyar ka'ida ta hanyar saiti na lokaci guda da suka danganci juna kamar yunwa (rashin amfanin gona, fari), matsanancin yanayi (guguwa, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]]), yaki (wanda ya haifar da karancin albarkatu) da rikici, tsarin haɗari (wanda ya danganta da [[Tasirin canjin yanayi|ƙaura]], yunwa, ko rikici), da cututtuka.<ref name="Kemp2022">{{Cite journal |last=Kemp |first=Luke |last2=Xu |first2=Chi |last3=Depledge |first3=Joanna |last4=Ebi |first4=Kristie L. |author-link4=Kristie Ebi |last5=Gibbins |first5=Goodwin |last6=Kohler |first6=Timothy A. |last7=Rockström |first7=Johan |author-link7=Johan Rockström |last8=Scheffer |first8=Marten |author-link8=Marten Scheffer |last9=Schellnhuber |first9=Hans Joachim |author-link9=Hans Joachim Schellnhuber |last10=Steffen |first10=Will |last11=Lenton |first11=Timothy M. |date=23 August 2022 |title=Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=34 |pages=e2108146119 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11908146K |doi=10.1073/pnas.2108146119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9407216 |pmid=35914185 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da yiwuwar === {{excerpt|Climate change and civilizational collapse|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Asalin == Magana da imani da ke tattare da apocalypticism suna da tushe mai zurfi a cikin mahallin addini, kuma irin wannan hanyoyin maganganu suna haifar da fassarorin apocalypth na duniya na yanayi. Fassarar tarihi sun fada cikin wahayi biyu na apocalypse: bala'i da ban dariya. Mummunar apocalypticism ta tsara kyakkyawan abu da mugunta, tare da abubuwan da aka riga aka tsara. Sabanin haka, tsarin wasan kwaikwayo yana jaddada ma'aikatar ɗan adam mara kyau, kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar buɗewa, episodic, da kuma ci gaba.<ref name=":4" /> Wasu daga cikin manyan littattafai a cikin muhalli suna amfani da ko dai mummunan ko ban dariya na apocalyptic: [[Rachel Carson]]'s Silent Spring (1962), Paul da [[Anne H. Ehrlich|Anne]] Ehrlich's The Population Bomb (1972), da Al Gore's Earth in the Balance (1992). <ref name=":4" /> Akwai al'adar Yammacin duniya na bayyana apocalypse na yanayi tare da hotuna da bayanin mahayan dawakai huɗu na Apocalypse da sauran siffofi na apocalypse of the Christian faith.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skrimshire |first=Stefan |date=2014 |title=Climate change and apocalyptic faith |journal=WIREs Climate Change |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=233–246 |bibcode=2014WIRCC...5..233S |doi=10.1002/wcc.264 |s2cid=143074932}}</ref> == Amfani da shi == === A cikin almara === {{excerpt|Climate fiction#Description of apocalyptic scenarios}} == Karɓar baƙi == Wasu masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa al'umma ba za ta iya fahimtar ainihin ƙarshen tsinkaya na duniya ba, kuma a maimakon haka, ƙarin gwamnatoci za su kasance a shirye su amsa da inganci don hana bala'i idan rahotanni sun tsara lamarin a matsayin ƙaramin matsala fiye da yadda yake.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Feinberg |first=Matthew |last2=Willer |first2=Robb |date=9 December 2010 |title=Apocalypse Soon? |journal=Psychological Science |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=34–38 |doi=10.1177/0956797610391911 |pmid=21148457 |s2cid=39153081}}</ref> Tattaunawa game da yiwuwar bala'i na iya samun tasiri mai yawa a kan al'umma ta hanyar sa mutane da yawa su ji cewa idan halin da ake ciki ya kasance mai ban tsoro, to dole ne a sami kyakkyawan shiri don hana shi don haka babu wani mataki da ake bukata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swyngedouw |first=Erik |date=March 2013 |title=Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures |journal=Capitalism Nature Socialism |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1080/10455752.2012.759252 |s2cid=143450923}}</ref> [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] == Kalmomin da suka danganci == Yanayin yanayi kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don komawa ga haɗarin rushewar al'umma da yiwuwar halakawar ɗan adam saboda [[tasirin canjin yanayi]]. Amfani da kalmar yana neman inganta kula da haɗari ta hanyar sanya fifiko mafi girma a kan yanayin mafi munin, don "haɓaka aiki, inganta juriya, da sanar da manufofi". <ref name="Carrington" /> An yi amfani da kalmar ''karshen wasan'' dangane da canjin yanayi ta wasu marubuta a baya, kamar a cikin littafin The Extinction Curve na John van der Velden da Rob White, wanda aka buga a 2021. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} brast6bmmexk9ep4o5jmqzvjbcf0l8z 0 109777 878997 824252 2026-07-08T16:13:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 878997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Villa Gesell''' birni ne na bakin teku a Villa Gesell Partido, Lardin Buenos Aires, [[Argentina]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1931, tare da niyyar juya filin dune zuwa gonar katako.<ref name="hist"/> Ci gaban birnin ya ba shi damar haɗa biranen da ke kusa da Mar de las Pampas, Las Gaviotas da Mar Azul. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Carlos_Gesell.jpg|left|thumb|258x258px|Carlos Idaho Gesell, wanda ya kafa Villa Gesell]] Sunan garin bayan Carlos Idaho Gesell (1891–1979), ɗan masanin tattalin arzikin Jamus Silvio Gesell.  Carlos Gesell ya sayi itace a Tigre don kasuwancinsa, kuma yana son [[shuka]] pine a wani wuri kusa da Mar del Plata don rage farashi.  Gesell ba ya shirin gina birni a lokacin.  Héctor Guerrero, wanda ya mallaki mafi yawan filaye a yankin, ya gaya masa cewa yashi murabba'in kilomita 16.48 (6.36 sq mi) ana sayarwa akan pesos 28,000, kuma Gesell ya saye su a cikin 1931 lokacin da ya bincika ko akwai ruwan ƙasa a yankin.  Tsawon bakin tekun ya kai kilomita 10 (6.21 mi).  Nan da nan ya fara dazuzzuka, kuma ya gina wa kansa gida a 1932. Wannan gidan yanzu ya zama gidan kayan gargajiya na birni. .<ref name="hist"/> Aikin gandun daji bai ci gaba kamar yadda ake tsammani ba: iska mai ƙarfi mai gishiri ta motsa yashi kuma ta cutar da tsire-tsire, ta fallasa kuma ta bushe tushensu. Gesell ya hayar masanin ilimin noma na Jamus Carlos Bodesheim a shekarar 1934, wanda bai sami mafita ba. Daga nan sai ya aiwatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi guda biyu. Da farko, ya dasa ciyawa mai yawa, wanda zai iya rayuwa a cikin dunes, don ya rataye yashi a wurin. Ya dasa bishiyoyi tare da tushen tubed, don haka tushen ya nemi ruwa mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa kuma iska ba za ta iya tsage su ba. Har yanzu asarar ta kasance mai yawa, amma tana raguwa. A cikin 1938 ya koyi game da ''Acacia longifolia'' na Australiya, wanda ya dace da yashi da iskar saline, kuma ya kara yawan nitrogen. Acacia ya yi nasara, kuma ya shirya tsire-tsire don Acacias su kare bishiyoyi daga iska.<ref name="hist">[http://www.voyagesell.com.ar/villa-gesell/historia-de-villa-gesell/ Historia de Villa Gesell] {{In lang|es}}</ref> Carlos Gesell ya zauna har abada a yankin daga shekarar 1937 zuwa gaba. Ya fara rasa kudi a shekara ta 1940, don haka ya gina wani karamin lokaci mai suna "La Golondrina" (Spanish: The swallow). Masu yawon bude ido na farko sune Starks. Mista Stark ya kasance manajan reshen gida na kamfanin Siemens. Starks sun inganta garin a [[Buenos Aires]], kuma an gina wasu masauki na yawon bude ido. An haɗa garin da Hanyar Lardin 11 a cikin 1943.<ref name="hist"/> Tare da sabbin gidaje ga masu yawon bude ido da mazauna yankin, an juya yankin zuwa wurin zama na birni mai kyau, don haka Gesell ya fara kula da ayyukan birane da ake buƙata, kamar samar da abinci, wutar lantarki, man fetur da bita na mota. Ya haramta abin sha mai barasa, sigari da duk wani abu da ya dauka a matsayin mugunta. Ya yi tsayayya da kafa gidan caca na gida, wanda a ƙarshe aka kafa a garin Pinamar da ke kusa. Birnin ya ga babban shige da fice na Turai a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], wanda ya gina otal-otal na farko da gidajen cin abinci. Yawancin Italiyanci sun yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gini, kuma yawancin Mutanen Espanya suna gudanar da shaguna da otal-otal. Ci gaban birane ya karu sosai a cikin shekarun 1960, yayin da mutanen da suka sayi ƙasa kuma suka gina gidaje a cikin watanni shida aka mayar da su rabin farashin asalin ƙasar.<ref name="hist"/> Ginin ya fadada a hankali yana kan iyakar bakin teku, kuma a yau yana ci gaba da girma kuma ya haɗa wasu wuraren shakatawa guda uku zuwa kudu, wato, Mar de las Pampas, Las Gaviotas da Mar Azul. Villa Gesell ya kasance sanannen wurin yawon bude ido tun daga shekarun 1940. <ref name="hist"/> Villa Gesell ya zama sananne shekaru da yawa a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido ga matasa, amma a cikin 2008 gwamnatoci suna neman jawo hankalin masu yawon budewa a maimakon haka. An maye gurbin bikin "Gesell Rock" na shekara-shekara da wasan kwaikwayo na iyali. A cikin 2020 An kashe Fernando Báez Sosa a Villa Gesell, wanda ya sami sananne a duk faɗin ƙasar. == Yanayi == {{Weather box}} == Yawon shakatawa == [[Fayil:Villa_Gesell_playa.jpg|thumb|Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Villa Gesell.]] [[Fayil:Villa_Gesell_-_Dunas_(2).jpg|thumb|Dunes a Villa Gesell .]] Kasancewar birni na bakin teku, babban wurin yawon buɗe ido a cikin Villa Gesell shine bakin teku.[ Tekun Villa Gesell yana da nisan kilomita 10 (6 mi), tare da gangare mai laushi, da wuraren shakatawa iri-iri da aka gina tare; Garuruwan Mar de las Pampas, Las Gaviotas da Mar Azul da suka mamaye gabar tekun zuwa nisan kilomita 21 (13 mi)[] Birnin yana da ma'aikatan ceto 150. Akwai hasumiya mai nisan {{Convert|30|km|mi|0}} (19 zuwa kudu, kewaye da gandun daji, wanda shine makoma ga yawon shakatawa. Ita ce hasumiya ta biyu mafi girma a bakin tekun lardin Buenos Aires, ta biyu kawai a Bahía Blanca . Yankin da ke kusa da hasken wuta yana aiki a matsayin ajiyar yanayi. Birnin yana da gidan zoo, filin golf, kasuwar sana'o'i da yawa.<ref>[http://www.welcomeargentina.com/villagesell/ Villa Gesell] {{In lang|es}}</ref> Villa Gesell da Pinamar, biranen yawon bude ido guda biyu, suna da gasa ta yanki game da irin kasuwancin yawon bude hankali da suke kula da shi. Pinamar yana da niyyar masu yawon bude ido na Argentina masu arziki, yayin da Villa Gesell ke da niyyar matsakaicin aji.<ref>[http://www.minutouno.com.ar/minutouno/nota/65489__page_6/ Villa Gesell y Pinamar, "hippies" y "chetos": la guerra del verano que enfrenta a los adolescentes] {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Sufuri == Filin jirgin sama na Villa Gesell ne ke ba da sabis ga birnin. An gina Villa Gesell tare da babbar hanyar da ke gudana daidai da bakin teku. Gine-ginen yana da cakuda salon, tare da gine-gine daban-daban, siffofi da launuka.<ref name="Menos cemento, más madera y arena">[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/857721-menos-cemento-mas-madera-y-arena Menos cemento, más madera y arena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827011833/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/857721-menos-cemento-mas-madera-y-arena |date=2015-08-27 }} {{In lang|es}}</ref> An gano ci gaban birane a rairayin bakin teku yana da lahani ga muhalli, yayin da rairayin rairayin kan ya zama karami a hankali a kowace shekara. Birnin ya nemi juyar da wannan tasirin, kuma yayin da franchises na kowane spa ya fara karewa, ba a sabunta su ba. An rushe gine-ginen bulo da kankare kuma an maye gurbinsu da ƙananan gine-ginan katako. An dakatar da zirga-zirgar motoci kusa da rairayin bakin teku, kuma an ba da izinin hayar rairayin kankara a matsakaicin tanti 80.<ref name="Menos cemento, más madera y arena" /> == Kuskuren fim din ''X-Men'' == A cikin fim din 2011 X-Men: First Class, Magneto ya yi tafiya zuwa Villa Gesell, Argentina (kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin fim din), amma yanayin ya canza gaba ɗaya, kuma a maimakon haka ya nuna abin da ya yi kama da Bariloche, a yankin Patagonia na kudancin Argentina. Mazaunan Villa Gesell sun yi fushi game da rikice-rikice da kuskuren da wannan ya haifar, suna jin cewa fim din ya kamata ya nuna wa masu sauraro a duniya abin da Villa Gesell yake da gaske.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight Times Hollywood Got Argentina Wrong {{!}} The Bubble {{!}} Argentina News |url=https://www.thebubble.com/argentina-us-media/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119061756/http://www.thebubble.com/argentina-us-media |archive-date=2017-11-19}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=X-Men en Villa Gesell: Un error de película |url=http://www.pulsogeselino.com.ar/x-men-en-villa-gesell-un-error-de-pelicula/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cvqh6w90py9rqtuk7dmmqfr9gpd72qi 0 110527 878987 784359 2026-07-08T16:06:06Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rom_Colosseum_Sept_2021_2.jpg|thumb|Colosseum yana wakiltar wannan bambancin wanda darajar dukiya ta wuce jimlar sassan darajar da aka kiyasta dukiya, sassan da ke tattara zamantakewa, [[Al'ada|al'adu]], yawon bude ido amma kuma fasaha, [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]] da fannoni na archaeological ban da wakiltar alama ko gunkin.]] [[Fayil:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg|thumb|St. Peter's Basilica yana wakiltar babban [[Al'ada|al'adu]] [[Cocin katolika|Cocin]] [[Cocin katolika|Katolikawa]] da Vatican, daga [[tarihi]], al'adu, fasaha, [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]] amma sama da duk ra'ayi na addini, makoma ga [[Kirista|Kiristoci]], musamman Katolika.]] [[Fayil:Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_Milan_2013.jpg|thumb|[[Milan]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan">Santa Maria delle Grazie, wani ɓangare na al'adun [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]], coci ne da kuma gidan ibada na Dominican a Milan, arewacin Italiya, da kuma [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO]]. Gidan maigidana ya ƙunshi mural na The Last Supper by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], wanda ke cikin wurin cin abinci.]] [[Fayil:Palazzo_Quirinale_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri.jpg|thumb|Palazzo del Quirinale a [[Rum|Roma]], asalin gidan papa wanda Paparoma Gregory XII ya gina, yana wakiltar wani ɓangare na al'adun ƙasar Italiya, shine babban gidan hukuma na Shugaban Jamhuriyar Italiya.]] [[Fayil:Roma_Palazzo_Madama_(Senato_della_Repubblica).jpg|thumb|Palazzo Madama a [[Rum|Roma]] tana wakiltar wani ɓangare na al'adun ƙasar Italiya, wurin zama na Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar Italiya, babban gidan Majalisar dokokin Italiya.]] Ana iya raba dukiya a Italiya zuwa manyan bangarori biyu: zama da kasuwanci. Kasuwar tana sarrafawa ta ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a daban-daban, gami da CONFEDILIZIA (mai wakiltar masu mallakar dukiya) da '''FIAIP''' (mai wakilcin wakilan ƙasa). == Gidajen Jama'a da Tarihin Kasuwanci == Italiya a tarihi ta fuskanci matsalolin da ba su da isasshen gidaje na zamantakewa, musamman a cikin birane, inda karancin gidaje masu zama da ƙarancin ingancin gini ya ci gaba daga karni na 19 har zuwa lokacin bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Tsakanin shekarun 1970 zuwa 2016, kasuwar dukiyar Italiya ta sami sauye-sauye. Bayan annobar COVID-19, kasuwar ta ga raguwa a cikin 2020 amma ta warke a cikin 2021 da 2022. Bukatar bayan annobar ta sauya zuwa manyan gidaje tare da wuraren waje masu zaman kansu. == Al'adu da Tattalin Arziki == Kasuwar dukiyar Italiya tana da tasiri ta hanyar jaddada al'adu kan mallakar dukiya ta iyali, tare da gidaje galibi ana samun su ta hanyar gado. Wannan ya bambanta da kasuwannin kasuwanci kamar waɗanda ke Amurka da Ingila. Bugu da ƙari, Italiya ta guje wa mummunar rikice-rikicen kudi da aka haifar da kasuwannin ƙasa da suka shafi Amurka da sauran ƙasashen Turai a ƙarni na 20 da 21, tare da masana da yawa suna jayayya cewa kasuwar Italiya ta fi kwanciyar hankali kuma ba ta da saurin sauye-sauyen farashi. Italiya koyaushe ƙasa ce mai wadata a cikin ƙasa, musamman, dukiyar alatu. A cikin 2024, an kiyasta jimlar darajar kadarorin ƙasar Italiya tsakanin Yuro biliyan 5,000 da 10,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quanto vale il patrimonio immobiliare delle famiglie italiane? I dati aggiornati |url=https://www.immobiliare.it/news/osservatorio-immobiliare/opinioni/in-italia-quasi-4-case-su-10-hanno-piu-di-40-anni-20497/?msockid=1d36485fc7526a3210675d95c6bd6bef |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=immobiliare.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tre famiglie su quattro vivono in una casa di proprietà 6.000 miliardi è il valore totale del patrimonio abitativo Il patrimonio immobiliare italiano nel report del Dipartimento Finanze e delle Entrate |url=https://www.agenziaentrate.gov.it/portale/documents/20143/2242438/001_Com.+st.+Gli+immobili+in+Italia++02.01.20/42e5130b-52b5-8378-bfa8-4708b11dfba8 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=agenziaentrate.gov.it}}</ref> Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a cikin 2025 a kan bangaren ƙasa ya nuna cewa ainihin adadi shine euro tiriliyan 16. Adadin da ke la'akari da Al'adun al'adu na musamman na Italiya da kuma zuba jari na baya-bayan nan da na ci gaba don kare shi. Bugu da ƙari, idan an saka kadarorin da ke zaune a Italiya amma mallakar [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] da [[Vatican|Jihar Vatican]], an ɗaga wannan ƙididdigar a tiriliyan 25 na Yuro. A cikin 2024, kasuwar dukiyar Italiya ta sami karuwa mai yawa a sayar da gidaje masu zama tare da 15.8%, jinginar gida don siye ya karu da kashi 5.7% kuma farashin ya karu da 7.8%. Bugu da kari, akwai karuwar sayayya daga baƙi, galibi daga [[Jamus]], da kuma mazauna [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da Ingila. Jimlar ma'amaloli 8,100 don darajar sama da Yuro biliyan 5 da matsakaicin darajar sayan kusan Yuro dubu 640. Sayen alatu da dukiya masu daraja ta mazauna kasashen waje ba wai kawai yana faruwa ne don zama ko gidaje ba, har ma a matsayin nau'in saka hannun jari. A cikin 2024, sama da kashi 75% na Italiyanci za su mallaki akalla gida ɗaya. Zuba jari a cikin gidan zama ko gidan hutu ana ganin Italiyanci a matsayin kyakkyawan saka hannun jari wanda ke ba da kwanciyar hankali da tsaro a duk rayuwarsu. == Tarihin Gidauniyar Italiya == A cikin 2023, jimlar darajar kasuwar ƙasa a Italiya ta kasance kusan dala tiriliyan 10.2 na Amurka ko euro tiriliyan 9.0. Wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa wannan kasuwar za ta sami ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin shekaru biyar zuwa goma masu zuwa, wanda saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, tsara birane, ci gaban ababen more rayuwa na birane, birni, da ayyukan ci gaba mai dorewa suka haifar.<ref name=":4" /> Ana iya raba dukiya a Italiya zuwa bangaren kasuwanci da bangaren zama, daga cikinsu bangaren zama yana da asusun sama da rabin ma'amaloli a cikin 2020. Adadin masu mallakar gida a Italiya yana daga cikin mafi girma a Yammacin Turai, ya kai kashi 72%. Kasuwancin dukiya na kasuwanci a Italiya ya kai kimanin Yuro biliyan 900 a cikin 2020, kuma arewacin Italiya shine mafi kyawun shafin don saka hannun jari na dukiya. Matsakaicin farashin gidaje don sayarwa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025 ya kasance kusan Yuro 2,099 a kowace murabba'in mita, mafi girma a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. A watan Agustan 2023, farashin ya kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin shekaru biyu, wanda shine Yuro 1,971 a kowace murabba'in mita.<ref name=":6" /> Daga cikin yankuna na Italiya, farashin dukiya mafi girma sun kasance a Trentino Alto Adige (3,497 euro / m2), kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a Calabria (948 euro / m2). Kasuwar dukiyar Italiya ta yi maraba kuma ba ta sanya takunkumi ga saka hannun jari na kasashen waje ba. A cikin 2020, yawancin kudaden kasashen waje da aka saka hannun jari a cikin dukiyar Italiya sun fito ne daga Jamus da Ingila. Misali na zamantakewa na gidaje a Italiya shine cewa ana ganin gidaje a matsayin iyali kuma mutane galibi suna samun gidaje ta hanyar gado. Wannan ra'ayi ya bambanta da ƙasashe kamar Ingila da Amurka, inda ake sayar da gidaje a matsayin kadarorin kuɗi. Ra'ayi na gargajiya na gidaje da ka'idoji marasa ƙarfi sun haifar da wasu gine-gine ba bisa ka'ida ba na gidaje marasa inganci a matsayin hanya mai arha zuwa mallakar gida. Tun lokacin da aka ba da 'yanci ga kasuwar haya mai zaman kanta a cikin shekarun 1990, kariya ta zamantakewa ga masu haya ma ta kasance matalauta. == Karewa da kare yankin da dukiyar ƙasa daga barazanar == Abin takaici, wannan babbar dukiya tana fuskantar barazanar ruwan sama mai lalacewa akai-akai tare da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]], girgizar ƙasa, konewa, watsi da sakaci, da kuma lalacewa da datti. Duk waɗannan abubuwa sun haifar da karuwar farashin kiyayewa da kulawa ga iyalai na Italiya, wanda ga wasu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya zama ba za a iya jurewa ba. Gwamnatin Italiya ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar inganta aikin kulawa da daidaita makamashi tare da raguwar haraji wanda ya taimaka wajen warware matsalar farashi. Amma ba duk Italiyanci ba ne suka sami damar samun damar samun waɗannan raguwar haraji kuma suka dawo da kadarorinsu, musamman ma ƙananan masu samun kudin shiga, waɗanda ba su da wadata. Abin da ake kira "Superbonus 110%" harajin haraji bai kasance mai tasiri ba kamar yadda aka nufa, kawai Italiyanci na tsakiya ne suka sami damar amfani da waɗannan fa'idodin haraji da sabuntawa da dawo da kadarorinsu, daidaita su zuwa mafi kyawun makamashi. Duk da fa'idodi ga canjin makamashi, ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa a kasuwa da iyakantaccen tasiri a kasuwar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ma'auni ya ɗora nauyin kashe kuɗin jama'a, ba tare da son daidaitaccen kasafin kuɗi na jihar Italiya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superbonus |url=https://www.agenziaentrate.gov.it/portale/superbonus-110- |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=agenziaentrate.gov.it}}</ref> Baya ga abubuwan lalacewa saboda wani bangare na [[Canjin yanayi]], akwai kuma wadanda ke lalata kadarorin ƙasa kamar gine-gine Ba bisa ka'ida ba, zama ba bisa ka-ida ba, sata, ƙonewa, gurɓataccen abin da yafi aikata ta [[Laifi|masu laifi]], ƙungiyoyin masu laifi ko kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka. Amma Gwamnatin Italiya ta tura don yaki da wadannan abubuwa masu lalacewa, kariya ta farar hula daga cikin mafi kyau a duniya, masu kashe gobara da 'yan sanda daga cikin mafi inganci da tsari waɗanda suka iyakance kuma suka dakatar da waɗannan abubuwan masu lalacewa. Jihar Italiya ta mayar da martani ga gine-gine ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da rushewa da maido da wuri mai faɗi, ga zama ba bisa ka-ida ba tare le ayyukan korar da kuma kwashe gine-ginen da aka mamaye, ga sata a cikin gidaje da ƙauyuka tare da kama ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka waɗanda suka toshe da iyakance laifuka, ga dukiyar ƙungiyoyin masu laifi ta amsa da maidowa da sakewa, ga ƙonewa tare da ayyukan rigakafi da sarrafa yankin tare da kuma iyakance lalacewar aikin kariya na yankin da kuma ya baƙi ba da kuma ya amsa ga ayyukansawa. A ƙarshe, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan jihar Italiya ta ƙara ƙuduri aniyar ɗaukar matakai don kare yankin da dukiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANBSC Agenzia Nazionale per l'amministrazione e la destinazione dei beni sequestrati e confiscati alla criminalità organizzata |url=https://www.benisequestraticonfiscati.it/ |access-date=18 April 2025 |website=benisequestraticonfiscati.it/ |publisher=ANBSC}}</ref> == Sake gina yankin da dukiyar ƙasa == a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasar Italiya, ta hanyar cibiyoyi na gida, ta kasance mai karfi don sake gina birane tare da rushe gine-ginen da aka lalata ko kuma ta hanyar ra'ayi mai mahimmanci da zamantakewa. Misalin alama shine rugujewar jiragen ruwa na Scampia[1] a Naples, alamar tabarbarewar gine-gine, zamantakewa da ɗabi'a, wanda shekaru da yawa ke ƙarƙashin ikon ƙungiyoyin masu laifi. Kasar Italiya a halin yanzu tana aiwatar da aikin sake ginawa a Caivano, [2] samfuri ko hanyar da take son fadadawa zuwa dukkan sassan Italiya.[3] Sai dai har yanzu da sauran rina a kaba don gyara lamura na rugujewar birane kamar yadda suke faruwa a halin yanzu, inda yankunan birnin ke hannun kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na bakin haure. Kungiyoyin masu aikata laifukan da suka kunshi galibin bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba sukan yi gasa don kula da yankin don mu'amalar miyagun kwayoyi kuma galibi a karkashin kulawar kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka suna haifar da tashin hankali akai-akai kamar fada da ayyukan tashin hankali kamar sata da fyade[4] kan 'yan kasar Italiya da masu yawon bude ido. Waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda ke iya zama sassan garuruwa da ƙauyuka, na iya fuskantar faduwar darajar kadarorin na ɗan lokaci dangane da ko ci gaba da lalacewa ko a'a. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, [[Milano|Milan]], [5] alal misali, kamar sauran biranen Italiya, [6] [7] sun sami irin wannan juyin halittar laifi. Martanin ƙasar Italiya ga waɗannan masu laifi shine kamewa da danniya tare da kamawa, cirewa da kuma korar su daga yankin ƙasa dangane da girman laifukan.[8][9]. == Gidajen Jama'a == Kodayake yawan masu mallakar gida a Italiya yana da yawa, Italiya har yanzu tana kula da jerin ayyukan gidaje na zamantakewa da na jin dadin jama'a. Akwai nau'ikan gidaje masu tallafi guda uku a Italiya: * '''Gidaje masu tallafi''': gidajen haya da bangaren jama'a ke bayarwa ga mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi. Rents sun kai kusan 25% na kasuwar. * '''Gidaje masu taimako''': gidaje don haya da siyarwa, waɗanda aka ba wa mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaicin kuɗi, tare da tallafi tsakanin 10%-60% na farashin.<ref name=":8" /> * Gidaje masu zaman kansu: gidaje masu zaman kansa don haya ko siyarwa, tare da farashin da aka tsara ta yarjejeniya tsakanin masu samarwa da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]].<ref name=":8" /> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da hauhawar farashin gidaje da rashin daidaito na damar aiki, mutane da yawa suna da wahalar samun gidaje masu ɗorewa. Wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa rabo na haya na zamantakewa ya yi ƙanƙanta, game da 5.5% a cikin 2015, sabili da haka bai isa ya biya bukatun zamantakewa ba. Poggio da Boreiko sun yi iƙirarin cewa, a cikin 2015, akwai kimanin gidaje 650,000 da ke layi don gidan jama'a. Suna jayayya cewa babbar matsala a cikin tsarin gidaje na zamantakewa a Italiya ita ce rashin albarkatu don kula da gidajen zamantakewa da ke akwai da kuma ci gaba da fadadawa. Wani batu kuma shi ne cewa ba koyaushe ana ba da gidaje na zamantakewa ga waɗanda suka fi buƙata ba. Poggio da Boreiko sun bayyana cewa ka'idojin rabawa wani lokacin suna rikici kuma ba sa la'akari da canje-canje masu yiwuwa a yanayin masu nema. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa gidaje na jama'a a Italiya ba su cika bukatar gidaje na gidaje na ƙananan gidaje ba, kodayake suna motsawa a wannan hanyar. Halin da za a bi a nan gaba a cikin tsarin gidaje na zamantakewa shine canza ka'idodinsa don a iya rarraba gidaje na jama'a ga waɗanda suka fi buƙata. Wani yanayin shine magance matsalolin rarraba albarkatu da gudanarwa don cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin gidajen jama'a. == Ƙungiyoyin da suka dace == === Taron kai === CONFEDILIZIA kungiya ce ta kwararru wacce ke wakiltar masu mallakar dukiya, gami da masu mallakar mutum da manyan masu saka hannun jari a Italiya. Babban manufar CONFEDILIZIA ita ce kare haƙƙin masu mallakar dukiya a Italiya. CONFEDILIZIA za ta ba da horo da tarurruka ga membobinta don kiyaye su da masaniya game da sabbin bayanai game da dukiya a Italiya. Har ila yau, suna ba da sabis na shari'a ga masu mallakar dukiya don magance wasu batutuwan shari'a, na kasafin kuɗi, da na fasaha da suka shafi dukiya. Bugu da kari, CONFEDILIZIA kuma tana shirya ayyukan lobbying. A cikin yanayin Dokar Kasafin Kudin Italiya ta 2019, CONFEDILIZIA ta yi kira ga rubutun farashi mai laushi a kan kwangilar haya ta kasuwanci don yaƙi da wuraren da ba su da amfani da manufar kasuwanci wanda ya haifar da haraji mai yawa. Koyaya, a ƙarshe, ba su sami cikakkun sakamako ba yayin da aikace-aikacen harajin farashi ya iyakance ga kwangila da aka kammala a cikin 2019. '''Ƙungiyar Italiya ta Masu Kwarewar Gida''' Ƙasa wata babbar ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru. Ƙungiyar Turai ta amince da ita, FIAIP ƙungiya ce ta kasuwanci wacce ta ƙunshi fiye da wakilai na ƙasa dubu 10, hukumomin ƙasa dubu 15, ƙwararrun masana'antu dubu 45, da masu ba da shawara kan bashi 500. FIAIP tana da rassa 105 da ofisoshin yanki 20 a Italiya, suna ba da shawara, bayanai, da kariya ga membobinta. Babban aikin FIAIP shine saka idanu kan kasuwar dukiyar Italiya da kuma gabatar da bayanai. Har ila yau, yana ba da shawarwari don gyare-gyare na bangaren ƙasa, kuma wasu daga cikin shawarwarinsa an amince da su kuma an yi amfani da su ta Majalisar da Gwamnati. FIAIP kuma tana aiki don tsara kasuwar ƙasa a Italiya. Haɗin gwiwa da tattaunawa tare da abokan hulɗa, FIAIP ta kafa ka'idojin aiki ga wakilan ƙasa, wanda ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata ta Kasa (C.C.N.L.) a matakin farko a bangaren ƙasa. Bugu da kari, FIAIP ta kafa EBNAIP (National Bilateral Body for Professional Real Estate Agents), inganta aikace-aikacen C.C.N.L., da kuma samar da horo na kwararru da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga jami'an ƙasa. Har ila yau, tana gudanar da jarrabawar takaddun shaida ga wakilan ƙasa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙa'idodinta na ɓangaren. A cikin dubban shekaru da [[ƙarni]], Italiya, don yanayi mai sauƙi da kuma yanayin yanayi iri-iri, ya ba da cikakkiyar wuri don gina dukiyar alatu da kuma babban ƙimar fasaha da al'adu. A cikin tsibirin Italiya akwai shaidu masu yawa na archaeological na mazauna ko gine-gine a zamanin prehistoric, na pre-Nuragic, Nuragic, Phoenician da [[Mutanen Punic|Punic]] wayewa, musamman a [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]]. === Zamanin Mesolithic === [[Fayil:Matera_Luglio_2019.jpeg|thumb|Matera, Basilicata]] Matera, asalin birni na dutse, wanda aka san yankunan tagwaye da Sassi di Matera, an zauna tare da ci gaba da zama tun daga Mesolithic, tsakanin karni na 10 BC da karni na 7 BC. Sassi gidaje ne da aka haƙa a cikin dutsen calcarenitic kanta, wanda ke da alamar Basilicata da [[Apulia]]. Kalmar sasso ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] saxum, ma'ana tudu, dutse ko babban dutse. === Neolithic === [[Fayil:Monte_d'Accoddi.jpg|thumb|Haikali na Neolithic na Monte d'AccoddiDutsen Accoddi]] Ginin da ya fi tsufa a Italiya shine bagaden Monte d'Accoddi, wanda ke cikin Sardinia, tare da sassa mafi tsufa da aka tsara a kusa da 4000-3650 BC. === Nuragic === [[Fayil:Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_-_Barumini_-_Sardinia_-_Italy_-_01.jpg|thumb|Nuraghe Su Nuraxi, Barumini, [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]]]] Daga cikin yankuna a Italiya da Finikiyawa suka kafa, mafi girman shaidar tabbas shine tushe na birnin [[Palermo]], wanda ya faru a Karni na 8 BC, koda kuwa akwai alamun tsohuwar tarihi, na yankunan makwabta da aka zauna har ma a zamanin da. An kira mulkin mallaka na Phoenician 'Zyz' wanda a cikin Phoenician yana nufin furen. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafi mahimmancin mulkin mallaka na Phoenician na abin da ake kira triangle na Phoenicians, gami da Motya da Soluntum . Wannan tsohuwar sulhu ta farko ta biyo bayan wani na asalin Girka, wanda ake kira Paleapolis kuma daga baya na biyu kuma na asalin Girkanci da ake kira Neapolis, fadada zuwa teku na asalin Girika na farko, dukansu sun haifar da sulhu guda ɗaya da ake kira Panormos, wanda ke da iyaka da hanyoyi biyu na ruwa, don haka ya zama babban tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya zama mallakar [[Tsohon Carthage|Carthage]], har zuwa Yaƙin Punic na farko (264-241 BC) wanda Romawa suka ci Sicily. [[Fayil:Segesta_AncientGreekTemple_0932.jpg|thumb|Haikali na Doric na Segesta, Lardin Trapani]] [[Fayil:Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg|thumb|Pantheon, Roma]] [[Fayil:Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg|thumb|Bayani game da fadar sarauta daga Circus Maximus . Musamman sanannun sassan Domus Augustana a hagu (a gefen yamma) da Domus Severiana a dama (a gefin gabas).]] [[Fayil:Villa_Hadriana_(Villa_Adriana_Tivoli)_1000_03.jpg|thumb|Villa Adriana a cikin Tivoli]] Wayewar Roman tana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Italiya, da farko saboda ya haɗu da kansa a cikin al'ummomin da suka gabata kamar Etruscan, Girkanci, duka Magna Graecia da tsohuwar Girka, bayan sun ci yankuna biyu, da na sauran al'ummomin tsibirin Italiya, irin su Samnites, Volscimore, Fursin da sauransu a ko'ina cikin Bahar Rum.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; daukacin nahiyar Turai, ciki har da Ingila, sun samar da harsashin gine-ginen biranen Turai da dama da kuma dukkanin tekun Bahar Rum.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Gadar daular Romawa, duk da halakar da 'yan baranda suka yanke shawarar faɗuwarta, yana da girma, duka daga ra'ayi mai mahimmanci da tsari da kuma ra'ayi na al'adu: hanyoyi, gadoji, magudanar ruwa, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, amphitheaters, temples wanda da yawa daga baya suka zama majami'u, abubuwan tunawa, katakai, gine-gine da ƙauyuka.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Babban gadon gado, wanda aka fara yi masa fashi a tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance na Italiya sannan aka sake ganowa kuma aka dawo dasu a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi girma ga gadon hakika shine a Roma, wanda shine babban birnin daular, amma kuma a ko'ina cikin tsibirin Italiya, gudunmawar tana da ban mamaki.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; The Colosseum ko Flavian Amphitheater shi ne mafi girma da kuma mafi muhimmanci al'adunmu a Roma, da Phanteon, wanda shi ne haikalin keɓe ga dukan alloli, wanda daga baya aka tuba zuwa cikin Kirista coci, tare da dome shi ne wani m misali na Tsohon Roman injiniya, da Castel Sant'Angelo ko Mausoleum na Hadrian da gada, da Circus Maximus da sauran gine-gine na Roman arches<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; dukiya gadon Roma.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Jerin abubuwan tarihi na d ¯ a a Roma yana ba da ƙarin madaidaicin hoto na wannan katafaren gado.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Abin baƙin cikin shine, yawancin abubuwan tunawa sun lalace, na farko na Colosseum, tare da Fall of the Western Roman Empire, ba haka ba saboda lalata da barasa suka yi, ko watsi da rashin kulawa ko saboda abubuwan da suka faru na halitta, amma saboda sake amfani da kayan don gina sababbin gine-gine a tsakiyar zamanai da kuma Renaissance.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Duk da haka, kamar yadda a cikin sauran wayewar kai, sake ginawa, faɗaɗawa da sabuntawa kuma shine ikon wayewar Romawa don haka Roma ma birni ce mai ƙaƙƙarfa, wanda ƙasarsa ke ɓoye manyan abubuwan tarihi na archaeological.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; A cikin karkashin kasa Rome akwai tsoffin tituna, gida, wanka, magudanan ruwa da manyan catacombs.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Domus Aurea, wanda aka gina bisa tsari na Sarkin sarakuna Nero, shine cikakkiyar shaidar menene waɗannan canje-canjen suka kasance a lokacin daular Roma.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; An manta da shi tsawon ƙarni, an sake gano shi kwatsam a ƙarshen karni na 15, lokacin da wani matashi ɗan Romawa da gangan ya faɗa cikin rami a gefen tsaunin Oppian kuma ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani baƙon kogo, an lulluɓe shi da zane-zane.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; An kira shi Aurea saboda an gina shi kuma an ƙawata shi da zinariya da kayayyaki masu daraja, duk da haka an yi imanin ba a kammala shi ba, wanda ya ƙunshi gine-ginen gine-gine da wuraren koren da ke zama ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyen birni.[1][2]<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Bayan wannan katafaren villa, Sarkin sarakuna Nero ya zauna a cikin ƙawayen manyan Fadaje na Imperial na Dutsen Palatine wanda ke kallon dandalin Roman zuwa arewa, da Circus Maximus a kudu.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Dutsen Palatine yana da mahimmanci sosai cewa kalmar fadar kanta ta samo asali ne daga sunan tudun.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Sarakunan Romawa, ban da zama a cikin fadojin da ke kan tsaunin Palatine, sun gina manyan gidaje masu ban sha'awa a wajen Roma, kamar Gidan Tarihi na [[UNESCO]] na Hadrian's Villa a Tivoli.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Yayin da Sarkin sarakuna Tiberius ya gina gidaje 12 a Capri, ciki har da Villa Jovis.<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; Koyaya, a yau akwai ƙauyuka guda 3 waɗanda a bayyane suke kiyaye ainihin tsarin su har yanzu ana iya gani: Villa Jovis, Villa Damecuta da Palazzo a Mare. Rushewar Daular Romawa ta Yamma ta kawo a Italiya kirkirar masarautun [[Bagidaje|barbarians]] da yawa, kamar, misali, Masarautar Lombards, wanda ya samo asali a cikin ƙarni a cikin masarautar feudal. A wannan lokacin an gina ƙauyuka na zamani tare da ganuwa da hasumiyoyi masu garu. Saboda yaduwar raguwa a cikin mulkoki da iyayengiji, sau da yawa a yaƙi da juna, an gina manyan gidaje da sansani, sau da kullun a cikin ƙauyuka na zamani. A yau ana kare wasu a matsayin Tarihi mai daraja kuma a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO, kamar, alal misali, "Cibiyar Tarihi ta San Gimignano", a Tuscany ko [[Apulia]]" id="mwAoU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Andria a Apulia. Wadannan ƙauyuka, wanda kuma ake kira borghi, daga burgus, wanda aka gina da ganuwa da hasumiyoyi, sun samo asali ne daga [[Romawa na Da|Biranen Romawa]], wanda hakan ya samo asali ne Daga castrum da oppidum. Ƙauyen wuri ne na musayar da kasuwanci. Kasuwancin da ke ci gaba ya sami tagomashi ga tasowa na sabon zamantakewar al'umma, borghesia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borghesia |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/borghesia/ |access-date=19 April 2025 |website=treccani.it}}</ref> Biranen, da ke ƙara wadata da girma tare da kasuwanci, sun 'yantar da kansu daga ikon mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], suna hawa don zama yankuna masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda doge ke mulki, kamar yadda [[Genoa]] da [[Venezia|Venice]] ko sarakuna masu zaman kansu da kuma masu daraja. Wannan lokacin ya ga rikici tsakanin Guelphs da Ghibellines don rinjaye na iko tsakanin Paparoma da Sarkin sarakuna. Wadannan biranen sun zama birane-jihohi, masu arziki da iko don fadada mulkin su a kan ƙananan birane da ƙauyuka. [[Genoa]], [[Venezia|Venice]], Pisa da Amalfi sun zama Jamhuriyoyin teku masu ƙarfi. Daga cikin hasumiyoyin zamani na jamhuriyoyin teku, mafi mahimmanci sune Torre degli Embriaci a Genoa da Hasumiyar Leaning na Pisa. Italiya ta Tsakiya ta rabu zuwa jihohi da yawa ko sassan gudanarwa waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin takamaiman su. Har yanzu ana kiyaye al'adun dukiya na asalin zamani a Italiya. Yawancin waɗannan an kiyaye su mafi yawa na asali, yayin da wasu 'yan tsiraru na waɗannan gine-ginen suka sami gyare-gyare da faɗaɗa waɗanda suka shiga cikin gine-ginan [[Renaissance]] kuma waɗanda suka sami ƙarin gyare-gine a cikin lokutan baya. Wani karamin bangare ya ɓace ko ya lalace don buɗe hanyar sababbin gine-gine ko hanyoyi ko biyo bayan girgizar ƙasa ko abubuwan yaƙi. Mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun adanawa na zamani a Turai shine yankin San Pellegrino a Viterbo. Koyaya, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Viterbo kuma ya sha wahala mai tsanani ga al'adun al'adu, ya bar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na birnin ya lalace ko ya lalace sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I bombardamenti del 1944 - Presentazione |url=https://archiviodistatoviterbo.cultura.gov.it/i-bombardamenrti-del-1944-introduzione-alla-mostra |website=archiviodistatoviterbo.cultura.gov.it |publisher=Archivio di Stato di Viterbo}}</ref> [[Fayil:Piazza_della_signoria,_palazzo_vecchio,_veduta_01.jpg|thumb|Palazzo della Signoria ko Palazzo Vecchio, alama ce ta ikon mulkin mallaka na Florence da na Jamhuriyar Florence.]] [[Fayil:20110725_Castello_Sforzesco_Milan_5557.jpg|thumb|Gidan Sforza, alama ce ta ikon siyasa da soja na gidan Sforza.]] Canjin daga Late Middle Ages zuwa Renaissance na Italiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rinascimento |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/rinascimento/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=treccani.it |publisher=treccani.it}}</ref> ya ga tabbatar da Jamhuriyar Maritime na Genoa da Venice, [[Florence]]" id="mwAsc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Florence">Jamhuriyar Florence, Papal States tare da Roma, Duchy na Savoy, da [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]]" id="mwAso" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy na Milan da sauran ƙananan jihohi, yayin da a Kudancin tsibirin aka kafa Masarautar Naples, Masarautar Sicily da Masarautar Sardinia. Wadannan jihohin da iyalai masu daraja ke mulki, ko kuma wadanda suka zama masu daraja, sau da yawa a yaƙi da rikici da juna ko kuma tare da kawancen aure, suna ƙoƙarin fadada ikonsu da yankunansu, a cikin tabbatar da mulkin su, sun gina manyan gidaje, majami'u da birane kuma galibi suna tallafawa masu zane-zane kamar masu zane-zanen, masu zane-gine da gine-zane. Wannan motsi na tarihi, fasaha da gine-gine ana kiransa Renaissance na Italiya. Renaissance, wanda aka fahimta a matsayin sake haihuwa, ya dawo rayuwa, bayan lokacin [[Black Death]] wanda ya faru a Turai daga 1346 zuwa 1353. Gidan Medici a Florence ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Renaissance na Italiya, kuma musamman tare da Lorenzo de 'Medici, wanda ya zama mafi iko mai kula da al'adun Renaissance a Italiya kuma saboda wannan dalili an kira shi Lorenzo Il Magnifico .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mèdici, Lorenzo de', detto il Magnifico |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/medici-lorenzo-de-detto-il-magnifico/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=treccani.it |publisher=treccani.it}}</ref> Lorenzo de 'Medici ya haɗu da manyan masu zane-zane da gine-gine na lokacinsa, daga cikinsu [[Leonardo da Vinci]] ya fito, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu basira na ɗan adam, wanda da farko ya yi aiki a Florence amma daga baya ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a hidimar Ludovico Sforza a Milan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonardo da Vinci |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/leonardo-da-vinci/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=treccani.it |publisher=treccani.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ludovico Sforza duca di Milano, detto il Moro |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ludovico-sforza-duca-di-milano-detto-il-moro/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=treccani.it |publisher=treccani.it}}</ref> Gidan Sforza, magada na Visconti, sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Renaissance na Italiya a cikin Duchy na Milan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sfòrza |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sforza/ |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=treccani.it |publisher=treccani.it}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 308zh4qxq1clyo541urt6qxhlcdeprf 0 110532 879089 748115 2026-07-08T18:01:14Z ~2026-38660-25 46774 879089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Image:LGBT Ensign of Pakistan.svg|thumb|Sake yin tutar Pakistan bisa ga tutocin 'yan luwadi na duniya]] [[Image:Transgender Pakistani Pride Ensign.webp|thumb|Tutar kare hakkin masu canza jinsi ta Pakistan.]] Yin jima'i na jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan {{!}} Outright International |url=https://outrightinternational.org/our-work/asia/pakistan |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=outrightinternational.org |language=en}}</ref> Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, da queer mutane a Pakistan suna fuskantar matsalolin shari'a da zamantakewa da tsanantawa idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ba LGBTQ ba. Dokar Shari'a ta Pakistan ta 1860, wacce aka samo asali ne a karkashin mulkin Burtaniya, ta haramta sodomy tare da yiwuwar hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru biyu zuwa hukuncin rai da rai da tarar. Duk da haramtacciyar haramtacciya, ayyukan luwadi ne kawai hukumomi ke gurfanar da su a wasu lokuta, amma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don barazana da cin zarafin masu luwadi a karkashin barazanar gurfanar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country profile: Pakistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/pakistan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101183738/https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/pakistan/ |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Human Dignity Trust}}</ref> Ana amfani da wasu ka'idojin ɗabi'a da tsari na jama'a a cikin Dokar Shari'a don yin niyya ga 'yan Pakistan LGBTQ. Wani babbar matsala na iya zama 'yan sanda masu tsaro da kashe-kashen da kungiyoyin Islama da ta'addanci suka yi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community |url=https://www.modbee.com/opinion/article84283982.html |website=The Modesto Bee}}</ref> 'Yan sanda na iya yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma su kama mutane na LGBTQ duk da cewa doka ta bayyana akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> Nuna bambanci da rashin amincewa da al'ummar LGBTQ da kuma lalacewar zamantakewar da ke tattare da ita, wanda zai iya haifar da tsangwama da tashin hankali, ya sa ya zama da wahala ga mutanen LGBTQ su sami dangantaka mai ɗorewa. Duk da haka, al'ummar LGBTQ har yanzu suna iya yin hulɗa, tsarawa, kwanan wata, har ma - a lokuta masu wuya - suna zaune tare a matsayin ma'aurata, idan an yi su galibi a asirce. Ba a ba da izinin auren jinsi ɗaya ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar yanzu kuma ba a taɓa kawo su cikin tattaunawar siyasa ba, tare da kama mutanen da suka shiga auren jinsi ɗaya kuma ana gurfanar da su. Pakistan ba ta da dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama don hana nuna bambanci ko cin zarafi bisa ga yanayin Jima'i. A cikin wani hukunci na tarihi na shekara ta 2009, Kotun Koli ta Pakistan ta yanke hukunci a cikin goyon bayan 'yancin farar hula ga' yan asalin jinsi, kuma ƙarin hukunce-hukuncen kotu sun tabbatar da kara waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta zartar da Dokar Transgender Persons (Kariya ta Hakki), 2018, wanda ya kafa kariya mai zurfi ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi. == Aiwatar da doka == Sashe na 377 na Dokar Shari'a ta Pakistan (PPC) ya bayyana 'haɗin jiki game da tsari na yanayi', kamar yadda za'a iya hukunta shi da tarar da / ko ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 2 zuwa rai. Wannan ba ya haifar da hukunci ko gurfanar da shi a kotunan shari'a, amma wani lokacin 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar cire cin hanci ko fa'idodi na jima'i a ƙarƙashin barazanar gurfanar, musamman a kan maza masu luwadi da mata masu canza launin fata, waɗanda kuma zasu iya fuskantar cin zarafi, wulakanci, da tashin hankali daga' yan sanda, gami da cin zarafin jima'i.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta lura cewa an kama masu luwadi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata a cikin 2018, 2019 da 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |last2=Pakistan |first2=Government of |date=2018-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan Global AIDS Monitoring 2018 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1441173.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2020-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2038364.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2019-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2019 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2024673.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.coi.net |language=en}}</ref> Laifin Zina a cikin Dokar Hudood ya aikata laifuka a duk wani nau'i na shiga cikin jima'i a waje da aure. Shari'ar Shari'a tana ɗauke da hukunci mai tsanani ga luwadi daga ɗaurin kurkuku na shekaru 2-10 ko na rai, ko na bulala 100 ko dutse har zuwa mutuwa idan mutumin ya yi aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HIV/AIDS |first=Joint United Nations Programme on |date=2020-01-01 |title=Country progress report - Pakistan; Global AIDS Monitoring 2020 |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2038364.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.ecoi.net |language=en}}</ref> IRB ta lura cewa saboda bukatun hujja, hukunci a karkashin Shari'ar Shari'a ba su da yawa, amma tsoro ya kasance mai girma.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=2018-06-05 |title=Responses to Information Requests |url=https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457702&pls=1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irb-cisr.gc.ca |language=en}}</ref> IGLA ta lura cewa kodayake hukuncin kisa ya kasance zaɓi, ba shi da wata shaida cewa an taɓa aiwatar da hukuncin kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State-Sponsored Homophobia report 2019 |url=https://ilga.org/resources/state-sponsored-homophobia-report-2019/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=ILGA World |language=en-UK}}</ref> Dokar 2018 Transgender Persons (Kariya ta Hakki) (Dokar TPPR) tana ba da izini ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi. Duk da haka mutane da yawa sun lura cewa ana ci gaba da kama mutanen da ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma waɗanda aka gano su a matsayin wani jinsi ana bi da su a matsayin masu adawa da jinsi.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Immigration and Refugee Board of |date=2018-06-05 |title=Responses to Information Requests |url=https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457702&pls=1 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irb-cisr.gc.ca |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFCanada2018">Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (5 June 2018). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daudpota |first=Shazeya |date=2020-08-13 |title=Justice for Julie Khan: Arrested in an alleged fabricated case |url=https://www.incpak.com/national/justice-for-julie-khan/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=INCPak |language=en-US}}</ref> Saboda rashin kariya ta nuna bambanci da yaduwar homophobia tsakanin hukumomi, LGBTQ gabaɗaya ba sa son buɗewa game da jima'i saboda suna iya fuskantar cin zarafi kamar auren tilas, kisan girmamawa, wulakanci, nuna bambanci ga al'umma da cin zarafi. Suna damuwa cewa idan an san jima'i, ana iya fallasa su ga tashin hankali ko zamba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 "Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible)"]. </cite></ref> Mutumin da ke rayuwa a bayyane a matsayin LGBTQ na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin magani daga 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba kamar kungiyoyin Islama da kungiyoyin ta'addanci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pakistan-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-and-expression-pakistan-april-2022-accessible--2 "Country policy and information note: Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, Pakistan, April 2022 (accessible)"]. </cite></ref> == Shari'a ta jima'i na jinsi ɗaya == Dokar Pakistan cakuda ne na Dokar Burtaniya da dokar Islama. Sashe na Dokar Shari'a wanda ke aikata laifuka na jima'i guda ɗaya ya gaji daga mulkin mallaka na Raj na Burtaniya; an kafa shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1860 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1862. Lord Macaulay ne ya rubuta shi, wanda ake kira Indian Penal Code 1860, ya sanya ayyukan jima'i na maza ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta "Unnatural Offences". Bayan da Pakistan ta sami 'yancin kai a 1947, Majalisar ta riƙe Dokar Shari'a, kawai ta canza taken zuwa Dokar Shari'ar Pakistan (Dokar XLV ta 1860). A cikin Dokar Shari'a, Mataki na 377 ("Laifuka marasa kyau") ya ce: "Duk wanda ya yi jima'i da son rai ba tare da tsari na yanayi ba tare da kowane mutum, mace ko dabba, za a hukunta shi da ɗaurin kurkuku ... na wa'adin da ba zai kasance ƙasa da shekaru biyu ko fiye da shekaru goma ba, kuma zai kasance da alhakin tarar".<ref name="ppc xlv">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/1860/actXLVof1860.html |access-date=12 February 2014 |website=Pakistani Legislation}}</ref> Wataƙila yankin da ke kunshe da Pakistan ya sami rinjaye daga dabi'un homophobic a wani lokaci da ya gabata fiye da sauran yankunan Asiya kamar Indosphere da Sinosphere. Shaida daga ayyukan wallafe-wallafen da zane-zane da suka shafi [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]], Buddha da Islama sun nuna cewa an raina jima'i ba tare da jima'i da jima'in ba ko kuma an hana shi tun aƙalla 250 BC. A tarihi a kusa da 250 BC, a lokacin Daular Parthian, an rubuta rubutun Zoroastarian Vendidad. Ya ƙunshi tanadi waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na ka'idar jima'i da ke inganta jima'i na haihuwa wanda aka fassara don hana jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin zunubi. Tsohon sharhin kan wannan nassi ya nuna cewa ana iya kashe wadanda ke yin sodomy ba tare da izini daga babban firist ba.<ref name="ZoroTenents">{{Cite web |last=Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda |date=1990 |title=The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion |url=http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/vndimp33.html |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=tenets.zoroastrianism.com}}</ref><ref name="Frashogard">{{Cite web |last=Ervad Marzban Hathiram |title=Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad |url=http://www.frashogard.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/the-vendidad-part-3.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=frashogard.com}}</ref><ref name="HI">{{Cite web |title=Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands |url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/index.htm |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=heritageinstitute.com |publisher=Heritage Institute}}</ref> Aiwatar da dokokin da ke adawa da luwadi ba a tilasta su ba amma har yanzu suna faruwa. A shekara ta 2014 wani mutumin Pakistan ya nemi mafaka a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] saboda tsoron da za a ɗaure shi saboda luwadi a Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=Gay man faces possible jail term in Pakistan after deportation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/am/gay-man-faces-possible-jail-term-in-pakistan-after/5183010 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}</ref> A farkon 2023 an kama mutane da yawa saboda shiga cikin batsa na ɗan luwaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Pakistan makes dozens of arrests over same-sex, pornographic {{as written|acti|vties [sic]}} |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/06-Jan-2023/pakistan-makes-dozens-of-arrests-over-same-sex-pornographic-activties |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |language=en}}</ref> Matsalar da ta fi girma na iya zama sa ido kan 'yan sanda da kashe-kashen da kungiyoyin Islama da ta'addanci suka yi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community |url=https://www.modbee.com/opinion/article84283982.html |website=The Modesto Bee}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.modbee.com/opinion/article84283982.html "Terrorists in Pakistan targeting LGBTQ community"]. </cite></ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na Musulunci a Pakistan a ƙarƙashin [[Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq|Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], an kafa Dokokin Hudud a cikin 1979, suna ba da horo mai tsanani don zina, fasikanci, shan barasa da sodomy. Dangane da rahoton shekara-shekara na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2021 game da ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a Pakistan, ba a aiwatar da Dokokin Hudood ba "tun lokacin da aka ɗaga dokar soja a shekarar 1985", kuma babu sanannun shari'o'in da ake amfani da shi ga halayyar jima'i. Babu wani sanannen kisa da aka yi don aikin ɗan luwaɗi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q139iguwj7xtpvdj2gzskgzuv1nnufs 0 111865 878986 878004 2026-07-08T16:05:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878986 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:National_Union_of_Students_UK_logo.png|alt=Logo of National Union of Students UK|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Takaitaccen bayani | class="infobox-data nickname" |NUS |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |<span class="nowrap">10 Fabrairu 1922<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 103 da suka gabata&#x20;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1922-02-10</span>)&nbsp;</span> <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="387">[http://www.nus.org.uk/en/who-we-are/our-history/a-brief-history/ "A brief history: Our History: Who We Are: www.nus.org.uk"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="388"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</span></cite></ref>&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |[[London|Landan]], Ingila, Burtaniya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data note" |goyon baya ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da ɗalibai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kasancewa memba | class="infobox-data" |~ ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai 600 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Harshen hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Turanci, Welsh (NUS Wales) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[List of Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)|Shugaban kasa]]</div> | class="infobox-data" |Amira Campbell <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.nus.org.uk/nus-announces-newly-elected-full-time-officers "NUS announces newly elected Officer team"]. </cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |[[Subsidiary|Rukunin reshe]] | class="infobox-data" |Ayyukan NUS Limited, NUS Holdings Limited, Ayyukan Taimako na Tarayyar Dalibai na NUS, NUS Media Limited |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Haɗin kai | class="infobox-data" |[[European Students' Union|Kungiyar Dalibai ta Turai]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://www.nus.org.uk www.nus.org.uk]</span> |} '''Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa''' ('''NUS''') ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a duk faɗin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] . Kimanin Kungiyoyin dalibai 600 suna da alaƙa, suna da alaka da sama da kashi 95% na dukkan kungiyoyin ilimi na sama da na gaba a Burtaniya. Kodayake Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ita ce ƙungiya ta tsakiya ga duk ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa a Burtaniya, akwai kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa: NUS Scotland a Scotland, NUS Wales (''UCM Cymru'') a Wales da NUS-USI a Arewacin Ireland (wanda Ƙungiyar Dalibai a Ireland ke gudanar da shi tare). == Kasancewa memba == There are four types of membership of NUS:[citation needed]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership of NUS |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/nus-uk/who-we-are/membership-of-nus |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> * Ana ba da membobin kundin tsarin mulki ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ta Taron Kasa ko Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta hanyar kuri'un kashi biyu bisa uku * Ana ba da memba na mutum ta atomatik ga membobin ƙungiyar ɗalibai tare da membobin ƙauyuka, jami'an sabbatical na membobin ƙuƙwalwa, membobin Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa da masu taron sabbatical ta Yankunan NUS * Ana ba da membobin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar kashi biyu bisa uku na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa zuwa: Ƙungiyoyin Dalibai a cikin Ƙungiya - duk ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai na ƙasa Ƙungiyoyin Abokan hulɗa a cikin Ƙungiyar - ƙungiyoyin da ba ɗalibai ba waɗanda ke jin tausayi da NUS Individuals in Association - duk mutumin da ke tallafawa abubuwan Yankin NUS - ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban da aka ayyana a cikin ƙasa ** ''Kungiyoyin Dalibai a cikin Kungiyar -'' duk wata ƙungiya ta ɗalibai ta ƙasa ** ''Kungiyoyin Abokan hulɗa a cikin Ƙungiya'' - kungiyoyin da ba na ɗalibai ba waɗanda ke jin tausayi da NUS ** Mutanen da ke cikin Ƙungiya - duk wani mutum wanda ke tallafawa abubuwan NUS ** ''Yankunan NUS'' - ƙungiyoyin da aka ayyana a cikin ƙasa na ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai * Taron kasa yana ba da memba na girmamawa ga "duk wani mutum ko ƙungiya kamar yadda ya ga ya dace" Daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan membobin, kawai membobin ƙauyuka ne zasu iya jefa kuri'a ko gabatar da shawarwarin manufofi ga Taron Kasa. Ana buƙatar membobin kundin tsarin mulki da membobin haɗin gwiwa su biya kuɗin biyan kuɗi a matsayin yanayin membobinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Association & Rules |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/pageassets/about/democraticprocess/NUS_Articles_Rules_Aug12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105032545/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/pageassets/about/democraticprocess/NUS_Articles_Rules_Aug12.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=National Union of Students}}</ref> == Tarihi == {{National Union of Students (United Kingdom)}} [[Fayil:Sir_Ivison_Macadam.jpg|right|thumb|Sir Ivison Macadam shine shugaban da ya kafa NUS. Daga baya ya zama Darakta Janar na farko na Royal Institute of International Affairs .]] === Asalin da tarihin farko === An kafa NUS a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1922 a wani taro da aka gudanar a Jami'ar London. A wannan taron, Inter-Varsity Association da Ofishin Dalibai na Duniya (wanda ya shirya tafiye-tafiye na dalibai kuma yana neman ƙungiyar ƙasa) sun amince da haɗuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-14 |title=National Union of Students |url=https://en.unesco.org/prize-esd/2016laureates/nus |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our story @ NUS Connect |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/nus-uk/who-we-are/our-story |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Mambobin da suka kafa sun hada da kungiyoyin kwadago na Jami'ar [[Birmingham]], Birkbeck, Jami'ar London, Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, Kwalejin Imperial (wanda ya fara barin a 1923 kuma daga baya ya sake komawa kuma ya bar sau uku, karo na karshe ya kasance a watan Yunin 2008), Kwalejin Sarki ta London (wanda ya samar da Shugaban farko, Sir Ivison Macadam) da Jami'ar [[Bristol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2006 |title=Students start voting on NUS membership {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/2945/students-start-voting-nus-membership/ |access-date=2020-04-11 |website=Imperial News |language=en}}</ref> === Siyasa da Broad Left, 1968-1982 === Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin da aka kafa, Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta karɓi sashi na "marasa siyasa" a cikin sashin ta a ƙoƙarin nisanta kanta daga dalilan da ya sa Yakin ya ɓarke. Ta haka ne ya damu da kansa game da hulɗar ɗalibai da tafiye-tafiye masu arha, tallafin ɗalibai da abubuwan da ɗalibai ke so. An kalubalanci wannan yarjejeniyar apolitical tare da zanga-zangar kasa da kasa ta 1968 kuma yayin da Yakin Cold ya kara tsanantawa. A taron NUS na 1969, shugaban kasar Trevor Fisk ya yi adawa da Jack Straw (wanda ke kusa da Bert Ramelson na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya, amma daga baya Sakataren Harkokin Waje a karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin [[Tony Blair]]) kan batun. Straw ya goyi bayan zanga-zangar dalibai game da shigar da sojojin Amurka a cikin Yaƙin [[Vietnam]], yayin da Fisk ya ba da shawarar tsaka-tsaki; bangaren Straw ya ci nasara kuma an cire sashi na "babu siyasa". Sabuwar zamani ta fara ga NUS, inda tashin hankali na siyasa da zanga-zangar suka zama kafa. Digby Jacks ya biyo bayan Straw a matsayin shugaban kasa, wanda ke wakiltar kungiyar Radical Student Alliance (wanda Fergus Nicholson ya kafa a shekarar 1966) kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya. A cewar rahotanni na gwamnatin Burtaniya ta zamani, an haɗa RSA da Kamfen ɗin Solidarity na Vietnam wanda Trotskyist ke jagoranta kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da ''Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund'' (yana shirya zanga-zangar bayan harbin Rudi Dutschke). Rahoton gwamnati ya bayyana cewa "Idan suna da Littafi Mai-Tsarki na akida ya ƙunshi aikin Farfesa Herbert Marcuse, Mutumin Ɗaya. " Dangane da ra'ayin Marcusian na kare kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru na siyasa, a cikin shekarun 1970s, NUS ta zo don tallafawa abin da ta kira "kamfen na' yanci", gami da; [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|'Yancin ɗan luwaɗi]] (Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta farko da ta yi haka a 1973), mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da kishin ƙasa. A lokaci guda, NUS ta karɓi manufofin No Platform; ra'ayi da IMG ta fara a cikin 1972; don hana ƙungiyar harabar da jawabin kungiyoyin 'yan kasa na Burtaniya waɗanda ta ayyana su "mai wariyar launin fata ko fascist". A lokacin, an yi niyyar wannan ne ga National Front da kuma Litinin Club (wani bangare a cikin Tarayyar Dalibai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya). Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin al'amuran [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]], inda yawancin cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma akwai mambobi na NUS da Union of Students in Ireland (USI), kodayake wannan ya bambanta daga shari'a zuwa shari'a. Lalle ne, shugabannin biyu na NUS a baya a cikin shekarun 1960 sun fito ne daga Jami'ar Sarauniya ta Belfast (Queen's ko QUB); T. William Savage da T. Geoff Martin. Rikicin 1968-69 a Arewacin Ireland ya ga farkon Matsalar da rarrabuwar ɗarika ta fito fili. Bayan mambobin QUBSU sun shirya zanga-zangar adawa da dan siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Unionist Bill Craig, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na lokacin, wasu mambobi kamar Bernadette Devlin, Eamonn McCann da Michael Farrell sun yanke shawarar kafa kungiyar Trotskyist People's Democracy a shekarar 1968, wanda ya taka rawar gani a cikin Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na Arewacin Ireland. Bayan wani taro a Galway a 1972, don yaki da rarrabuwar, an amince da cewa za a kafa wata kungiya da ake kira NUS-USI tare da mambobi biyu don rufe Arewacin Ireland. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfen ɗin zanga-zangar NUS wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s shine kamfen ɗin kauracewa jam'iyyar National Party da ke mulkin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Anti-Apartheid Movement . A shekara ta 1970, mataimakin shugaban NUS Tony Klug ya ziyarci Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya sadu da [[Steve Biko]] na [[Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu|SASO]] da sauransu.<ref name="aa" /> Har ila yau, membobin sun yi ƙoƙari su rushe wasannin rugby da cricket na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1970s. A cikin shekarun 1980s, NUS ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun Bankin Barclay ya fitar da shi daga Afirka ta Kudu, yana kai masa hari a matsayin "Bankin Boerclay".<ref name="aa" /> A cikin wannan lokacin, shugabancin NUS ya mamaye Broad Left, wanda Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya (inda Kwaminisanci ta Yuro ta fi shahara a tsakanin dalibai maimakon masu adawa da sake fasalin Soviet "Tankie") sun fi yawa kuma yawanci suna ba da shugaban, amma Labour da Liberals sun goyi bayan su. Sun yi haka don yin aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar jefa kuri'a a kan Conservatives da Militant. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shugabannin Broad Left shi ne Charles Clarke (daga baya Sakataren Cikin Gida a karkashin Blair) wanda a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Sashe na Hudu, ya lashe Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun daga tasirin Militant. Sauran shugabanni sun hada da Sue Slipman (wanda ya fara a bangaren Yurocommunist a Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya amma ya zama memba mai kafa Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party a shekara ta 1981), Trevor Phillips (mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa kuma shugaban NUS na farko, wanda daga baya ya jagoranci ƙungiyar alaƙar launin fata Runnymede Trust) da David Aaronovitch (wanda a lokacin ya kasance Yurocomunist, amma daga baya ya zama ɗan jarida da ya haɗa da Neoconservatism). === Shugabancin daliban Labour, 1982-2000 === Daga 1982 tare da zaben Neil Stewart, har sai Andrew Pakes ya sauka a shekara ta 2000, shugabancin kungiyar dalibai ta kasa ya kasance karkashin ikon kungiyar dalibai na Labour, wanda ya taƙaita sunansa zuwa daliban Labour a 1994. Shahararrun Shugabannin NUS na wannan lokacin sun hada da Phil Woolas, Maeve Sherlock da Stephen Twigg . === Tarihi a cikin karni na 21 === ==== Kasuwanci Mai Kyau ==== Dalibai a Jami'ar Edinburgh ne suka fara Gangamin Fairtrade NUS a cikin kaka 2005. Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda yanzu ya kasance tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da yawa a Biritaniya, yana kira ga 100% na abubuwan sha masu zafi (shayi, kofi, cakulan zafi, da sauransu) waɗanda ƙungiyoyin membobin NUS suka siyar don a ba da izini tare da Fairtrade[citation]. Tun daga wannan lokacin an faɗaɗa kamfen ɗin zuwa cikin Dalibai da ke Shirya Tsaro (SOS-UK), ƙungiyar agaji ta ilimi da ke amsawa ga gaggawa ta yanayi da rikicin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students Organising for Sustainability |url=https://sustainability.unioncloud.org/ |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=NUS}}</ref> Gidauniyar Fairtrade ta haɗu da NUS wajen bayar da kyautar Jami'o'i da Kwalejojin Fairtrade, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities and College |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get%20involved/In-your-community/Universities |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706232722/https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/get%20involved/In-your-community/Universities |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ya fara ne a matsayin matukin jirgi a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=Fairtrade and NUS pilot new University and College Award scheme |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/fairtrade-and-nus-pilot-new-university-and-college-award-scheme/ |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=NUS |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706195054/https://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/fairtrade-and-nus-pilot-new-university-and-college-award-scheme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2020, jami'o'i goma sha biyu sun sami matsayin Fairtrade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2020 |title=12 UNIVERSITIES HAVE ACHIEVED FAIRTRADE STATUS IN NATIONWIDE FAIRTRADE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE AWARD |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Media-Centre/News/June-2020/12-Universities-have-achieved-Fairtrade-status-in-nationwide-Fairtrade-University-and-College-Award |access-date=July 6, 2020 |website=Fairtrade Foundation}}</ref> ==== Kudin ilimi ==== {{Universities in the United Kingdom}}A karkashin jagorancin Wes Streeting NUS ta watsar da jajircewarta na dogon lokaci ga Ilimi kyauta kuma ta goyi bayan harajin digiri a matsayin sakamakon da ta fi so na Browne Review a cikin kudaden ilimi mafi girma. Kafin Babban Zabe na 2010, NUS ta gayyaci 'yan takara su sanya hannu kan alkawarin da ba za su kara kudaden karatu ba, suna karɓar masu sa hannu sama da 1000 daga' yan takarar majalisa. Wannan ya zama babban kamfen lokacin da 'yan majalisa da yawa na Liberal Democrat, wadanda duk sun sanya hannu kan alkawuran NUS da ke nuna cewa za su jefa kuri'a a kan duk wani hauhawar kudaden karatu idan aka zabe su, dole ne su guji ko kuma su yi akasin haka a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa. NUS, a karkashin sabon shugaban Aaron Porter, ta shirya zanga-zangar kasa da dubban mutane suka halarta a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010, suna neman kawo karshen yanke ilimi. Hanyar tafiya ta wuce Whitehall da hedkwatar Jam'iyyar Conservative a Hasumiyar Millbank. Yayin da suka wuce ginin, wasu masu zanga-zangar sun karkatar da su zuwa farfajiyar Millbank Tower kuma sun fara zama a ginin. Tare da halartar mutane sama da 50,000, ita ce zanga-zangar Burtaniya mafi girma tun bayan zanga-zambe na Yakin Iraki. Wannan ya haifar da karin demos daban-daban har sai an wuce hauhawar kudaden karatun. Ranar da ta gabata kafin kuri'ar don ba da damar karuwar kudaden karatun, Daily Telegraph ta ruwaito cewa sun ga imel ɗin da suka ba da shawarar Aaron Porter ya goyi bayan, maimakon ƙara kudaden karatun ya kamata a yanke har zuwa 80% don kunshin tallafin ɗalibai ciki har da tallafi da rance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2010 |title=National Union of Students secretly urged Government to make deep cuts in student grants |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8190379/National-Union-of-Students-secretly-urged-Government-to-make-deep-cuts-in-student-grants.html |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Porter ya amsa da'awar da aka yi a kan NUS Connect cewa "A duk waɗannan tarurruka da sadarwa mun bayyana ƙarfinmu da adawa da yankewa" kuma cewa karkatar da tattaunawar ita ce "tsananin siyasa daga gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da ta rasa muhawara a kan manufofinta".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=NUS responds to Telegraph article |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/6001/1173/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212222919/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/6001/1173/ |archive-date=12 December 2010 |access-date=9 December 2010 |publisher=NUS Connect}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2014 Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa ta zartar da manufofi a taron ta na kasa don juyar da matsayinta game da kudaden ilimi. An watsar da kiran neman harajin digiri don neman kira ga Ilimi kyauta wanda aka tallafawa ta hanyar haraji mai ci gaba. ==== Binciken Gudanarwa ==== [[Fayil:National_union_of_students_uk_logo.PNG|right|thumb|242x242px|Alamar NUS da aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa 2013]] {{European Students' Union}}Taron na 2008 a Blackpool ya mamaye muhawara da kuri'a. Shawarwarin sun kasance don sake fasalin gudanar da Tarayyar amma kuri'un sun rasa kuri'un da kuri'u 25 (an buƙaci kashi biyu bisa uku). An soki bita saboda abin da masu sukar suka ji ya zama hari kan alhakin dimokuradiyya na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS Governance Review defeated at last stage – Education-News-News-UPSU.net<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.upsu.net/news/union/democracy/2008/04/01/nus-governance-revie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090236/http://www.upsu.net/news/union/democracy/2008/04/01/nus-governance-revie.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka magoya bayanta sun kare bita kamar yadda suke samar da tsarin kamfanoni na 'matsayi' wanda ake fatan sanya shi mafi inganci a tattauna manufofin, maimakon kawai 'mai amsawa'. Mutane da yawa a cikin zartarwa ba su karɓi wannan da kyau ba tare da Shugaban kasa, Gemma Tumelty, yana rantsuwa da ci gaba da sake fasalin. Rashin ci gaba a kan sake fasalin mulki ya kuma sa Imperial College Union ta gudanar da raba gardama kan rashin shiga tsakani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashley Brown |date=19 May 2008 |title=Live! – Council Calls NUS Referendum |url=http://live.cgcu.net/news/1769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213148/http://live.cgcu.net/news/1769 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Live.cgcu.net}}</ref> ==== ISIS, Malia Bouattia, da kuma rashin shiga tsakani ==== A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa na NUS ya ki amincewa da wata yunkuri don hukunta kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Islamic State saboda wasu mambobin zartarwa "sun ji cewa kalmomin da aka gabatar za su lalata dukkan Musulmai ba tare da adalci ba maimakon kawai ƙungiyar mutanen da ta fara hukuntawa da kyau. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222144258/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |publisher=NUS connect}}</ref> NUS ta sami zargi saboda wannan matsayi saboda la'akari da ita a baya ga jam'iyyar siyasa ta UKIP. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2014 |title=NUS will condemn Israel and Ukip but not Isis |url=http://i100.independent.co.uk/article/nus-will-condemn-israel-and-ukip-but-not-isis--lJLK98e7Ul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213184443/http://i100.independent.co.uk/article/nus-will-condemn-israel-and-ukip-but-not-isis--lJLK98e7Ul |archive-date=13 February 2016 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Duk da wata sanarwa daga NUS da ke tabbatar da cewa "za a kai sabon motsi zuwa taron kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na NUS na gaba, wanda zai yi Allah wadai da siyasa da hanyoyin ISIS kuma ya ba da hadin kai ga mutanen Kurdawa, "tsarin kafofin watsa labarai game da kuri'un ya sa wasu mambobin kungiyar dalibai suyi hasashen cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun shiga NUS kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion |url=http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222144258/http://www.nusconnect.org.uk/news/article/nus/NUS-statement-on-NEC-motion/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=nusconnect |publisher=NUS}}</ref> A taron zartarwa mai zuwa a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2014, an sake gabatar da irin wannan yunkuri, wanda ya yi Allah wadai da ISIS, ya nuna hadin kai ga mutanen Kurdawa, kuma ya yi kira ga NUS da ta kalubalanci "Islamophobia da duk nau'ikan wariyar launin fata da ake yi musu bulala" kuma an sauƙaƙe su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Union of Students votes to oppose US and UK military intervention in Iraq and Syria |url=http://stopwar.org.uk/resources/reports/national-union-of-students-votes-to-oppose-us-and-uk-military-intervention-in-iraq-and-syria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141222120707/http://stopwar.org.uk/resources/reports/national-union-of-students-votes-to-oppose-us-and-uk-military-intervention-in-iraq-and-syria |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=Stop the War}}</ref> A taron NUS na 2016, an zabi Malia Bouattia a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da kashi 50.9% na kuri'un da suka doke Megan Dunn wacce ta nemi sake zaben. Ba da daɗewa ba Bouattia ta fuskanci zarge-zarge da yawa na adawa da Yahudawa; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowden |first=George |date=14 April 2016 |title=NUS President Election Candidate, Malia Bouattia, Responds To 'Anti-Semitism' Claims |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/nus-president-election-candidate-malia-bouattia-responds-to-anti-semitism-claims_uk_570fa2dae4b01711c61318c4 |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindley |first=Daniel |last2=Bouattia |first2=Malia |date=28 March 2011 |title=University of Birmingham & Israeli Apartheid Week: Mock Israeli Checkpoint |url=http://the-london-school-of-emancipation.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/university-of-birmingham-israeli.html |access-date=31 January 2017 |website=The London School of Emancipation Blogspot |publisher=The London School of Economics Student Union Palestine Society}}</ref> wani rahoto na Oktoba 2016 na Kwamitin Zaɓin Harkokin Cikin Gida ya bayyana maganganunta a matsayin "ra'ayin wariyar launin fata", kuma ya ce ba ta ɗaukar batutuwan adawa da antisemitism a makarantun jami'a da gaske.<ref name="Nawaz">{{Cite web |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=20 April 2016 |title=Malia Bouattia is symbolic of the poison of the regressive Left |url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/comment/157134/malia-bouattia-symbolic-poison-regressive-left |access-date=23 April 2016 |website=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> Shugabannin dalibai sama da 300 na Yahudawa, Union of Jewish Students da [[Jami'ar Oxford|Oxford]] University Student Union sun hukunta Bouattia.<ref name="AAli">{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Aftab |title=The NUS has elected its new president for the next academic year |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/malia-bouattia-elected-nus-national-president-at-brighton-conference-a6992761.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/malia-bouattia-elected-nus-national-president-at-brighton-conference-a6992761.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=2016-04-20 |website=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> Dangane da zabenta, ɗalibai a Durham, [[Jami'ar Loughborough|Loughborough]], [[University of Hull|Hull]]" id="mwAXU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Hull">Hull, Aberystwyth, Oxford, [[Cambridge University Students' Union|Cambridge]]" id="mwAXg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge, Manchester, Essex, York, King's College London, Nottingham, UWE, Leicester, Queen Mary University of London da Jami'ar Reading sun fara kamfen don fita daga NUS. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-09 |title=Lincoln SU disaffiliates from National Union of Students |url=http://thelinc.co.uk/2016/05/lincoln-su-disaffiliates-from-national-union-of-students/ |access-date=2016-05-10 |website=The Linc |language=en-GB}}</ref> Newcastle, Portsmouth, Hull da [[Jami'ar Loughborough|Loughbrough]] sun rabu; sauran sun ci gaba da kasancewa, kodayake NUS ya ruwaito cewa ya karya dokokin kamfen a Oxford, Cambridge, da Ikilisiyar Kristi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=31 May 2016 |title=VERSA – BREAKING EXCLUSIVE: NUS violate referendum rules in an attempt to influence result |url=http://versanews.co.uk/2016/05/31/breaking-nus-violate-referendum-rules-in-an-attempt-to-influence-result/ |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2016 |title=NUS disaffiliation: The story so far |url=https://thetab.com/2016/05/27/nus-disaffiliation-referendums-story-far-91322 |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=The Tab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=BREAKING: No action taken against NUS or CUCA for breaking referendum rules |url=http://thetab.com/uk/cambridge/2016/05/26/breaking-no-action-taken-nus-breaking-referendum-rules-77729 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2019 |title=NUS cheat uni's vote to leave by emailing voters pro-NUS propaganda |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2019/03/28/nus-caught-cheating-in-unis-vote-to-leave-by-emailing-voters-pro-nus-propaganda-96667 |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornall |first=Thomas |date=12 May 2016 |title=Newcastle University cuts ties with the NUS following election of controversial president |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastle-university-cuts-ties-nus-11326067 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2016 |title=Why Are So Many Student Unions Trying to Leave the NUS? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/whats-going-on-with-the-nus-disaffiliation/ |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=Vice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Referendum @ Durham Students' Union |url=http://www.durhamsu.com/main-menu/have-your-say/referendum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607180701/http://www.durhamsu.com/main-menu/have-your-say/referendum |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=VERSA – BREAKING: Oxford votes to stay in the NUS |url=http://versanews.co.uk/2016/06/02/breaking-oxford-votes-to-stay-in-the-nus/ |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Shakira Martin, mataimakin shugaban kungiyar don ci gaba da ilimi, ta kayar da Bouattia a sake zaben ta, wanda ya sami kashi 56% na kuri'un. Martin ya yi alkawarin "haɗin kai", "pragmatism", da kuma mayar da "NUS cikin hannun membobinta". Kungiyoyin masu matsakaici kamar su Organized Independents da Union of Jewish Students sun nemi sake fasalin kungiyar don hana ci gaba da raguwa, ta hanyar wuce manyan yunkurin sake fasalin dimokuradiyya. Canje-canje, waɗanda aka haɓaka daga "shekaru biyu na shawarwari tare da ɗaruruwan ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai, [da kuma] shawarwarin shari'a da ƙwararru, " an bayyana su a matsayin "mafi cikakkiyar gyare-gyare na tsari a tarihin NUS ". ==== Barazanar fatarar kuɗi ==== A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2018, an ruwaito cewa NUS ta fuskanci fatarar kuɗi. Ba a kawo sauye-sauyen 2017 ba, kuma shekaru da yawa na rashin kula da kudi sun haifar da raguwar albarkatu.<ref name="the Guardian" /> Martin ya rubuta wa mambobin cewa ƙungiyar za ta "yi mataki na gaggawa don daidaitawa", tare da sauye-sauye da ake ci gaba don "la'akari da ingantawa tare da taimakon mambobinmu". Martin ya fuskanci zargi don bunkasa wani shiri mai tsanani na kudi, shugabanci da kuma yakin neman sauye-sauye don amincewa da Taron Kasa na 2019; duk da haka bayan kimanin sa'o'i biyar na muhawara, wakilai 700 sun kada kuri'a don amincewa le kunshin. Martin ya yi maraba da kuri'ar, yana kiranta "ƙaddamar da yanke shawara don amincewa da sake fasalin da kuma isar da hangen nesa na mambobi". ==== Sabon NUS ==== A cikin 2020, jami'in NUS ya rabu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu: NUS UK da NUS Charity . <ref name="Governing Boards @ NUS Connect">{{Cite web |title=Governing Boards @ NUS Connect |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/governance/governing-boards |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=www.nusconnect.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> NUS UK tana mai da hankali kan kamfen tare da dalibai yayin da NUS Charity ke mai da hankali ga tallafawa kungiyoyin dalibai. ==== Rahoto game da halayyar adawa da Yahudawa ==== A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yanke duk wata alaƙa da NUS bisa zargin cewa ta kasa magance "rugujewar anti-semitic a zuciya". Har ila yau, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, NUS ta ba da sanarwar cewa Rebecca Tuck QC za ta jagoranci bincike mai zaman kansa game da zargin adawa da Yahudawa a cikin NUS. Bayan bincikenta, an sallami Shaima Dallali a matsayin Shugaban NUS a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hugh Jones |last2=Caredig ap Tomos |last3=Michael Hennessey |date=16 September 2022 |title=NUS president suspended amid antisemitism row |url=https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/24198 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]}}</ref> Binciken mai zaman kansa ya gano cewa NUS ya kasa kalubalantar adawa da Yahudawa da ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa a cikin tsarinsa. Daliban Yahudawa sun kasance "sun fuskanci tsangwama" kuma an karya manufofin NUS. NUS ta nemi gafara ga ɗaliban Yahudawa kuma ta ce za ta aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent investigation into antisemitism |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/independent_investigation_into_antisemitism |access-date=12 January 2023 |publisher=NUS}}</ref> == Dimokuradiyya == {{Authority control}}NUS tana gudanar da taron kasa sau ɗaya a shekara. Taron Kasa shine babban bangare na NUS, kuma shine inda aka yanke shawarar manufofin NUS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Conference |url=https://www.nusconnect.org.uk/conferences/national-conference |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=NUS}}</ref> Ana gudanar da Taron Yankin don inganta wakilcin mambobi daga Scotland, Wales, da Arewacin Ireland. Kafin sake fasalin 2019 wasu tarurruka kamar Taron Mata, Lesbian, Gay, Taron Dalibai na Bisexual & Trans (wanda aka canza tun daga shekara ta 2004), Taron Dalilai na nakasassu, Taron dalibai na Black, Taron ɗalibai na Mature da na Lokaci da Taron Daliban Duniya (wanda aka kirkira a shekara ta 2004) ana gudanar da su don inganta wakilcin takamaiman membobin da suka haɗa. Bayan 2019 an haɗu da Taron Mata, LGBT, Trans, Naƙasasshe, da Black Students a cikin Taron 'Yanci guda ɗaya kuma Taron Mature da Sashe na Lokaci, Postgraduate, da Taron Dalibai na Duniya ba sa aiki. A watan Yulin 2014, saboda kirkirar sabon yankin NUS London, an gudanar da taron farko na NUS London. Yawancin waɗannan tarurruka, kuma musamman zaɓen da aka gudanar a cikinsu, ƙungiyoyi ne suka fafata da su ciki har da Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, Daliban Ma'aikata, Matasa Masu sassaucin ra'ayi, Yakin Kasa game da Kudade da Ragewa, Masu Tsara Tsara Tsara, 'Yancin Matasa, Daliban Socialist, Socialist Workers' Student Society, Student RESPECT da Liberation Hagu Baya ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin siyasa, ƙungiyoyin masu sha'awa kamar Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Musulunci na Dalibai da Tarayyar Dalibai na Yahudawa suna da hannu sosai a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya na ciki na NUS. == Ayyukan NUS == Sabis na NUS yana ba da sabis na siye, tallafi da tallace-tallace ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu alaƙa da NUS. Masu hannun jarinsa sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai sama da 200 masu alaƙa da NUS, kuma kwamiti da kwamitocin da suka ƙunshi masu sa kai daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu hannun jari ne ke jagoranta. Kungiyar Manajoji a cikin Kungiyoyin Dalibai sun kada kuri'a don haɗuwa da NUS da Ayyukan NUS a cikin 2010 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMSU votes to merge with NUS |url=http://www.nus.org.uk/en/news/amsu-votes-to-merge-with-nus/ |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=NUS News |publisher=NUS }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SUSU: What is NUS |url=http://www.susu.org/downloads/democracy/papers/election_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222135106/http://www.susu.org/downloads/democracy/papers/election_2.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=Southampton University Students' Union}}</ref> === Dukkanin === TOTUM, wanda aka fi sani da NUS Extra, katin ragi ne wanda ɗalibai za su iya saya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOTUM – #1 student discount |url=https://www.nus.org.uk/en/nus-extra/ |website=www.nus.org.uk }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ayyukan NUS ne ke samar da shi tare da NUS, kuma ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu alaƙa suna karɓar kwamiti a kan kowane katin da aka sayar wa membobinsu, duk da haka katin yana samuwa ga dukan ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da ko su mambobi ne na ƙungiyar ɗalibai masu haɗin gwiwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOTUM – #1 student discount |url=https://www.totum.com/about |website=www.totum.com |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2025-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802095444/https://totum.com/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu amfani da TOTUM suma sun cancanci neman katin shaida na NUS PASS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proof of age ID with TOTUM |url=https://www.totum.com/proof-of-age-id-card |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=www.totum.com |publisher=NUS |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163152/https://www.totum.com/proof-of-age-id-card |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyukan sadaka na NUS === NUS ta kafa sadaka don inganta ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai. Zai mai da hankali kan ingancin ƙungiyar ɗalibai, gudanar da baiwa, daidaito da bambancin, ci gaban dabarun da juyawa, aikin ɗabi'a da muhalli, da tara kuɗi.<ref name="Governing Boards @ NUS Connect"/> '''Ayyukan ɗabi'a da muhalli''' Don karfafa dorewa muhalli, NUS tana shirya shirye-shiryen sauye-sauyen halayyar tsakanin ma'aikata da dalibai, kamar Green Impact, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scarborough |first=C |last2=Cantarello |first2=E |date=2018 |title=Barriers to pro-environmental behaviours at Bournemouth University |url=https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31095/ |journal=Meliora: International Journal of Student Sustainability Research |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.22493/Meliora.1.2.0010 |doi-broken-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> Student Switch Off, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mazhar |first=MU |last2=Bull |first2=R |last3=Lemon |first3=M |date=2 November 2017 |title=Critical success factors for embedding carbon management in organizations: lessons from the UK higher education sector |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2017.1386533 |journal=Carbon Management |language=en |volume=8 |issue=5–6 |pages=379–392 |bibcode=2017CarM....8..379M |doi=10.1080/17583004.2017.1386533 |issn=1758-3004 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> da Student Eats. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laycock Pedersen |first=R |last2=Robinson |first2=ZP |last3=Surman |first3=E |date=January 2019 |title=Understanding Transience and Participation in University Student-Led Food Gardens |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=2788 |bibcode=2019Sust...11.2788L |doi=10.3390/su11102788 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sashen da'a da muhalli na NUS ya samo asali ne a cikin 1995, inda ya kafa wani kwamiti da ke da alhakin bincikar zarge-zargen munanan ayyukan muhalli a wuraren sayar da giya na Bass. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] A cikin 2016, sashen ya gudanar da shekarar matukin jirgi na NUS Students Green Fund - tallafin £5 miliyan daga HEFCE, yana tallafawa 25 jagorancin ɗalibai, ayyukan ɗorewa a ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a duk faɗin Ingila. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] A cikin 2019, wannan sashen ya zama kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Students Organisation for Sustainability UK . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Students Organising for Sustainability UK (SOS-UK) |url=https://sustainability.nus.org.uk/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=sustainability.nus.org.uk |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414221801/https://sustainability.nus.org.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tattaunawa == NUS ta zo ne don zargi daga kungiyoyin dalibai wadanda ba su da alaƙa. Sen Ganesh, shugaban kungiyar Imperial College Union a lokacin, ya ce a shekara ta 2002 cewa "da'awar NUS na zama wakilin dalibai ba ta tabbatar da aikin su ba", musamman kamar yadda "NUS ta mamaye daliban Labour kuma wannan ya rage ikon magance matsalolin dalibai ba tare da nuna bambanci ba". Wani zargi da aka yi wa NUS shine rashin Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye wajen zabar jami'an kasa. Ana zabar jami'an NUS a taron ta hanyar wakilai da kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da NUS suka zaba. Masu sukar, daga ciki da waje na ƙungiyar ɗalibai, sun yi jayayya cewa shawarwarin da ƙungiyoyi suka yi da membobinsu game da wanda ya kamata ya wakilci ƙungiyar ɗalibai a taron ƙasa sau da yawa kaɗan ne, kuma wasu sun yi jayyana don amincewa da canje-canje ga kundin tsarin mulkin NUS wanda zai haifar da manufofin memba ɗaya-ƙuri ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One Member One Vote Working Group Findings |url=http://www.theyworkforstudents.co.uk/uploads/6/2/1/0/6210998/nc2012_omov_report.pdf |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=They Work for Students |publisher=Theyworkforstudents.com |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222131101/http://www.theyworkforstudents.co.uk/uploads/6/2/1/0/6210998/nc2012_omov_report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#NUSnc14 – And our one member one vote motion. |url=http://www.yusu.org/your-union/blogs/entry/1319 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222131054/http://www.yusu.org/your-union/blogs/entry/1319 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=University of York Students' Union}}</ref> An kuma soki NUS saboda fifiko ga NUS Extra akan kamfen akan batutuwan da ke shafar dalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS: Extra rip-off for students? |url=http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=906 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722200944/http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=906 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Epigram.org.uk}}</ref> === Rikicin kudi === A tsakiyar 2000s, NUS ta fuskanci matsalar kudi, wanda ya haifar da daidaituwa na kashe kudi da raguwar samun kudin shiga. An gabatar da jerin matakan don magance wannan, wanda mafi yawan rikice-rikice ya haɗa da jerin canje-canje ga tsarin mulki da tsarin dimokuradiyya. A shekara ta 2004, taron gaggawa guda biyu sun wuce wasu daga cikin canje-canjen da aka gabatar, duk da cewa ba tare da rikici mai tsanani ba tsakanin waɗanda ke da'awar cewa shawarwarin sun kasance sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci don kula da wanzuwar kungiyar da waɗanda ke jayayya cewa an yi niyyar hana su dimokuradiyya da shiga. Taron NUS na 2006 ya zartar da manufofin da suka ba NUS damar ƙaddamar da NUS Extra a watan Satumbar 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NUS CD21 Resolutions – March 2006 |url=http://studentunion.ca/international/uk/NUS%20-%20CD21%20Resolutions%20-%20March%202006.pdf#page=17 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=NUS }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Yakin ƙarya === A cikin gudu har zuwa babban zaben 2015 NUS ta kaddamar da kamfen din Liar Liar da nufin kawar da mambobin majalisar (MPs) wadanda suka karya alkawura game da kudin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liar Liar: www.nus.org.uk |url=http://www.nus.org.uk/en/liar-liar/ |access-date=2015-04-21 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419220412/http://www.nus.org.uk/en/liar-liar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kimanin kudin £ 40,000 kuma ya kunshi kamfen din kafofin sada zumunta tare da allon talla, ɗalibai da yawa sun karɓi kamfen ɗin sosai, amma kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi saboda an motsa shi da siyasa musamman a kan 'Yan majalisa na Liberal Democrat kamar yadda ya saba da membobin dukkan jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrissey |first=Ciarán |date=2015-04-21 |title=NUS's 'Liar Liar' campaign comes under fire for being politically biased |url=http://www.nouse.co.uk/2015/04/21/nus-liar-liar-campaign-comes-under-fire-for-being-politically-biased/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523172227/http://www.nouse.co.uk/2015/04/21/nus-liar-liar-campaign-comes-under-fire-for-being-politically-biased/ |archive-date=2015-05-23 |access-date=2015-04-21 |website=[[Nouse]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=Sarah |title=Blair Blair: a response to the NUS's 'Liar Liar' campaign {{!}} Redbrick |url=http://www.redbrick.me/ge2015/election-comment/blair-blair-a-response-to-the-nus-liar-liar-campaign/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427021655/http://www.redbrick.me/ge2015/election-comment/blair-blair-a-response-to-the-nus-liar-liar-campaign/ |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=2015-04-21 |website=Redbrick}}</ref> An kuma cire hotunan da ke inganta kamfen ɗin daga tashoshin jirgin ƙasa da yawa a kan dalilin cewa Network Rail "kungiyar bangaren jama'a ce mai tsawon makamai" sabili da haka dole ne ta kasance tsaka-tsaki a siyasa. NUS ta yi iƙirarin cewa cire hotunan wani yunkuri ne na "ci" ƙungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meikle |first=James |date=24 April 2015 |title=Network Rail orders removal of NUS anti-Lib Dem posters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/24/network-rail-orders-removal-students-anti-lib-dem-posters-tuition-fees |access-date=2015-04-24 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Shugaban NUS Toni Pearce ya kare ayyukan kungiyar yana cewa karya alkawarin game da kudaden karatun: "Ba karamin laifi ba ne. Ba lallai ne mu riƙe su don yin lissafin wannan, kuma za mu yi. " == Dubi kuma == * Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Kasa * Jerin kungiyoyin dalibai a Burtaniya da ba su da alaƙa da NUS * Kamfen na Ƙungiyar Dalibai Masu Naƙasassu * Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Scotland * Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasa-Ƙungiyar Dalibai a Ireland * Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasa ta Wales * Kamfen na Ƙungiyar Dalibai ta Mata == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:National Union Of Students Of The United Kingdom}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l4mzsuu8lzkxzhwndz2f0gk2ncb6rn0 0 113648 879286 878955 2026-07-09T04:42:24Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1224225353|Higher Grade School]]" 879286 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta manyan makarantu''' wani nau'in cibiyar ilimi ne da ya bunƙasa a [[Ingila]] daga 1876 har zuwa jim kaɗan bayan an ayyana su a matsayin haramtattu a cikin Hukuncin Cockerton na 1899. Sun ba da ayyukan ilimi da aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi girma fiye da na [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] . <ref name="Gillard">{{Cite web |last=Gillard |first=Derek |title=Education in England: a history - Introduction, Contents, Preface |url=https://education-uk.org/history/ |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=www.educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Derek Gillard}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9rq3kgzwttnm5ui4yqt4xjlbll6qzqo 879287 879286 2026-07-09T04:42:44Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Sakandare ta manyan makarantu''' wani nau'in cibiyar ilimi ne da ya bunƙasa a [[Ingila]] daga 1876 har zuwa jim kaɗan bayan an ayyana su a matsayin haramtattu a cikin Hukuncin Cockerton na 1899. Sun ba da ayyukan ilimi da aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi girma fiye da na [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] . <ref name="Gillard">{{Cite web |last=Gillard |first=Derek |title=Education in England: a history - Introduction, Contents, Preface |url=https://education-uk.org/history/ |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=www.educationengland.org.uk |publisher=Derek Gillard}}</ref> == Manazarta == a2na91826b14ctzcsw607pah8nf58eu 0 115259 879386 707902 2026-07-09T07:56:15Z Kaddi123 38060 879386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin koyarwa na Jami'ar Usman Danfodiyo''' asibitin jama'a ne dake [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]] .ma zaune tana a unguwar gawo nama,Ta kasance cibiyar horar da daliban da ke karatu a [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami’ar Usman Danfodiyo]] . Daga cikin wasu sharudda, asibitin na kula da masu ciwon koda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=UDUTH to begin kidney transplant 2023 - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/uduth-to-begin-kidney-transplant-2023/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=dailytrust |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Asibitin koyarwa ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar fahimta tare da Cibiyar Urology da Nephrology ta [[Jami'ar Mansoura]] a Misira don fara aikin tiyata a asibitin a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elawdy |first=Mohamed Mohamed |last2=Osman |first2=Yasser |last3=Taha |first3=Diaa Eldin |last4=El-halwagy |first4=Samer |last5=El-hamid |first5=Mohamed Abd |last6=T. Abouelkheir |first6=Rasha |date=2019-04-15 |title=Long-term outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A retrospective evaluation of single-center experience in 275 patients |url=https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2019.02185 |journal=Türk Üroloji Dergisi/Turkish Journal of Urology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.5152/tud.2019.02185 |issn=2149-3235 |pmc=6469729}}</ref> Ministan Lafiya ya ba da izinin gina cibiyar Cardiothoracic, cibiyar Brachytherapy, da sashen maganin nukiliya, yayin da sashin kulawa mai tsanani ya inganta a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2022-06-13 |title=Minister Of Health Commissions Projects In Sokoto Teaching Hospital |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/minister-of-health-commissions-projects-in-sokoto-teaching-hospital/amp/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == A cikin 2018, an nada Anas Ahmad Sabir a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kiwon Lafiya na tsawon shekaru hudu daga [[Muhammadu Buhari|Mohammadu Buhari]] kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya ta sake nada shi a matsayin a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=FG Reappoints Prof Anas Sabir As Chief Medical Director UDUTH, Sokoto – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/fg-reappoints-prof-anas-sabir-as-chief-medical-director-uduth-sokoto/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UDUTH Sokoto gets new Chief Medical Director |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/272143-uduth-sokoto-gets-new-chief-medical-director.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == Asibitin koyarwa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar tare da Gwamnatin Jihar Sokoto a cikin 2018 wanda aka sanya masu ba da shawara uku daga UDUTH zuwa asibitoci uku a yankunan karkara na Sokoto don biyan bukatun marasa lafiya da karancin likitoci suka shafa. Gwamnatin jihar ce ta biya albashinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |date=2017-09-19 |title=Teaching Hospital partners with Sokoto government on healthcare delivery |url=https://thesun.ng/teaching-hospital-partners-with-sokoto-government-on-healthcare-delivery/?amp |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=Sokoto deploys workers from overstaffed teaching hospital to rural facilities - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/sokoto-deploys-workers-from-overstaffed-teaching-hospital-to-rural-facilities/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=dailytrust |language=en-US}}</ref> Asibitin koyarwa ya gudanar da tiyata na koda kyauta tare da haɗin gwiwar National Association of Urological Surgeons (NAUS), a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=UDUTH conducts free urological surgeries in Sokoto - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/uduth-conducts-free-urological-surgeries-in-sokoto/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Dailytrust |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == A cikin 2020, Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Cin Hanyoyi Mai Zaman Kanta (ICPC) ta bincika cin hanci da rashawa sama da naira miliyan 250 da daya daga cikin masu lissafi a UDUTH ya sace. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amoye |first=Temisan |date=2020-06-23 |title=ICPC uncovers massive N250m fraud in UDUTH |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/icpc-uncovers-massive-n250m-fraud-in-uduth/amp/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2021 babbar kotun tarayya a sokoto ta yanke wa lukmanu Waziri hukunci, mai lissafi a jami'ar Danfodiyo don cin hanci da rashawa naira miliyan 60 da aka karkatar zuwa asusun masu zaman kansu ciki har da abokin aikinsa, Litinin Adejo ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanai na Gudanar da Gwamnati a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Our |date=2025-01-20 |title=UDUTH accountant jailed for diverting over N60m |url=https://punchng.com/uduth-accountant-jailed-for-diverting-over-n60m/?amp |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sashe <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto - Departments/clinical |url=https://www.uduth.org.ng/index.php?p=departments/clinical |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.uduth.org.ng}}</ref> == * GOPD Clinic * Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta MOPD * Asibitin SOPD * Cibiyar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Fed * Aikin tiyata * Anaesthesiology * Aikin kwakwalwa * Radiology * Ayyukan jinya * Laburaren Kiwon Lafiya * Magungunan ciki * Magungunan Iyali * Magungunan Jama'a * Magungunan haihuwa da ilimin mata * Rubuce-rubucen yara * Magungunan kwakwalwa * ENT * Dental * Tarihin Lafiya * MSSD * Hadari da Gaggawa * Orthopaedic & Trauma * Magungunan Radiotherapy * Ilimin ido * Gidan magani * CSSD * CHC Kware * CHC Arunungu. == Makarantu == * Makarantar Lafiya ta Al'umma (SOCH) * Makarantar Nursing * Makarantar Post Basic & Midwifery * Makarantar Gudanar da Bayanai ta Lafiya (SHIM) * Makarantar Nursing ta Farko ta Farko * Makarantar Post Basic Paediatrics Nursing <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto - Departments/clinical , Asibiti akwa makaranta kamar haka kwalejin karatun jinya da ungozoma,da school of health information,|url=https://www.uduth.org.ng/index.php?p=departments/clinical |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.uduth.org.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.uduth.org.ng/index.php?p=departments/clinical "Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto - Departments/clinical"]. ''www.uduth.org.ng''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == # Likitoci masu zama (Kwarewa daban-daban) # Jami'an Kiwon Lafiya # Masu magunguna # Masu warkar da cututtuka # Manyan Jami'an Nursing # Jami'an jinya na II <ref>{{Cite web |title=Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto - Careers |url=https://www.uduth.org.ng/index.php?p=careers |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.uduth.org.ng}}</ref> == Manazarta == lvzshbjujejx9gmmgxv8ejtcshcf7tx 0 115454 879408 709506 2026-07-09T08:36:43Z BnHamid 12586 879408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Minista Ilimi da Matasa''' (Irish) babban minista ne a Gwamnatin Ireland kuma yana jagorantar Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Matasa. Ministan Ilimi da Matasa na yanzu shine Helen McEntee, TD. Ministan Jiha daya ne ke taimaka mata: * Michael Moynihan, TD - Ministan Jiha na Ilimi na Musamman da Haɗuwa == Ayyuka == Ministan yana da ayyuka da yawa da suka shafi ilimi a Ireland, gami da tsara manufofi, tabbatar da inganci da samar da ayyuka masu yawa. Ma'aikatar a hukumance tana da niyyar: * Inganta daidaito da hadawa * Inganta ilmantarwa na dindindin * Shirin ilimi wanda ya dace da bukatun mutum, zamantakewa, al'adu da tattalin arziki. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan wasu daga cikin wadannan ayyuka an ba da su ga hukumomin doka, musamman Hukumar Ilimi ta Sama, Hukumar Kula da Kwarewar Kasa da Hukumar Bincike ta Jiha. Jami'o'i da kwalejojin Irish suna da yawa ba tare da ikon gwamnati ba, tare da wannan an iyakance shi ga kafa manufofi da shirye-shiryen kididdiga. == Tarihi == A cikin 1919, Gaelic League ta zartar da wani yunkuri da ke kira ga Dáil da ta nada Minista na Irish don inganta amfani da [[Harshen Irish]] a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda [[Ceann Comhairle]] ya karanta a cikin rikodin Dáil.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=27 October 1919 |title=The Irish Language |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-10-27/20/ |url-status=live |journal=Dáil Debates |volume=F |issue=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831140252/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-10-27/20/ |archive-date=31 August 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuni 1920, an nada [[John J. O'Kelly]], wanda aka fi sani da Seán Ua Ceallaigh, da kuma [[Pen name|sunan alkalami]] Sceilg, a matsayin Ministan Irish.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=29 June 1920 |title=Ratification Of Ministers |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1920-06-29/16/ |url-status=live |journal=Dáil Debates |volume=F |issue=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831140251/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1920-06-29/16/ |archive-date=31 August 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> Bayan taron Dáil na Biyu a watan Agustan 1921, Shugaba Éamon de Valera ya ba da shawarar cewa a canza wannan matsayi zuwa na Ministan Ilimi, yana cewa "A bayyane yake cewa Ministan da ke kula ya kamata ya iya magance ɓangaren da ke nufin Irish amma ya yi tunanin cewa Sashen ya kamata ya sami ma'ana fiye da yanzu". Dáil ta yarda da wannan.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=25 August 1921 |title=Alteration Of Ministry Of Irish To Ministry Of Education |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-08-25/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Dáil Debates |volume=S |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906142426/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-08-25/3/ |archive-date=6 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> Kashegari, lokacin da de Valera ya gabatar da sabon ma'aikatarsa, an gabatar da O'Kelly a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, yana ci gaba da matsayinsa na baya tare da fadada aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=26 August 1921 |title=The New Ministry |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-08-26/4/ |url-status=live |journal=Dáil Debates |volume=S |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831094247/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1921-08-26/4/ |archive-date=31 August 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> An ba shi tushe na doka a cikin Irish Free State a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mukamai a cikin Majalisar Zartarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ministoci da Sakatare ta 1924. == Jerin masu rike da mukamai ==   {| class="wikitable" | colspan="6" | === Ministan Irish 1920-1921 === |- !Sunan ! colspan="2" |Lokacin aiki ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar !Gwamnati (s) {{Efn|Before 1937: DM – [[Ministry of Dáil Éireann|Dáil Ministry]]; PG – [[Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)|Provisional Government]]; EC – [[Executive Council of the Irish Free State|Executive Council]].}} |- |John J. O'Kelly |29 Yuni 1920 |26 ga watan Agusta 1921| {{party name with colour|Sinn Féin}} |DM ta biyu |- | colspan="6" | === Ministan Ilimi 1921-1997 === |- !Sunan ! colspan="2" |Lokacin aiki ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar !Gwamnati (s) |- |John J. O'Kelly{{Efn|John J. O'Kelly held the title of ''Secretary for Education''.}} |26 ga watan Agusta 1921 |9 ga Janairu 1922| {{party name with colour|Sinn Féin}} |DM ta uku |- |Michael Hayes |11 ga Janairu 1922 |9 ga Satumba 1922| {{party name with colour|Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)}} |DM ta 4 |- |Fionán Lynch |1 ga Afrilu 1922 |30 ga watan Agusta 1922| {{party name with colour|Sinn Féin (Pro-Treaty)}} |PG na farko |- |Eoin MacNeill |30 ga watan Agusta 1922 |24 ga Nuwamba 1925| {{party name with colour|Cumann na nGaedheal}} |PG na biyu{{•}}DM ta 5{{•}}Na farko AZ{{•}}Zamani na biyu |- |John M. O'Sullivan |28 Janairu 1926 |9 Maris 1932| {{party name with colour|Cumann na nGaedheal}} |3rd AZ{{•}}Na 4 AZ{{•}}5th AZ |- |Thomas Derrig<br />'' (lokaci na farko) '' |9 Maris 1932 |8 ga Satumba 1939| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |6th AZ{{•}}7th AZ{{•}}8th AZ{{•}}Na farko{{•}}Na biyu |- |Seán T. O'Kelly |8 ga Satumba 1939 |27 ga Satumba 1939| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na biyu |- bgcolor="#E6E6AA" |Éamon de Valera (aiki) {{Small|''(acting)''}} |27 ga Satumba 1939 |18 Yuni 1940| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na biyu |- |Thomas Derrig<br />'' (Lokaci na biyu) '' |18 Yuni 1940 |18 Fabrairu 1948| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na biyu{{•}}Na uku{{•}}Na huɗu |- |Richard Mulcahy<br />'' (lokaci na farko) '' |18 Fabrairu 1948 |13 Yuni 1951| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |Na biyar |- |Seán Moylan |13 Yuni 1951 |2 Yuni 1954| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 6 |- |Richard Mulcahy<br />'' (Lokaci na biyu) '' |2 Yuni 1954 |20 Maris 1957| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |Na 7 |- |Jack Lynch<br />'' (lokaci na farko) '' |20 Maris 1957 |23 Yuni 1959| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 8th |- |Patrick Hillery |23 Yuni 1959 |21 ga Afrilu 1965| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 9th{{•}}Na 10 |- |George Colley |21 ga Afrilu 1965 |13 ga Yuli 1966| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 11 |- |Donogh O'Malley |13 ga Yuli 1966 |10 Maris 1968| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 11{{•}}Na 12 |- bgcolor="#E6E6AA" |Jack Lynch (aiki) {{Small|''(acting)''}} |10 Maris 1968 |26 Maris 1968| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 12 |- |Brian Lenihan |26 Maris 1968 |2 ga Yuli 1969| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 12 |- |Pádraig Faulkner |2 ga Yuli 1969 |14 Maris 1973| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 13 |- |Richard Burke |14 Maris 1973 |2 ga Disamba 1976| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |Na 14 |- |Peter Barry |2 ga Disamba 1976 |5 ga Yulin 1977| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |Na 14 |- |John Wilson |5 ga Yulin 1977 |30 Yuni 1981| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 15{{•}}Na 16 |- |John Boland |30 Yuni 1981 |9 Maris 1982| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |17th |- |Martin O'Donoghue |9 Maris 1982 |6 ga Oktoba 1982| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |18th |- bgcolor="#E6E6AA" |Charles Haughey (aiki) {{Small|''(acting)''}} |7 ga Oktoba 1982 |27 ga Oktoba 1982| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |18th |- |Gerard Brady |27 ga Oktoba 1982 |14 Disamba 1982| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |18th |- |Gemma Hussey |14 Disamba 1982 |14 Fabrairu 1986| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |19th |- |Patrick Cooney |14 Fabrairu 1986 |10 Maris 1987| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |19th |- |Mary O'Rourke |10 Maris 1987 |14 Nuwamba 1991| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 20{{•}}Na 21 |- |Noel Davern |14 Nuwamba 1991 |11 Fabrairu 1992| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 21 |- |Seamus Brennan |11 Fabrairu 1992 |12 Janairu 1993| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 22 |- |Niamh Bhreathnach<br />'' (lokaci na farko) '' |12 Janairu 1993 |17 ga Nuwamba 1994| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |Na 23 |- |Michael Smith |18 ga Nuwamba 1994 |15 ga Disamba 1994| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 23 |- |Niamh Bhreathnach<br />'' (Lokaci na biyu) '' |15 ga Disamba 1994 |26 Yuni 1997| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |Na 24 |- | colspan="6" | === Ministan Ilimi da Kimiyya 1997-2010 === |- !Sunan ! colspan="2" |Lokacin aiki ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar !Gwamnati (s) |- |Micheál Martin |26 Yuni 1997 |27 ga Janairu 2000| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 25 |- |Michael Woods |27 ga Janairu 2000 |6 Yuni 2002| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 25 |- |Noel Dempsey |6 Yuni 2002 |29 ga Satumba 2004| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |26th |- |Mary Hanafin |29 ga Satumba 2004 |7 ga Mayu 2008| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |26th{{•}}Na 27 |- |Batt O'Keeffe |7 ga Mayu 2008 |23 Maris 2010| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 27{{•}}Na 28 |- | colspan="6" | === Ministan Ilimi da Kwarewa 2010-2020 === |- !Sunan ! colspan="2" |Lokacin aiki ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar !Gwamnati (s) |- |Mary Coughlan |23 Maris 2010 |9 Maris 2011| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 28 |- |Ruairi Quinn |9 Maris 2011 |11 ga Yulin 2014| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |Na 29 |- |Jan O'Sullivan |11 ga Yulin 2014 |6 ga Mayu 2016| {{party name with colour|Labour Party (Ireland)}} |Na 29 |- |Richard Bruton |6 ga Mayu 2016 |16 ga Oktoba 2018| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |Na 30{{•}}Na 31 |- |Joe McHugh |16 ga Oktoba 2018 |27 Yuni 2020| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |Na 31 |- | colspan="6" | === Ministan Ilimi 2020-2025 === |- !Sunan ! colspan="2" |Lokacin aiki ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar !Gwamnati (s) |- |Norma Foley |27 Yuni 2020 |23 Janairu 2025| {{party name with colour|Fianna Fáil}} |Na 32{{•}}Na 33{{•}}Na 34 |- | colspan="6" | === Ministan Ilimi da Matasa 2025-ya zuwa yanzu === |- !Sunan ! colspan="2" |Lokacin aiki ! colspan="2" |Jam'iyyar !Gwamnati (s) |- |Helen McEntee |23 Janairu 2025 |''Mai mulki''| {{party name with colour|Fine Gael}} |Na 35 |} ; Bayani {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hg86bomdibx7g8llrr3vdb9ye4wvnnv 0 115743 879254 862779 2026-07-09T00:28:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mmantsae Diale | birth_place = Pretoria, South Africa | occupation = Professor | awards = National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF) prize in 2018 | education = PhD degree ,the University of Pretoria MSc in Physics from the Medical University of Southern Africa (SMU) | alma_mater = [[University of Pretoria]] | discipline = Scientists(Physics) }} '''Mmantsae Diale''' Farfesa ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu a fannin ilmin lissafi (Physics) a Jami’ar Pretoria, mai bincike, kuma mai riƙe da kujerar bincike ta Afirka ta Kudu (SARCHI) a fannin tsabtace makamashi da makamashi mai dorewa (clean and green energy).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} Pan-African Scientific Research Council |url=https://pasrc.princeton.edu/members/individuals/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=pasrc.princeton.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Mmantsae Moche Diale: “In big conferences, there are very few black women.” |url=https://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/exclude-from-home-page/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale-in-big-conferences-there-are-very-few-black-women |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.scienceinpublic.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria {{!}} |url=https://www.newswise.com/users/expert/Mmantsae-Diale-10067875 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}</ref> . Binciken da ta yi ya mayar da hankali ne akan hanyoyin jiki da sunadarai don sarrafa kayan lantarki da na gani na kayan. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mmantsae Diale {{!}} University of Pretoria |url=https://www.up.ac.za/physics/article/2086799/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=www.up.ac.za}}</ref> . Mmantsae Diale ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Mata a Physics a Afirka ta Kudu (WiPiSA). <ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Mmantsae Diale ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya a fannin Ilimi (Fisika da Lissafi) daga [[Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma]] (Mafikeng), Jagoran Kimiyya a Kimiyya daga Jami'an Kiwon Lafiya na Kudancin Afirka (SMU) da BSc Honours a fannin Fisika a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Sefako Makgatho|Jami'ar Sefako Makgatho]] da ke [[Pretoria]] . <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Mmantsae Moche Diale – NSTF |url=https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521040911/https://nstf.org.za/2018/11/08/professor-mmantsae-moche-diale/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi karatu don digiri na PhD a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]] . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Moche Diale {{!}} UR ACE-ESD |url=https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558 |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=aceesd.ur.ac.rw |archive-date=2025-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909192608/https://aceesd.ur.ac.rw/node/3558 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 2018, an ba Diale lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa (NSTF) don Ci gaban Ikon Binciken Injiniya saboda tasirin da ta yi a kan gina ƙarfin STEM a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2023, an zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka, ta amince da gudummawar da ta bayar ga binciken kimiyya da ci gaba a nahiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mmantsae Diale {{!}} The AAS |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/mmantsae-diale |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=aasciences.africa |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == |last2=Meyer |first2=W.E. |last3=Auret |first3=F.D. |last4=Paradzah |first4=A.T. |last5=Diale |first5=M. |last6=Coelho |first6=S.M.M. |last7=Janse van Rensburg |first7=P.J. |date=2015 |title=The influence of high energy electron irradiation on the Schottky barrier height and the Richardson constant of Ni/4H-SiC Schottky diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50010/1/Omotoso_Influence_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=39 |pages=112–118 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.031 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=John W. |last2=Legodi |first2=Matshisa J. |last3=Rakita |first3=Yevgeny |last4=Cahen |first4=David |last5=Diale |first5=Mmantsae |date=2017-10-14 |title=Laplace current deep level transient spectroscopy measurements of defect states in methylammonium lead bromide single crystals |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/63099/3/Rosenberg_Laplace_2017.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=122 |issue=14 |doi=10.1063/1.4995970 |issn=0021-8979 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mayimele |first1=M A |last2=van Rensburg |first2=J P. Janse |last3=Auret |first3=F D |last4=Diale |first4=M |date=2016 |title=Analysis of temperature-dependant current–voltage characteristics and extraction of series resistance in Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/52231/1/Mayimele_Analysis_2016.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=480 |pages=58–62 |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2015.07.034 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mayimele |first1=Meehleketo A. |last2=Diale |first2=Mmantsae |last3=Mtangi |first3=Wilbert |last4=Auret |first4=Francois D. |date=2015 |title=Temperature-dependent current–voltage characteristics of Pd/ZnO Schottky barrier diodes and the determination of the Richardson constant |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50425/1/Mayimele_Temperature_2015.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=34 |pages=359–364 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2015.02.018 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mtangi |first1=W. |last2=Auret |first2=F.D. |last3=Nyamhere |first3=C. |last4=Janse van Rensburg |first4=P.J. |last5=Chawanda |first5=A. |last6=Diale |first6=M. |last7=Nel |first7=J.M. |last8=Meyer |first8=W.E. |date=2009 |title=The dependence of barrier height on temperature for Pd Schottky contacts on ZnO |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/11788/1/Mtangi_Dependence%282009%29.pdf |journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter |volume=404 |issue=22 |pages=4402–4405 |doi=10.1016/j.physb.2009.09.022 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Mwankemwa |first1=Benard S. |last2=Nambala |first2=Fred J. |last3=Kyeyune |first3=Farooq |last4=Hlatshwayo |first4=Thulani T. |last5=Nel |first5=Jackie M. |last6=Diale |first6=Mmantsae |date=2017 |title=Influence of ammonia concentration on the microstructure, electrical and raman properties of low temperature chemical bath deposited ZnO nanorods |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/62183/1/Mwankemwa_Influence_2017.pdf |journal=Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing |volume=71 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1016/j.mssp.2017.08.005 |access-date=2025-08-29 |doi-access=free}} ==Magana== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1rdaf7sqreu5z5dktxi21qhz79km6u7 0 116455 879303 714340 2026-07-09T05:01:43Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361229530|Sut Jhally]]" 879303 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sut Jhally''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) farfesa ne a fannin sadarwa a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst, wanda aikinsa ke mai da hankali kan nazarin al'adu, talla, kafofin watsa labarai, da amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Education Foundation - educational documentary films |url=http://www.mediaed.org/videos/CommercialismPoliticsAndMedia/Advertising_EndOfWorld |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019142535/http://mediaed.org/videos/CommercialismPoliticsAndMedia/Advertising_EndOfWorld |archive-date=October 19, 2002 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne mai gabatar da shirye-shirye sama da 40 a kan batutuwan [[Karatun jarida|ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media. An kafa shi a cikin 1992, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media (MEF) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke "samar da rarraba fina-finai da sauran albarkatun ilimi don yin la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka". Manufar su ita ce ta karfafa dalibai suyi tunani da kyau kuma a cikin sababbin hanyoyi game da duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Har ila yau marubucin littattafai shida da kuma mashahuriyar labarai da yawa, Jhally mai magana ne da kuma malami. Ya lashe kyautar "Malami Mai Girma" a Jami'ar Massachusetts, Amherst, inda jaridar dalibai ta zabe shi "Mafi Kyawun Farfesa". Ya nuna fina-finai kuma ya ba da lacca a kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. An lasafta shi daya daga cikin mujallar New Woman ta "Mutanen Shekara" a shekarar 1992. Jhally ya koyar da karatun digiri da digiri wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai, alaƙar jama'a da farfaganda, da jinsi, jima'i da wakilci. Jhally, a cikin jawabi daga 2010 game da barazanar talla, ya bayyana cewa "tallace-tallace shine mafi iko da ci gaba da tsarin farfaganda a cikin tarihin ɗan adam da tasirin al'adu da siyasa sai dai idan an bincika shi da sauri zai zama da alhakin lalata duniya kamar yadda muka sani. A cikin aiwatar da cimma wannan masanan tsarin talla, kamfanonin duniya da ba su da riba ba, za su da alhakinsa ga mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, mafi yawa a bayyana cewa rayuwa ta duniya daga samun nasarar kasuwanci. An haifi Jhally a [[Kenya]], kuma ta girma a Ingila. Bayan kammala karatunsa na farko a Jami'ar York a Ingila, ya koma Kanada bayan ya karbi tallafin karatu a Jami'an Victoria. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, inda ya sami digirinsa na PhD. Jhally sau da yawa yana sukar al'adun gargajiya, talla, da kuma bangarori daban-daban na Manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. A cikin bidiyonsa na 1991 Dreamworlds, ya bayyana hoton mata a cikin bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin tunanin matasa na maza: matasa da kyakkyawa, masu son da sha'awar faranta wa maza rai, suna cewa a'a lokacin da ake nufi da eh, sau da yawa ana rage su zuwa bayyanar waje da sassan jiki. Ya kammala cewa halin rashin lafiya game da cin zarafin jima'i na iya bunkasa ta waɗannan bidiyon, kuma yana kira don daidaita su da sauran al'adun al'adu na jima'i. Lokacin da MTV ta koka game da amfani da sassan bidiyon kiɗa na haƙƙin mallaka, ya yi iƙirarin [[Fair Use|amfani mai kyau]] kuma ya tuntubi kafofin watsa labarai game da labarin. A cikin bidiyon 2004 Peace, PR & the Promised Land, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa tasirin farfaganda na Isra'ila da PR a kan ra'ayin jama'ar Amurka game da rikicin Isra'ila-Palestina. A cikin bidiyon Hijacking Catastrophe na shekara ta 2004, ya yi jayayya cewa jami'an Amurka sun yi amfani da "War on Terror" a matsayin hujja don tsara ikon soja a duk faɗin duniya. A cikin bidiyonsa na 2006 Reel Bad Arabs, ya binciki cin zarafin Larabawa a cikin fina-finai na Amurka, bayan littafin Jack Shaheen na 2001 Reel Bad Arab . === Rashin amincewa === Laurie Meeker na Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen ya soki Sut's Dreamworlds saboda "rashin jawo hankali ga nasa magudi na matsakaici" na bidiyon dutse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meeker |first=Laurie |date=March 1, 1993 |title=Whose Fantasy?: Sut Jhally's Dreamworld |journal=Visual Anthropology Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1525/var.1993.9.1.123}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5i7ehrj3mlaultd324cwv9by1um2lnl 879305 879303 2026-07-09T05:02:07Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Sut Jhally''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) farfesa ne a fannin sadarwa a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst, wanda aikinsa ke mai da hankali kan nazarin al'adu, talla, kafofin watsa labarai, da amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Education Foundation - educational documentary films |url=http://www.mediaed.org/videos/CommercialismPoliticsAndMedia/Advertising_EndOfWorld |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019142535/http://mediaed.org/videos/CommercialismPoliticsAndMedia/Advertising_EndOfWorld |archive-date=October 19, 2002 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne mai gabatar da shirye-shirye sama da 40 a kan batutuwan [[Karatun jarida|ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media. An kafa shi a cikin 1992, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media (MEF) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke "samar da rarraba fina-finai da sauran albarkatun ilimi don yin la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka". Manufar su ita ce ta karfafa dalibai suyi tunani da kyau kuma a cikin sababbin hanyoyi game da duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Har ila yau marubucin littattafai shida da kuma mashahuriyar labarai da yawa, Jhally mai magana ne da kuma malami. Ya lashe kyautar "Malami Mai Girma" a Jami'ar Massachusetts, Amherst, inda jaridar dalibai ta zabe shi "Mafi Kyawun Farfesa". Ya nuna fina-finai kuma ya ba da lacca a kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. An lasafta shi daya daga cikin mujallar New Woman ta "Mutanen Shekara" a shekarar 1992. Jhally ya koyar da karatun digiri da digiri wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai, alaƙar jama'a da farfaganda, da jinsi, jima'i da wakilci. Jhally, a cikin jawabi daga 2010 game da barazanar talla, ya bayyana cewa "tallace-tallace shine mafi iko da ci gaba da tsarin farfaganda a cikin tarihin ɗan adam da tasirin al'adu da siyasa sai dai idan an bincika shi da sauri zai zama da alhakin lalata duniya kamar yadda muka sani. A cikin aiwatar da cimma wannan masanan tsarin talla, kamfanonin duniya da ba su da riba ba, za su da alhakinsa ga mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, mafi yawa a bayyana cewa rayuwa ta duniya daga samun nasarar kasuwanci. An haifi Jhally a [[Kenya]], kuma ta girma a Ingila. Bayan kammala karatunsa na farko a Jami'ar York a Ingila, ya koma Kanada bayan ya karbi tallafin karatu a Jami'an Victoria. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, inda ya sami digirinsa na PhD. Jhally sau da yawa yana sukar al'adun gargajiya, talla, da kuma bangarori daban-daban na Manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. A cikin bidiyonsa na 1991 Dreamworlds, ya bayyana hoton mata a cikin bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin tunanin matasa na maza: matasa da kyakkyawa, masu son da sha'awar faranta wa maza rai, suna cewa a'a lokacin da ake nufi da eh, sau da yawa ana rage su zuwa bayyanar waje da sassan jiki. Ya kammala cewa halin rashin lafiya game da cin zarafin jima'i na iya bunkasa ta waɗannan bidiyon, kuma yana kira don daidaita su da sauran al'adun al'adu na jima'i. Lokacin da MTV ta koka game da amfani da sassan bidiyon kiɗa na haƙƙin mallaka, ya yi iƙirarin [[Fair Use|amfani mai kyau]] kuma ya tuntubi kafofin watsa labarai game da labarin. A cikin bidiyon 2004 Peace, PR & the Promised Land, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa tasirin farfaganda na Isra'ila da PR a kan ra'ayin jama'ar Amurka game da rikicin Isra'ila-Palestina. A cikin bidiyon Hijacking Catastrophe na shekara ta 2004, ya yi jayayya cewa jami'an Amurka sun yi amfani da "War on Terror" a matsayin hujja don tsara ikon soja a duk faɗin duniya. A cikin bidiyonsa na 2006 Reel Bad Arabs, ya binciki cin zarafin Larabawa a cikin fina-finai na Amurka, bayan littafin Jack Shaheen na 2001 Reel Bad Arab . === Rashin amincewa === Laurie Meeker na Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen ya soki Sut's Dreamworlds saboda "rashin jawo hankali ga nasa magudi na matsakaici" na bidiyon dutse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meeker |first=Laurie |date=March 1, 1993 |title=Whose Fantasy?: Sut Jhally's Dreamworld |journal=Visual Anthropology Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1525/var.1993.9.1.123}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 68buyltzzli8b2qlhpydu65lt1me29a 879306 879305 2026-07-09T05:02:45Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Sut Jhally''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) farfesa ne a fannin sadarwa a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst, wanda aikinsa ke mai da hankali kan nazarin al'adu, talla, kafofin watsa labarai, da amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Education Foundation - educational documentary films |url=http://www.mediaed.org/videos/CommercialismPoliticsAndMedia/Advertising_EndOfWorld |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019142535/http://mediaed.org/videos/CommercialismPoliticsAndMedia/Advertising_EndOfWorld |archive-date=October 19, 2002 |publisher=}}</ref> Shi ne mai gabatar da shirye-shirye sama da 40 a kan batutuwan [[Karatun jarida|ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media. An kafa shi a cikin 1992, Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Media (MEF) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke "samar da rarraba fina-finai da sauran albarkatun ilimi don yin la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa, siyasa, da al'adu na kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka". Manufar su ita ce ta karfafa dalibai suyi tunani da kyau kuma a cikin sababbin hanyoyi game da duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Har ila yau marubucin littattafai shida da kuma mashahuriyar labarai da yawa, Jhally mai magana ne da kuma malami. Ya lashe kyautar "Malami Mai Girma" a Jami'ar Massachusetts, Amherst, inda jaridar dalibai ta zabe shi "Mafi Kyawun Farfesa". Ya nuna fina-finai kuma ya ba da lacca a kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. An lasafta shi daya daga cikin mujallar New Woman ta "Mutanen Shekara" a shekarar 1992. Jhally ya koyar da karatun digiri da digiri wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kafofin watsa labarai, alaƙar jama'a da farfaganda, da jinsi, jima'i da wakilci. Jhally, a cikin jawabi daga 2010 game da barazanar talla, ya bayyana cewa "tallace-tallace shine mafi iko da ci gaba da tsarin farfaganda a cikin tarihin ɗan adam da tasirin al'adu da siyasa sai dai idan an bincika shi da sauri zai zama da alhakin lalata duniya kamar yadda muka sani. A cikin aiwatar da cimma wannan masanan tsarin talla, kamfanonin duniya da ba su da riba ba, za su da alhakinsa ga mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, mafi yawa a bayyana cewa rayuwa ta duniya daga samun nasarar kasuwanci. An haifi Jhally a [[Kenya]], kuma ta girma a Ingila. Bayan kammala karatunsa na farko a Jami'ar York a Ingila, ya koma Kanada bayan ya karbi tallafin karatu a Jami'an Victoria. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Simon Fraser, inda ya sami digirinsa na PhD. Jhally sau da yawa yana sukar al'adun gargajiya, talla, da kuma bangarori daban-daban na Manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. A cikin bidiyonsa na 1991 Dreamworlds, ya bayyana hoton mata a cikin bidiyon kiɗa a matsayin tunanin matasa na maza: matasa da kyakkyawa, masu son da sha'awar faranta wa maza rai, suna cewa a'a lokacin da ake nufi da eh, sau da yawa ana rage su zuwa bayyanar waje da sassan jiki. Ya kammala cewa halin rashin lafiya game da cin zarafin jima'i na iya bunkasa ta waɗannan bidiyon, kuma yana kira don daidaita su da sauran al'adun al'adu na jima'i. Lokacin da MTV ta koka game da amfani da sassan bidiyon kiɗa na haƙƙin mallaka, ya yi iƙirarin [[Fair Use|amfani mai kyau]] kuma ya tuntubi kafofin watsa labarai game da labarin. A cikin bidiyon 2004 Peace, PR & the Promised Land, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa tasirin farfaganda na Isra'ila da PR a kan ra'ayin jama'ar Amurka game da rikicin Isra'ila-Palestina. A cikin bidiyon Hijacking Catastrophe na shekara ta 2004, ya yi jayayya cewa jami'an Amurka sun yi amfani da "War on Terror" a matsayin hujja don tsara ikon soja a duk faɗin duniya. A cikin bidiyonsa na 2006 Reel Bad Arabs, ya binciki cin zarafin Larabawa a cikin fina-finai na Amurka, bayan littafin Jack Shaheen na 2001 Reel Bad Arab . === Rashin amincewa === Laurie Meeker na Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen ya soki Sut's Dreamworlds saboda "rashin jawo hankali ga nasa magudi na matsakaici" na bidiyon dutse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meeker |first=Laurie |date=March 1, 1993 |title=Whose Fantasy?: Sut Jhally's Dreamworld |journal=Visual Anthropology Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.1525/var.1993.9.1.123}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta== h0p1ixuty44wgzkifrtae7x84cf8vnq 0 116466 879418 714360 2026-07-09T08:48:40Z BnHamid 12586 879418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jane Duncan (mai ilimi) Dan gwagwarmaya da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu Jane Duncan ilimi ce, haziƙin jama'a kuma mai fafutuka. A halin yanzu, ita ce Farfesa na Digital Society a Jami'ar Glasgow a Scotland, inda ta ke da Kwalejin Kwalejin Duniya ta Burtaniya. Ta yi aiki a kan al'amuran 'yancin watsa labarai kuma ita ce tsohuwar darekta na Cibiyar 'Yancin Magana a Johannesburg.[1] tplagnmnm51n026e7yk18jh44ijxhgy 879420 879418 2026-07-09T08:48:58Z BnHamid 12586 879420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jane Duncan (mai ilimi) Dan gwagwarmaya da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu Jane Duncan ilimi ce, haziƙin jama'a kuma mai fafutuka. A halin yanzu, ita ce Farfesa na Digital Society a Jami'ar Glasgow a Scotland, inda ta ke da Kwalejin Kwalejin Duniya ta Burtaniya. Ta yi aiki a kan al'amuran 'yancin watsa labarai kuma ita ce tsohuwar darekta na Cibiyar 'Yancin Magana a Johannesburg.[1] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} l38w7uxk7pefzx92vwk9m1km7jxs6zs 0 118087 879260 819456 2026-07-09T01:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Zaree''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1980) ɗan gwagwarmayar ne na kare hakkin dan adam ne a Masar. Shi ne darektan kasar Masar na Cibiyar Nazarin '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta Alkahira wato (CIHRS) <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web |last=Aboulenein |first=Ahmed |title=Activist dedicates rights award to 'tortured, imprisoned' Egyptians |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rights/activist-dedicates-rights-award-to-tortured-imprisoned-egyptians-idUSKBN1CF2F3 |access-date=11 February 2018 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> sanan kuma shugaban kungiyar kare 'yancin Dan Adam na Masar masu zaman kansu. <ref name="ICJ">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Mohamed Zaree |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Egypt-MEA-Finalists-2017-MZaree-Bio-2017-ENG.pdf |access-date=11 February 2018 |publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Ya yafito a me karbar lambar yabo ta Martin Ennals na shekarar 2017 don masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam . <ref name="Ennals">{{Cite web |title=2017 Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders goes to Mohamed Zaree |url=http://www.martinennalsaward.org/2017-martin-ennals-award-human-rights-defenders-goes-mohamed-zaree/ |access-date=11 February 2018 |publisher=Martin Ennals Award}}</ref> Wanda gwamnatin Masar ba ta ba shi izinin karɓar kyautarsa kuma a halin yanzu gwamnatin Masar ta hana shi barin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egyptian activist banned from collecting human rights award |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egyptian-activist-banned-collecting-human-rights-award |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PRI">{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=Salma |title=Meet the winner of the ‘Nobel for human rights’ that Egypt doesn’t want you to know about |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-10-09/meet-civil-rights-defender-egypt-doesn-t-want-you-know-about |access-date=11 February 2018 |publisher=PRI |archive-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111173236/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-10-09/meet-civil-rights-defender-egypt-doesn-t-want-you-know-about |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zaree ya halarci [[Jami'ar Alkahira]], inda ya sami digirinsa na farko daga Faculty of Law a shekarar 2002 da kuma difloma na digiri a cikin Civil Society da Human Rights a shekarar 2004. <ref name="ICJ"/> Ya shiga kungiyar CIHRS a watan Yulin shekarar 2011.<ref name="ICJ" /> Yana da 'ya'ya mata biyu.<ref name="PRI"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a3yvredpxqg9rd7jk8zbhkcn2v4zobe 0 118570 879322 794295 2026-07-09T05:17:00Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Katter's Ostiraliya''' ( '''KAP''' ) [[List of political parties in Australia|jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce [[Populism|mai]] [[Agrarianism|yawan]] jama'a a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] wacce ke ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki [[Agrarian socialism|na gurguzu]] da [[Social conservatism|manufofin zamantakewa na mazan jiya]] . <ref name="BrunsHighfield2">{{Cite journal |last=Bruns |first=Axel |last2=Highfield |first2=Tim |year=2013 |title=Political Networks on ''Twitter'': Tweeting the Queensland state election |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60752/1/Political_Networks_on_Twitter.pdf |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=667–691 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.782328 |s2cid=143208704 |quote=Bob Katter, the outspoken Federal Member for Kennedy, in Queensland's north-west, had launched his own party in 2011 to promote agricultural and conservative views; Katter's Australian Party (KAP) subsequently nominated candidates for 76 of the 89 state electorates.}}</ref> ɗan siyasa [[Bob Katter]] ne ya kafa shi, ɗan majalisa [[Independent (politics)|mai zaman kansa]] kuma tsohon [[Australian Parliament|ɗan majalisar wakilai]] [[National Party of Australia|na ƙasa]] don kujerar [[Division of Kennedy|Kennedy]], tare da takardar rajista da aka shigar da [[Australian Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Australiya]] a 2011. An sake zaɓen Katter a karkashin lakabin jam'iyyar a zabukan tarayya na 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 da 2025 . Har ila yau jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaben jihar Queensland na 2012, wanda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zaben jihar na 2015 . Jam'iyyar ta samu karin kujera a zaben jihar na 2017 wanda ta rike a zaben jihar na 2020 da na 2024 . A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Bob Katter ya mika jagorancin jam'iyyar ga dansa Robbie Katter, dan majalisar jihar Queensland . [[Fayil:Bob_Katter.jpg|thumb|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Bob Katter]] Hukumar zaben Australia ta ki amincewa da bukatar jam’iyyar ta yin rajista a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2011, bisa dalilin cewa sunan jam’iyyar da ake so (“Jam’iyyar Australian”) ya yi yawa kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. <ref name="denied">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Application for party registration refused – Katter's Australian Party |url=http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228060708/http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/party_registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ostiraliya ta yi rajistar Jam'iyyar Katter ta Ostiraliya. Ko da yake jam'iyyar ba ta yi nasara ba wajen yin rijista ga guntun sunan jam'iyyar "Jam'iyyar Ostiraliya" a cikin ƙasa, aikace-aikacen ta na lokaci guda don yin rajista a Queensland tare da taƙaitaccen sunan ya yi nasara, duk da 'yan adawar jama'a. <ref name="registered">{{Cite web |title=Objections to proposed registration of Katter's Australian Party |url=http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121526/http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=2014-01-27 |publisher=ecq.qld.gov.au}}</ref> A karkashin dokar zaben Queensland jam'iyyar tana fitowa ne a kan kuri'un zaben jihar a karkashin sunan ta. Don kaucewa sunayen jam’iyyun da ke da bambancin ra’ayi a fadin jihohin Ostireliya, KAP ba ta yi nasara ba, ta yi kira ga kotuna da su sake buga kuri’u domin cikakken sunan jam’iyyar ba gajarce ba ya bayyana a kan kuri’un zaben jihar Queensland na 2012 . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jam'iyyun Siyasa]] 1m01skgfbd6s94gnu19gl81uw25e357 879324 879322 2026-07-09T05:17:18Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Katter's Ostiraliya''' ( '''KAP''' ) [[List of political parties in Australia|jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce [[Populism|mai]] [[Agrarianism|yawan]] jama'a a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] wacce ke ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki [[Agrarian socialism|na gurguzu]] da [[Social conservatism|manufofin zamantakewa na mazan jiya]] . <ref name="BrunsHighfield2">{{Cite journal |last=Bruns |first=Axel |last2=Highfield |first2=Tim |year=2013 |title=Political Networks on ''Twitter'': Tweeting the Queensland state election |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60752/1/Political_Networks_on_Twitter.pdf |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=667–691 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.782328 |s2cid=143208704 |quote=Bob Katter, the outspoken Federal Member for Kennedy, in Queensland's north-west, had launched his own party in 2011 to promote agricultural and conservative views; Katter's Australian Party (KAP) subsequently nominated candidates for 76 of the 89 state electorates.}}</ref> ɗan siyasa [[Bob Katter]] ne ya kafa shi, ɗan majalisa [[Independent (politics)|mai zaman kansa]] kuma tsohon [[Australian Parliament|ɗan majalisar wakilai]] [[National Party of Australia|na ƙasa]] don kujerar [[Division of Kennedy|Kennedy]], tare da takardar rajista da aka shigar da [[Australian Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Australiya]] a 2011. An sake zaɓen Katter a karkashin lakabin jam'iyyar a zabukan tarayya na 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 da 2025 . Har ila yau jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaben jihar Queensland na 2012, wanda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zaben jihar na 2015 . Jam'iyyar ta samu karin kujera a zaben jihar na 2017 wanda ta rike a zaben jihar na 2020 da na 2024 . A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Bob Katter ya miƙa jagorancin jam'iyyar ga dansa Robbie Katter, dan majalisar jihar Queensland . [[Fayil:Bob_Katter.jpg|thumb|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Bob Katter]] Hukumar zaben Australia ta ki amincewa da bukatar jam’iyyar ta yin rajista a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2011, bisa dalilin cewa sunan jam’iyyar da ake so (“Jam’iyyar Australian”) ya yi yawa kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. <ref name="denied">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Application for party registration refused – Katter's Australian Party |url=http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228060708/http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/party_registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ostiraliya ta yi rajistar Jam'iyyar Katter ta Ostiraliya. Ko da yake jam'iyyar ba ta yi nasara ba wajen yin rijista ga guntun sunan jam'iyyar "Jam'iyyar Ostiraliya" a cikin ƙasa, aikace-aikacen ta na lokaci guda don yin rajista a Queensland tare da taƙaitaccen sunan ya yi nasara, duk da 'yan adawar jama'a. <ref name="registered">{{Cite web |title=Objections to proposed registration of Katter's Australian Party |url=http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121526/http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=2014-01-27 |publisher=ecq.qld.gov.au}}</ref> A karkashin dokar zaben Queensland jam'iyyar tana fitowa ne a kan kuri'un zaben jihar a karkashin sunan ta. Don kaucewa sunayen jam’iyyun da ke da bambancin ra’ayi a fadin jihohin Ostireliya, KAP ba ta yi nasara ba, ta yi kira ga kotuna da su sake buga kuri’u domin cikakken sunan jam’iyyar ba gajarce ba ya bayyana a kan kuri’un zaben jihar Queensland na 2012 . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jam'iyyun Siyasa]] ntxjn6013l0xmqvipq0x4v1ohk39n0f 879327 879324 2026-07-09T05:18:27Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Katter's Ostiraliya''' ( '''KAP''' ) [[List of political parties in Australia|jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce [[Populism|mai]] [[Agrarianism|yawan]] jama'a a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] wacce ke ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki [[Agrarian socialism|na gurguzu]] da [[Social conservatism|manufofin zamantakewa na mazan jiya]] . <ref name="BrunsHighfield2">{{Cite journal |last=Bruns |first=Axel |last2=Highfield |first2=Tim |year=2013 |title=Political Networks on ''Twitter'': Tweeting the Queensland state election |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60752/1/Political_Networks_on_Twitter.pdf |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=667–691 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.782328 |s2cid=143208704 |quote=Bob Katter, the outspoken Federal Member for Kennedy, in Queensland's north-west, had launched his own party in 2011 to promote agricultural and conservative views; Katter's Australian Party (KAP) subsequently nominated candidates for 76 of the 89 state electorates.}}</ref> ɗan siyasa [[Bob Katter]] ne ya kafa shi, ɗan majalisa [[Independent (politics)|mai zaman kansa]] kuma tsohon [[Australian Parliament|ɗan majalisar wakilai]] [[National Party of Australia|na ƙasa]] don kujerar [[Division of Kennedy|Kennedy]], tare da takardar rajista da aka shigar da [[Australian Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Australiya]] a 2011. An sake zaɓen Katter a karkashin lakabin jam'iyyar a zabukan tarayya na 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 da 2025 . Har ila yau jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaben jihar Queensland na 2012, wanda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zaben jihar na 2015 . Jam'iyyar ta samu karin kujera a zaben jihar na 2017 wanda ta rike a zaben jihar na 2020 da na 2024 . A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Bob Katter ya miƙa jagorancin jam'iyyar ga ɗansa Robbie Katter, dan majalisar jihar Queensland . [[Fayil:Bob_Katter.jpg|thumb|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Bob Katter]] Hukumar zaben Australia ta ki amincewa da bukatar jam’iyyar ta yin rajista a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2011, bisa dalilin cewa sunan jam’iyyar da ake so (“Jam’iyyar Australian”) ya yi yawa kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. <ref name="denied">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Application for party registration refused – Katter's Australian Party |url=http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228060708/http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/party_registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ostiraliya ta yi rajistar Jam'iyyar Katter ta Ostiraliya. Ko da yake jam'iyyar ba ta yi nasara ba wajen yin rijista ga guntun sunan jam'iyyar "Jam'iyyar Ostiraliya" a cikin ƙasa, aikace-aikacen ta na lokaci guda don yin rajista a Queensland tare da taƙaitaccen sunan ya yi nasara, duk da 'yan adawar jama'a. <ref name="registered">{{Cite web |title=Objections to proposed registration of Katter's Australian Party |url=http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121526/http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=2014-01-27 |publisher=ecq.qld.gov.au}}</ref> A karkashin dokar zaben Queensland jam'iyyar tana fitowa ne a kan kuri'un zaben jihar a karkashin sunan ta. Don kaucewa sunayen jam’iyyun da ke da bambancin ra’ayi a fadin jihohin Ostireliya, KAP ba ta yi nasara ba, ta yi kira ga kotuna da su sake buga kuri’u domin cikakken sunan jam’iyyar ba gajarce ba ya bayyana a kan kuri’un zaben jihar Queensland na 2012 . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jam'iyyun Siyasa]] 8rqp3q958eg0f87c3mdaroia6x1i3br 879328 879327 2026-07-09T05:19:03Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Katter's Ostiraliya''' ( '''KAP''' ) [[List of political parties in Australia|jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce [[Populism|mai]] [[Agrarianism|yawan]] jama'a a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] wacce ke ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki [[Agrarian socialism|na gurguzu]] da [[Social conservatism|manufofin zamantakewa na mazan jiya]] . <ref name="BrunsHighfield2">{{Cite journal |last=Bruns |first=Axel |last2=Highfield |first2=Tim |year=2013 |title=Political Networks on ''Twitter'': Tweeting the Queensland state election |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60752/1/Political_Networks_on_Twitter.pdf |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=667–691 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.782328 |s2cid=143208704 |quote=Bob Katter, the outspoken Federal Member for Kennedy, in Queensland's north-west, had launched his own party in 2011 to promote agricultural and conservative views; Katter's Australian Party (KAP) subsequently nominated candidates for 76 of the 89 state electorates.}}</ref> ɗan siyasa [[Bob Katter]] ne ya kafa shi, ɗan majalisa [[Independent (politics)|mai zaman kansa]] kuma tsohon [[Australian Parliament|ɗan majalisar wakilai]] [[National Party of Australia|na ƙasa]] don kujerar [[Division of Kennedy|Kennedy]], tare da takardar rajista da aka shigar da [[Australian Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Australiya]] a 2011. An sake zaɓen Katter a karkashin lakabin jam'iyyar a zabukan tarayya na 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 da 2025 . Har ila yau jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaben jihar Queensland na 2012, wanda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zaben jihar na 2015 . Jam'iyyar ta samu karin kujera a zaben jihar na 2017 wanda ta rike a zaben jihar na 2020 da na 2024 . A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Bob Katter ya miƙa jagorancin jam'iyyar ga ɗansa Robbie Katter, dan majalisar jihar Queensland . [[Fayil:Bob_Katter.jpg|thumb|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Bob Katter]] Hukumar zaben Australia ta ki amincewa da bukatar jam’iyyar ta yin rajista a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2011, bisa dalilin cewa sunan jam’iyyar da ake so (“Jam’iyyar Australian”) ya yi yawa kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. <ref name="denied">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Application for party registration refused – Katter's Australian Party |url=http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228060708/http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/party_registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ostiraliya ta yi rajistar Jam'iyyar Katter ta Ostiraliya. Ko da yake jam'iyyar ba ta yi nasara ba wajen yin rijista ga guntun sunan jam'iyyar "Jam'iyyar Ostiraliya" a cikin ƙasa, aikace-aikacen ta na lokaci guda don yin rajista a Queensland tare da taƙaitaccen sunan ya yi nasara, duk da 'yan adawar jama'a. <ref name="registered">{{Cite web |title=Objections to proposed registration of Katter's Australian Party |url=http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121526/http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=2014-01-27 |publisher=ecq.qld.gov.au}}</ref> A karkashin dokar zaɓen Queensland jam'iyyar tana fitowa ne a kan kuri'un zaben jihar a karkashin sunan ta. Don kaucewa sunayen jam’iyyun da ke da bambancin ra’ayi a fadin jihohin Ostireliya, KAP ba ta yi nasara ba, ta yi kira ga kotuna da su sake buga kuri’u domin cikakken sunan jam’iyyar ba gajarce ba ya bayyana a kan kuri’un zaben jihar Queensland na 2012 . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jam'iyyun Siyasa]] obvp9t571qtma1beil18nwx4idyeew0 879329 879328 2026-07-09T05:19:32Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Katter's Ostiraliya''' ( '''KAP''' ) [[List of political parties in Australia|jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce [[Populism|mai]] [[Agrarianism|yawan]] jama'a a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] wacce ke ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki [[Agrarian socialism|na gurguzu]] da [[Social conservatism|manufofin zamantakewa na mazan jiya]] . <ref name="BrunsHighfield2">{{Cite journal |last=Bruns |first=Axel |last2=Highfield |first2=Tim |year=2013 |title=Political Networks on ''Twitter'': Tweeting the Queensland state election |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60752/1/Political_Networks_on_Twitter.pdf |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=667–691 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.782328 |s2cid=143208704 |quote=Bob Katter, the outspoken Federal Member for Kennedy, in Queensland's north-west, had launched his own party in 2011 to promote agricultural and conservative views; Katter's Australian Party (KAP) subsequently nominated candidates for 76 of the 89 state electorates.}}</ref> ɗan siyasa [[Bob Katter]] ne ya kafa shi, ɗan majalisa [[Independent (politics)|mai zaman kansa]] kuma tsohon [[Australian Parliament|ɗan majalisar wakilai]] [[National Party of Australia|na ƙasa]] don kujerar [[Division of Kennedy|Kennedy]], tare da takardar rajista da aka shigar da [[Australian Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Australiya]] a 2011. An sake zaɓen Katter a karkashin lakabin jam'iyyar a zabukan tarayya na 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 da 2025 . Har ila yau jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaben jihar Queensland na 2012, wanda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zaben jihar na 2015 . Jam'iyyar ta samu karin kujera a zaben jihar na 2017 wanda ta rike a zaben jihar na 2020 da na 2024 . A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Bob Katter ya miƙa jagorancin jam'iyyar ga ɗansa Robbie Katter, dan majalisar jihar Queensland . [[Fayil:Bob_Katter.jpg|thumb|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Bob Katter]] Hukumar zaben Australia ta ki amincewa da bukatar jam’iyyar ta yin rajista a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2011, bisa dalilin cewa sunan jam’iyyar da ake so (“Jam’iyyar Australian”) ya yi yawa kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. <ref name="denied">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Application for party registration refused – Katter's Australian Party |url=http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228060708/http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/party_registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ostiraliya ta yi rajistar Jam'iyyar Katter ta Ostiraliya. Ko da yake jam'iyyar ba ta yi nasara ba wajen yin rijista ga guntun sunan jam'iyyar "Jam'iyyar Ostiraliya" a cikin ƙasa, aikace-aikacen ta na lokaci guda don yin rajista a Queensland tare da taƙaitaccen sunan ya yi nasara, duk da 'yan adawar jama'a. <ref name="registered">{{Cite web |title=Objections to proposed registration of Katter's Australian Party |url=http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121526/http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=2014-01-27 |publisher=ecq.qld.gov.au}}</ref> A karkashin dokar zaɓen Queensland jam'iyyar tana fitowa ne a kan kuri'un zaɓen jihar a karkashin sunan ta. Don kaucewa sunayen jam’iyyun da ke da bambancin ra’ayi a fadin jihohin Ostireliya, KAP ba ta yi nasara ba, ta yi kira ga kotuna da su sake buga kuri’u domin cikakken sunan jam’iyyar ba gajarce ba ya bayyana a kan kuri’un zaben jihar Queensland na 2012 . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jam'iyyun Siyasa]] 4iv9f0os44c3qm8yfsbn3p9q7elvu2l 879330 879329 2026-07-09T05:20:31Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 879330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jam'iyyar Katter's Ostiraliya''' ( '''KAP''' ) [[List of political parties in Australia|jam'iyyar siyasa]] ce [[Populism|mai]] [[Agrarianism|yawan]] jama'a a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] wacce ke ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki [[Agrarian socialism|na gurguzu]] da [[Social conservatism|manufofin zamantakewa na mazan jiya]] . <ref name="BrunsHighfield2">{{Cite journal |last=Bruns |first=Axel |last2=Highfield |first2=Tim |year=2013 |title=Political Networks on ''Twitter'': Tweeting the Queensland state election |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60752/1/Political_Networks_on_Twitter.pdf |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=667–691 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.782328 |s2cid=143208704 |quote=Bob Katter, the outspoken Federal Member for Kennedy, in Queensland's north-west, had launched his own party in 2011 to promote agricultural and conservative views; Katter's Australian Party (KAP) subsequently nominated candidates for 76 of the 89 state electorates.}}</ref> ɗan siyasa [[Bob Katter]] ne ya kafa shi, ɗan majalisa [[Independent (politics)|mai zaman kansa]] kuma tsohon [[Australian Parliament|ɗan majalisar wakilai]] [[National Party of Australia|na ƙasa]] don kujerar [[Division of Kennedy|Kennedy]], tare da takardar rajista da aka shigar da [[Australian Electoral Commission|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Australiya]] a 2011. An sake zaɓen Katter a karkashin lakabin jam'iyyar a zabukan tarayya na 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 da 2025 . Har ila yau jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru biyu a zaben jihar Queensland na 2012, wanda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a zaben jihar na 2015 . Jam'iyyar ta samu karin kujera a zaben jihar na 2017 wanda ta rike a zaben jihar na 2020 da na 2024 . A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Bob Katter ya miƙa jagorancin jam'iyyar ga ɗansa Robbie Katter, dan majalisar jihar Queensland . [[Fayil:Bob_Katter.jpg|thumb|Wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Bob Katter]] Hukumar zaben Australia ta ki amincewa da bukatar jam’iyyar ta yin rajista a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2011, bisa dalilin cewa sunan jam’iyyar da ake so (“Jam’iyyar Australian”) ya yi yawa kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. <ref name="denied">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Application for party registration refused – Katter's Australian Party |url=http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228060708/http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/party_registration/Registration_Decisions/4226.htm |archive-date=28 February 2012 |access-date=17 August 2011 |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ostiraliya ta yi rajistar Jam'iyyar Katter ta Ostiraliya. Ko da yake jam'iyyar ba ta yi nasara ba wajen yin rijista ga guntun sunan jam'iyyar "Jam'iyyar Ostiraliya" a cikin ƙasa, aikace-aikacen ta na lokaci guda don yin rajista a Queensland tare da taƙaitaccen sunan ya yi nasara, duk da 'yan adawar jama'a. <ref name="registered">{{Cite web |title=Objections to proposed registration of Katter's Australian Party |url=http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214121526/http://www.ecq.qld.gov.au/political_parties.aspx?id=4753 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=2014-01-27 |publisher=ecq.qld.gov.au}}</ref> A karkashin dokar zaɓen Queensland jam'iyyar tana fitowa ne a kan kuri'un zaɓen jihar a karkashin sunan ta. Don kaucewa sunayen jam’iyyun da ke da bambancin ra’ayi a fadin jihohin Ostireliya, KAP ba ta yi nasara ba, ta yi kira ga kotuna da su sake buga kuri’u domin cikakken sunan jam’iyyar ba gajarce ba ya bayyana a kan kuri’un zaɓen jihar Queensland na 2012 . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Jam'iyyun Siyasa]] osrbz2l94z643cr8vi3ofmzglulu45r 0 120928 879252 737176 2026-07-09T00:06:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Miss Universe [[Bangladesh]] wata gasar kwalliya ce ta kasa wacce ta zabi wakiliyar [[Bangladesh]] a gasar Miss Universe, daya daga cikin manyan gasar kyau na kasa da kasa . Miss universe [[Bangladesh]] 2025 ita ce [[Tangia Zaman Methila]], Tun asali an saita don yin gasa a Miss Universe 2020 amma ta kasa shiga saboda takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da ƙarin kullewa da aka sanya wa Bangladesh saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]] . Bayan shekaru 5, an sake nada ta a matsayin Miss Universe Bangladesh 2025. == Tarihi == An kaddamar da Miss Universe [[Bangladesh]] a hukumance a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2019. An bayyana kambin gasar a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019. Shirin Akter Shila ya zama mace ta farko da ta lashe Miss Universe Bangladesh a 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2019 |title=Miss Universe Bangladesh officially launches for the first time |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/09/07/miss-universe-bangladesh-officially-launches-for-the-first-time |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=Dhaka Trinune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2019 |title=Miss Universe Bangladesh launches officially |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/miss-universe-bangladesh-launches-officially-1796896 |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2019 |title=Miss Universe Bangladesh launched |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/83873/miss-universe-bangladesh-launched |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=New Age}}</ref> Bugu na biyu ya ga Tangia Zaman Methila ya lashe kambi a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. Koyaya, saboda takunkumin tafiye-tafiye, Methila ta kasa wakiltar [[Bangladesh]] a Miss Universe 2020, wanda ya tilasta mata ficewa daga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Shirin Akter Shela makes Bangladesh proud on Miss Universe platform |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/12/10/shirin-akter-shela-makes-bangladesh-proud-on-miss-universe-platform |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Miss Universe Bangladesh crown unveiled |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/10/15/miss-universe-bangladesh-crown-unveiled |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=Dhaka Trinune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=Miss Universe Bangladesh unveils its crown |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/miss-universe-bangladesh-unveils-its-crown-1814140 |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=Miss Universe Bangladesh’s crown unveiled |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/431556/Miss-Universe-Bangladesh%E2%80%99s-crown-unveiled/2019-10-16 |access-date=23 October 2019 |website=Daily Sun |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023135555/https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/431556/Miss-Universe-Bangladesh%25E2%2580%2599s-crown-unveiled/2019-10-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Masu rike da madafun iko == {{Plainlist|* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} : Declared as Winner * {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=silver}} : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification * {{Color box|#FFFF99|border=silver}} : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists * {{Color box|#FADADD|border=silver}} : Ended as special awards winner}} :: ''A wani lokaci, lokacin da wanda ya ci nasara bai cancanta ba (saboda shekaru) don kowane takara, ana aika wanda ya zo na biyu.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" ! width="60" |Shekara ! width="150" | Gundumar ! width="250" | Miss Universe Bangladesh ! width="250" | Wuri a Miss Universe ! width="250" | Kyaututtuka na musamman ! width="250" | Bayanan kula |- style="background-color:#FFFF99;" ! 2025 | [[Dhaka|Daka]] | [[Tangia Zaman Methila]] | Manyan 30 | | An sake nada Tangia a matsayin Miss Universe Bangladesh 2025. |- ! 2024 | [[Dhaka|Daka]] | '''Aniqa Alam''' | Ba a sanya shi ba | | An nada Aniqa a matsayin Miss Universe Bangladesh 2024 |-| colspan=6 {{N/a|Did not compete between 2021—2023}} |- ! 2020 | [[Dhaka|Daka]] | [[Tangia Zaman Methila]]| colspan=2 {{N/a|Did not compete}} | An shirya Tangia zuwa Miss Universe 2020, saboda takunkumin tafiye-tafiye ta kasa yin gasa. |- ! 2019 | Thakurgaon | [[Shirin Akter Shila]] | Ba a sanya shi ba | | A baya can, Shila ta zama mafi kyawun samfurin mata na Fuskar Bangladesh 2019. |- |} === Nasara ta gunduma === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! width="150" |Gundumar ! width="50" | Lakabi ! width="250" | Shekaru |- | [[Dhaka|Daka]] | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center" | 2 | 2020, 2024 |- | Thakurgaon | rowspan="1" style="text-align: center" | 1 | 2019 |- |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} qo678gd7eihapz730kz6nfrwxlbezoo 0 122090 879002 791200 2026-07-08T16:16:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879002 wikitext text/x-wiki Gurbacewar albarkatun ruwa a Haiti, kamar yadda yake da kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, babban abin damuwa ne. Babban abin da ke janyo gurbacewar ruwa a kasar nan shi ne babban nakasu wajen tara shara da rashin ko rashin aiki na tsaftar ruwan sha. Bugu da kari, karuwar yawan jama'a a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata tare da rashin tsara biranen da hukumomi da suka biyo baya a kasar suka yi ya haifar da gurbacewar muhalli mai yawa, tare da yin illa ga ingancin albarkatun ruwa. A sakamakon haka, ruwan saman da ruwa mara zurfi yana ƙara gurɓatar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa da ƙwayoyin cuta, suna fallasa maza da mata da yara ga kwalara, typhoid, Cryptosporidiosis da kowane nau'in cututtuka na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Clean Water{{!}}Haiti Water |url=https://haitiwater.org/why/why-clean-water/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dalilan gurɓata == === Rashin ruwa da ba a kula da shi ba === Haiti ba ta da tsarin gama kai don tattarawa da kuma kula da ruwan sha. Tsaftar muhalli, lokacin da yake a Haiti, yana da cin gashin kansa a yanayi inda mutum ke da alhakin gudanarwa da fitar da ruwan da yake samarwa.  A sakamakon haka, ruwan toka gabaɗaya yana ƙarewa a buɗe tashoshin magudanar ruwa waɗanda aka ƙima kawai don magudanar ruwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Document d'orientation stratégique pour l'assainissement en Haïti. Direction Nationale de l'Eau Potable et de L'Assainissement (DINEPA). Révision mars 2014. |url=https://cliohaiti.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/DINEPA-2014-Document-d_Orientation-Strategique-pour-L_Assainis.pdf |access-date=2025-12-07 |archive-date=2024-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512084530/https://cliohaiti.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/DINEPA-2014-Document-d_Orientation-Strategique-pour-L_Assainis.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A daya hannun kuma, idan babu tashoshi na magudanun ruwa, sai a kwashe su a kasa kusa da gidajen. Wannan yana haɓaka gurɓata ta hanyar zubar da ruwa da kutsawa cikin ruwan saman da ruwan ƙasa. Dangane da ruwan baƙar fata, abin lura yana da yawa: a Haiti kawai 26% na yawan jama'a suna samun ingantaccen tsarin tsafta, tare da kashi 34.5% a cikin birane da 17% a yankunan karkara. Lura cewa fiye da rabin waɗannan bandakuna ba a gina su akan tankunan ruwa ba, kuma ba a kwashe su akai-akai. Bugu da kari, zubar da tsaftar tsarin, idan an yi shi, galibi ana aiwatar da shi ne ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da hannu sannan kawai a jefa fitar da ruwa a magudanar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-02 |title=Haïti-Assainissement : La gestion des excréta, un immense problème qui semble être négligé (II) - Haiti {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/ha-ti-assainissement-la-gestion-des-excr-ta-un-immense-probl-me-qui-semble-tre-n-glig |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Lalle ne, ƙasar tana da cibiyar kula da kayan aiki guda ɗaya tare da damar 500 m3 a kowace rana, don yawan jama'a kusan 12,000,000 da yanki na 27,750 km2 . <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Clean Water{{!}}Haiti Water |url=https://haitiwater.org/why/why-clean-water/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; === Sauran matsaloli === A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Haiti ta sami ci gaban yawan jama'a da kuma birane da ba a tsara su ba daga yankunan karkara zuwa yankunan birane, musamman yankin [[Port-au-Prince]]. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar unguwanni da yawa ba tare da samun dama ga ayyukan asali ba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bras |first=A. |last2=Berdier |first2=C. |last3=Emmanuel |first3=E. |last4=Zimmerman |first4=M. |date=November 2009 |title=Problems and current practices of solid waste management in Port-au-Prince (Haiti) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0956053X09003122 |journal=Waste Management |language=en |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=2907–2909 |bibcode=2009WaMan..29.2907B |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2009.07.015 |pmid=19709869 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wadannan yankuna kuma sune manyan masu samar da sharar gida, wanda galibi ana zubar da shi a cikin kwari, kusurwoyin tituna, gefen hanyoyi da sauran wuraren budewa. A zahiri, binciken kula da sharar gida a Port-au-Prince ya nuna cewa kashi 87.7% na gidaje mafi talauci sun yi amfani da raƙuman ruwa don zubar da shararsu.<ref name=":3" /> Duk wadannan munanan ayyukan tsaftar muhalli da suka hada da magudanan ruwa masu zurfi da kuma karayawar duwatsu suna haifar da gurbatar yanayi, ko dai ta hanyar zubar da ruwa da/ko kutsawa gurbataccen gurbataccen ruwa, na kasa da albarkatun ruwa na kasar. == hanyoyin hana gurɓataccen ruwa a Haiti == Magance gurɓacewar ruwa a Haiti yana buƙatar tsari mai ban sha'awa wanda yayi la'akari da matakan gaggawa da mafita na dogon lokaci. Anan akwai dabaru da yawa waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa hana gurɓacewar ruwa a Haiti: # Inganta kayan aikin tsabtace muhalli: Inganta gina da kuma kula da wuraren tsabtace mujallu masu kyau kamar ɗakunan wanka da tsarin tsabtace mu'ura na iya hana datti da ba a kula da shi ba daga gurɓata hanyoyin ruwa. # '''Aiwatar da Ayyukan Gudanar da Sharar gida''': Kafa ingantaccen tarin sharar gida da tsarin zubar da shi don rage gurɓataccen sharar gida a cikin koguna, tabkuna, da ruwan bakin teku. # '''Inganta Aikin Gona Mai dorewa''': Karfafa karɓar ayyukan noma na kwayoyin halitta da rage amfani da taki da magungunan kashe kwari don rage yawan aikin gona a cikin ruwa. # '''Kare Yankunan Ruwa''': Aiwatar da matakai don karewa da dawo da yankuna masu mahimmanci ta hanyar sake dasa bishiyoyi da kula da rushewa don hana gurɓataccen ruwa da gurɓatawar ruwa. # '''Al'ummomin Ilimi''': Gudanar da kamfen na ilimi don wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin ruwa mai tsabta, zubar da sharar gida, da ayyukan tsabta tsakanin al'ummomi. # '''Gudanar da fitar da masana'antu''': Tilasta ka'idoji kan fitar da ruwa mai guba na masana'antu don tabbatar da cewa gurɓataccen abu daga masana'antu da masana'antun ba ya gurɓata hanyoyin ruwa. # '''Zuba jari a cikin Fasahar Magunguna na Ruwa''': Shigarwa da kiyaye wuraren tsabtace ruwa don inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da aminci ga al'ummomi. # '''Haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙungiyoyin Duniya''': Haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don samar da ƙwarewar fasaha, kuɗi, da albarkatu don ayyukan kula da gurɓataccen ruwa. == Ingancin albarkatun ruwa == Babu wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka gudanar a matakin kasa kan ingancin ruwan da al’ummar kasar ke amfani da shi a kullum. Duk da haka, bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar a watan Afrilu 2012 a cikin Sashen Artibonite, daga cikin 108 kafofin da aka gwada don ingancin ruwa, 2/3 daga cikinsu sun gabatar da alamun E. Coli (Escherichia coli) da 25.9%. yana da adadin fiye da 100 MPN/100mL wanda yake da matukar haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Sauran binciken da aka gudanar a cikin manyan birane uku na kasar, wato Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haïtien da Les Cayes, sun nuna kasancewar microorganisms kamar Giardia da Cryptosporidium a matakan da ke da haɗari ga yawan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Clean Water{{!}}Haiti Water |url=https://haitiwater.org/why/why-clean-water/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lalle ne, an sami ƙimar 4 zuwa 1274 cryptosporidium oocysts da 741 zuwa 6088 Cryptosporinium oocysts a Port-au-Prince da Cap-Haïtien, a cikin ruwan da aka nufa don amfani da jama'a.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Brasseur |first=Philippe |last2=Agnamey |first2=Patrice |last3=Emmanuel |first3=Evens |last4=Pape |first4=Jean W. |last5=Vaillant |first5=Michel |last6=Raccurt |first6=Christian P. |date=2011-01-31 |title=Cryptosporidium Contamination of Surface and Water Supplies in Haiti |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19338244.2010.506492 |journal=Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=12–17 |bibcode=2011ArEOH..66...12B |doi=10.1080/19338244.2010.506492 |issn=1933-8244 |pmid=21337181 |s2cid=45743351 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kasancewar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan Haiti alama ce ta gurɓataccen faecal. == Cututtukan da suka danganci == Cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa kamar [[gudawa]], kwalara, cryptosporidiosis da sauransu, sun zama ruwan dare a kasar. A wannan ma'anar, suna gabatar da babban haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mafi rauni. Cututtukan da za a iya kamawa da sauƙi, kamar zawo da waɗanda ke haifar da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], suna kashe tsakanin 20% da 28% na yara masu shekaru 0 zuwa 5, bi da bi. Cryptosporidiosis sanannen sanadin zawo ne a Haiti.<ref name=":1"/> Yana da alhakin 17.5% na gagarumin zawo da ke shafar yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 2 da 30% na gagarumar zawo da ke shafi mutanen da ke fama da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]].<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Clean Water{{!}}Haiti Water |url=https://haitiwater.org/why/why-clean-water/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin Oktoba 2010 da Fabrairu 2019, annobar kwalara da sojoji na Nepalese suka gabatar ta haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane 10,000 kuma ta kamu da cutar sama da 820,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Clean Water{{!}}Haiti Water |url=https://haitiwater.org/why/why-clean-water/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sai kawai, don samun farfadowa a watan Oktoba 2022 wanda ya riga ya shafi sassan 4 a kasar, tare da jimlar mutane 6,814 da ake zargi wadanda 5,628 suka kwantar da su a asibiti kuma suka haifar da mutuwar 144 a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Clean Water{{!}}Haiti Water |url=https://haitiwater.org/why/why-clean-water/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>   == Bayanan da aka ambata == 11. Bankin Duniya. (2020). Ruwa, Tsabtace, da Tsabtacen a Haiti. An samo shi daga Bankin Duniya na Haiti Water . gzprz1lddddn11bskb6wf8awoneebxb 0 124828 879136 795241 2026-07-08T18:51:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matthew Buckland''' (22 August 1974 – 23 April 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kekana |first=Mashadi |date=23 April 2019 |title=Digital pioneer Matthew Buckland dies |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-23-digital-pioneer-matthew-buckland-dies |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> was a South African Internet entrepreneur and businessman who founded and exited digital agency and publisher Creative Spark, acquired in 2015 by UK firm ''M&C Saatchi PLC'' (LSE: SAA), the holding group of M&amp;amp;C Saatchi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saatchi Acquires Creative Spark in South Africa (M&C Saatchi) |url=http://mcsaatchi.com/news/2015/mc-saatchi-acquires-creative-spark-south-africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425162110/http://mcsaatchi.com/news/2015/mc-saatchi-acquires-creative-spark-south-africa |archive-date=25 April 2019 |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> Buckland was also the founder of Burn Media, a suite of technology publishing brands which includes Memeburn, Ventureburn.com, Gearburn.com and others. Buckland a baya ya jagoranci sashen kan layi na ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'', bayan haka ya fara 20fourlabs a Naspers' news24.com, mafi girman mai wallafa labarai na kan layi na Afirka ta Kudu, mallakar Naspers. Yayinda yake a ''Mail & Guardian'' Buckland ya kafa Jagoran Tunanin . A shekara ta 2015 an zaba shi a matsayin "Master of Digital", yana zaune tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Idris Elba]] don "Q&A Session". == Rayuwa ta farko == Buckland ta yi karatun aikin jarida a [[Jami'ar Rhodes]] a Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. Ya yi aiki a Landan don sashin yanar gizo na kasuwanci na BBC a lokacin, beeb.com a matsayin mai haɓaka, sannan kuma mai samar da ci gaban yanar gizo. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Intanet na shirin talabijin na farko, Carte Blanche, kafin ya zama Manajan Darakta na sashen kan layi na Mail &amp;amp; Guardian. Shi ne ɗan fari na Andrew Buckland da [[Janet Buckland]], sanannen dangin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu. == Kasuwanci == Buckland ya kafa [[Amatomu]] a cikin shekarar 2007, kuma a cikin 2010, Creative Spark da Burn Media, wanda ya ba da kansa bayan ya kasa tara kudaden shiga don shi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marklives.com/2018/04/buckland-exits-creative-spark-mc-saatchi-group/ |title=''Buckland exits Creative Spark, M&C Saatchi Group'' |access-date=2025-12-27 |archive-date=2020-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323050517/http://www.marklives.com/2018/04/buckland-exits-creative-spark-mc-saatchi-group/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a cikin 2015, ya sayar da mafi yawan hannun jari a cikin kamfaninsa ga hukumar da aka jera ta FTSE, [[M&C Saatchi]] . Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da siyar da duka hukumar dijital da kuma hannun wallafe-wallafen, wanda ke da lakabi kamar Memeburn da Ventureburn . Daga baya ya sake karɓar iko da hannun wallafe-wallafen lokacin da ya fita daga tsohon kamfaninsa a shekarar 2018. Ventureburn shafin ne wanda ke ba da rahoto game da farawa, ɗan kasuwa da tsarin halittu a Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya da Najeriya. == Kyaututtuka == Kyautar masana'antar Buckland ta haɗa da: * [http://issuu.com/fastcompanysa/docs/fc_july_2015_issue_8_ An zaba a cikin Fast Company Magazine's Most Creative People in Business, 2015] * [http://entertainment.iafrica.com/news/971390.html An zaba shi a matsayin "Oude Meeste Master of digital", yana zaune don tattaunawa a kan allo tare da sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Idris Elba, 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153735/http://entertainment.iafrica.com/news/971390.html |date=2015-12-08 }} * [http://socialmediaweek.org/johannesburg/events/ventureburn-startup-battle-powered-ford/ Alkalin farawa / Dragon a Social Media Week: Johannesburg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165845/http://socialmediaweek.org/johannesburg/events/ventureburn-startup-battle-powered-ford/ |date=2015-12-08 }} * [https://thenextweb.com/africa/2012/09/08/pashash-wins-startup-world-cape-town/ NextWeb Startup World - Cape Town - Alkalin Farawa] * Kyautar jarida ta Standard Bank Sikuvile - Alkalin * [http://www.bizcommunity.com/Event/196/11/32131.html An lissafa shi a cikin Destiny Magazine: Ikon 40: 'yan kasuwa 40 a ƙarƙashin 40 suna yin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065515/http://www.bizcommunity.com/Event/196/11/32131.html |date=2015-12-08 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_gXq_SYWAc An zaba don Tsohon Mutual "Yi Abubuwa Masu Girma" Jagoran ɗan kasuwa] * [http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28788 Aikace-aikacen Afridoctor ya lashe gasar masu kirkiro ta Afirka (Lambar US $ 80,000)] * An kira shi a cikin manyan 100 na "mafi tasiri a kafofin watsa labarai da talla na Afirka ta Kudu" ta hanyar The Annual * [http://mg.co.za/article/2009-06-12-300-young-south-africans-technology-continued An kira shi daya daga cikin "Matasa 300 na Afirka ta Kudu da ya kamata ku tafi abincin rana" ta Mail & Guardian Newspaper] * [http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/20756/ten-of-the-best-with-matthew-buckland An kira shi Sabon Media "Mogul" ta mujallar FHM & an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta 2009 "Mafi Kyawun Mutum"] == Mutuwa == Buckland ya mutu a watan Afrilun 2019 daga ciwon daji. Ya bar matarsa da 'ya'ya mata biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kekana |first=Mashadi |date=23 April 2019 |title=Digital pioneer Matthew Buckland dies |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-04-23-digital-pioneer-matthew-buckland-dies |access-date=23 April 2019 |website=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 0hl7vjg245xiz0ugawb046kr8med7zf 0 125684 879003 755213 2026-07-08T16:16:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kabarin Jackson Street, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Tsohon [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]" id="mwIQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="[[Athens]], [[Georgia]]">Athens, shine asalin kabari na Athens, Jojiya kuma an jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places . An yi amfani da shi a matsayin makabartar gari daga kimanin 1810 zuwa 1856, <ref name="national" /> har sai da aka buɗe makabartar Oconee Hill. Kabarin karshe da aka sani ya kasance a cikin 1898. == Wurin da tarihi == Kabarin yana kan harabar Jami'ar Georgia (UGA) kusa da Kwalejin Muhalli + Zane da Baldwin Hall (a kudu) Jackson Street (a yamma), da Thomas Street (a gabas), "a ƙasar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na kyautar ƙasar Jami'ar daga majalisar dokoki ta jihar, kuma makarantar a bayyane ta ba da gudummawa ga birnin Athens, kodayake Duncan ya ce babu wani rikodin hukuma na ma'amala". An mayar da ƙasar makabarta ga UGA a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="newlife" /> Jami'ar ta mamaye asalin kadada shida na makabartar, ta rage shi zuwa kadada biyu da rabi da yake zaune yanzu. Jami'ar ta so ta gina a kan ƙasar kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta tabbatar da taken a cikin 1890, amma 'yan adawa sun rushe shirye-shiryen su.<blockquote>An matsa don sararin harabar, Jami'ar ta bi ra'ayin [sunan ƙasa] a ƙarƙashin Chancellor Hill. Za a tura kaburbura zuwa Oconee Hill da kuma shafin da aka yi amfani da shi don gini, amma mutuwarsa a watan Disamba, 1905 ta kawo karshen wannan kamfen.</blockquote>A cikin shekarun 1920 an sake gabatar da shirye-shiryen karɓar tsohuwar makabartar, kuma lokacin da aka gina Baldwin Hall (wanda aka buɗe a 1938) an ɗauki kadada biyu daga ƙarshen kudancin makabartar (kuma fiye da haka don filin ajiye motoci). An kuma yi niyyar amfani da makabartar a matsayin shafin yanar gizon Visual Arts Building (wanda aka buɗe a 1961), amma wannan "ya kare" ta hanyar Athens Historical Society (yayinda aka ɗauki wani yanki na ƙasa daga arewacin ƙarshen makabartar, kamar yadda tsoffin hotuna na sama suka nuna). An damu da gawarwaki a cikin wannan tsari: "ma'aikata a cikin shekarun 1930 sun cire akwatunan katako 120 cike da ƙasusuwa daga inda Baldwin Hall ke zaune yanzu, sannan suka binne su a cikin rami biyu na mita 95 a cikin ko kusa da makabartar matalauta", kuma wani abu na "al'ada" ya ce UGA Dean, William Tate, "ya yi tafiya tare da procession don ba shi wani daraja". A cikin fall of 1980 Jami'ar ta sake ba da shawarar ƙaura da kaburbura zuwa Oconee Hill, a wannan lokacin don a iya amfani da ƙasar makabarta don filin ajiye motoci. Kungiyar hadin gwiwar da ta yi yaƙi da wannan shawarar "ta kasance cibiyar Gidauniyar Kabari ta Tsohon Athens, Inc. " Ya yi jayayya cewa matsalolin shari'a da za su haifar da shawarar za su kasance masu ban mamaki. " Tsohon Kabari na Athens ya kunshi 'kimanin kadada shida' a 1906 kuma yanzu ya kunshi kadada biyu da rabi. Ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da lalacewar lokaci da yanayi, da kuma lalata da gangan, kuma shine batun aikin sabuntawa na Janine Duncan, na Jami'ar Georgia Grounds Department. == Rashin binnewa na zamani == A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2015, ma'aikatan gine-gine da ke aiki a kan gyaran Baldwin Hall sun gano kwanyar mutum. An dakatar da ginin, kuma an sami ƙarin kaburbura. "UGA tana aiki tare da hukumomin jihar da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa an cire ragowar daga kaburbura 27 yadda ya kamata kuma an sake binne su. " [undefined] An cire ragowan mutane 105, daga cikinsu 30 suna da isasshen DNA don bincike.[1] Daga cikin wadanda, 27 'yan Afirka ne kuma sun kasance bayi. Shugabannin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka a Athens suna son a sake binne ragowar a daya daga cikin makabarta na Afirka ta Amirka da ke cikin gari, ko dai makabarta ta Brooklyn ko makabarta mai suna Gospel Pilgrim. Koyaya, UGA ta ce tana bin jagorancin Ofishin Masanin Archaeologist na Jiha wajen sanya gawawwakin a Kabari na Oconee Hill.[2][3][4] == Manazarta == 61ezm6vnrqujqon7l01kxvf42rcpgfs 0 129161 879047 795229 2026-07-08T17:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879047 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Masu Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Kare Muhalli''' ('''TCV''') wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta Burtaniya da ke haɗa mutane da wuraren kore ta hanyar [[Volunteering|aikin sa kai]], mai da hankali kan [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye]] muhalli ta hanyar ayyukan da masu sa kai ke gudanarwa. Har zuwa 1 ga Mayu 2012, an yi ciniki da ita a matsayin '''BTCV - British Trust for Conservation Volunteers'''). == Tarihi == === Hukumar Kare Muhalli === A shekarar 1959, Majalisar (a lokacin) ta naɗa Brigadier Armstrong don kafa Rundunar Kare Muhalli, da nufin shigar da matasa masu aikin sa kai, waɗanda suka haura shekaru 16, cikin aikin kiyaye muhalli. Aikin farko na ƙungiyar ya kasance a Box Hill, Surrey, <ref name="newsci1959" /> inda masu aikin sa kai 42 suka share itacen karen don ƙarfafa haɓakar bishiyoyin juniper da kuma ciyayi masu ban sha'awa a ƙasa . <ref name="third2009">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title=Bellamy celebrates 50 years of volunteering with BTCV |url=http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/881675/Bellamy-celebrates-50-years-volunteering-BTCV/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH |access-date=7 March 2011 |website=Third Sector }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin masu aikin sa kai da ke wurin shine David Bellamy, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Mataimakin Shugaban BTCV. <ref name="third2009" /> A shekarar 1964, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta don haɗawa da ilimi da ayyukan jin daɗi a [[Countryside|ƙauyuka]] . A shekarar 1966, ta ƙaura daga ofishin ginshiki a Queens Gate, Kensington, zuwa sabon wurin zama a gidan namun daji na London da ke Regent's Park . A shekarar 1968, an gudanar da horo na farko ga masu sa kai. A shekarar 1969, membobin ƙungiyar sun ƙaru zuwa 600, kuma masu sa kai sun kammala kusan kwanakin aiki 6,000 a shekara. Ziyarar musayar kuɗi ta farko zuwa Czechoslovakia a wannan shekarar ita ce ta farko a shirin ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa na yau. === Ƙungiyar Masu Sa-kai ta Burtaniya don Kare Muhalli === A shekarar 1970, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta fara aiki da sabon sunan British Trust for Conservation Volunteers (BTCV), inda [[Philip Mountbatten|Yarima Philip]] ya zama Mai Kula da Jama'a da [[David Attenborough|Sir David Attenborough]] a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaba. A shekarar 1971 aka ƙaddamar da tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi na gida. * A shekarar 1975 aka fara tsarin zama memba na BTCV * A shekarar 1984, BTCV ta mayar da hedikwatarta zuwa Wallingford, Oxfordshire, yayin da aka kafa tsohuwar yankin BTCV [[Scotland]] a matsayin wata kungiyar agaji daban, wacce aka yi wa rijista a Scotland kuma hedikwatarta a Balallan House, Stirling . Tana aiki da sabon sunan '''The Scottish Conservation Projects Trust''' (SCP), tare da [[Charles III|Yarima Charles]] a matsayin Baƙon Sarauta, SCP ta ci gaba da aikin BTCV a Scotland har zuwa ranar 31 ga Maris, 2002, lokacin da SCP ta daina ciniki kuma BTCV ta sake komawa matsayinta na baya a Scotland. * A shekarar 1998, BTV ta haɗu da Dr William Bird na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sonning da ke Oxfordshire don gabatar da aikin BTCV Green Gym. === BTCV === Ƙungiyar ta sake samun sauyi na asali a shekara ta 2000, inda ta ɗauki sunan farko na BTCV a matsayin sabon sunanta gaba ɗaya. <ref name="companieshouse">{{Cite web |title=Companies House: Company details |url=http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/e988e778c3b46f936f2d7ba338358163/compdetails |access-date=9 July 2011 |publisher=[[Companies House]] |archive-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406022931/http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/e988e778c3b46f936f2d7ba338358163/compdetails |url-status=dead }}</ref> * A watan Agusta na 2006, BTCV ta koma hedikwatarta ta yanzu a Doncaster . Sabon ginin "mai kyau ga muhalli" yana da rufin da aka rufe da sedum - don haka aka sanya masa suna - Sedum House. Ofishin Scotland yana Stirling da ofishin Arewacin Ireland a Belfast. === Masu Sa-kai na Kare Muhalli === A watan Mayu na 2012, BTCV ta sake suna a ƙarƙashin sunan ciniki The Conservation Volunteers (TCV). A shekarar 2014, TCV ta yi maraba da Sir Jonathon Porritt a matsayin Shugaba. A shekarar 2024, [[Charles III|Mai Martaba Sarki]] ya zama sabon Mai Ba da Lamuni na Masu Ba da Lamuni na Conservation. == Manazarta == gnsxzi4ijxd2a0qxet38lsg3phzcu43 0 129779 879412 765973 2026-07-09T08:42:44Z BnHamid 12586 879412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:Domenico_di_Michelino_-_Dante_Illuminating_Florence_with_his_Poem_(detail)_-_WGA06423.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Dante, wanda ke tsaye tsakanin dutsen purgatory da birnin Florence, wani daki-daki na zanen Domenico di Michelino, Florence 1465.]] The Divine Comedy by [[Easter|Ista]]-linkid="8" href="./Dante_Alighieri" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri wani dogon waka ne mai ban sha'awa a sassa uku (ko canticas): Inferno (Hell), {{Lang|it|[[Purgatorio]]}} (Purgatory), da Paradiso (Paradise), da kuma 100 cantos, tare da Inferno yana da 34, Purgatorio yana da 33, kuma Paradiso yana da 33 cantos. An kafa shi a Easter 1300, waka ta bayyana tafiyar mai rai a cikin ''Jahannama'', purgatory, da ''Aljanna''. A cikin waka, Dante yana nufin mutane da abubuwan da suka faru daga tarihin gargajiya da na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da tatsuniyoyi, tarihin Kiristanci, da Turai na zamanin Medieval har zuwa har zuwa lokacinsa. Sanin akalla mafi mahimmancin waɗannan nassoshi na iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar waka gaba ɗaya. Don sauƙin tunani, an taƙaita sunayen cantica zuwa Inf. , Mai tsabta. , da kuma Par. Ana amfani da lambobi na Roman don gano waƙoƙi da lambobi da Larabci don gano layi. Wannan yana nufin cewa Inf. '''X, 123''' yana nufin layi 123 a cikin Canto X (ko 10) na Inferno da Par. XXV, 27 yana nufin layi 27 a cikin Canto XXV (ko 25) na Paradiso . Lambobin layin suna nufin asalin rubutun Italiyanci. Haɗin Boldface yana nuna cewa kalma ko magana tana da shigarwa a cikin jerin. Biye da wannan mahada zai gabatar da wannan shigarwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jjf6ngmcu7r5vgo7blyyaeq764mw8iw 0 134204 879400 775617 2026-07-09T08:30:53Z BnHamid 12586 879400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aurangzeb Faruqi''' (Urdu: اورنگزیب فاروقی, romanized: Awrangzīb Fārūqī) is a Pakistani [[Ulama'u|Islamic scholar]] and far-right politician who is the chief of the Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat (ASWJ), also known as the Sipah-e-Sahaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=The Head of banned Sipah e Sahaba Aurangzeb Farooqi threatens State Institutions |url=https://shiite.news/featured/item/140404-the-head-of-banned-sipah-e-sahaba-aurangzeb-farooqi-threatens-state-institutions/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Shiite News Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Incidents involving Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124132103/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |archive-date=2024-01-24 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal website}}</ref> Faruqi ya shiga cikin Babban zaben Pakistan na 2024 a kan NA-230 a kan tikitin Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Party . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=The Head of banned Sipah e Sahaba Aurangzeb Farooqi threatens State Institutions |url=https://shiite.news/featured/item/140404-the-head-of-banned-sipah-e-sahaba-aurangzeb-farooqi-threatens-state-institutions/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Shiite News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Farooqi an jera shi a kan agogon [[ta'addanci]] na Pakistan, wanda ake kira "shirin na huɗu. " Rubuce-rubucen bidiyo suna nuna Farooqi yana ihu, "[[Shi'a|Shia]] ne masu aminci!" yayin jawabinsa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Farooqi a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1972 a Abbottabad, [[Pakistan]] . Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare kafin ya shiga Jamia Farooqia a [[Karachi]], inda ya yi karatu a karkashin malaman Islama Saleemullah Khan da Muhammad Adil Khan . Ya kammala karatu daga Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia bayan ya kammala karatun Dars-i Nizami . Bayan karatunsa, Farooqi ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Liman|Imam]] a masallatai da yawa a [[Karachi]]. A wannan lokacin, ya zama memba na Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP). An sake tsara jagorancin ASWJ (Sipah-e-Sahaba) a cikin 2014 bayan mutuwar Khalifa Abdul Qayyum . A wani taron kungiyar da aka yi a Jhang, an ɗaga Ahmed Ludhianvi zuwa matsayin Babban Patron (Sarparast-e-Aala), kuma daga baya aka nada Farooqi a matsayin sabon Shugaban kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=The Head of banned Sipah e Sahaba Aurangzeb Farooqi threatens State Institutions |url=https://shiite.news/featured/item/140404-the-head-of-banned-sipah-e-sahaba-aurangzeb-farooqi-threatens-state-institutions/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Shiite News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Farooqi ya yi yakin neman zabe a Zaben 2013 amma ya rasa kuri'u 203. Ya sake yin kamfen don Zaben 2018, kuma ya sami kuri'u 23,625 a PS-128, ya sha kashi a hannun dan takarar MQM. == Yunkurin kisan kai == === Yunkurin 2012 === A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, Farooqi yana tafiya a cikin Motar mota ta yankin Gulshan-e-Iqbal na [[Karachi]]. Yayin da rundunarsa ta kewaya U-turn kusa da wani zagaye, maharan sun yi masa kwanton bauna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Incidents involving Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124132103/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |archive-date=2024-01-24 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal website}}</ref> Masu kai farmaki, waɗanda aka sanya su a bangarori uku ta amfani da mota da babura biyu, sun buɗe wuta tare da makamai iri-iri, gami da bindigogi 9mm, bindigogi .222, da bindigogin submachine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Failure to arrest Maulana Adil's killers: Religious groups consider 'wheel-jam strike' |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/728795-failure-to-arrest-maulana-adil-s-killers-religious-groups-consider-wheel-jam-strike |access-date=2024-01-26 |language=en |newspaper=The News International newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=The Head of banned Sipah e Sahaba Aurangzeb Farooqi threatens State Institutions |url=https://shiite.news/featured/item/140404-the-head-of-banned-sipah-e-sahaba-aurangzeb-farooqi-threatens-state-institutions/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Shiite News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Farooqi ya sami raunin harbin bindiga wanda ba ya barazana ga rayuwa a kafa. Harin ya haifar da mutuwar akalla 'yan sanda hudu, direbansa, da 6 daga cikin masu tsaronsa.<ref name="khaleejtimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Karachi partially closed on ASWJ's call to protest attack on its leader |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/karachi-partially-closed-on-aswjs-call-to-protest-attack-on-its-leader |access-date= |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> Yunkurin kisan kai ya haifar da zanga-zangar da tashin hankali a duk fadin [[Karachi]]. Magoya bayan jam'iyyar Farooqi, Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat (ASWJ), sun toshe hanyoyi, sun ƙone tayoyi, kuma sun tilasta kasuwanni su rufe don rana ɗaya ta makoki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=The Head of banned Sipah e Sahaba Aurangzeb Farooqi threatens State Institutions |url=https://shiite.news/featured/item/140404-the-head-of-banned-sipah-e-sahaba-aurangzeb-farooqi-threatens-state-institutions/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Shiite News Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="khaleejtimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Karachi partially closed on ASWJ's call to protest attack on its leader |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/karachi-partially-closed-on-aswjs-call-to-protest-attack-on-its-leader |access-date= |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> An kama wani wanda ake zargi da kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Sipah-e-Muhammad a kan zargin aiwatar da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Incidents involving Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124132103/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |archive-date=2024-01-24 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal website}}</ref> === Yunkurin 2013 === An sake yunkurin kisan kai sau biyu a shekarar 2013. Na farko, a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu, ya yi niyya ga rundunarsa yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Landhi. 'Yan bindiga a kan babura da motoci sun bude wuta, sun ji wa' yan sanda biyu rauni da biyu daga cikin masu tsaronsa masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=The Head of banned Sipah e Sahaba Aurangzeb Farooqi threatens State Institutions |url=https://shiite.news/featured/item/140404-the-head-of-banned-sipah-e-sahaba-aurangzeb-farooqi-threatens-state-institutions/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Shiite News Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Incidents involving Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124132103/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/ssp_tl.htm |archive-date=2024-01-24 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal website}}</ref> Wani hari na biyu ya biyo baya a watan Agusta kusa da Garin Abbas, [[Karachi]], inda maharan suka harbe motarsa. Kodayake Farooqi bai ji rauni ba a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, masu tsaro sun mayar da wuta a lokacin harin na biyu, kuma maharan sun gudu. Ba a bayar da rahoton wadanda suka mutu daga harin da aka kai a watan Agusta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=The Head of banned Sipah e Sahaba Aurangzeb Farooqi threatens State Institutions |url=https://shiite.news/featured/item/140404-the-head-of-banned-sipah-e-sahaba-aurangzeb-farooqi-threatens-state-institutions/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Shiite News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> === 2015 Ƙoƙarin === A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2015, Farooqi ya tsira daga wani yunkurin kisan kai a [[Karachi]]. Yayin da rundunarsa ta wuce kusa da Quaidabad bayan tsakar dare, 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba sun bude wuta daga gada da ke kusa.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=15 February 2015 |title=ASWJ local leader killed in Rawalpindi, central leader attacked in Karachi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1163772 |access-date=31 January 2024 |newspaper=Dawn newspaper}}</ref> Harin ya kashe motarsa ta hanyar fashewa da akalla daya daga cikin tayoyinta. Yayinda Farooqi ya tsere ba tare da rauni ba, da yawa daga cikin masu tsaronsa sun ji rauni. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis * Jerin mutanen da suka tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8jt0st9kw0mzi6ppxq72rwak79ilcq2 0 134219 878988 829625 2026-07-08T16:06:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 878988 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi''' (an haife shi 10 ga Mayu 1965) masanin addinin Musulmi ne kuma mai wa'azi. Shi ne babban jikan wanda ya kafa Tablighi Jamat Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi . <ref name="muslim500">{{Cite web |title=Saad Kandhalvi |url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/saad-kandhalvi/ |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=themuslim500}}</ref> Ya jagoranci Ƙungiyar Nizamuddin na Tablighi Jamat . <ref name="thenews">{{Cite web |title=Tableeghi Jamaat in Britain splits into two factions |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/354768-tableeghi-jamaat-in-britain-splits-into-two-factions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629125758/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/354768-tableeghi-jamaat-in-britain-splits-into-two-factions |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=TheNews.com.pk}}</ref><ref name="counter">{{Cite web |last=Ghazali |first=Abdus Satar |date=12 October 2018 |title=Global leadership split in Tablighi Jamaat echoes in San Francisco Bay Area |url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/10/global-leadership-split-in-tablighi-jamaat-echoes-in-san-francisco-bay-area |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429132633/https://countercurrents.org/2018/10/global-leadership-split-in-tablighi-jamaat-echoes-in-san-francisco-bay-area |archive-date=29 April 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=countercurrents.org}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Molana Saadhla Kandwi a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1965 (1385 AH) a garin Kandhla na Yammacin [[Uttar Pradesh]] a Gundumar Shamli . Shi ne babban jikan wanda ya kafa Tablighi Jamat, Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi ta hanyar tsohon amereer na Tablighi Gamat Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi . Ya kammala karatunsa na Dars-e-Nizami daga Madrasa Kashiful Uloom a Nizamuddin Markaz, Nizamud din West, South Delhi a shekarar 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tsohon shugaban Tablighi Jamat Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi ya kafa doka mai mambobi 10 kafin mutuwarsa a 1995 don kula da al'amuran Jamat. Yawancin malamai a cikin wannan rukuni sun mutu a tsakanin 1995 da 2015, gami da Zubair ul Hassan Kandhlawi . A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2015, an gudanar da wani taro a Raiwind Markaz don sauƙaƙe ci gaban dokokin shura da kuma cika wuraren da ba a yi amfani da su ba. Wannan ya haifar da kafa sabuwar kungiya da ta kunshi mambobi 13 ciki har da Muhammad Abdul Wahhab . Kandhlawi bai yarda da wannan shura ba kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Jamat, wanda ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin motsi.<ref name="milli">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2016 |title=Tablighi Jamaat at the crossroads |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14612-tablighi-jamaat-at-the-crossroads |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301055304/http://www.milligazette.com/news/14612-tablighi-jamaat-at-the-crossroads |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=MilliGazette}}</ref> Daga baya ya fara jagorantar ƙungiyar Nizamuddin Markaz ta Tablighi Jamat.<ref name="muslim500"/><ref name="counter"/> == Karɓar baƙi == Wasu daga cikin maganganun Kandhlawi sun jagoranci malaman Deobandi su ba da fatawa a kansa. Mufti na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] Ebrahim Desai ya buga fatwa a shafin yanar gizon sa na Askimam . <ref name="askimam">{{Cite web |last=Mufti Ebrahim Desai |title=The Noble work of Tabligh and Ml Saad |url=http://www.askimam.org/public/question_detail/37487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027163922/http://www.askimam.org/public/question_detail/37487 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=AskImam.org |language=English}}</ref> Makarantar tauhidin Islama ta Indiya Darul Uloom Deoband ta ba da fatwa a kan Kandhlawi, tana tambayar jagorancinsa.<ref name="clarification">{{Cite web |title=Clarification Of Darul Uloom Deoband About Ruju Of Maulana Saad Kandhlawi |url=http://www.deoband.net/blogs/clarification-of-darul-uloom-deoband-about-ruju-of-maulana-saad-kandhlawi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928094551/http://www.deoband.net/blogs/clarification-of-darul-uloom-deoband-about-ruju-of-maulana-saad-kandhlawi |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=Deoband.net}}</ref><ref name="stand">{{Cite web |title=Darul Uloom Deoband's Stand About Maulana Saad Kandhlawi Of Tabligh |url=http://www.deoband.net/blogs/darul-uloom-deobands-fatwa-about-maulana-saad-kandhlawi-of-tabligh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426183804/http://www.deoband.net/blogs/darul-uloom-deobands-fatwa-about-maulana-saad-kandhlawi-of-tabligh |archive-date=26 April 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=Deoband.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> Zaid Mazahiri na Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama ya kuma rubuta litattafai da yawa game da wannan batun ciki har da Tablighi Jamat Ka Bahami Ikhtelaf da ke cikin Ittehad-o-Ittefaq da ke cikin Sulah-o-Safaii Ki ek Koshish (Rashin jituwa na Tablighi Gamat: ƙoƙari na haɗa kai, da sulhunta da juna). <ref name="zaid">{{Cite web |last=Zaid Mazahiri Nadwi |title=Tablighi Jamat Ka Bahami Ikhtelaf awr Ittehad-o-Ittefaq awr Sulah-o-Safaii Ki ek Koshish |url=https://archive.org/download/Mazmun-no1/%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%201.pdf |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=archive.org}}</ref> Bayan wadannan halayen, masanin Burtaniya Yusuf Motala ya rubuta kuma ya yi magana a cikin kare Kandhlawi.<ref name="motala">{{Cite web |title=Letter to Maulana Yusuf Motala |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/449529666/Letter-to-Moulana-Yusuf-Motala |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=Scribd}}</ref> === Nizamuddin Markaz COVID-19 hotspot === {{Reflist}} A cikin annobar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a Indiya, yawancin masu bautar daga Nizamuddin Markaz sun kamu da cutar COVID-19, <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da Gwamnatin Delhi ta yi rajistar FIR a kan Kandhlawi don shirya taron addini na Tablighi Jamat a Markaz, duk da ƙuntata irin waɗannan tarurruka bayan 16 Maris. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> <ref name="siasat">{{Cite web |last=Hashmi |first=Rasia |date=30 March 2020 |title=Nizamuddin:Delhi govt. orders FIR against Maulana Saad Kandhalvi |url=https://www.siasat.com/nizamuddindelhi-govt-orders-fir-against-maulana-saad-kandhalvi-1867122/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331140032/https://www.siasat.com/nizamuddindelhi-govt-orders-fir-against-maulana-saad-kandhalvi-1867122/ |archive-date=31 March 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=siasat.com}}</ref> <ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |title=Nizamuddin congregation: Arvind Kejriwal orders FIR against maulana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-1661514-2020-03-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330220434/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-1661514-2020-03-30 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Corona positive cases from Nizamuddin religious gathering spread across states, 6 dead in Telangana |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/corona-positive-cases-from-nizamuddin-religious-gathering-spread-across-states-6-dead-in-telangana/1785729 |website=Outlook (India)}}</ref> Sun kuma nemi taimako daga Kandhlawi da hukumomin masallaci don ba da damar masu bautar su bar wurin a ranar 25 ga Maris. Babban taron mai yaduwa a masallacin ya haifar da tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar 4,000 da akalla mutuwar da ta shafi COVID 27. Wata hanyar watsa labarai ta yi iƙirarin cewa an tuhumi Kandhlawi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu da kisan kai a kan taron; yayin da wata hanyar watsa labarai suka bayyana cewa ba a taɓa tuhumar da aka ɗora masa ba. Duk da cewa an kulle masallacin tun Maris 2020, a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2021, Babban Kotun Delhi ta umarci 'yan sanda na Delhi da su bude yankin zama na masallacin, wanda ke dauke da gidan Kandhlawi, cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-23 |title=दिल्ली पुलिस को हाई कोर्ट की फटकार, 'दो दिन के अंदर मौलाना साद के घर को खोलने का आदेश' |trans-title=Delhi police reprimanded by High Court order to open Maulana Saad's house within two days |url=https://thereports.in/delhi-police-reprimanded-by-high-court-order-to-open-maulana-saads-house-within-two-days/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101093706/https://thereports.in/delhi-police-reprimanded-by-high-court-order-to-open-maulana-saads-house-within-two-days/ |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Reports |language=bn}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == Molana Saad surukin Salman Mazahiri ne .<ref name="millat1">{{Cite web |title=بڑی خبر : مولانا سعد کاندھلوی کی کورونا رپورٹ نیگیٹیو! |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/55067 |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=millattimes.com |language=Urdu |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081243/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/55067 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin wani hari na 'yan sanda a watan Afrilu 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> an fallasa shi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai cewa Molana Saad ta mallaki babban gidan gona a Gundumar Shamli ta Delhi. Gidan gonar yana da kayan aiki tare da ciki mai kyau, CCTVs, shinge na lantarki, karnuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. , tafkin yin iyo, <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> motoci masu tsada, <ref name="pgurus.com">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2020 |title=Tablighi Chief Maulana Saad who preaches a simple lifestyle caught with a plush farmhouse, swimming pool, and high-end vehicles |url=https://www.pgurus.com/tablighi-chief-maulana-saad-who-preaches-a-simple-lifestyle-caught-with-his-plush-life-of-a-huge-farmhouse-swimming-pool-and-high-end-vehicles/}}</ref> dabbobi masu ban sha'awa da tsuntsaye masu ban shaʼawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Saad Kandhalvi: The Indian preacher at the centre of Ijtema dispute |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610142012/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/01/12/saad-kandhalvi-indian-preacher-centre-ijtema-dispute/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana cewa ana biyan kuɗin wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin sunan ɗansa, Yusuf bin Saad, wanda ya kara tabbatar da mallakar gidan.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=31 March 2020 |title=Nizamuddin markaz had sought help from authorities for vacating premises |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nizamuddin-markaz-had-sought-help-from-authorities-for-vacating-premises/article31214305.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331211539/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nizamuddin-markaz-had-sought-help-from-authorities-for-vacating-premises/article31214305.ece |archive-date=31 March 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |via=www.thehindu.com |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> An kiyaye dukiyar sosai a asirce kuma ba a san ta da mabiyansa ba yayin da Saad ke wa'azi game da salon rayuwa mai sauƙi.<ref name="pgurus.com" /> Dangi na Saad, Badrul Hassan ya kare Maulana Saad yana mai da'awar cewa kodayake ya mallaki gidan, yana zuwa can sau ɗaya kawai a kowane wata.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2020 |title=30 Per Cent Of Coronavirus Cases Linked To Delhi Mosque Event: Government |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-30-per-cent-of-coronavirus-cases-linked-to-delhi-mosque-event-government-2206163 |access-date= |work=NDTV}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman}{{Authority control}}{{Tablighi Jamaat}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] py5rgq3w7aim3q58jils2p21rkoxp3p 0 134223 879042 786614 2026-07-08T17:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879042 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Masroor Nawaz Jhangvi''' (Urdu) masanin addinin Islama ne [['Yan Pakistan]] kuma ɗan siyasa ne na dama wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Punjab daga Janairun 2017 zuwa Mayu 2018. <ref name="Masroor Nawaz Jhangvi">{{Cite web |title=Masroor Nawaz Jhangvi |url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1252 |access-date=26 December 2017 |website=www.pap.gov.pk |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311120424/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1252 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ɗan wanda ya kafa Sipah-e-Sahaba Haq Nawaz Jhangvi ne kuma memba ne na Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam da Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jamaat (ASWJ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhangvi wins Punjab by-election |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/169076-Jhangvi-wins-Punjab-by-election}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Masroor a matsayin memba na Majalisar Punjab a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Daga baya ya shiga Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) kuma an zabe shi daga PP-126 Jhang-II a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2018 |title=LHC de-seats MPA Masroor Nawaz Jhangvi |url=https://arynews.tv/en/lhc-de-seats-mpa-masroor-nawaz-jhangvi/ |accessdate=21 March 2018 |work=Arynews |archive-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321195056/https://arynews.tv/en/lhc-de-seats-mpa-masroor-nawaz-jhangvi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyautar == Jhangvi ta sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya daga Ministan Harkokin Addini [[Sardar Muhammad Yusuf|Sardar Muhammad Yousaf]] a taron zaman lafiya na kasa da aka gudanar a [[Islamabad]] . <ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2018 |title=LHC de-seats MPA Masroor Nawaz Jhangvi |url=https://arynews.tv/en/lhc-de-seats-mpa-masroor-nawaz-jhangvi/ |accessdate=21 March 2018 |work=Arynews |archive-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321195056/https://arynews.tv/en/lhc-de-seats-mpa-masroor-nawaz-jhangvi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bo1hcewhsama7e20445hdb09rn3h6bd 0 134826 879403 776761 2026-07-09T08:31:42Z BnHamid 12586 879403 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Judith Ellen''' '''Heumann''' / / ˈhj uː mən / ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Disamba 18, 1947{{Spaced en dash}} Maris 4, 2023) ta kasance mai fafutukar [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|kare hakkin nakasassu]] ta Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da "Uwar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Nakasassu". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2023 |title=Judith Heumann, 'Mother of the Disability Rights Movement,' Has Died |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/judith-heumann-obit-disability-rights-movement_n_6403ca28e4b029d870168df0 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> An san ta a duniya a matsayin shugaba a cikin al'ummar nakasassu. Heumann ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ga mutanen da ke da nakasassu tsawon rai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Aikinta tare da gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kungiyoyi daban-daban masu sha'awar nakasassu sun taimaka sosai wajen haɓaka dokokin kare hakkin dan adam da manufofi da ke amfanar yara da manya masu nakasassu. Ta hanyar aikinta a Bankin Duniya da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Heumann ta jagoranci shigar da hakkokin nakasassu cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa. Gudunmawarta ta fadada isa ga harkokin rayuwa masu zaman kansu na duniya. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Appoints Judy Heumann to New Disability Adviser Post<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020042852/http://disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml |archive-date=October 20, 2010 |access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Heumann a [[Philadelphia]], <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2023 |title=Judith Heumann, 'Mother of the Disability Rights Movement,' Has Died |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/judith-heumann-obit-disability-rights-movement_n_6403ca28e4b029d870168df0 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> ga Werner da Ilse Heumann, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Jamus zuwa Yahudawa. Ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya uku <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader in Disabled in Action, New York; Center for Independent Living, Berkeley; World Institute on Disability; and the US Department of Education, 1960s–2000 |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb9v19p0k9&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text |access-date=November 7, 2021 |publisher=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> kuma ta girma a Brooklyn, New York. <ref name=":5" /> Mahaifiyarta ta zo Amurka daga Jamus a 1935, mahaifinta kuma a 1934. An kashe kakannin Heumann, kakanninta, da sauran 'yan uwa da yawa a lokacin [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Ɗan'uwanta Joseph Heumann farfesa ne na fim kuma marubuci. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Heumann ta kamu da cutar shan inna tana da watanni 18, kuma ta yi amfani da keken guragu a mafi yawan rayuwarta. [1] Ta ƙi yin amfani da kalmomi masu ma'ana game da nakasa a matsayin abin tausayi, tana cewa, "Nakasa takan zama abin takaici ne kawai a gare ni lokacin da al'umma ta kasa samar da abubuwan da muke buƙata don rayuwarmu -- damar aiki ko gine-gine marasa shinge, misali. Ba abin takaici ba ne a gare ni cewa ina zaune a cikin keken guragu." Heumann da iyayenta sun sha yin fafutuka akai-akai don a saka ta a cikin tsarin ilimi. Makarantar gwamnati ta yankin ta ƙi barin ta ta halarci, suna kiranta da haɗarin gobara saboda rashin iya tafiya. Madadin haka, tsawon shekaru uku ana ba ta koyarwa a gida sau biyu a mako, na kimanin awa ɗaya a kowace ziyara. Mahaifiyar Heumann, Ilsa Heumann, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'umma a cikin ikonta, ta ƙalubalanci shawarar. Daga nan aka ba Heumann izinin zuwa makarantar musamman a aji na huɗu ga yara masu nakasa. A bisa ga manufar birni, Heumann zai koma makaranta a gida don makarantar sakandare. Mahaifiyar Heumann ta yi adawa da wannan manufar tare da wasu iyaye waɗanda suka matsa wa makarantar lamba don ta soke manufar. Heumann ya shiga makarantar sakandare a 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Heumann ta halarci sansanin yara masu nakasa, a Hunter, New York, kowace bazara daga shekaru 9 zuwa 18. Abubuwan da ta fuskanta a sansanin sun sa ta fahimci irin wannan yanayin nakasassu da aka raba: "Mun yi farin ciki tare, fushi iri ɗaya game da yadda aka yi mana mu'amala da kuma irin wannan takaicin da muka samu a damar da ba mu samu ba." A sansanin Jened, Heumann ta haɗu da Bobbi Linn da Freida Tankus, waɗanda daga baya ta yi aiki tare da su a matsayin masu fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Shirin fim ɗin ''Crip Camp'' da aka zaɓa a shekarar 2020 wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Oscar ya ƙunshi 'yan sansanin Camp Jened, ciki har da Heumann. Heumann ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Long Island a shekarar 1969. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Ta sami digirin Master of Science a fannin lafiyar jama'a a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a shekarar 1975. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Heumann ta fara yin manyan yunƙuri don neman haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa yayin da take halartar Jami'ar Long Island . Ta shirya tarurruka da zanga-zanga tare da sauran ɗalibai masu nakasa da waɗanda ba su da nakasa, tana neman damar shiga azuzuwan ta hanyar ƙofofi da kuma 'yancin zama a ɗakin kwanan dalibai. Heumann ta yi karatun maganin magana . == ''Heumann da Hukumar Ilimi ta Birnin New York'' == A shekarar 1970, an hana Heumann lasisin koyarwa a New York saboda Hukumar ba ta yarda cewa za ta iya fitar da kanta ko ɗalibanta daga ginin ba idan gobara ta tashi. Ta kai ƙarar Hukumar Ilimi saboda nuna wariya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Wata jarida a yankin ta buga taken "Za Ka Iya Zama Shugaba, Ba Malami Ba, da Polio". An warware shari'ar ba tare da an yi shari'a ba <ref name="Taylor 2021" /> kuma Heumann ya zama mai amfani da keken guragu na farko da ya koyar a birnin New York, <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> yana koyar da makarantar firamare a can tsawon shekaru uku. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader in Disabled in Action, New York; Center for Independent Living, Berkeley; World Institute on Disability; and the US Department of Education, 1960s–2000 |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb9v19p0k9&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text |access-date=November 7, 2021 |publisher=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa da kuma bayar da shawarwari == === An nakasa a Aiki === Heumann ta sami wasiku da yawa daga nakasassu a faɗin ƙasar saboda rahotannin manema labarai game da ƙararta da Hukumar Ilimi. Mutane da yawa sun rubuta game da abubuwan da suka fuskanta game da wariya saboda nakasassu. Dangane da kwararar goyon baya da wasiƙu, a shekarar 1970, Heumann da wasu abokai sun kafa Nakasassu a Action (DIA), wata ƙungiya da ta mai da hankali kan tabbatar da kare nakasassu a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar zanga-zangar siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Da farko an kira ta da Nakasassu a Action, amma Heumann bai so wannan sunan ba kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin canza shi. Shugaban ƙasa Richard Nixon ya yi watsi da sigar farko ta Dokar Gyaran Hali ta 1973 a watan Oktoban 1972 da Maris 1973. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> A shekarar 1972, DIA ta yi zanga-zanga a birnin New York da zanga-zangar zama a ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi adawa da ita. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Heumann, masu fafutuka 80 sun shirya wannan zaman dirshan a kan titin Madison, suna dakatar da zirga-zirga. <ref name="SitinTimeline">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Disability History Timeline |url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2013 |website=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management |publisher=[[Temple University]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] d2enudfxa3ij6eu3rfmft0y8l9bxk6f 879404 879403 2026-07-09T08:32:05Z BnHamid 12586 879404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Judith Ellen Heumann''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Disamba 18, 1947{{Spaced en dash}} Maris 4, 2023) ta kasance mai fafutukar [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|kare hakkin nakasassu]] ta Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da "Uwar Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Nakasassu". <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2023 |title=Judith Heumann, 'Mother of the Disability Rights Movement,' Has Died |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/judith-heumann-obit-disability-rights-movement_n_6403ca28e4b029d870168df0 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> An san ta a duniya a matsayin shugaba a cikin al'ummar nakasassu. Heumann ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ga mutanen da ke da nakasassu tsawon rai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Aikinta tare da gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kungiyoyi daban-daban masu sha'awar nakasassu sun taimaka sosai wajen haɓaka dokokin kare hakkin dan adam da manufofi da ke amfanar yara da manya masu nakasassu. Ta hanyar aikinta a Bankin Duniya da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Heumann ta jagoranci shigar da hakkokin nakasassu cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa. Gudunmawarta ta fadada isa ga harkokin rayuwa masu zaman kansu na duniya. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Appoints Judy Heumann to New Disability Adviser Post<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020042852/http://disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml |archive-date=October 20, 2010 |access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Heumann a [[Philadelphia]], <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2023 |title=Judith Heumann, 'Mother of the Disability Rights Movement,' Has Died |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/judith-heumann-obit-disability-rights-movement_n_6403ca28e4b029d870168df0 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> ga Werner da Ilse Heumann, waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Jamus zuwa Yahudawa. Ita ce babba cikin 'ya'ya uku <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader in Disabled in Action, New York; Center for Independent Living, Berkeley; World Institute on Disability; and the US Department of Education, 1960s–2000 |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb9v19p0k9&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text |access-date=November 7, 2021 |publisher=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> kuma ta girma a Brooklyn, New York. <ref name=":5" /> Mahaifiyarta ta zo Amurka daga Jamus a 1935, mahaifinta kuma a 1934. An kashe kakannin Heumann, kakanninta, da sauran 'yan uwa da yawa a lokacin [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin Holocaust]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Ɗan'uwanta Joseph Heumann farfesa ne na fim kuma marubuci. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Heumann ta kamu da cutar shan inna tana da watanni 18, kuma ta yi amfani da keken guragu a mafi yawan rayuwarta. [1] Ta ƙi yin amfani da kalmomi masu ma'ana game da nakasa a matsayin abin tausayi, tana cewa, "Nakasa takan zama abin takaici ne kawai a gare ni lokacin da al'umma ta kasa samar da abubuwan da muke buƙata don rayuwarmu -- damar aiki ko gine-gine marasa shinge, misali. Ba abin takaici ba ne a gare ni cewa ina zaune a cikin keken guragu." Heumann da iyayenta sun sha yin fafutuka akai-akai don a saka ta a cikin tsarin ilimi. Makarantar gwamnati ta yankin ta ƙi barin ta ta halarci, suna kiranta da haɗarin gobara saboda rashin iya tafiya. Madadin haka, tsawon shekaru uku ana ba ta koyarwa a gida sau biyu a mako, na kimanin awa ɗaya a kowace ziyara. Mahaifiyar Heumann, Ilsa Heumann, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin al'umma a cikin ikonta, ta ƙalubalanci shawarar. Daga nan aka ba Heumann izinin zuwa makarantar musamman a aji na huɗu ga yara masu nakasa. A bisa ga manufar birni, Heumann zai koma makaranta a gida don makarantar sakandare. Mahaifiyar Heumann ta yi adawa da wannan manufar tare da wasu iyaye waɗanda suka matsa wa makarantar lamba don ta soke manufar. Heumann ya shiga makarantar sakandare a 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Heumann ta halarci sansanin yara masu nakasa, a Hunter, New York, kowace bazara daga shekaru 9 zuwa 18. Abubuwan da ta fuskanta a sansanin sun sa ta fahimci irin wannan yanayin nakasassu da aka raba: "Mun yi farin ciki tare, fushi iri ɗaya game da yadda aka yi mana mu'amala da kuma irin wannan takaicin da muka samu a damar da ba mu samu ba." A sansanin Jened, Heumann ta haɗu da Bobbi Linn da Freida Tankus, waɗanda daga baya ta yi aiki tare da su a matsayin masu fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Shirin fim ɗin ''Crip Camp'' da aka zaɓa a shekarar 2020 wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Oscar ya ƙunshi 'yan sansanin Camp Jened, ciki har da Heumann. Heumann ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Long Island a shekarar 1969. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Ta sami digirin Master of Science a fannin lafiyar jama'a a Jami'ar California, Berkeley a shekarar 1975. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Heumann ta fara yin manyan yunƙuri don neman haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa yayin da take halartar Jami'ar Long Island . Ta shirya tarurruka da zanga-zanga tare da sauran ɗalibai masu nakasa da waɗanda ba su da nakasa, tana neman damar shiga azuzuwan ta hanyar ƙofofi da kuma 'yancin zama a ɗakin kwanan dalibai. Heumann ta yi karatun maganin magana . == ''Heumann da Hukumar Ilimi ta Birnin New York'' == A shekarar 1970, an hana Heumann lasisin koyarwa a New York saboda Hukumar ba ta yarda cewa za ta iya fitar da kanta ko ɗalibanta daga ginin ba idan gobara ta tashi. Ta kai ƙarar Hukumar Ilimi saboda nuna wariya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> Wata jarida a yankin ta buga taken "Za Ka Iya Zama Shugaba, Ba Malami Ba, da Polio". An warware shari'ar ba tare da an yi shari'a ba <ref name="Taylor 2021" /> kuma Heumann ya zama mai amfani da keken guragu na farko da ya koyar a birnin New York, <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> yana koyar da makarantar firamare a can tsawon shekaru uku. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader in Disabled in Action, New York; Center for Independent Living, Berkeley; World Institute on Disability; and the US Department of Education, 1960s–2000 |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb9v19p0k9&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text |access-date=November 7, 2021 |publisher=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa da kuma bayar da shawarwari == === An nakasa a Aiki === Heumann ta sami wasiku da yawa daga nakasassu a faɗin ƙasar saboda rahotannin manema labarai game da ƙararta da Hukumar Ilimi. Mutane da yawa sun rubuta game da abubuwan da suka fuskanta game da wariya saboda nakasassu. Dangane da kwararar goyon baya da wasiƙu, a shekarar 1970, Heumann da wasu abokai sun kafa Nakasassu a Action (DIA), wata ƙungiya da ta mai da hankali kan tabbatar da kare nakasassu a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar zanga-zangar siyasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Commons Librarian |date=2023-04-14 |title=All about Judith Heumann: Disability Rights Activist |url=https://commonslibrary.org/all-about-judith-heumann-disability-rights-activist/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Da farko an kira ta da Nakasassu a Action, amma Heumann bai so wannan sunan ba kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin canza shi. Shugaban ƙasa Richard Nixon ya yi watsi da sigar farko ta Dokar Gyaran Hali ta 1973 a watan Oktoban 1972 da Maris 1973. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title=A message from Judith Heumann at IIS 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_frDCKwVaA |access-date=March 7, 2023 |website=YouTube}}</ref> A shekarar 1972, DIA ta yi zanga-zanga a birnin New York da zanga-zangar zama a ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi adawa da ita. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Heumann, masu fafutuka 80 sun shirya wannan zaman dirshan a kan titin Madison, suna dakatar da zirga-zirga. <ref name="SitinTimeline">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Disability History Timeline |url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |archive-date=December 20, 2013 |website=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management |publisher=[[Temple University]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 3o9t4vezkr7la720yyc9g37nn7tcfxs 0 137481 879145 803134 2026-07-08T18:56:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matthias Dropa''' (an haife shi tsakanin 1646 da 1665 - 25 Satumba 1732) ɗan Jamus ne mai gina organ . Ɗalibin Arp Schnitger ne, ya gina organ a Arewacin Jamus, ciki har da St. Michaelis, Lüneburg<ref>https://wingsexplorer.com/tag/matthias-dropa/{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Kathrin Heitmüller: Der Orgelbauer Matthias Dropa im soziokulturellen Umfeld seiner Zeit Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, p. 4, retrieved 1 January 2013.</ref> == Sana'a == An haife shi a Transylvania, Dropa ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Arp Schnitger, wataƙila tsakanin 1680 da 1692. Ya kafa nasa bita a 1692 kuma ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Hamburg a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1692. Ya gina sabbin gabobi uku a Bargteheide da Finkenwerder a 1696. Daga 1698 zuwa 1700, ya faɗaɗa gabobin Cuxhaven - Altenbruch. Ya ƙaura zuwa Lüneburg a 1705, inda ya gina sabon gabobi a St. Michaelis, tare da mataimakinsa Gerhard von Holy [de] . Daga 1712 zuwa 1715, ya faɗaɗa sashin St. Johannis, ƙarƙashin kulawar Georg Böhm da feda. Dropa shine malamin Erasmus Bielfeldt [de], wanda ya horar daga 1707 zuwa 1715. Mai gina gangar jiki Johann Matthias Hagelstein [de] ya auri 'yarsa Catharina Margaretha a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1734. Dropa ya mutu a Lüneburg. == Ayyuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- class="hintergrundfarbe5" !Shekara ! Wuri ! Coci ! class="unsortable" | Hoto ! Littattafai ! Tashoshi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 1696 | Hamburg-Finkenwerder | {{Nowrap|{{ill|St. Nikolai, Finkenwerder|de|St. Nikolai (Hamburg-Finkenwerder)|lt=St. Nikolai}}}} | | | | ba ya wanzuwa |- | 1696 | Bargteheide | Cocin Furotesta |[[Fayil:Bargteheide_Orgel.JPG|frameless]] | | | mai yiwuwa ne kawai yake wanzuwa |- | 1698–1700 | Cuxhaven -Altenbruch | {{Interlanguage link|St. Nicolai|de|St.-Nicolai-Kirche (Altenbruch)}} |[[Fayil:St.-Nicolai_(Altenbruch)_011.jpg|frameless]] |II/P | 28 | gyara, tasha biyar |- | 1705–1708 | Lüneburg | St. Michaelis |[[Fayil:St._Michaelis_Lüneburg_Orgel.JPG|frameless]] | III/P | 43 | sabo, mai yiwuwa da tasha biyar suna nan |- | 1708 | Lüneburg | St. Lamberti | | Ni | 6 | 1801 zuwa Camin, 1855 zuwa coci a Dreilützow |- | 1712–1715 | Lüneburg | St. Johannis |[[Fayil:Organoluneburgo.jpg|frameless]] | III/P | 46 | faɗaɗawa |- |} == Adabi == * Gustav Fock : ''Arp Schnitger da Seine Schule.'' ''Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Orgelbaues im Nord- und Ostseeküstengebiet.'' Bärenreiter, Kassel 1974, ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutanen Jamus]] 4ts3ncdwk5hbgpinysu9f4xk3pj61k1 0 138483 878968 784787 2026-07-08T13:58:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya, wanda aka fi sani da Markaz[1] kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Indiya, wacce ke gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi da ayyukan jin kai a duk fadin kasar. Babban ofishinsa yana cikin garin Kozhikode a Kerala. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978.[2] Markaz kuma tana da reshe a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] a karkashin kulawar Harkokin Musulunci da Ayyukan sadaka na Dubai (Markaz, Dubai <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Markaz builds 111 houses for the poor, 202 on the cards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/markaz-builds-111-houses-for-the-poor-202-on-the-cards/article66891771.ece |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> wanda ake kira '''Dubai Markaz''') tare da darussan daban-daban a cikin karatun Musulunci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunniyya |first=Markazu Saquafathi |title=DIWAN; Markaz announces centralized admin court |url=https://markaz.in/news-content.php?id=4 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=markaz.in |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625110035/https://markaz.in/news-content.php?id=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="emirates247513749">{{Cite web |title=Indian associations welcome Ramadan with free medical camps and blood donation drives |url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/indian-associations-welcome-ramadan-with-free-medical-camps-and-blood-donation-drives-2013-07-09-1.513749 |access-date=7 May 2016 |website=Emirates 24{{!}}7 |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230210532/https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/indian-associations-welcome-ramadan-with-free-medical-camps-and-blood-donation-drives-2013-07-09-1.513749 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="daijiworld381234">{{Cite web |title=Dubai to hold KCF day on Feb 19 |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=381234 |access-date=7 May 2016 |website=daijiworld.com}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin == '''Kwalejojin Musulunci''' # Jami'ar Musulunci ta Jamia Markaz, Kozhikode # Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya a Kimiyya ta Ci gaba (WIRAS), Kozhikode # Jamia Madeenathunnoor, Kozhikode # Gidan Markaz, Kozhikode # Kwalejin Nazarin Alkur'ani ta Markaz, Kozhikode # Cibiyar Binciken Alkur'ani ta Khalfan, Kozhikode '''Kwalejojin Kwararru da Fasaha''' # Kwalejin Shari'a ta Markaz, Kozhikode. # Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Markaz Unani, Kozhikode # Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Markaz, Kozhikde. # Markaz ITI & Cibiyar Fasaha, Kozhiokde. '''Makarantu masu taimako''' # Makarantar Sakandare ta Markaz Boys, Karanthur. # Makarantar Sakandare ta Markaz Girs, Karanthur . # Makarantar Sakandare ta Fathimabi Memorial, Koombara . # Makarantar Sakandare ta Al Farookhia, Cheranalloor '''Makarantu masu zaman kansu''' # Makarantar kasa da kasa ta Markaz, ernhipalam # Makarantar jama'a, kaithapoyil # Marasar Ingila ta tsakiya, '''Gidajen marayu''' # Markaz Rayhan Valley for Boys, Kozhikode. # Markaz Green Valley don Girs, Kozhikode . == Ayyukan jin dadin jama'a == Markaz tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga ɗalibai matalauta don ƙarin karatu. Akwai asusun na musamman don taimakawa daliban da ke son karatu a nan da kasashen waje, manyan masu zira kwallaye suna halartar jami'o'i a Masar, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da sauransu. Markaz tana tallafawa daliban likita da injiniya da ke karatu a Kerala da sauran jihohi kamar Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, da Delhi. Akwai kantin jin dadin jama'a na musamman da ke aiki a babban birnin, Delhi . <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Markaz builds 111 houses for the poor, 202 on the cards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/markaz-builds-111-houses-for-the-poor-202-on-the-cards/article66891771.ece |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == Dangantaka ta kasa da kasa da kuma Haɗin kai == * Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Alkahira, Misira. * Jami'ar Al Qasimia, Sharjah, UAE. * Jami'ar Musulunci ta Duniya ta Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia . * Jami'ar Kimiyya da Ilimi ta Musulunci ta Duniya (WISE), Jordan. * Jami'ar Ez-zitouna, Tunisia. * Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, Kyrgyzstan. * Cibiyar Agama Negeri, Indonesia. * Jamiyah, Singapore. * Cibiyar Jami'ar Üsküdar, Turkiyya. * Jami'ar Kebangsaan, Malaysia. * Jamia Al Ahqaf, Yemen. * Kulliya dawa islamia, Libya. * Ƙungiyar Larabawa don wayewar Musulunci da Fasaha, Misira. * Jami'ar Afirka, Senegal. * Arak Development, Masarautar Saudi Arabia . * Jami'ar Sains Islam, Malaysia. * Jami'ar Musulunci Pahang Sultan Ahmad Shah, Malaysia. * Kwalejin Avid, Maldives. * Jami'ar Musulunci ta Jihar Syarif Hidayatullah, Indonesia. == Dangantaka ta kasa da Haɗin kai == * Jami'ar Musulunci ta Jamia Millia, New Delhi . * Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh, Aligarh da Utter Pradesh . * Jami'ar Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. * Jami'ar Maulana Azad ta Urdu, Hyderabad. * Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Musulunci, Jammu & Kashmir . == Jubilee na Ruby == [[Fayil:Audience_in_Sunni_Markaz,_Kerala_India_in_2013.jpg|alt=Convocation ceremony in Sunni Markaz, Kerala India in 2013|right|200x110px|Bikin kiran jama'a a Sunni Markaz, Kerala Indiya a cikin 2013]] Markaz Ruby Jubilee shine taron shekara-shekara na arba'in na Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya . A matsayin wani ɓangare na bukukuwan jubilee na ruby, Markaz ya gudanar da tarurruka da tarurruki da yawa. Wannan ya tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi rikicin bil'adama da duniyar musulmi. An gudanar da shi a ranar 4 ga Janairun 2018 da 7 ga wannan watan. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Markaz builds 111 houses for the poor, 202 on the cards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/markaz-builds-111-houses-for-the-poor-202-on-the-cards/article66891771.ece |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> * Taron al'adu * Taron buɗewa * Taron Zaman Lafiya na Duniya na Sheikh Zayed <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Markaz builds 111 houses for the poor, 202 on the cards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/markaz-builds-111-houses-for-the-poor-202-on-the-cards/article66891771.ece |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> * Taron Haɗin Kai na Kasa * Inauguration na Queens" Land * Taron Masana Islama na Duniya == Dubi kuma == * Jerin cibiyoyin ilimi na Islama * [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]] * Karwan-I-Islami * [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] * [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] * Imam [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmed Raza Khan]] * Babban Mufti na Indiya * Dawat-e-Islami * [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] * [[Shafi`iyya|Shafa'i]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.markaz.in/|Markaz official website}} 9awrpx38jlluej3z547fzy79epnv8dq 0 139461 878996 828963 2026-07-08T16:12:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nina Fuentes''', aka Nina Dotti (an haife ta a Andreina Mercedes del Carmen Fuentes Angarita, Afrilu 5, 1968, a [[Karakas|Caracas, Venezuela]] ) mai karɓar fasahar Venezuelan ce, mai kula da jama'a, mai ba da agaji, macen kasuwanci kuma dillalin fasaha da ke zaune a [[Miami|Miami, Florida]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Iyalan Fuentes sun ƙaura zuwa [[California]] lokacin da take da kwana 30 kacal, kuma ta zauna a jihar har sai da ta kai shekara shida. Daga nan Fuentes ta koma [[Karakas|Caracas]], [[Venezuela]], inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Metropolitana a fannin Banki da Kuɗi a shekarar 1991. Daga nan ta karanci Shari'a, Ilimin Tarihi da Tarihin Fasaha, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha a shekarar 2003 daga Jami'ar José María Vargas . Tun tana ƙarama ta gano ikon fasaha na haɓaka manufofi a cikin tushen ƙa'idodinta. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta ta fahimci cewa duk da cewa ba za ta iya yaƙi da duk matsalolin zamantakewa da ke damun ta ba, za ta iya mai da hankali da ƙoƙarinta wajen ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan batutuwan da za su iya tasiri mai kyau. == Mai fafutukar neman ilimi da zane == Ayyukan fasaha na Fuentes suna samun goyon baya daga amfani da kayayyaki daban-daban, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su wajen shigarwa, sassaka, ɗaukar hoto, da bidiyo. Ayyukanta na zamani ne, waɗanda aka rene su ta hanyar tasirin Duchampian da kuma kyawawan halaye na zamani, kuma saƙonta yana da matuƙar suka, na sirri da na sirri. Tun farkon aikinta, Fuentes ta binciko batutuwan zamantakewa da siyasa da suka shafi addini, rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma, karuwanci, tashin hankali da wariya, musamman ga LGBT da mata. Haka kuma, ta gina kan ra'ayoyin kisan mata a matsayin wata alama ta iko da iko na uba a kan rayuwar mata, 'yanci, mutunci da kuma jima'i. A ƙasarta, Fuentes tana amfani da hanyoyin zanga-zanga masu aiki da ban dariya da kuma barkwanci. <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alaƙarta da Venezuela ta ƙara yin rikitarwa, yayin da take tambayar halin da take ciki a yanzu a zamantakewa da siyasa. Fuentes ta gudanar da nune-nunen kai kaɗai da na rukuni a Faransa, <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> China, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Jamus, Amurka (Miami, LA, da New York), Burtaniya, Switzerland, [[Argentina]], da sauran ƙasashe da yawa a duniya. == Fasaha & Jinƙai, Nina a bayan sabon zane-zanen agaji == Nina Fuentes tana da sha'awar aiki na duniya baki ɗaya don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga waɗanda aka hana wa 'yancinsu da waɗanda aka wawa, da kuma waɗanda rashin adalci ya hana muryoyinsu. Ta hanyar fasaharta da ƙarfinta na jawo tunani, tana jan hankalin masu kallo su sake duba yanayin zamantakewa na yanzu da kuma fahimtar yadda ake samun sauƙin shiga cikin mummunan ra'ayi a duniyarmu mai cike da kafofin watsa labarai. Aikinta yawanci yana fuskantar matsaloli daga kanun labarai na duniya tun daga haƙƙin ma'aurata masu jinsi ɗaya na ɗaukar yara, zuwa hoton da ba shi da kyau na masana'antar kayan kwalliya ta hanyar ɗaukar 'ya'ya mata, zuwa tsoffin ayyukan da aka ɗora wa iyaye mata da mata. Bugu da ƙari, Fuentes babbar mai goyon baya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare [http://www.fundana.org/ haƙƙin yara marayu] na Venezuela wanda manufarta ita ce nemo iyaye masu ɗaukar yara marayu. Ga wannan muhimmin aiki, ta ba da gudummawa sosai ta hanyar lokaci da tamani don tabbatar da waɗannan yaran masu rauni wuri mai kyau a cikin al'umma a wannan lokacin da ke ƙara canzawa. Fuentes ta fara tafiyarta ta taimakon al'umma a shekarar 1996 a matsayin mai tallafawa al'adun fasahar zamani ta Venezuela ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "Fundación Arte Emergente" ko [http://noticias.universia.edu.ve/vida-universitaria/noticia/2005/06/01/179323/fundacion-arte-emergente-red.html FAE (Foundation of Emergente Arts)]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} don haɓaka sabbin baiwa a duk faɗin duniya. A shekara ta 2000, Fuentes ta fara fafutukar inganta ɗaukar yara a Venezuela, inda ta ɗauki nauyin aikin "El Libro de Vida", wanda ya taimaka wajen haɗa yara da iyalan da suka ɗauke su. Fiye da shekaru 10, aikin ya yi nasara ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da FUNDANA, <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fundación Pro Adopción da Fundación Mi Familia. Bayan ta koma [[Miami]] a shekarar 2006, ta ƙirƙiri Arts Connection <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> don ci gaba da tallafawa fasaha, da kuma masu fasaha masu tasowa. Daga [[Venezuela]] zuwa Miami zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], Fuentes ta tallata tare da tallafawa babban rukunin gidajen tarihi, cibiyoyi, ayyukan zamantakewa, fasaha da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa na gargajiya. == Fasaha da Jin Daɗi: Ra'ayin Nishaɗi == Sanannen abu ne cewa fasaha a cikin dukkan nau'ikanta tana inganta rayuwarmu kuma tana wadatar da rayukanmu. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan binciken kimiyya ya kuma tabbatar da cewa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyi game da lafiya da lafiyar jikinmu da ruhinmu, waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna tsawaita farin cikinmu da rayuwarmu. Ga Nina Fuentes, haɗa waɗannan hanyoyin biyan kuɗi don biyan buƙatun kai shine yanayin halitta wanda ke haifar da aikinta na hangen nesa da kuma na gaba mai suna The Chill Concept. Fiye da kawai wurin taruwa, wuri ne na birni inda ayyukan fasaha na zamani da tunani na tunani ke haɗuwa ba tare da wata matsala ba don ɗaga hankali. Dandalin Ilimi don hulɗar al'umma ta hanyar tunani mai ƙirƙira da haɗakar lafiya, kirkire-kirkire da al'adun zamani, The Chill Concept (TCC) shine tunaninta na wani sabon nau'in gidan tarihi. Mayar da hankali kan gina al'umma tare da "muhalli mai ƙarfi na ilmantarwa ta hanyar rage manyan abubuwan hana ilmantarwa: tsoro, girman kai, kariya, jin daɗi, da girman kai" (Edward D. Hess, Learn to Die, Columbia University Press, 2014). TCC wani dandali ne da ke ba da jagora mai amfani kan babban bincike kan lafiya, kirkire-kirkire da abubuwan al'adu na zamani waɗanda ke haɓaka koyo da gwaji a cikin kowane memba na al'ummarmu don canzawa, wuce gona da iri da kuma jin daɗin rayuwa. A shekara ta 2004, Gundumomin Fasaha a Miami sun buga aikin Fuentes, ''The Chill Concept a Hardcore: A Contemporary Evolution'', suna ci gaba da bayar da gudummawarsu ga Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya. == Sana'a == === Masanin Tarihin Kayayyaki === Akan Ilimi don Hulɗar Al'umma da Tunani Mai Kyau Ƙwarewar Fuentes tana wakiltar hanya ce ta haɗa kan al'umma musamman a matsayin kayan aikin ilimi. Fuentes ta yi aiki a Museo Jacobo Borges, Caracas, Vzla. Da farko a sashen ilimi. A shekarar 1998, Fuentes ta fara aikinta cikin tawali'u a matsayin mai kula da baje kolin kayan tarihi na Museo Jacobo Borges da ke Catia, Venezuela. Tun daga lokacin, Fuentes ta yi ayyukan al'umma da yawa a Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Caracas [http://www.caracas24.net/Caracas-Museo-Ciencias.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427185054/http://www.caracas24.net/Caracas-Museo-Ciencias.htm |date=2025-04-27 }}, tana mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarin taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewa da yawa da ke shafar al'ummarmu. Gudunmawarta ta farko ita ce makalar "Exhibición - Acción: Arte y Comunidades," wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Venezuela, Luis Galindo, a cikin 2001. An gabatar da maƙalar a Museo Jacobo Borges da Museo de Ciencias Naturales a Catia da Caracas, Venezuela. A cikin 2004, ta kafa "Asociación de Museólogos de Venezuela" [http://www.rnv.gob.ve/index.php/i-jornadas-de-museologa-se-realizarn-en-museo-de-bellas-artes-de-caracas I taron masu ilimin kimiya na zamani]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} . A halin yanzu, Fuentes ta yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a cikin ka'idarta. A cikin 2005, ta fara aiki tare da Luis Galindo kuma ta samo asali tare da haɗin gwiwar sanannen curator, Gerardo Zavarce. An buga aikin su a Mendoza, Argentina, "Exhibición - Acción: Arte y Comunidades," a matsayin wani ɓangare na [http://archivo.losandes.com.ar/notas/2005/11/26/cultura-175452.asp "Primer Foro de Arte Emergente: 'Estéticas Latinoamericanas'."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221323/http://archivo.losandes.com.ar/notas/2005/11/26/cultura-175452.asp |date=2016-03-03 }} A shekarar 2013, an buga Fuentes da Gerando bayan gabatar da shirin Exhibition - Action: Art and Museum a taron NODEM da aka gudanar a Stockholm, Sweden a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron da kuma Common Ground a cikin littafinsu: The Journal of the Inclusive Museum da ke New York. Kwanan nan, kuma bayan shekaru 17+ a fannin fasaha, Fuentes ta ƙaddamar da Gidan Tarihi na Pop Up na farko (Gidan Tarihi na Ayyuka) a Miami, The Chill Concept. <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Dillalin fasaha === Fuentes ta fara aikinta a matsayin dillalin fasaha a shekarar 2005 lokacin da ta kafa Hardcore Art Contemporary Space a Wynwood Art District da ke Miami, FL. Tun daga lokacin, ta shirya wasanni da yawa, ta wakilci masu fasaha da yawa kuma ta halarci yawancin manyan bukukuwan fasaha a duniya. <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2010, ta shirya kuma ta kafa kwamitin kafa kungiyar dillalan fasaha ta Miami (MADA), inda ta shiga har zuwa shekarar 2014 a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa. Fuentes ta kafa PSH a shekarar 2013, wanda wani kamfani ne na haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka Fasahar Zamani a duk faɗin Latin Amurka, a cikin haɗin gwiwa da dillalai daga Colombia da Bolivia, suna shiga cikin farashi bakwai a duk faɗin duniya a wannan shekarar kawai. <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A farkon watan Satumba na 2014, Fuentes ta buɗe wurin mafarkinta a hukumance, The Chill Concept, wanda kuma yake a gundumar Wynwood Art District da ke Miami, FL. <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Mai tattara zane-zane === Fuentes ta fara aikin tattara kayan fasaha a shekarar 1996 lokacin da ta sayi kayanta na farko, na Francisco Narvaez, wanda ya zama farkon tarin kayan fasaha na zamani. Abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa da manufarta na tattarawa shine don saka hannun jari da kuma bayar da gudummawar muhimman kayan fasaha na zamani ga gidajen tarihi a duk faɗin duniya. Ta raba kayan tarihi ga gidajen tarihi a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da duniya, daga [[Miami]] zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da kuma bayan haka. A shekara ta 2007, Fuentes ta shiga ƙungiyar masu tattara kayan fasaha ta Independent Collectors ta [[Berlin]]. === Mai Kulawa === Aikin farko na Fuentes a matsayin mai kula da gida shi ne a cikin baje kolin mai suna "Tribute to Miss Venezuela Pageant" a cikin baje kolin "609060," wanda Goethe Institut na Caracas ya tsara, kuma an nuna shi a Museo Jacobo Borges, Catia (Caracas) a shekara ta 2000. Tsawon shekaru goma, ta jagoranci shirin curatorial a Hardcore Art Contemporary Space, <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma Fuentes ta halarci bikin baje kolin fasahar zamani da dama: Art Miami, Arte Americas Miami, SCOPE Art Show New York, Miami, da Basel, Context Miami, Bridge London, Pinta Art Fair London, da New York, Art [[Shanghai]], <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> LINK Hong Kong, <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Platform LA, FIA Caracas, <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da sauransu. <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta na mai kulawa, ɗayan mahimman ƙalubalen da Fuentes ya fuskanta shine aiwatar da sabuwar hanyar "Exhibición - Acción: Arte y Comunidades" a cikin nune-nunen ''Album de Boda'' (2005) da ''Tránsito'' (2006). == Nunin Baje Kolin == * "Tsarin Chill: Juyin Halittar Gidan Tarihi", Tsarin Chill, Satumba 13, 2014, Miami, FL (Mai Kulawa da Furodusoshi) <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * "Makomar Nan Take Da Haske, Abin Da Ya Gabata Baƙi Ne Da Fari", Blue & Joy, Maris 13, 2014, The Chill Concept @ <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hardcore Art Contemporary Space, <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Miami, FL (Mai Kulawa da Mai Shiryawa) * ABUBUWAN DA KE CIKI SHUKULLA & FARIN CIKI <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * "Art da Toys", Chanoir, Consuelo Castaneda, Fuentes Dotti, Carlos Zerpa, Muu Banco, FLIX, Benito Laren da Blue & Joy. Ayyukan PSH, Oktoba, 2013, Miami, FL. (Curator and Producer) * "Labarai Masu Ban Mamaki", David Palacios. Ayyukan PSH, Oktoba, 2013, Miami, FL (Mai Kulawa da Furodusa) * "Ajiye Memoir" 10 shekaru tarihi. Consuelo Castañeda, Andres Michelena, Guerra De La Paz, Amparo Sard, Manuela Covini, Milton Becerra, Gaston Ugalde, Chanoir, Julie Frield, Gladys Triana, Mariano Vargas, Fernando Arias, da sauransu. Satumba, 2013, The Chill Concept @ Hardcore Art Contemporary Space, Miami, FL (Curator) * "Babu Ƙarfin Ji" Chanoir. Maris 30, 2013, The Chill Concept @ Hardcore Art Contemporary Space, Miami, FL (Mai Kulawa da Furodusa) * "Maimaitawa" Consuelo Castaneda. Nuwamba, 2012 - Afrilu, 2013, The Chill Concept @ <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hardcore Art Contemporary Space, Miami, FL. == Kyaututtuka == * EUREKA UNIVERSIA 2001, Award for Social Innovation, "Ley de Museos e instituciones Afines". Jami'ar Jose Maria Vargas . EUREKA -Carlos Cruz Diez, 2003. Ganewa don shirya Babban Ganawa na 1st tare da tallafi. <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * FUNDANA - 2004 An karrama jama'a a zanga-zangar Luwadi ta Luwadi a Caracas, Venezuela, saboda aiwatar da mai kula da baje kolin: "ALBUM DE BODA" a CELARG <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>https://boldjourney.com/meet-andreina-fuentes-angarita/{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * SHEKARAR RANAR NINA FUENTES 2015 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f3ih7uuvedr9h4rqrjnujf3tpjydbrn 0 139630 879015 849820 2026-07-08T16:23:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Candida_Alvarez_Are_you_listening_to_this_2022.JPG|right|thumb|Candida Alvarez, ''Kuna sauraron wannan?'', acrylic a kan lilin, alamar ƙarfe, ruwan kyalkyali, 84" x 72", 2022.]] '''Candida Alvarez''' (An haife ta a shekara ta 1955) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce kuma farfesa 'yar [[Amurka]], wacce aka san ta da zane-zane da zane-zane. <ref name="Voon20">Voon, Claire. [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/artists/candida-alvarez-monique-meloche-interview-1202681003/ "Chicago Legend Candida Alvarez Finds Comfort—and Reprieve from Trauma—in Abstraction,"] ''ARTnews'', March 13, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2022.</ref><ref name="Snodgrass17">Snodgrass, Susan. [https://theseenjournal.org/arriving-candida/ "Arriving Here: Candida Alvarez,"] ''The Seen'', Issue 05, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref><ref name="Waxman17">Waxman, Lori. [https://digitaledition.chicagotribune.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=5d6b5e3b-cb5c-4c6c-9188-093f2e3e5fc7 "Candida Alvarez, Up to Try Anything,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127085436/https://digitaledition.chicagotribune.com/tribune/article_popover.aspx?guid=5d6b5e3b-cb5c-4c6c-9188-093f2e3e5fc7 |date=2024-11-27 }} ''Chicago Tribune'', August 3, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</ref> Alvarez ta yi baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Whitney na Fasahar Amurka, MoMA PS1, Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Zamani na Chicago, <ref name="WM2">Whitney Museum of American Art. [https://whitney.org/exhibitions/no-existe "no existe un mundo poshuracán: Puerto Rican Art in the Wake of Hurricane Maria,"] Exhibitions. Retrieved November 15, 2022.</ref>da Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Zamani na Houston, Ayyukanta na tarin fasahar jama'a ne na Whitney, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta San Jose, da Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Fine na Virginia, da sauransu. An nada ta a matsayin Fellow Artist Fellow na Amurka na Latinx a shekarar 2022 kuma Gidauniyar Helen Frankenthaler, Gidauniyar Joan Mitchell da Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner sun amince da ita. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Chicago da Baroda, [[Michigan]] kuma farfesa ce a fannin zane da zane a [[Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago|Makarantar Fasaha ta Chicago]] . <ref name="Velie22" /> <ref name="SAIC">{{Cite web |title=Candida Alvarez – SAIC Faculty Sabbatical Exhibit |url=https://sites.saic.edu/facultysabbatical/faculty/candida-alvarez/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == An haifi Alvarez a shekarar 1955 a Brooklyn ga iyayenta waɗanda suka zo daga [[Puerto Rico]] shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Ta girma a wani babban gini a cikin aikin gidaje na jama'a na Farragut Houses . Alvarez ta halarci Jami'ar Fordham da ke Lincoln Center a New York kuma ta sami digiri na farko a fannin zane-zane/fasahohin sassauci a 1977; ta yi karatu a Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Skowhegan a 1981. <ref name="MacAdam93">Barbara A. MacAdam, "Candida Alvarez, Myth, Memory and Old Lace," ''ARTnews'', February 1993, p. 67.</ref><ref name="Jones20">Jones, Kellie. "When Painting Stepped Out to Lunch," [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1141975646 ''Candida Alvarez: Here. A Visual Reader''], Chicago: The Green Lantern Press. Retrieved November 15, 2022.</ref><ref name="Foumberg17">Foumberg, Jason. "Candida’s Coloring Book," ''Chicago Magazine'', May 2017, p. 43.</ref> A farkon aikinta a New York, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da El Museo del Barrio <ref name="MacAdam93" /> kuma ta baje kolin a wasannin rukuni a cibiyoyi ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn, MoMA PS1, Gidan Tarihi na Studio da ke Harlem (zaman zama na masu fasaha) da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jamaica . A wannan lokacin, ta yi wasannin kwaikwayo na kaɗaici a Exit Art (1985), Gidan Tarihi na Queens (1991), da Gidan Tarihi na Bronx na Fasaha (1992), da sauransu. A shekarar 1995, ta yi rajista a Makarantar Fasaha ta Yale, inda ta yi karatu tare da Mel Bochner, Rochelle Feinstein da Howardena Pindell . Karatunta a can ya kafa matattarar salon wasan kwaikwayo na abstraction wanda aka san ta da shi, kuma ya kai ga kammala karatun digiri na MFA a shekarar 1997. A shekara mai zuwa, ta karɓi aiki a Makarantar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ita ce Farfesa a fannin Zane-zane na FH. <ref name="SAIC">{{Cite web |title=Candida Alvarez – SAIC Faculty Sabbatical Exhibit |url=https://sites.saic.edu/facultysabbatical/faculty/candida-alvarez/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://sites.saic.edu/facultysabbatical/faculty/candida-alvarez/ "Candida Alvarez – SAIC Faculty Sabbatical Exhibit"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Leahy20">{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Brian T. |date=2020-05-01 |title=Candida Alvarez |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/candida-alvarez-247089/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin aikinta na baya, an haɗa Alvarez a cikin manyan bincike na abstraction ("Filayen Magnetic: Expanding American Abstraction, 1960s to Today," Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, 2017) da Latinx art ("Estamos Bien – La Trienal 20/21," El Museo del Barrio, 2021; "Latinx Abstract," BRIC, 2021; "no existen un mundo poshuracán: Puerto Rican Art in the Wake of Hurricane Maria," Whitney Museum, 2022). Ta yi nune-nunen kaɗaita a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Hyde Park (2012), Cibiyar Al'adu ta Chicago (2017), GAVLAK Gallery (Palm Beach, 2019; [[Los Angeles]], 2021) da Monique Meloche Gallery (Chicago, 2020), da sauran wurare. A shekarar 2017, masu zane-zanen salon zamani na kasar [[Japan]] Rei Kawakubo sun yi amfani da kayan kwalliya guda shida na Alvarez don tarin kayan kwalliyar maza na " Comme des Garçons haute couture". == Aiki da liyafa == Alvarez ta sake yin amfani da kayan aiki da hanyoyi a cikin aikinta, tana tsayayya da hanya ɗaya ta gani da kuma wargaza bambance-bambance tsakanin zare-zare, wakilci da kuma ra'ayi . Zanenta ya haɗa nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban: filayen launuka masu iyo, yanayin ƙasa mai tsari, hotunan zane-zane masu rauni, rubutu da tsarin jagora marasa ganuwa. Susan Snodgrass, mai suka, ta bayyana tsarin Alvarez a matsayin wanda ya dace kuma ya kasance "mai alaƙa da dabarun haɗakar al'adu da haɗin kai wanda ke ba da damar wucewa tsakanin mahallin da tarihi daban-daban, kamar yadda ta yi amfani da labaran sirri da alamomin sirri a matsayin alamun asali." [[File:Candida_Alvarez_Sit,_Stand_&_Kneel_1986.jpg|left|thumb|Candida Alvarez, ''Zauna, Tsaya & Kwanƙwasa'', acrylic da gel matsakaici akan zane, 63" x 76.25", 1986.]] === Aikin farko === A shekarun 1980, Alvarez ta samar da zane-zane masu wakiltar mutane waɗanda suka yi daidai da abubuwan da ta fuskanta a birnin da kuma gadon Puerto Rica, suna haɗa hotuna, shimfidar wuri, kalmomin da aka rubuta da kuma hotunan mutum. [ Sau da yawa tana nuna 'yan uwa; ''Yana son yin mafarki'' (1985) wani aiki ne mai launuka iri-iri na shimfidar wurare masu faɗi, kusurwoyi masu kaifi da hotunan taimako da ke nuna mahaifinta. Zane-zane kamar su zane mai sassa uku, mai kama da bagadi, ''Sit, Stand & Kneel'' (1986) ko ''Soy Boricua (Ni Puerto Rican ce)'' (1989) sun nuna jaruman mata masu aiki marasa aiki, masu himma, masu taka tsantsan ko kuma masu ƙarfi yayin da suke duba ayyuka da asalinsu. Masu suka sun siffanta waɗannan bayyanannun launuka da hotuna na rayuwar iyali ta gargajiya a matsayin hangen nesa, mai ban haushi, mai motsin rai da kuma tunawa da sihirin gaskiya, fasaha mara hankali ko waƙoƙin ikirari; <ref name="Brenson87" /> <ref name="Miller17" /> <ref name="Waxman17" /> Peggy Cyphers na ''Mujallar Fasaha'' ta kwatanta su da fasahar Marc Chagall da Paul Klee . <ref name="Cyphers90" /> A cikin aikin da ya biyo baya, Alvarez ta yi gwaji da sabbin kayan aiki iri-iri, zane-zane da tsare-tsare masu yawa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin na'urorin tsari da na labari. Nunin da ta yi shi kaɗai a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bronx (1992) da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na New Britain (1996) sun nuna zane-zane masu hotuna da yawa na siffofi na ɗan adam na farko da kuzarin asali waɗanda suka haifar da jigogi na girma na halitta ko na ciki. Mai sukar ''jaridar New York Times'' Holland Cotter ya rubuta cewa "aikin wakoki, mai zane" ya nuna ci gaba "daga duhu zuwa haske da kuma daga rarrabuwa zuwa cikakke," yana samun ƙarfi daga rashin tabbas game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin siffofin ɗan adam da ƙarfin halitta. <ref name="Cotter92" /> Faifan sun nuna alamun sassa na ciki a jere yayin da kuma suke aiki a matsayin wurare na waje, na gine-gine, suna nuni ga tagogi na aikin gidaje na hawa na 14 da ta yi kallo tun tana ƙarama (misali, ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa Mata I'' da ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwa Mata 2'', 1992; ''Labarun Goma Sha Shida'', 1996). <ref name="Zimmer96" /> Wannan aikin ya gabatar da sha'awarta daga baya ga tsarin da ba shi da tsari da kuma tsarin nuna alamun jiki . === Aiki daga baya === A lokacin da take a Yale, Alvarez ta yi nazarin ka'idar launi kuma ta fara gwaji da hanyoyin da ba su da rikitarwa, wasanin gwada ilimi da wasanni, wanda wani ɓangare ya yi tasiri a kan abotarta da mai zane mai sauƙi da ra'ayi Sol LeWitt . Waɗannan dabarun sun tura aikinta zuwa ga zayyana abubuwa kuma sun sake haɗa ɓangarorin tarihin rayuwarsa, yayin da suke kula da tsarin aiki da tushen wahayi. Zane-zane kamar Tossing Pennies (1995), waɗanda suka haɗa da pennies da orbs masu launi a matsayin nodes a cikin tsarin haɗa-da-digo, an ƙaddara su ne bisa ga kwatsam; a cikin ayyukan zane-zane masu haske da kama da haka, ta yi amfani da haruffa da lambobi a matsayin tsarin shiryawa (misali, Louise ko Jimmy, duka a 1996). A cikin shekarun 2000, ayyukan Alvarez sun kasance masu ban sha'awa ta hanyar zane mai kyau da kuma bambancin zamani wanda ya bambanta da salon zamani. Nunin sararin samaniya na TBA Exhibition Space (2005) ya ƙunshi zane-zane masu ban mamaki, masu kama da zane-zane da manyan kayan zane waɗanda ke jan hankalin kayan wasa, abubuwan tunawa da tarihin mutum. Zane-zane kamar Celia Mia (2000–1) sun haɗa da tsarin fure da na geometric, rubutu da haruffa masu wasa, yayin da zane-zanen ya nuna irin waɗannan siffofi masu launin baƙi da layukan da aka dinka a cikin baƙar fata mai laushi a kan murabba'ai na auduga baƙi masu kama da labule. <ref name="Snodgrass03">Snodgrass, Susan, "Candida Alvarez at TBA," ''Art in America'', May 2003, p. 154.</ref> Nunin Alvarez na baya-bayan nan—"Mambomountain" (Hyde Park Art Center, 2012), "Here" (Chicago Cultural Center, 2017), "Estoy Bien" (Monique Meloche Gallery, 2020) da "Palimpsest" (GAVLAK Los Angeles, 2021)—sun fi mai da hankali kan zane-zane. <ref name="Leahy20">{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Brian T. |date=2020-05-01 |title=Candida Alvarez |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/candida-alvarez-247089/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeahy2020">Leahy, Brian T. (2020-05-01). [https://www.artforum.com/events/candida-alvarez-247089/ "Candida Alvarez"]. ''Artforum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cikin manyan ayyuka kamar ''Mary in the sky with lu'u-lu'u'' (2005), ''arroz amargo'' (2010) da ''hi ho azurfa'' (2008), ta ƙirƙiri saman da aka canza, mai layi mai layi cike da laushi, ra'ayoyi da tarkacen al'adun pop. ''New City'' ta kwatanta siffofi masu ban sha'awa, layuka masu laushi da ƴan rubutun zanen na ƙarshe zuwa "zanen zane mai ban dariya wanda aka yanka a cikin injin blender." Tunanin "Here" ya gabatar da kusan ayyuka sittin da suka ɗauki shekaru arba'in. An shirya shirin ne bisa tsarin lokaci-lokaci don ƙirƙirar alaƙa, kuma an haɗa shi da tsarin "ɓoye" na allon tushe wanda ke gudana a ko'ina wanda aka samo daga aikin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin haɗin gwiwar Comme des Garçons. Sabbin ayyukan sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo masu sauƙi tsakanin ciki da waje, ji da gani (misali, ''Sauraron Haruki Murakami yayin kallon faɗuwar rana'', 2016) da ƙalubale masu ban sha'awa ga tauri da ikon grid na zamani. <ref name="Snodgrass17" /> <ref name="Waxman17" /> Misalan na ƙarshen sun haɗa da ''Tunatarwa Sol LeWitt'' (2016) - wanda ya haɗa da allon dubawa mai faɗi, yanar gizo mai jujjuyawa, walƙiyar zinare da rubutu mai rubutu - da kuma ''Rainbows mai ruɗani a kan bene na Studio'' (2016), tsarin ja da baya, ɗan ƙanƙanta na cikakkun parallelograms bisa benen tayal na sararin nunin. <ref name="Snodgrass17" /> <ref name="Miller17" /> <ref name="Waxman17" /> <ref name="Myers20" /> [[File:Candida_Alvarez_Here_To_There_2018.jpg|right|thumb|Candida Alvarez, ''Nan Zuwa Can'', daga "Paintings na Iska" (2017-19); hoton hagu: gaba, hoton dama: baya; tawada ta latex, acrylic, enamel, da kyalkyali akan ragar PVC da aluminum da itace; 81" x 71" x 26"; 2018.]] Nunin "Estoy Bien" ("Ina lafiya") ya ƙunshi manyan "Paintings na Iska" masu gefe biyu waɗanda suka yi amfani da salon gani da yawa da asarar da aka ambata (mutuwar mahaifinta kwanan nan), zagayowar yanayi da tasirin sauyin yanayi - musamman, barnar da Guguwar Maria ta Puerto Rico ta yi. An yi zane-zanen ne da kayan PVC mai haske kuma an dakatar da su daga firam ɗin aluminum masu tsaye. Ta ƙirƙira su ta hanyar buga hotunan da aka sarrafa ta hanyar dijital daga aikin studio ɗinta a kan raga, wanda daga nan ta gyara ta da amfani da tawada mai kama da latex, kyalkyali da fenti da filayen fenti na siffofi masu kama da na geometric da kama da ɓoye (misali, ''Here to There'', 2018). <ref name="Leahy20">{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Brian T. |date=2020-05-01 |title=Candida Alvarez |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/candida-alvarez-247089/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeahy2020">Leahy, Brian T. (2020-05-01). [https://www.artforum.com/events/candida-alvarez-247089/ "Candida Alvarez"]. ''Artforum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Zane mai taken shirin, ''Estoy Bien'', wani aiki mai haske, mai launukan pastel wanda ke nuna launukan murjani, shuɗi mai launin ruwa da fari, ya zaburar da suna da jigon binciken farko na ƙasa na El Museo del Barrio game da ayyukan Latino na zamani - mafi girma a tarihinsa - "Estamos Bien - La Trienal 20/21." Mai sukar jaridar ''New York Times'' Holland Cotter ya bayyana taken Alvarez a matsayin mai rikitarwa kuma "mai cike da ban dariya, kalmomin suna nuna juriya da ɗaci"; gidan kayan tarihin ya kira shi "bayyanar juriya da tsokana, yana haɗa ba'a da sautin kirki." Nunin (wanda ya haɗa da Alvarez) ya fuskanci tsarin iko kuma ya binciki asali, wariyar launin fata, ƙaura, ƙaura, yanayi da adalci na muhalli ta hanyar aikin masu fasaha da ƙungiyoyi 42. <ref name="DeGregorio21" /> A cikin zane-zanen "Palimpsest" (2021), Alvarez ta yi amfani da irin wannan tsari kamar "Paintings na Iska," ta hanyar duba da buga zane-zane - a wannan yanayin, a kan zane-zane masu gefe ɗaya - sannan ta yi amfani da yadudduka masu haske a jere waɗanda suka goge kuma suka haɗu da hotunan farko, suna ƙirƙirar rikodin aiki da lokaci masu rikitarwa. Gidan Tarihi na El Museo del Barrio ya nuna ayyukanta a cikin ''Candida Alvarez: Circle, Point, Hoop'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Candida Alvarez: Circle, Point, Hoop |url=https://www.elmuseo.org/exhibition/candida-alvarez-circle-point-hoop/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=El Museo del Barrio |language=en-US}}</ref> daga 24 ga Afrilu, 2025 zuwa 3 ga Agusta, 2025. Nunin ya nuna ayyukanta na shekaru 50 na aikinta, ciki har da zane-zane da sassaka. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A shekarar 2022, an nada Alvarez a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Latinx na Amurka ( Ford Foundation da Mellon Foundation ) kuma ta sami kyautar Arts and Letters a fannin Fasaha daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasiku ta Amurka . Gidauniyar Helen Frankenthaler (2021), Gidauniyar Joan Mitchell (2019), Shirin Studio na Masu Fasaha na Duniya (Stockholm, 1999), Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner (1994), Gidauniyar Yankin Tsakiyar Atlantika-NEA (1988) da Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York ( sun ba ta lambar yabo ta zama mai zane-zane daga Gidauniyar LUMA (Arles), MacDowell Colony, MoMA PS1, Makarantar Gilashin Pilchuck da Gidan Tarihi na Studio da ke Harlem. Ayyukan Alvarez na cikin tarin zane-zane na jama'a, ciki har da Addison Gallery of American Art, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, Gidan Tarihi na Baltimore, Gidan Tarihi na Blanton Art, [[Shafin karatu da Tarihin Brandywine|Brandywine Workshop and Archives]], DePaul Art Museum, El Museo Del Barrio, Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Chicago, Pérez Art Museum Miami, San Jose Museum of Art, Studio Museum a Harlem, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, da Whitney Museum, da sauransu. <ref name="SAIC">{{Cite web |title=Candida Alvarez – SAIC Faculty Sabbatical Exhibit |url=https://sites.saic.edu/facultysabbatical/faculty/candida-alvarez/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://sites.saic.edu/facultysabbatical/faculty/candida-alvarez/ "Candida Alvarez – SAIC Faculty Sabbatical Exhibit"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta kuma karɓi kuma ta kammala kwamitocin zane-zane na jama'a guda uku. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''Me kuke gani?,'' saitin tagogi shida masu launi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don PS 306 (makarantar gwamnati) a Bronx; aikin MTA Arts & Design, ''B na Tsuntsaye ne a Bronx'' (2006), an sanya gilashin gilashi mai fuska a tashar Bronx Park East ta New York; da ''Howlings—Soft Paintings'' (2017), wani zane mai siffar latex da aka sanya a gefen Kogin Chicago a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shekarar Fasaha ta Jama'a ta Chicago. <ref name="Leahy20">{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Brian T. |date=2020-05-01 |title=Candida Alvarez |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/candida-alvarez-247089/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeahy2020">Leahy, Brian T. (2020-05-01). [https://www.artforum.com/events/candida-alvarez-247089/ "Candida Alvarez"]. ''Artforum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iec4wgekjohq19fazzroxrefe5pfmqj 0 139890 879253 795280 2026-07-09T00:26:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mkunde Chachage''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1984) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai bincike a fannin ilimin rigakafi a Kwalejin Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Mbeya [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam|ta Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM – MCHAS). <ref>name="udsm">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita kuma mai bincike ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa da ke cibiyar binciken lafiya ta Mbeya (NIMR - MMRC). <ref>name="nimr">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=http://www.mmrp.org/projects/43-team/mmrc-based-team/144-mkunde |website=National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411153755/http://www.mmrp.org/projects/43-team/mmrc-based-team/144-mkunde |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana gudanar da bincike a fannin ilimin rigakafi na asibiti da kuma cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa na mutane, ciki har da [[Tarin fuka|tarin fuka (TB)]], HIV da cututtukan helminths. <ref>name="tbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |website=TBSequel |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Chachage ta fito ne daga dangin malamai da masu fafutuka. An haife ta a [[Dar es Salaam]] ga marigayi Farfesa [[Chachage Seithy Loth Chachage]] da Demere Kitunga a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya 4. Mahaifinta masanin ilimi ne, mai sharhi kan siyasa kuma marubuci. <ref> name="africanbookscol">{{Cite web |title=Chachage Seithy L. Chachage |url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/chachage-seithy-l-chachage |website=African Books Collective}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta mai fafutuka ce, marubuciya mai rajin kare hakkin mata <ref> name="afrfem">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2016 |title=Demere Kitunga African Feminist |url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/demere-kitunga/ |website=African Feminist Forum}}</ref> <ref> name="thecitizen">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Leading Feminist and Literacy advocate |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/woman/-a-leading-feminist-s-juggling-act-as-she-advocates-literacy-3340886 |website=The Citizen Newspaper}}</ref>, mai fafutukar kare rubutu da rubutu, edita kuma mai wallafa littattafai a Tanzania. <ref name="baran">{{Cite web |title=Demere Kitunga |url=http://www.barrancapress.com/demere-kitunga |website=Barranca Press}}</ref> <ref>name="dailynews">{{Cite web |title=Feminism column |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579 |website=Daily News, the National Newspaper |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414174546/https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yan uwanta biyu suma malamai ne, [[Chambi Chachage]], <ref name="glasgowtheses" /> ƙwararriya ce a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Princeton kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa, <ref name="sidint">{{Cite web |title=Africa: Rethinking in action! |url=https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage |website=Society for International Development |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415185507/https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Rehema Chachage, mai zane-zane kuma mai ilimi a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Vienna, [[Austriya|Austria]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="urbafricans">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Rehema Chachage: The intimacy and harshness of African women's rituals |url=http://www.urbanafricans.com/rehema-chachage/ |website=Urban Africans}}</ref> Chachage ta yi yarinta a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, inda ta kuma sami karatun firamare a makarantun firamare na Mlimani da na Dar es Salaam masu zaman kansu kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Aga Khan Mzizima. Tana da aure da Keremba Brian Warioba, wanda suka kafa wani kamfani na zamantakewa tare, kuma ma'auratan suna da ɗa ɗaya. [cn] == Ilimi == Chachage tana da digirin PhD a fannin Lafiya ta Duniya - Immunology daga Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian ta Munich, Jamus, wacce ta samu a shekarar 2013. Takardar digirin PhD ɗinta ta binciki canje-canjen da aka samu a tsarin garkuwar jikin ɗan adam sakamakon kamuwa da cutar helminths da kuma tasirin da ke tattare da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV ko yuwuwar hanzarta ci gaban cutar HIV ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV <ref name="cihlmu">{{Cite web |title=CIH - LMU alumna |url=http://www.klinikum.uni-muenchen.de/Abteilung-fuer-Infektions-und-Tropenmedizin/en/50_Research/Working_groups/AG_Infection-and-Immunity/Alumni/index.html |website=Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin wannan, ta sami digirin farko a fannin Kimiyyar Halittu da Kwayoyin Halitta daga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] a shekarar 2007, sannan ta sami digirin girmamawa a shekara mai zuwa daga wannan cibiyar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Sana'a == Chachage ta shiga NIMR - MMRC a shekarar 2009 a matsayin ƙaramar mai bincike. <ref name="aas">{{Cite web |title=Chachage Mkunde &#124; The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde |website=www.aasciences.africa |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921000332/https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta koma cibiyar bincike jim kaɗan bayan ta sami digirin digirgir, inda ta jagoranci dakin gwaje-gwajen rigakafi wanda ke mai da hankali kan bincike da ya shafi ganewar cututtuka da kuma rigakafin cutar tarin fuka, hulɗar HIV da HIV-HPV. <ref name="tbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |website=TBSequel |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ "Dr. Mkunde Chachage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |date=2020-11-01 }}. ''TBSequel''.</cite></ref> Chachage ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar ta uku ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka (AAS) tsakanin 2018-2022. <ref name="aas"/> Ta yi karatun digiri da yawa a baya, ciki har da karatun digiri na uku a Cibiyar Burnet, [[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], tsakanin 2015-2016, <ref name="tbs"/> da kuma karatun digiri na Afirka-Ox (AfOx) ga masu binciken Afirka a 2020, wanda ya ba ta damar yin aiki tare da masu bincike a Oxford a wani bincike na ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="afox">{{Cite web |title=AfOx Fellows 2020 |url=http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/ |website=Africa-Oxford fellowship |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151712/http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chachage kuma abokiyar ƙungiyar AIDS ta Duniya (IAS) ce inda take aiki tare da sauran masana kimiyya kan bincike da fasahar zamani don magance cutar HIV. <ref name="ias">{{Cite web |title=AIS fellow Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage |website=International AIDS Society |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151707/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="iasfellows">{{Cite web |title=AIS global fellows |url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy |website=International AIDS Society |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412142144/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga aikin bincike, ta koyar da wani kwas kan ilimin rigakafi na cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka ta Nelson Mandela (NM-AIST), da ke [[Arusha]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref name="tbs"/> A watan Janairun 2019 ta shiga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi tana koyarwa da gudanar da bincike kan fannoni masu alaƙa da ilimin rigakafi. <ref name="udsm">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 "Mkunde Chachage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |date=2023-07-26 }}. ''University of Dar es Salaam''.</cite></ref> Chachage kuma ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke taimaka wa manoman kofi na gida a Tanzaniya su sami kasuwannin girbinsu. <ref name="fvs">{{Cite web |title=Communal shamba |url=https://www.fivesenses.com.au/blog/get-to-know-communal-shamba/ |website=Five Senses}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * An ba da kyautar mafi kyawun masanin kimiyya a NIMR ta Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NIMR) (2018) <ref name="fvs"/> * Mafi kyawun Masanin Kimiyyar Bincike a cibiyar bincike ta NIMR – Mbeya wanda Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa (NIMR) ta bayar don karrama aikin bincike a cikin maganin HIV & tarin fuka (2018) <ref name="fvs" /> * Kyautar Dakta Maria Kamm Mafi Kyawun Matan Kimiyyar Mata ta Matasa da Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa (NIMR) ta bayar (2012) <ref name="udadisi">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2022 |title=Dr. Maria Kamm Best Woman Scientist Award |url=http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1 |website=UDADISI |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140724/http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l18l38ekumo9ngqe9fvwpjb00dmo50a 0 140622 879266 828811 2026-07-09T02:24:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Molly Brodak''' (Maris 29, 1980 - Maris 8, 2020) mawaƙiya ce 'yar Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai yin burodi. Ita ce mawallafin tarin waƙoƙin ''A Little Middle of the Night'' ( Jami'ar Iowa Press, 2010) da kuma tarihin ''Bandit'' ( Grove Press, 2016). ''Jaridar Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' ta bayyana ''Bandit'' a matsayin: "littafi game da labarai da hali, na yadda abubuwan da suka faru da ayyuka ke siffanta mu, yadda uba ya zama mutum ɗaya, yadda 'ya mace ta girma ta zama wani." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Wyatt |title=Molly Brodak grew up in the shadow of her bank-robber dad |url=http://specials.myajc.com/molly-brodak |access-date=2019-04-05 |website=specials.myajc.com |language=english |archive-date=2019-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324121957/http://specials.myajc.com/molly-brodak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta kira ''Bandit'' "littafi mai kyau, kuma tare da kyakkyawan dalili," yayin da Kirkus ya kira shi: "littafi mai hankali, mai tayar da hankali, kuma mai gaskiya sosai." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandit by Molly Brodak |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/molly-brodak/bandit-memoir/ |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin wani shiri a shirin NPR ''mai suna All Things Considered'', Brodak ta bayyana tsarin ɗabi'a na batun ''Bandit'', wanda ya yi cikakken bayani game da abin da ya faru a matsayinta na 'yar wani mai fashi da makami da yawa a Detroit, Michigan: "Kowace iyali tana da duhu da nauyi da mutane ba za su so su yi magana a kai ba. Kuma lokacin da ka zaɓi zama mutumin da zai bayyana sirrin iyali, wani lokacin ana iya ɗaukarka a matsayin mai cin amana. ''"'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brodak |first=Molly |date=9 October 2016 |title=Growing Up As A Bank Robber's Daughter In 'Bandit' |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/10/09/497058029/growing-up-as-a-bank-robbers-daughter-in-bandit |access-date=2019-09-30 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Wani ɓangare daga ''Bandit'' ya bayyana a cikin ''Mafi Kyawun Karatu na Amurka na Ba a Bukata ba 2016.'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-21 |title='The Best American Nonrequired Reading 2016' Takes a Different Approach, This Year |url=https://www.popmatters.com/the-best-american-nonrequired-reading-2016-edited-by-rachel-kushner-2495408465.html |access-date=2019-04-05 |website=PopMatters |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ta sami tallafin karatu na NEA don rubuta wakoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=Molly Brodak |url=https://www.arts.gov/nea-literature-fellowships/molly-brodak |access-date=2019-04-05 |website=NEA |language=en |archive-date=2019-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906143007/https://www.arts.gov/nea-literature-fellowships/molly-brodak |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waƙoƙin Brodak sun bayyana sosai, ciki har da a cikin ''Granta'', ''Poetry'', ''Fence'', ''Map Literary'', ''NY Tyrant'', ''Diode'', ''New Orleans Review'', ''Ninth Letter'', ''Colorado Review'', ''Bateau'', da ''Hayden's Ferry Review.'' Waƙarta ''Yesu'' ta zaburar da waƙar ''I WHO BEND THE TALL Cases'' ta Lingua Ignota . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lingua Ignota – I WHO BEND THE TALL GRASSES Lyrics {{!}} Genius Lyrics |url=https://genius.com/Lingua-ignota-i-who-bend-the-tall-grasses-lyrics}} </ref> Tarin waƙoƙinta, ''The Cipher'', ya lashe kyautar Pleiades Press Editors Prize ta 2019, kuma an buga shi a shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pleiades Press &#124; the Cipher |url=http://pleiadespress.org/books/the-cipher/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |archive-date=2024-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906191100/https://pleiadespress.org/books/the-cipher/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Brodak ita ce kuma ta kafa Kookie House, wani shafin yanar gizo na yin burodi game da kukis da kek na musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wells |first=Myrydd |date=2017-12-13 |title=A fondant swan cake helped land Atlanta's Molly Brodak on the Great American Baking Show |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/dining-news/fondant-swan-cake-helped-land-atlantas-molly-brodak-great-american-baking-show/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Atlanta Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta fito a matsayin wacce ta yi nasara a gasar ''Great American Baking Show'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Molly Brodak {{!}} {showname} |url=https://abc.com/shows/the-great-american-baking-show/cast/molly-brodak |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=ABC |language=en}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Brodak ta mutu a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Molly Brodak's Obituary |url=https://www.articobits.com/obituaries/grissomclark-funeral-home/ms-molly-brodak-obituary |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=www.articobits.com}}</ref> A cewar ''[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]'', mijinta, Blake Butler, ya bayyana musabbabin mutuwar a matsayin kashe kanta da bindiga. Ta sha fama da damuwa tun tana karama. A shekarar 2023, Butler ya buga wani tarihin rayuwarsa, mai suna Molly, wanda ya yi cikakken bayani game da dangantakarsa da Brodak har zuwa rasuwarta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] ehhif7ccgjeog5stqtyo1bd7jvuqw54 0 141377 879016 816473 2026-07-08T16:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Masallaci]] Pathar''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Naev Masheed''''' ([[Harshen Kashmiri|Kashmiri]]: / ˈnəw ˌməʃiːd̪ /), masallaci ne na [[Duwatsu (geology)|dutse]] na zamanin [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] wanda ke cikin tsohon garin Srinagar, a cikin yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]] . Tana a gefen hagu na Kogin Jhelum, a gaban masallacin Khanqah-e-Moula . Tsarin masallacin abin tunawa ne na muhimmancin kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Jammu & Kashmir |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp |archive-date=2012-05-07 |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masallacin ya gina ta Mughal Empress [[Nur Jahan|Noor Jehan]], matar sarki Jehangir, a cikin 1623. <ref name="KT">{{Cite web |date= |title=Pathar Masjid |url=http://www.kashmirtourism.org/attractions/mosques/pathar-masjid-in-srinagar/ |access-date= |website=Kashmir Tourism}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina shi, an ayyana masallacin bai dace da addu'o'i ba kuma an yi amfani da shi a maimakon haka don dalilai marasa addini. An sake mayar da tsarin zuwa masallaci a farkon shekarun 1930. {{Efn|The reconversion happened in the aftermath of communal riots in 1931, though earlier attempts were made in the 1910s.<ref name=rai-archaeology/>}} == Gine-gine == Masallacin yana da wasu siffofi daban-daban waɗanda suka raba shi daga sauran masallatai a cikin [[Kwarin Kashmir]]. Ba kamar sauran masallatai ba, ba shi da rufin pyramidal na gargajiya. Bugu da ƙari, masallacin yana da ''[[Mihrab|mehraabs]]'' tara (arches), tare da tsakiya ya fi sauran girma.<ref name="A Desecrate Mosque - Pathar Masjid">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2016 |title=A Desecrate Mosque |url=http://www.bongblogger.com/kashmir-diary-story-of-a-desecrate-mosque-pathar-masjid-srinagar/ |access-date= |website=Bong Blogger |archive-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311052956/http://www.bongblogger.com/kashmir-diary-story-of-a-desecrate-mosque-pathar-masjid-srinagar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * [[Musulunci a Indiya]] * Jerin masallatai a Indiya * Jerin abubuwan tunawa na muhimmancin kasa a Jammu da Kashmir == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Pathar Masjid, Srinagar}} {{Mosques in India}} 9i79wfunbosdmw4i1x8ayup4ejeb2xo 0 141627 879159 828649 2026-07-08T19:02:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maudelle Tanner Bousfield''' (née Brown ; 1 ga Yuni, 1885 - 14 ga Oktoba, 1971) malamar Amurka ce. Bousfield ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka da ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Illinois, kuma shugabar makaranta ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka a cikin gundumar [[Makarantun Jama'a ta Chicago]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Bousfield '''a Maudelle Tanner Brown''' a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . Iyayenta su ne Charles Hugh Brown da Arrena Isabella Tanner Brown, waɗanda dukkansu malamai ne. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dolinar |first=Brian |date=March 2013 |title=What's in a Name? Two C-U Buildings Named After African American Women |url=http://publici.ucimc.org/2013/03/whats-in-a-name-two-buildings-named-after-african-american-women/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=The Public I |language=en-US}}</ref> Bousfield ta halarci Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Charles Kunkel da ke St. Louis a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Danns |first=Dionne |date=2009 |title=Thriving in the Midst of Adversity: Educator Maudelle Brown Bousfield's Struggles in Chicago, 1920-1950 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25608714 |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |issn=0022-2984 |jstor=25608714}}</ref> Bousfield ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Illinois a shekarar 1903. Ta kammala karatunta da girmamawa a shekarar 1906, tare da digiri a fannin ilmin taurari da lissafi, inda ta zama mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Illinois. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Kim |date=25 February 2019 |title=The courage to be first |url=https://storied.illinois.edu/the-courage-to-be-first/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=Storied |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan zamanta a Jami'ar Illinois, Bousfield ta yi kwasa-kwasan a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Chicago Mendelssohn, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Danns |first=Dionne |date=2009 |title=Thriving in the Midst of Adversity: Educator Maudelle Brown Bousfield's Struggles in Chicago, 1920-1950 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25608714 |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |issn=0022-2984 |jstor=25608714}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDanns2009">Danns, Dionne (2009). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25608714 "Thriving in the Midst of Adversity: Educator Maudelle Brown Bousfield's Struggles in Chicago, 1920-1950"]. ''The Journal of Negro Education''. '''78''' (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>16. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2984 0022-2984]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608714 25608714].</cite></ref> kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Chicago . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Maudelle Bousfield |url=https://housing.illinois.edu:443/Living-Options/Residence-Halls/Undergraduate-Halls/Bousfield/about-bousfield |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=University Housing |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Sana'a === [[Fayil:Women's_Policy_Committee_of_the_War_Manpower_Commission._8b07030v.jpg|alt=Three women posed for a photo; two seated, one standing and bent over the other two. The table in front of them is reflective; the middle woman is holding papers.|thumb|Kwamitin Manufofin Mata na Hukumar Ma'aikatan Yaƙi. A taron farko na Kwamitin Manufofin Mata na Hukumar Ma'aikatan Yaƙi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1942, mambobi uku sun saba. Su ne, hagu zuwa dama: Maudelle Bousfield, Margaret A. Hickey, shugaba; da Sara Southall.]] Bousfield ta buga piano <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunz |first=Jessica |date=2019-03-28 |title=Celebrating Women: Maudelle Tanner Brown Bousfield |url=https://www.wcia.com/news/local-news/celebrating-women-maudelle-tanner-brown-bousfield/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=WCIA |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613164828/https://www.wcia.com/news/local-news/celebrating-women-maudelle-tanner-brown-bousfield/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ta koyar da lissafi kafin ta yi murabus na ɗan lokaci a 1914. Bousfield ta koma koyarwa a 1922, daga baya ta ɗauki jarrabawar shugaban makarantar a 1926. Bousfield ta sami maki mafi kyau a jarrabawar kuma aka tura ta shugabancin Makarantar Firamare ta Keith a 1927, ta zama shugabar makaranta ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka a gundumar [[Chicago Public Schools|Makarantun Jama'a ta Chicago]] . A 1939, Bousfield ta zama shugabar makarantar sakandare ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka a wannan gundumar, <ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 1939 |title=Mrs. Maudelle Bousfield Appointed Head of Chicago High School |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdAZAAAAIAAJ&q=Maudelle++Bousfield&pg=RA1-PA309 |journal=Opportunity |volume=17 |pages=309}}</ref> bayan an tura ta shugabancin Makarantar Sakandare ta Wendell Phillips wacce galibi 'yar Afirka-Amurka ce a unguwar Bronzeville da ke birnin. <ref name=":1"/> Baya ga zamanta na shugabar makaranta, Bousfield ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Manufofin Mata na Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikatan Yaƙi, tare da Margaret A. Hickey da Sara Southall a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1942 |title=Women's Policy Committee of the War Manpower Commission. At the first meeting of the Women's Policy Committee of the War Manpower Commission on October 1, 1942, three members get acquainted. They are, left to right: Maudelle Bousfield, Margaret A. Hickey, chairman; and Sara Southall. The committee was formed to aid in mobilizing women workers for the war effort |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2017698282/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Bousfield ya yi ritaya daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Wendell Phillips bayan shekaru goma sha ɗaya a shekarar 1950, tare da shirin yin tafiya: "Zan sami damar ganin wasu wurare masu nisa waɗanda suka sa atlases ya zama abin sha'awa a gare ni." === Shekarun da suka biyo baya da mutuwa === A shekarunta na ƙarshe, Bousfield ta yi tafiya, ta yi aiki tare da Asusun Kwalejin United Negro, kuma ta koyar a Jami'ar Fisk . Ta kuma rubuta wani shafi na lambu ga jaridar ''Chicago Defender'' . Bousfield ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙasa da ƙasa ta shida (Babban Basileus) ta Alpha Kappa Alpha, ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bousfield, Maudelle Brown - Sixth International President |url=http://akapioneers.aka1908.com/index.php/component/mtree/vocations/education-1/first-black-women-to-become-principals-in-k-12-schools-2/1512-bousfield-maudelle-brown |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=AKA's Pioneering Sorors Open Doors |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta kasance memba mai rijista na Ƙungiyar Mawakan Negro ta Ƙasa . Bousfield ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1971, tana da shekaru 86, a Chicago. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 4, 1971 |title=Maudelle B. Bousfield Dies; Pioneer Black Educator |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLEDAAAAMBAJ&q=Maudelle++Bousfield&pg=PA48 |journal=Jet |pages=48}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum da gado == Bousfield ta yi aure sau ɗaya kuma tana da 'ya mace. A shekarar 1914, ta auri likita, Midian Othello Bousfield, kuma tare suka haifi 'ya mace, Maudelle (an haife ta a 1915; an haife ta a 2013). 'Yar Bousfield ta auri ɗan kasuwa W. Leonard Evans Jr. Midian Bousfield ya mutu a 1948. Ɗan uwan Bousfield shine mai zane Henry Ossawa Tanner . A shekarar 2013, an sanya wa wani sabon zauren zama a Jami'ar Illinois suna Bousfield Hall, don tunawa da ita. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dolinar |first=Brian |date=March 2013 |title=What's in a Name? Two C-U Buildings Named After African American Women |url=http://publici.ucimc.org/2013/03/whats-in-a-name-two-buildings-named-after-african-american-women/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=The Public I |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDolinar2013">Dolinar, Brian (March 2013). [http://publici.ucimc.org/2013/03/whats-in-a-name-two-buildings-named-after-african-american-women/ "What's in a Name? Two C-U Buildings Named After African American Women"]. ''The Public I''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wurth |first=Julie |date=February 10, 2013 |title=New UI residence hall will bear name of university's first African-American alumna, a true pioneer |url=https://www.news-gazette.com/news/new-ui-residence-hall-will-bear-name-of-universitys-first-african-american-alumna-a-true/article_71cf7651-4f47-595d-ba9a-8979e1b17dd5.html |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=The News-Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Chicago ce ke gudanar da Gidajen Maudelle Brown Bousfield. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maudelle Brown Bousfield Apartments |url=https://www.thecha.org/residents/public-housing/find-public-housing/maudelle-brown-bousfield-apartments |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=The Chicago Housing Authority}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] ivbl0ypjl2bazc7vy18v7kqa0xbyz0b 0 141696 878975 799112 2026-07-08T15:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mary Dana Hinton''' 'yar ƙasar Amurka ce mai kula da harkokin ilimi da jami'a. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kwalejin Saint Benedict daga 2014 zuwa 2020, kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar Jami'ar Hollins a watan Agusta na 2020. Ita ce shugabar farko ta Baƙar fata 'yar Amurka ta Hollins. Kafin ta hau kan karagar mulki, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Harkokin Ilimi a Kwalejin Mount Saint Mary da kuma Mataimakiyar Shugabar Harkokin Ilimi a Kwalejin Misericordia . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Hinton a Kittrell, North Carolina cikin iyali mai aiki. <ref> name="how">{{Cite web |title=College President I Mary Hinton I '92 |url=https://howdyougetthere.williams.edu/college-president-i-mary-hinton-i-92/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813051623/https://howdyougetthere.williams.edu/college-president-i-mary-hinton-i-92/ |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=How'd You Get There? |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati na gida kuma mai ba ta shawara ya gaya mata cewa ya kamata ta yi la'akari da aikin soja maimakon neman ilimi mai zurfi saboda launin fatarta. <ref> name="how" </ref> <ref> name="record">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-21 |title=Mary Dana Hinton to step down at end of semester |url=http://csbsjurecord.com/2020/02/mary-dana-hinton-to-step-down-at-end-of-semester/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080633/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300italic,400italic,600italic,700italic,800italic,400,300,600,700,800&subset=latin,latin-ext |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=The Record |language=en-US}}</ref> Tare da taimakon wani iyali da mahaifiyarta ke aiki a kai, an tura Hinton zuwa Makarantar Saint Mary's, wata makarantar kwana ta Episcopal ga 'yan mata a Raleigh, North Carolina . <ref>name="csbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mary Hinton |url=https://www.csbsju.edu/csb-archives/csbhistory/csbadministrators/mary-hinton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812015039/https://www.csbsju.edu/csb-archives/csbhistory/csbadministrators/mary-hinton |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=College of Saint Benedict & Saint John's University |language=en}}</ref> <ref> name="how" </ref> A shekarar 1988, bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta karanci ilimin halayyar dan adam a Kwalejin Williams, inda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta shekaru biyu. <ref> name="csbs" </ref> <ref> name="hollins">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Hollins Names Mary Dana Hinton, Ph.D., as New President |url=https://www.hollins.edu/news/hollins-names-mary-dana-hinton-ph-d-as-new-president/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928060427/https://www.hollins.edu/news/hollins-names-mary-dana-hinton-ph-d-as-new-president/ |archive-date=2020-09-28 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=Hollins |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam na yara daga Jami'ar Kansas da kuma digiri na uku a fannin ilimin addini da addini daga Jami'ar Fordham . <ref name="csbs" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Hinton |url=https://www.academicimpressions.com/instructors/mary-hinton/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080630/https://www.academicimpressions.com/instructors/mary-hinton/ |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=Academic Impressions |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Hinton ta fara aikinta na ilimi a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare a Maryland. <ref name="csbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mary Hinton |url=https://www.csbsju.edu/csb-archives/csbhistory/csbadministrators/mary-hinton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812015039/https://www.csbsju.edu/csb-archives/csbhistory/csbadministrators/mary-hinton |archive-date=2020-08-12 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=College of Saint Benedict & Saint John's University |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.csbsju.edu/csb-archives/csbhistory/csbadministrators/mary-hinton "Dr. Mary Hinton"]. ''College of Saint Benedict & Saint John's University''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200812015039/https://www.csbsju.edu/csb-archives/csbhistory/csbadministrators/mary-hinton Archived] from the original on 2020-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="how">{{Cite web |title=College President I Mary Hinton I '92 |url=https://howdyougetthere.williams.edu/college-president-i-mary-hinton-i-92/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813051623/https://howdyougetthere.williams.edu/college-president-i-mary-hinton-i-92/ |archive-date=2020-08-13 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=How'd You Get There? |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://howdyougetthere.williams.edu/college-president-i-mary-hinton-i-92/ "College President I Mary Hinton I '92"]. ''How'd You Get There?''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200813051623/https://howdyougetthere.williams.edu/college-president-i-mary-hinton-i-92/ Archived] from the original on 2020-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu, ta yi aiki a kamfanin Replications kuma ta taimaka wajen bude makarantu ashirin da biyu a New York da Baltimore. <ref name="how" /> Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugaban gudanarwa a cibiyoyin ilimi na Katolika daban-daban, ciki har da mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin ilimi da kuma jami'ar bambancin ra'ayi a Kwalejin Misericordia . <ref name="csbs"/> <ref name="hollins">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Hollins Names Mary Dana Hinton, Ph.D., as New President |url=https://www.hollins.edu/news/hollins-names-mary-dana-hinton-ph-d-as-new-president/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928060427/https://www.hollins.edu/news/hollins-names-mary-dana-hinton-ph-d-as-new-president/ |archive-date=2020-09-28 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=Hollins |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.hollins.edu/news/hollins-names-mary-dana-hinton-ph-d-as-new-president/ "Hollins Names Mary Dana Hinton, Ph.D., as New President"]. ''Hollins''. 13 February 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200928060427/https://www.hollins.edu/news/hollins-names-mary-dana-hinton-ph-d-as-new-president/ Archived] from the original on 2020-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bayan ta yi aiki a Misericordia, Hinton ta karɓi muƙamin mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin ilimi a Kwalejin Mount Saint Mary . <ref name="csbs" /> <ref name="hollins" /> Bayan shekaru uku a Mount Saint Mary's, an naɗa Hinton a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Saint Benedict ta goma sha biyar, ta gaji [[MaryAnn Baenninger]], tana aiki daga 2014 zuwa 2020. <ref name="csbs" /> A lokacin mulkinta, ta kula da ayyukan gini da gyare-gyare da dama a harabar jami'a kuma ta ba da izinin ba da lamuni na dala miliyan 34 don ayyukan gini. <ref name="csbs" /> A matsayinta na shugaba, Hinton ta kuma taimaka wajen samun tallafin dala 600,000 daga Gidauniyar Andrew W. Mellon don aiwatar da horon haɗaka da bambancin ra'ayi. <ref name="csbs" /> A watan Yunin 2020, Hinton ta sauka daga shugabancin Kwalejin Saint Benedict don karbar shugabancin Jami'ar Hollins da ke Roanoke, Virginia . <ref name="csbs"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Farewell to Dr. Mary Dana Hinton |url=https://csbsju.edu/news/mdhfarewell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119113425/https://csbsju.edu/news/mdhfarewell |archive-date=2021-01-19 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=College of Saint Benedict & Saint John's University |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSB President Mary Dana Hinton to step down after school year |url=https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/local/2020/02/13/college-st-benedict-president-step-down-after-school-year/4749182002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080631/https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/local/2020/02/13/college-st-benedict-president-step-down-after-school-year/4749182002/ |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=St. Cloud Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyd |first=Aila |date=2020-09-08 |title=Hollins Welcomes New President |url=https://theroanoker.com/api/content/56a35918-f1d9-11ea-ae31-1244b0f95fff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080634/https://theroanoker.com/blogging/behind-the-page/hollins-welcomes-new-president/ |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=TheRoanoker.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Ta hau kan mulki a hukumance a matsayin shugabar Hollins ta goma sha uku a watan Agustan 2020. <ref name="hollins"/> Ita mamba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na Makarantar Saint Mary, Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Amurka, Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Katolika, Ƙungiyar Matasan Addinai, [[University Leadership Council|Majalisar Jagorancin Jami'a]], da kuma Majalisar Kwalejoji Masu Zaman Kansu . <ref name="diverse">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Dr. Mary Hinton Named President of Hollins University - Higher Education |url=https://diverseeducation.com/article/167042/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019152647/https://diverseeducation.com/article/167042/ |archive-date=2020-10-19 |access-date=2021-08-08 |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Shugabannin Kwalejoji Masu Zaman Kansu na Minnesota. <ref name="record">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-21 |title=Mary Dana Hinton to step down at end of semester |url=http://csbsjurecord.com/2020/02/mary-dana-hinton-to-step-down-at-end-of-semester/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080633/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300italic,400italic,600italic,700italic,800italic,400,300,600,700,800&subset=latin,latin-ext |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=The Record |language=en-US }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://csbsjurecord.com/2020/02/mary-dana-hinton-to-step-down-at-end-of-semester/ "Mary Dana Hinton to step down at end of semester"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080633/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300italic,400italic,600italic,700italic,800italic,400,300,600,700,800&subset=latin,latin-ext |date=2021-08-08 }}. ''The Record''. 2020-02-21. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080633/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300italic,400italic,600italic,700italic,800italic,400,300,600,700,800&subset=latin,latin-ext Archived] from the original on 2021-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta rubuta ''The Commercial Church: Black Churches and the New Religious Marketplace in America'' . <ref name="record"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hinton |url=https://president2president.com/authors/Hinton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118081332/https://president2president.com/authors/Hinton |archive-date=2021-01-18 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=president2president.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi wani jawabi mai taken TEDx mai suna ''Leading from the Margins'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blog |first=Credo |title=Dr. Mary Dana Hinton Honored as Winner of 8th Annual Courageous Leadership Award |url=https://www.credohighered.com/blog/credo-awards-8th-annual-courageous-leadership-award-to-mary-hinton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208190214/https://www.credohighered.com/blog/credo-awards-8th-annual-courageous-leadership-award-to-mary-hinton |archive-date=2020-12-08 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=www.credohighered.com |language=en-us}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hinton ta auri Robert Williams kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. <ref name="hollins"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mary Dana Hinton |date=2016-01-28 |title=A day in the life of President Mary Hinton |url=https://www.slideshare.net/MaryDanaHinton/a-day-in-the-life-president-mary-hinton |url-status=live |journal= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808080634/https://www.slideshare.net/MaryDanaHinton/a-day-in-the-life-president-mary-hinton |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] iaag5oxg2ew278bu4iioimo9u9oh78m 0 141887 879026 799718 2026-07-08T16:29:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879026 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Masallaci]] White ([[Albania]]_language" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Albanian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Albanian), wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Sultan Bayezid II, masallaci ne da aka rushe a Berat Castle, Berat, Albania . An sanya tsohon masallacin a matsayin Tarihin Al'adu na Albania a cikin 1961; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious buildings with the "Culture Monument" status |url=http://kshk.gov.al/index.php?fq=brenda&gj=gj2&kid=19 |access-date=October 28, 2010 |publisher=Republic of Albania National Committee for Culture |language= |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071224/http://kshk.gov.al/index.php?fq=brenda&gj=gj2&kid=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyoyin Tarihi na Berat da Gjirokastër, [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na [[UNESCO]] wanda aka sanya shi a cikin 2005. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Daga ƙaramin masallaci, kusan murabba'in akwai har yanzu ganuwar tushe mai tsayi 1-mita (3.3 da tushe na [[Hasumiya|Minaret]], wanda ke da ɗan sama da mita 2 (6 in) tsawo. An gina shi da farin dutse 1417, kuma an lalata shi a wani lokaci a cikin karni na 19 bayan tashin hankali na gida game da sake fasalin Tanzimat na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]], amma an bar shi ba tare da an gama shi ba bayan 1967 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Enver Hoxha. == Dubi kuma == {{Reflist}} * [[Musulunci a Albaniya|Musulunci a Albania]] * Jerin masallatai a Albania * Jerin Tarihin Al'adu na Addini na Albania == Manazarta == {{Mosques in Albania}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}} 8qjg5ghxhla8mc7nuzt6omuqk6k19nb 0 142214 879268 800885 2026-07-09T03:01:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Moon Myung-soon''' ( Korean ; 18 Oktoba 1962), wanda kuma aka sani da '''Moon Myoung-soon''', ɗan siyasa ne na Koriya ta Kudu da ke zaune a Goyang . == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatun sakandaren kasuwanci na 'yan mata a Seoul, Moon ta yi aiki a Kookmin Bank tsawon shekaru talatin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-09 |script-title=ko:4선고지 진보 거물에 두 정치 신예 맹추격 |url=https://www.goyang1.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=13854 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=고양일보 |language=ko}}</ref> Daga 2008 zuwa 2011 ta jagoranci babbar ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago ta Koriya, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta ƙasa a fannin kuɗi ( Korean ), <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:금융노조·사무금융노조, 김현정 더민주 평택을 후보 '지지선언' |url=http://www.youthdaily.co.kr/news/article.html?no=32999 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.youthdaily.co.kr |language=ko}}</ref> a matsayin babban mataimakin shugabanta. <ref name=":0" /> Moon yana da digiri uku - digiri na farko a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Buɗewa ta Koriya ta Ƙasa, digiri na LLM daga Jami'ar Kyung Hee da digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Sogang . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-03 |script-title=ko:[대자보] ˝고양시에서 교통 교육 복지 프로젝트 완성하겠다˝ |url=https://m.jabo.co.kr/37940 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=대자보 |archive-date=2025-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120053726/http://m.jabo.co.kr/37940 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen 2012, an sanya Moon a lamba ta 23 a cikin jerin wakilan da jam'iyyarta ta samu amma ba a zaɓe ta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-03 |script-title=ko:민주당 비례대표 23번 문명순, "저도 엄연한 제주인" |url=https://www.headlinejeju.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=146760 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=헤드라인제주 |language=ko}}</ref> A zaɓen 2020, Moon ta tsaya takarar mazabar Goyang <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shin |first=Mitch |date=2020-04-14 |title=Korea's election campaign proceeds despite virus |url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/04/koreas-election-campaign-proceeds-despite-virus/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda Sim Sang-jung ya wakilta daga 2012. Duk da cewa sun yi nasara a zaɓen jin ra'ayin jama'a, Moon ta sha kaye a hannun Sim <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Justice Party leader narrowly retains her seat |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200416000695 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=[[The Korea Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> wanda, a cewar Moon, bai yi wa mazabar komai ba sai dai kasancewarsa mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma ba zai goyi bayan sa gwamnatin Moon Jae-in ta yi nasara ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-04 |script-title=ko:문명순 "'말꾼' 심상정, 8년간 무얼 했는지 묻고 싶다" |url=https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/2020040342477 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |language=ko |archive-date=2021-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509065244/https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/2020040342477 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moon ta taɓa yin aiki a kamfen ɗin shugaban ƙasa na Moon Jae-in a matsayin shugabar kwamiti na musamman kan Tattalin Arzikin Kuɗi a 2012 da kuma Kare Masu Amfani da Kuɗi a 2017. Yanzu ita ce mai ba da shawara ga cibiyoyin kuɗi na gwamnati - Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation da Korea Inclusive Finance Agency - kuma memba na musamman na Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa don Daidaita Ci Gaban Ƙasa. An san ta da kyau ga membobin jam'iyya saboda gaishe da tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Moon Jae-in a Filin Jirgin Sama na Incheon da kanta lokacin da ya dawo daga Himalayas a 2016. [1] Daga shekarar 2019, Moon ya yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin mataimakan shugabanni na Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Jam'iyyar Democrat kuma memba na kwamitin daidaita harkokin kudi na kwamitin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:문명순 :: 네이버 인물검색 |url=https://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85%EC%88%9C&sm=tab_etc&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService&os=315066 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=people.search.naver.com}}</ref> == Tarihin zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" !Zaɓe ! Shekara ! Gundumar ! Alaƙar jam'iyya ! Kuri'u ! Kashi na ƙuri'u ! Sakamako |- | Zaɓen Babban Zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa na 19 | 2012 | wakilcin daidaito | Jam'iyyar Democrat | 7,777,123 | Kashi 36.45% | An rasa |- | Zaɓen Babban Zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa na 21 | 2020 | Gyeonggi Goyang A | Jam'iyyar Democrat | 39,268 | 27.36% | An rasa |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] trcton1eks7trv89hwuwethst2vwvzy 0 142637 878962 802040 2026-07-08T13:13:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marilène Gill '''' MP (an haife ta a shekarar 1977, ) 'Yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Kanada wacce aka zaɓe ta a Majalisar Wakilai a zaɓen tarayya na 2015, <ref name="deja">{{Cite web |last=Turcotti |first=Alix-Anne |date=20 October 2015 |title=Déjà du travail pour la nouvelle députée Marilène Gill |url=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2015/10/20/003-deputee-manicouagan-recations-elections-marilene-gill.shtml |access-date=29 September 2016 |website=[[CBC News|Radio-Canada]] |language=fr}}</ref> inda ta wakilci Côte-Nord—Kawawachikamach—Nitassinan a matsayin memba na Bloc Québécois (BQ). <ref name="deja" /> == Aikin siyasa == Tun daga shekarar 2021 ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bulala kuma mai suka kan harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar da na arewa a cikin Majalisar Shadow ta Bloc Québécois . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lévesque |first=Catherine |date=October 5, 2021 |title=Bloc Québécois announces shadow cabinet |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/national/election-2021/bloc-quebecois-announces-shadow-cabinet |website=Montreal Gazette |access-date=March 4, 2026 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224150809/https://montrealgazette.com/news/national/election-2021/bloc-quebecois-announces-shadow-cabinet |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai ta Kanada kan Albarkatun Bil Adama, Ƙwarewa da Ci gaban Jama'a da Matsayin Nakasassu a Majalisar Dokokin Kanada ta 45 a shekarar 2025. == Matsayin siyasa == Gill yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki uku ('yan majalisa) waɗanda suka goyi bayan shugabancin Martine Ouellet a lokacin zanga-zangar jam'iyyar kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da jam'iyyar lokacin da 'yan majalisa bakwai suka yi murabus a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2018 don zama 'yan ƙasa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gill ta auri abokin takararta na ɗan majalisar dokoki ta BQ Xavier Barsalou-Duval . <ref name="Marilène Gill">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Marilène |title=Marilène Gill |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=18576 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=Parlinfo |publisher=Parliament of Canada}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] l5yn2mwguvrifrkyb64eqqprqcibwbd 0 143078 879426 803326 2026-07-09T08:53:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Najla Mohammed El Mangoush''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1973) jami'ar diflomasiyya ce kuma lauya [[Libya|a ƙasar Libya]]. <ref name="libyaherald">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=Najla Mangoush – Libya's first female Foreign Minister |trans-title= |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/03/11/najla-mangoush-libyas-first-female-foreign-minister/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |website= |publisher=[[Libya Herald]] |language= |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316152121/https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/03/11/najla-mangoush-libyas-first-female-foreign-minister/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance ministar harkokin wajen Libya a gwamnatin [[Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh]] daga ranar 15 ga watan Maris 2021 <ref name="alwasat">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=Najla Mangoush first female Libyan FM |trans-title= |url=http://alwasat.ly/news/libya/314251 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=alwasat.ly |language=Arabic}}</ref> har zuwa lokacin da aka sallame ta a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 2023. <ref name="dismissed">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Libya's Foreign Minister Najla al-Mangoush dismissed: Sources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/28/libya-protests-after-foreign-minister-reportedly-met-with-israeli-official |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}</ref> El Mangoush ta kasance ministar harkokin waje mace ta farko kuma mace tilo a Libya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=Najla Mangoush – Libya's first female Foreign Minister |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/03/11/najla-mangoush-libyas-first-female-foreign-minister/ |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=Libya Herald |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316152121/https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/03/11/najla-mangoush-libyas-first-female-foreign-minister/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma mace ta biyar da ta riƙe muƙamin ministar harkokin waje a ƙasashen Larabawa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Najla El Mangoush a Cardiff, [[Wales]], ga iyali mai yara huɗu waɗanda suka fito daga [[Libya]], amma ta girma a [[Benghazi]], birnin da iyalin suka koma, lokacin tana da shekaru shida. An horar da El Mangoush a matsayin lauya a [[Jami'ar Benghazi]] (Jami'ar Garyounis a lokacin) kuma daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin shari'a a jami'ar. Daga baya ta sami tallafin karatu na Fulbright zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], inda ta kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Shari'a da Gina Zaman Lafiya a Jami'ar Eastern Mennonite da ke Virginia. <ref name="libyaherald"/> == Aiki == === Farkon aiki === A matsayinta na ƙwararriya a fannin warware rikici, ta kasance wakiliyar ƙasa a Libya a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka. <ref name="libyaherald"/> Ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Shirye-shirye don Gina Zaman Lafiya da Dokokin Gargajiya a Cibiyar Addinai ta Duniya, Diflomasiyya da Magance Rikice-rikice da ke Arlington, Virginia. <ref name="libyaherald"/> A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Libya, ta jagoranci Sashen Hulɗa da Jama'a na [[Majalisar Canjin Kasa|Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Ƙasa]] (NTC) wanda ke hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin fararen hula. <ref name="libyaherald"/> === Ministar harkokin waje === [[Fayil:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Libyan_Foreign_Minister_Mangoush.jpg|right|thumb|Mangoush ya gana da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Antony Blinken|Antony J. Blinken]] a [[Bari|Bari, Italiya]] a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni 2021.]] A ranar 15 ga watan Maris, 2021 ta zama ministar harkokin waje a majalisar ministocin Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, wacce wani ɓangare ne na gwamnatin haɗin kan ƙasa. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙami a Libya, kuma ta biyar da ta riƙe irin wannan muƙami a ƙasashen Larabawa bayan Naha Mint Mouknass (2009–2011) da Vatma Vall Mint Soueina (2015) ta Mauritania, Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam (2012–2014) ta Somalia da Asma Mohamed Abdalla (2019–2020) ta Sudan. <ref name="alwasat"/> A watan Mayun 2021, ta fuskanci matsin lamba na yin murabus kuma an ci zarafinta bayan ta kira [[Turkiyya]] da ta bi ƙa'idodin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kuma janye sojojin Turkiyya da sojojin haya daga Libya. A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, 2021, Majalisar Shugaban Ƙasa ta dakatar da Mangoush bisa zargin aiwatar da manufofin ƙasashen waje ba tare da haɗin gwiwa da majalisar ba. An kuma hana ta yin tafiya. Firayim Minista [[Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh]] ya yi jayayya game da haƙƙin Majalisar Shugaban Ƙasa na dakatar da Mangoush, yana mai cewa ikon naɗa ko dakatar da ministoci a gwamnatinsa shi ne abin da ya keɓance shi. Bayan sanarwar ganawa tsakanin Mangoush da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Isra'ila Eli Cohen a Italiya a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2023, an dakatar da ita, kuma an fara bincike a kanta. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, an kore ta daga majalisar ministocin Dbeibeh. <ref name="dismissed"/> Ta gudu daga Libya da farko zuwa Turkiyya sannan daga baya ta fice daga London, inda iyalinta ke zaune, a ranar saboda tsoron lafiyarta a yayin da ake ci gaba da hayaniya a [[Tripoli]] game da batun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=After meeting with her Israeli counterpart, the Libyan minister flies to London from Turkey |url=https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/after-meeting-with-the-israeli-counterpart%2C-the-libyan-minister-flies-to-london-from-turkey/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Agenzia Nova |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, 2021, an sanya Mangoush a cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC a shekarar 2021 saboda aikinta na ''gina alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin fararen hula''. A shekarar 2022, Mangoush ta sami lambar yabo ta mata ta duniya daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 International Women of Courage Award |url=https://www.state.gov/2022-international-women-of-courage-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529083639/https://www.state.gov/2022-international-women-of-courage-award/ |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Ministocin Harkokin Waje a 2021 * Jerin Ministocin Harkokin Waje a 2022 * Jerin Ministocin Harkokin Waje a 2023 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fydo53nydxzgtna60dp5zp5sgmk5cdu 0 144911 879429 828935 2026-07-09T09:34:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naomi Alderman''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) marubuci ce ta Turanci, marubuciyar wasan, kuma mai gabatar da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naomi Alderman |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4373281/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninta da littafin almara na kimiyya mai suna The Power, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Mata don Fiction a shekarar 2017 kuma an daidaita shi ''Ikon'' jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amazon Studios. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Power: Release date, cast and trailer for Prime Video sci-fi series |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/the-power-amazon-naomi-alderman-release-date/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Radio Times |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Alderman a Landan, 'yar Geoffrey Alderman, ƙwararren masani a tarihin Anglo-Yahudawa wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude na Orthodox. Alderman ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta South Hampstead da Kwalejin Lincoln, Oxford, inda ta karanta Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki. Bayan ta bar Oxford, ta yi aiki a cikin wallafe-wallafen yara sannan kuma a kamfanin lauya, tana gyara wallafe-finai. Ta ci gaba da karatun rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia kafin ta zama marubuciya. A shekara ta 2007, The Sunday Times ta ba ta suna Matashi Marubucin Shekara. A shekara ta 2007, an lasafta ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Marubutan 25 na Makomar Waterstones . A cikin 2012, an nada Alderman farfesa ta rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro a Jami'ar Bath Spa, Ingila. A cikin 2013, an haɗa ta a cikin ''Granta'' sau ɗaya a cikin jerin shekaru goma na matasa marubuta 20 mafi kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive Access – Granta Magazine |url=http://www.granta.com/Archive/123 |access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naomi Alderman – Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/naomi-alderman |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Tana rubuta wani shafi na fasaha na kowane wata ga ''[[The Guardian]]'' . Alderman ta zama mai ba da shawara ga mata a lokacin da take matashiya kuma tun daga lokacin da take goyon bayan 'yancin mata, wanda ya rinjayi ayyukanta. Ta bayyana a ''Ikon'' wata hira da ''[[New York Times]]'' ta 2018, "Lokacin da nake matashi a cikin shekarun 1990, abu ne na yau da kullun tsakanin mata su ce an ci nasarar yaƙe-yaƙe na mata. Yanzu ina tsammanin yana da matukar tsoro cewa hakan ba haka ba ne. " <ref name="New York Times" /> Ta rubuta The Power don magance abubuwan da ƙungiyar mata ta huɗu ta yi kuma ta ambaci Too Me a matsayin wahayi da kuma tushen irin wannan tattaunawa. == Ayyuka == Alderman itache jagorar marubuciyar Perplex City, wani madadin wasan gaskiya, a kamfanin Mind Candy . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2007 |title=Presume not that I am the thing I was |url=http://naomialderman.typepad.com/my_weblog/2007/06/presume_not_tha.html |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=leaving the house |archive-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021003741/http://naomialderman.typepad.com/my_weblog/2007/06/presume_not_tha.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta ci gaba da zama babban marubuci a wasu aikace-aikace ciki har da Zombies, Run! da kuma The Walk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Walk press kit |url=https://thewalkgame.com/presskit/presskit.html. |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=The Walk by Six to Start and Naomi Alderman}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref> A cikin 2018 The Walk ya zama kwasfan fayiloli kuma an sake shi ta hanyar Panoply Media. Littafinta na uku, The Liars' Gospel (Viking), tare da Yesu da aka nuna a matsayin mai wa'azi na Yahudawa Yehoshuah, an buga shi a cikin takarda a cikin 2012. Da yake nazarin littafin, Shoshi Ish-Horowicz a cikin mujallar ''Renaissance na Yahudawa'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai nishaɗi, mai ban sha'awa" amma ya sami labarin da ya fada "marasa jin daɗi da matsala. Jin daɗin littafin zai dogara da yadda kuka amsa ga asalin cewa Yesu, mai yiwuwa, 'mai wa'azi ne mara kyau'".<ref name="Jewish Renaissance">{{Cite journal |last=Ish-Horowicz, Shoshi |date=October 2012 |title=Books: The Liars' Gospel |journal=[[Jewish Renaissance]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=52}}</ref> An kafa shi a ciki da kewayen Urushalima tsakanin Siege na Pompey (63 BC) da Siege na Titus na Urushalima (70), an ba da labarin a cikin manyan sassan huɗu daga hangen nesa na manyan adadi huɗu: [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]], Yahuza Iskariyoti, Kayaphas da Barabbas . Dukkanin litattafai guda uku an tsara su a BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leake |first=Mark |date=6 August 2015 |title=Naomi Alderman Mix 03 Writing Digital Keynote |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkdUimnK-wk |access-date=20 October 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Ta rubuta labarin don The Winter House, wani ɗan gajeren labari na layi na kan layi wanda Jey Biddulph ya gani. BookTrust ne ya ba da aikin a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin Labari, wanda Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila ta goyi bayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Winter House |url=http://www.thewinterhouse.co.uk/ |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=thewinterhouse.co.uk}}</ref> An buga littafinta na Doctor Who Borrowed Time a watan Yunin shekara ta 2011. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Margaret Atwood ta zaɓi Alderman a matsayin mai karewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rolex Mentor da Protégé Arts Initiative, shirin taimakon jama'a na kasa da kasa wanda ke jagorantar masu sana'a a cikin darussan su tare da ƙwarewa masu tasowa na shekara guda na musayar kirkira ɗaya-da-ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative |url=http://www.rolexmentorprotege.com/pairing/2012-2013/margaret_atwood_and_naomi_alderman |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative: A year of mentoring }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Atwood da Alderman sun rubuta "The Happy Zombie Sunrise Home" kuma sun buga aikin a kan layi a kan Wattpad a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schinsky |first=Rebecca Joine |date=October 31, 2012 |title=The Happy Zombie Sunrise Home — An Excerpt of Margaret Atwood's Exclusive Wattpad Story |url=https://bookriot.com/the-happy-zombie-sunrise-home-an-excerpt-of-margaret-atwoods-exclusive-wattpad-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406232417/https://bookriot.com/the-happy-zombie-sunrise-home-an-excerpt-of-margaret-atwoods-exclusive-wattpad-story/ |archive-date=April 6, 2021 |access-date=April 6, 2021 |website=[[Book Riot]]}}</ref> Littafin Alderman na huɗu, The Power, an buga shi a cikin 2016. [1] Atwood ne ya sadaukar da Ikon kuma ya rinjayi shi.[2] The Power ta lashe Kyautar Mata don Fiction a shekarar 2017.[3] Alderman ta tabbatar da cewa ta sayar da haƙƙin The Power ga Sister Pictures, kamfanin da ya samar da Broadchurch, bayan ya sami tayin goma sha ɗaya. An samar da sauye-sauyen talabijin a matsayin abubuwa tara, wanda aka fara a ranar 31 ga Maris 2023 kuma aka kammala a ranar 12 ga Mayu 2023. An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society of Literature a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Alderman, Naomi |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/naomi-alderman/,%20https://rsliterature.org/fellows/naomi-alderman/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] nxchue83redok2vmd8tsslpfynwun19 0 145332 879527 836930 2026-07-09T11:22:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Néfertiti Ngudianza Bayokisa Kisula''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba 1971) lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Congo wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ciniki a gwamnatin Matata ta Biyu (2014 zuwa 2016). Tun daga shekarar 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Kongo ta Tsakiya da kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dattawa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ngudianza a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba, 1971 a Nsundi Lutete a yankin Luozi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mwamba |first=Selinah |title=Ministère du Commerce Extérieur - RDC |url=https://www.commerce.gouv.cd/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.commerce.gouv.cd |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Sénat : Nefertiti Ngudianza, unique femme élue au sein du Bureau définitif |url=https://radiodelafemme.net/senat-nefertiti-ngudianza-unique-femme-elue-au-sein-du-bureau-definitif/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Radio de la Femme |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ita ce ta shida cikin 'ya'ya mata bakwai a cikin danginta. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-08 |title=Kongo Central-Élection des gouverneurs: Qui est Néfertiti Ngudianza Bayokisa Kisula? (Portrait) |url=https://depeche.cd/2022/05/08/kongo-central-election-des-gouverneurs-qui-est-nefertiti-ngudianza-bayokisa-kisula-portrait/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Dépêche.cd |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ngudianza ta yi karatu a makarantar yara da sakandare a Amurka. <ref name=":2"/> Bayan ta koma DRC, Ngudianza ta yi karatun digiri a fannin lauya a Jami'ar Kinshasa, sannan ta shiga Lauyar Kongo. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Muleli |first=Josué |date=2025-05-04 |title=Du barreau à la chambre haute : la montée en puissance de Néfertiti Ngudianza Bayokisa |url=https://ntemo.cd/du-barreau-a-la-chambre-haute-la-montee-en-puissance-de-nefertiti-ngudianza-bayokisa/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Ntemo |language=fr}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Congo da Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Matasa ta Duniya. <ref name=":3" /> Ngudianza ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Ciniki na Ƙasashen Waje a gwamnatin Matata ta Biyu daga ranar 9 ga watan Disamba 2014 zuwa ranar 19 ga watan Disamba 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RDC : Kabila nomme un gouvernement de « cohésion nationale » avec 7 opposants pour 47 portefeuilles |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/38213/politique/rdc-kabila-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-coh-sion-nationale-avec-7-opposants-pour-47-portefeuilles/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Gouvernement de cohésion nationale de la RDC : Le Pprd Boshab, le Mlc Luhaka et le Palu Makiashi nommés vice-Premiers ministres |url=https://7sur7.cd/gouvernement-de-cohesion-nationale-de-la-rdc-le-pprd-boshab-le-mlc-luhaka-et-le-palu-makiashi-nommes-vice-premiers-ministres |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=7sur7.cd |language=fr}}</ref> A matsayinta na minista, ta kula da matsalar mura ta tsuntsaye game da kayayyakin kaji, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=La ministre du Commerce face à la mission de l’OCC |url=https://7sur7.cd/index.php/la-ministre-du-commerce-face-a-la-mission-de-locc |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=7sur7.cd |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-24 |title=OCC brûle 6 tonnes des produits avariés à Lufu, Bayokisa interpellée |url=https://mail.7sur7.cd/occ-brule-6-tonnes-des-produits-avaries-a-lufu-bayokisa-interpellee |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=7sur7.cd |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-05 |title=RDC: Aucun poulet infecté n'a franchi les frontières nationales |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2015/07/05/rdc-aucun-poulet-infecte-na-franchi-les-frontieres-nationales |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Radio Okapi |language=fr}}</ref> ta tattauna kan aiwatar da nau'i ɗaya na harajin cinikin ƙasashen waje, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Actualité {{!}} Sénat : débat sur la question des droits, taxes et redevances payés à l’exportation des produits miniers {{!}} mediacongo.net |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-10152_senat_debat_sur_la_question_des_droits_taxes_et_redevances_payes_a_l_exportation_des_produits_miniers.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.mediacongo.net}}</ref> kuma ta sami kayan aikin ɗakin gwaje-gwaje daga Shirin Taimakon Ciniki na [[Tarayyar Turai]] don ba da damar gwada samfuran [[Magani|magunguna]] na jabu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Au moins 60% des produits pharmaceutiques commercialisés au Congo sont de la contrefaçon |url=https://www.lesoft.be/articles/au-moins-60-des-produits-pharmaceutiques-commercialis%C3%A9s-au-congo-sont-de-la-contrefa%C3%A7on |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Lesoft.be}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, an zab5i Ngudianza a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sanatoci huɗu na Kongo Central, <ref name=":3"/> ta zama mace tilo da ta zama sanata a lardin. <ref name=":0"/> An sake zaɓen ta a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Législatives nationales 2023 : élue avec brio, Néfertiti Ngudianza portera la voix des habitants de Luozi à l'Assemblée nationale |url=https://www.opinion-info.cd/politique/2024/01/14/legislatives-nationales-2023-elue-avec-brio-nefertiti-ngudianza-portera-la |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Opinion Info |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Sénatrice Nefertiti NGUNDIANZA, Rapporteur du Sénat et figure emblématique du barreau congolais, sélectionnée pour le Top 50 RDC Forum |url=https://lieso.cd/2024/08/29/la-senatrice-nefertiti-ngundianza-rapporteur-du-senat-et-figure-emblematique-du-barreau-congolais-selectionnee-pour-le-top-50-rdc-forum/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Ngudianza ta tsaya takarar neman muƙamin Wakiliyar Majalisar Dattawa (sakatariya kuma mai magana da yawun Majalisar). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Nefertiti Ngudianza brigue également le poste de Rapporteur du Sénat |url=https://actualite.cd/2024/08/05/nefertiti-ngudianza-brigue-egalement-le-poste-de-rapporteur-du-senat |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Élection du Bureau Définitif du SÉNAT: la sénatrice Néfertiti NGUDIANZA BAYOKISA se lance pour le poste de Rapporteur |url=https://alaunekongo.net/2024/08/06/election-du-bureau-definitif-du-senat-la-senatrice-nefertiti-ngudianza-bayokisa-se-lance-pour-le-poste-de-rapporteur/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=A La Une Kongo |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Candidate Rapporteur au Sénat : Néfertiti Ngudianza, la voix d’une femme engagée |url=https://kongomedia.net/2024/08/06/candidate-rapporteur-au-senat-nefertiti-ngudianza-la-voix-dune-femme-engagee/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Kongo Média |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2025-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708175507/https://kongomedia.net/2024/08/06/candidate-rapporteur-au-senat-nefertiti-ngudianza-la-voix-dune-femme-engagee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓe ta da kuri'u 87 cikin 96. Yayin da take cikin wannan muƙami, ta kuma shiga cikin aikin gwaji da nufin nuna nasarorin mata ministoci, sanatoci da mataimaka tare da wakilan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] (MDD) Mata DRC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Sénat: ONU FEMMES sollicite l’implication de Nefertiti Ngudianza dans la mise en place du projet pilote de réseautage des femmes parlementaires et ministres |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2024/09/30/senat-onu-femmes-sollicite-limplication-de-nefertiti-ngudianza-dans-la-mise-en-place-du |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}</ref> Ngudianza ta kafa gidauniyar Ngudianza a shekarar 2015. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=RDC-Kongo Central : la Fondation « NGUDIANZA » fait des dons constitués des kits scolaires en faveur des élèves de différentes écoles de la province ! |url=https://okapinews.net/education/rdc-kongo-central-la-fondation-ngudianza-fait-des-dons-constitues-des-kits-scolaires-en-faveur-des-eleves-de-differentes-ecoles-de-la-province/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Okapinews.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 6r6u4p98o7c8j6887n1iw49fbbhfdqh 0 145999 878959 811356 2026-07-08T12:30:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Marian Ewurama Addy FGA OV (née Cole; 7 ga Fabrairu 1942 – 14 ga Janairu 2014) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar halittu ce ta ƙasar Ghana[1][2][3] kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara gabatar da Tambayoyin Kimiyya da Lissafi na Ƙasa.[4][5][6] Mace ta farko 'yar Ghana da ta kai matsayin cikakkiyar farfesa a fannin kimiyyar halitta, Addy ta zama abin koyi ga 'yan mata 'yan makaranta da kuma masana kimiyya mata masu tasowa kan damammaki marasa iyaka a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniyanci da lissafi (STEM).[2][7] Marian Addy kuma memba ce a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana, wacce aka zaɓa a shekarar 1999.[1][2] A wannan shekarar, an ba ta kyautar UNESCO Kalinga don Yaɗa Kimiyya.[1] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Marian Ewurama Cole a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1942 a [[Nkawkaw]] a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]] Ghana, ga Samuel Joseph Cole da Angelina Kwofie Cole . <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates |title=UNESCO Kalinga Prize Winner - 1999: Prof. Marian EWURAMA ADDY |url=http://www.drcrmishra.com/data/uploads/ebook/56.-prof.-marian-ewurama-addy-ghana-1999.pdf}}</ref><ref name="M12">{{Cite web |title=Marian Ewurama Addy |url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/up/Biodata-Marian_2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115133632/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/up/Biodata-Marian_2.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=14 January 2014 |publisher=unevoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a [[Babban Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Monica|Makarantar Sakandare ta St Monica]] a [[Mampong|Mampong-Ashanti]] daga Janairu 1956 zuwa Yuni 1960 inda ta yi fice a wasanni kuma ta sami takardar shaidar 'O' da 'A'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Coverghana.com.gh |date=2021-11-23 |title=Meet the first NSMQ Mistress, Prof. Marian Ewurama Addy |url=https://coverghana.com.gh/meet-the-first-nsmq-mistress-prof-marian-ewurama-addy-who-is-the-first-nsmq-mistress-national-science-and-maths-quiz-nsmq-prof-marian-ewurama-addy-profile-of-marian-ewurama-addy-profile-of-nsmq-mist/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Coverghana |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319140923/https://coverghana.com.gh/meet-the-first-nsmq-mistress-prof-marian-ewurama-addy-who-is-the-first-nsmq-mistress-national-science-and-maths-quiz-nsmq-prof-marian-ewurama-addy-profile-of-marian-ewurama-addy-profile-of-nsmq-mist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma halarci Makarantar 'Yan Mata Mai Tsarki a Cape Coast . Ta sami digiri na farko tare da girmamawa na farko a fannin ilimin shuke-shuke tare da [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] daga [[Jami'ar Ghana]], Legon . Daga 'Ya' ta sami digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu a fannin [[Biochemistry|ilmin sunadarai]] daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == Addy ta kai matsayin cikakken farfesa na ilmin sunadarai a [[Jami'ar Ghana]], inda ba wai kawai ta kasance farfesa mace ta farko a kimiyya a jami'ar ba, har ma a Ghana a matsayin kasa baki daya.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":83">{{Cite web |title=Late Professor Marian Ewurama Addy Honoured {{!}} University of Ghana |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/late-professor-marian-ewurama-addy-honoured |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213042625/http://www.ug.edu.gh/news/late-professor-marian-ewurama-addy-honoured |archive-date=13 December 2015 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=University of Ghana}}</ref> A wannan jami'ar, ta zama Shugabar Sashen Biochemistry, Cell da Molecular Biology daga 1988 zuwa 1991 da 1994 zuwa 1997. Addy ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2002 a matsayin Farfesa na Biochemistry.<ref name=":83" /> A shekara ta 1994, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara ta UNDP mai mambobi 4 a Ghana wanda aka ba da umurni da tsara Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Ci gaban Kimiyya da Fasaha. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Marian Ewurama Addy profile |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212105104/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=12 February 2015 |publisher=Ghanaweb}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na kwamitin Hukumar Makamashi ta Ghana daga 1996 zuwa 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Atomic Energy Commission: At a Glance |url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/29/061/29061226.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820202553/http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/29/061/29061226.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-20}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Masana Yankin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] kan Magungunan gargajiya, kuma ta yi aiki a ranar da ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Duniya, a Stockholm, [[Sweden]] . <ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=Marian Ewurama Addy, Professor |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218114413/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240 |archive-date=2016-12-18 |access-date=2017-07-09 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Babban Sakatare na farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Masana Kimiyya ta Yammacin Afirka (WANNPRES), wanda aka kafa a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2002.<ref name=":0"/> Tana da ƙwarewa sosai a fannin kimiyya na asali da na aikace-aikace, tana ba da lacca ga ɗaliban digiri, waɗanda suka kammala karatu, ɗaliban haƙori da likitanci a [[Jami'ar Ghana]], Legon kuma daga baya a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Howard a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] .<ref name=":122"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Busia |first=Kofi |date=2014 |title=Obsequies - late Prof. Marian Ewurama Addy |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=489 |issn=2505-0044 |pmc=4202662 |pmid=25435638}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, an nada Addy a matsayin Shugaban farko na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jami'ar Anglican, wani shiri na fasaha a ilimi mafi girma. An buga tarihin rayuwarta, "Rewards" a cikin 2011. Tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Jane da Elizabeth, ta kafa lambar yabo ga "Yarinya mafi kyau" a makarantar sakandare ta St Monica. Gwamnatin Ghana ta nada ta a matsayin Jami'in Order of the Volta saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga kimiyya da ilimin yara mata.<ref name=":1"/> === Bincike === Addy ta mayar da hankali ga bincike na ilimi shi ne biochemistry na kayan magani na ganye da likitocin gargajiya ke amfani da su don magance cututtukan yau da kullun; musamman a yankunan da suka shafi aminci da ingancin su.[1][2] Binciken da ta yi game da kayan lambu mai suna Desmodium adscendens wanda likitocin ganye suka yi amfani da shi don magance asma da rashin lafiyan sun nuna cewa sinadarin mai aiki sabon nau'in mahadi ne wanda yanzu ake kira soyasaponins.[3] Wannan ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da amfani da irin waɗannan magunguna don asma da ciwon sukari na nau'in 2.[2] Binciken da ta yi game da ilmin sunadarai na ciwon sukari ya haifar da inganta tsarin shuke-shuke don maganin yanayin.[4] A lokacin rayuwarta, Marian Ewurama Addy ta wallafa littattafai 22 na bincike da suka shafi asma, anaphylaxis, ciwon sukari na nau'i na 2, da hauhawar jini dangane da maganin ganye.[5] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] qyyhtd7of9tfyp3134n46ttpol4lfic 0 146883 879181 862560 2026-07-08T20:11:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879181 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Megawati binti Dato Paduka Haji Manan''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce ta Brunei kuma tana riƙe da muƙamin jakada mai girma ta [[Brunei]] a [[Filipin|Philippines]] tun daga shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of Brunei Darussalam in Manila, Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Pages/directoryofmissionabroad_Philippines.aspx |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=28 February 2023 - HIS MAJESTY THE SULTAN AND YANG DI-PERTUAN OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM PRESENTS AND RECEIVES LETTERS OF CREDENCE FOR NEWLY APPOINTED ENVOYS |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/News%20Headlines/NDispForm.aspx?ID=289&Source=/Lists/News%20Headlines/News%20Highlights.aspx |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ita ce shugabar Brunei a Majalisar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki ta Pacific (PECC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member committees - Pacific Economic Cooperation Council |url=https://www.pecc.org/state-of-the-region-reports/277-2018-2019/825-member-committees |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.pecc.org}}</ref> == Aikin diflomasiyya == Megawati ya riƙe muƙaman Ko'odinetan Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Kasashen Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) Connectivity 2025 Masterplan, gwamnan Brunei Darussalam a kwamitin gwamnonin Asusun Asiya-Turai (ASEF), da kuma darektan Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. A lokacin wani biki da aka gudanar a ɗakin liyafa na Fadar Malacañang a ranar 23 ga Maris 2023, Shugaba Bongbong Marcos ya karɓi wasiƙun shaidar zama jakadan Brunei Darussalam a Philippines . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Presentation of Credentials: Ambassador of Brunei Darussalam to the Philippines |url=https://rtvm.gov.ph/presentation-of-credentials-ambassador-of-brunei-darussalam-to-the-philippines/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=rtvm.gov.ph |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926031054/https://rtvm.gov.ph/presentation-of-credentials-ambassador-of-brunei-darussalam-to-the-philippines/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=PRESIDENT MARCOS RECEIVES NEW AMBASSADOR OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM TO THE PHILIPPINES |url=https://bruneipe.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/embassy-news/606-president-marcos-receives-new-ambassador-of-brunei-darussalam-to-the-philippines |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=bruneipe.dfa.gov.ph |archive-date=2025-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213152809/https://bruneipe.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/embassy-news/606-president-marcos-receives-new-ambassador-of-brunei-darussalam-to-the-philippines |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin tattaunawarsu ta watan Yulin 2023 a sansanin Aguinaldo, Gilbert Teodoro da Megawati sun nuna godiyarsu ga kusancin dangantakar tsaro tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda ziyarar Delfin Lorenzana a Brunei a shekarar 2022 da kuma shirye-shiryen tattaunawa a karkashin taron ministocin tsaro na ASEAN (ADMM) suka nuna. Megawati da tawagar Brunei sun halarci taron hadin gwiwa na 3 na hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu (JCBC) wanda aka gudanar a Metro Manila a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=Philippines and Brunei Darussalam Convene Third Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation Meeting |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/dfa-releasesupdate/33168-philippines-and-brunei-darussalam-convene-third-joint-commission-for-bilateral-cooperation-meeting |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=dfa.gov.ph }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Farm Konekt ta sanar da fadada zuwa Brunei a ranar 23 ga Agusta, da nufin taimaka wa kananan manoma samun damar shiga kasuwa yayin da take sauƙaƙa samun damar shiga tsarin [[halal]] na Brunei ga Philippines ta hanyar taimakon fasaha da tallafin Megawati kan manufofin kasashen biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=Palawan-based Agritech Startup Forays into Brunei Darussalam |url=https://bimp-eaga.asia/article/palawan-based-agritech-startup-forays-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=bimp-eaga.asia}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, Cibiyar Asiya a Jami'ar Philippines Diliman (UPD) ta yi maraba da ita don goyon bayan kokarin da jami'ar ke yi na bunkasa kasashen duniya, inda ta kasance ziyara ta farko da jakadan Brunei a UPD ya kai tare da nuna sha'awar ofishin jakadancin na kulla kawancen cibiyoyi kafin cika shekaru 40 da huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin Brunei da Philippines a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=UP Asian Center welcomed Brunei Ambassador to PH at AC |url=https://www.ac.upd.edu.ph/index.php/news-announcements/3278-up-asian-center-welcomed-brunei-ambassador-to-ph-at-ac |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.ac.upd.edu.ph}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2024, Megawati ta shirya wani taron cin abinci a babban dakin rawa na Dusit Thani Manila da ake kira Mayuree Grand Ballroom domin tunawa da cika shekaru 40 da ranar kasa ta Brunei Darussalam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Celebrating the 40th anniversary of the National Day of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/3/12/celebrating-the-40th-anniversary-of-the-national-day-of-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=mb.com.ph}}</ref> Daga baya a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, Megawati da mijinta sun yi bikin shayi mai zafi a gidan jakadan domin girmama [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] . Tare da abokan hulɗa da abokan ofishin jakadancin Brunei, masu masaukin baki Robin Padilla sun haɗu da su a wurin taron, sauran jakadu daga ofisoshin jakadanci daban-daban suma sun halarta. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=High tea reception to celebrate Eid al-Fitr |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/25/high-tea-reception-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=mb.com.ph |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Megawati diyar shugaban Makarantar Koperasi Security Officer Training School (KOPRI) ce, Dato Paduka Haji Manan bin Osman. <ref>{{Cite web |last=James Kon |date=2017-07-14 |title=23 KOPRI security personnel complete training |url=https://borneo363.rssing.com/chan-61976226/article3507.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=borneo363.rssing.com}}</ref> A cikin 1994, ta auri Kanar (Mai Ritaya) Rahman @ Abdul Rahman bin Haji Durahman (an haife shi 13 Satumba 1970), tsohon matukin jirgi a Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Royal Brunei (RBAirF). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=High tea reception to celebrate Eid al-Fitr |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/25/high-tea-reception-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=mb.com.ph |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://mb.com.ph/2024/4/25/high-tea-reception-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr "High tea reception to celebrate Eid al-Fitr"]. ''mb.com.ph''. 25 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Su ne iyaye ga yarinya da ɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Commander Royal Brunei Air Force |url=https://www.mindef.gov.bn/airforce/SitePages/Deputy%20Commander%20Royal%20Brunei%20Air%20Force.aspx |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.mindef.gov.bn |archive-date=2024-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428033421/https://www.mindef.gov.bn/airforce/SitePages/Deputy%20Commander%20Royal%20Brunei%20Air%20Force.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pkfxtzgrxcip61l8lfm0xqplrywjp5y 0 147610 879257 862804 2026-07-09T00:59:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mohamed Konaté''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda yake buga ƙwallon gaba a ƙungiyar Akhmat Grozny ta Rasha. An haife shi a Ivory Coast, yana wakiltar Burkina Faso a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Aikin kulob == Konaté ya fara buga wasan sa a gasar Premier ta Rasha a Ural Yekaterinburg a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, 2016, a wasan da suka yi da Anzhi Makhachkala. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Game Report by RPL |url=https://eng.premierliga.ru/match/match_11480.html |publisher=[[Russian Premier League]]}}</ref> Konaté ya bar Ural Yekaterinburg a watan Fabrairun 2017 domin neman ƙarin mabiya ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Не выдержал конкуренции: ивуарийский нападающий Мохамед Конате покидает Урал |url=http://www.nakanune.ru/news/2017/2/28/22462229 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=nakanune.ru |publisher=Nakanune |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu, 2017, ya fara buga wasa ga sabuwar ƙungiyarsa, Latvian Babīte, kuma ya cinye a wasansa na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Spartaks Jurmala-Babīte |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/22/latvia/virsliga/spartaks-jurmala/babte/2407096/ |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, Konaté da Cédric Gogoua sun koma ƙungiyar Kairat ta makarantar Kairat har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Официально: Мохамед Конате и Седрик Гогуа игроки Кайрат А |url=http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713002624/http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/kajrat_m/oficialno_mokhamed_konate_i_sedrik_gogua_igroki_kajrat_a/10-1-0-1649 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=11 July 2017 |website=fckairat.com |publisher=FC Kairat |language=Russian}}</ref> Bayan kammala [[2017 Kazakhstan First Division|gasar Kazakhstan ta 2017]], Konaté ya shiga gwaji tare da ƙungiyar Gomel ta Belarusian Premier League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2017 |title=Игрок Кайрат А находится на просмотре в белорусском клубе |url=https://www.sports.kz/news/igrok-kayrat-a-nahoditsya-na-prosmotre-v-belorusskom-klube |access-date=13 November 2017 |website=sports.kz |publisher=Sports KZ |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni 2018, Pyunik ya sanar da sanya hannu a kan Konaté. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2018 |title=ՓՅՈՒՆԻԿԸ ՀԻՆԳ ՆՈՐԵԿ ՈՒՆԻ |url=http://fcpyunik.am/%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3-%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB/ |access-date=28 June 2018 |website=fcpyunik.am |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005081010/http://fcpyunik.am/%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3-%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni 2019, Pyunik ya saki Konaté. <ref name="Six Released">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=6 ֆուտբոլիստներ հեռացան Փյունիկից |url=http://fcpyunik.am/hy/article/177 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=fcpyunik.am/ |publisher=FC Pyunik |language=Armenian}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2019, ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Khimki ta ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=МОХАМЕД КОНАТЕ - НОВЫЙ НАПАДАЮЩИЙ "ХИМОК" |trans-title=Mohamed Konate is the new forward of Khimki |url=http://www.fckhimki.ru/news/sezon-2019-2020/sentyabr/mokhamed-konate-novyy-napadayushchiy-khimok/ |publisher=[[FC Khimki]] |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2021, Akhmat Grozny ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Konaté a kwantiragin shekara ɗaya, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2021 |title=Мохамед Конате перешел в Ахмат |url=http://fc-akhmat.ru/page/12367 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=fc-akhmat.ru |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=Russian}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Mayu 2024, Konaté ya bar Akhmat yayin da kwantiraginsa ya ƙare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=Мохамед Конате покидает нашу команду |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-pokidaet-nashu-komandu/# |access-date=31 May 2024 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> Konaté ya koma kungiyar Al-Riyadh ta Saudi Pro League a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=الرياض يعلن التعاقد مع المهاجم البوركيني كوناتي |url=https://www.sportksa.net/main/archives/485453 |publisher=sportksa.net |language=arabic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Mohamed Konaté révèle pourquoi il a signé à Al Riyadh |url=https://africafoot.com/mohamed-konate-revele-pourquoi-il-a-signe-a-al-riyadh/ |publisher=africafoot.com |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, 2025, Konaté ya koma Akhmat Grozny kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Мохамед Конате — снова в Грозном! |url=https://fc-akhmat.ru/news/fc-akhmat/klub/mokhamed-konate-snova-v-groznom/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=FC Akhmat Grozny |language=ru}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haifi Konaté a [[Ivory Coast]], kuma asalinsa ɗan Burkinabe ne. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2020, Konaté ya wakilci [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burkina Faso]] a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta DR Congo|DR Congo]] da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso vs RD Congo - Amicaux internationaux - 09 Octobre 2020 |url=https://fr.besoccer.com/ |website=fr.besoccer.com |access-date=2026-04-05 |archive-date=2022-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103133755/https://fr.besoccer.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 da Malawi a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021 . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 2021 a wasan da suka yi da Nijar a wasannin share fage na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 . An zaɓi Konaté don shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Burkina Faso : 29 joueurs convoqués pour la CAN 2021, la liste |url=https://www.koaci.com/article/2021/12/23/burkina-faso/sport/burkina-faso-29-joueurs-convoques-pour-la-can-2021-la-liste_156412.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Koaci.com |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara wasa a wasanni biyar a lokacin gasar, inda ya mayar da bugunsa zuwa ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe na takwas da suka yi da Gabon. Yana kuma shiga [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trinite Singbo |date=2023-12-20 |title=CAN 2023 : La liste du Burkina Faso dévoilée |url=https://africafootunited.com/can-2023-la-liste-du-burkina-faso-devoilee/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=AfricaFootUnited.com |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2024-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207221128/https://africafootunited.com/can-2023-la-liste-du-burkina-faso-devoilee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya kai hari sau uku, ciki har da zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka yi da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Algeria]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Gr. |date=2024-01-20 |title=L'Algérie arrache le match nul sur le fil face au Burkina Faso grâce à Baghdad Bounedjah |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-algerie-arrache-le-match-nul-sur-le-fil-face-au-burkina-faso-grace-a-baghdad-bounedjah/1443496 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=[[L'Équipe|lequipe.fr]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Agusta na 2023, ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Африканский футболист клуба РПЛ получил российский паспорт |url=https://sportrbc.ru/news/64eb04219a79471bcb76bb77 |website=[[РБК]] |language=ru}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 15 March 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|mohamed-konate/459786}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4nz4top83kwz8vmcdm8y8vwexjkn3ls 0 147651 878991 818990 2026-07-08T16:08:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 878991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jubril Ayinla''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1948), mataimakin admiral na sojan ruwa ne na Najeriya da ya yi ritaya kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Sojan Ruwa daga 1998 zuwa 1999 kuma ya riƙe mukamin ministoci a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=AYINLA, Vice Admiral Jubril |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ayinla-vice-admiral-jubril/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nation |first=The |date=2018-12-09 |title=Buhari congratulates Jubril Ayinla at 70 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-congratulates-jubril-ayinla-70/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-08-09 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randle |first=Bashorun |date=2019-03-04 |title=General T.Y. Danjuma and the other generals with nine lives (4) |url=https://businessday.ng/columnist/article/general-t-y-danjuma-and-the-other-generals-with-nine-lives-4/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-08-10 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Farko da ilimi == An haifi Jubril Ayinla a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1948 a [[Babura]], wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Jihar Kano amma yanzu yana cikin [[Jihar Jigawa]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=AYINLA, Vice Admiral Jubril |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ayinla-vice-admiral-jubril/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar tunawa da Edward Blyden a Legas tsakanin 1953 da 1954, kafin ya koma makarantar Triniti mai tsarki a Kano, inda ya yi karatu daga 1955 zuwa 1960.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Igbo Union a Kano daga 1961 zuwa 1965.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1966, Ayinla ya shiga [[Jami'ar Tsaron Najeriya|Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya]] kuma, shekaru hudu bayan haka, an ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=AYINLA, Vice Admiral Jubril |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ayinla-vice-admiral-jubril/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun haɗa da horo mai zurfi a ƙasashen waje, inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya, yanzu Kwalejin Sojan Rukunin Indiya, daga 1968 zuwa 1969, kuma daga baya a Kwalejin Yakin Sojan Ruwan Amurka tsakanin 1988 da 1989. <ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan Sojan Ruwa == Da farko a cikin aikinsa, an ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin a shekarar 1970. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Tsaro a cikin NNS ''Kaduna'' kuma daga baya a matsayin Kwamandan NNS ''Enugu'' da NNS ''Ibadan'' daga 1971 zuwa 1972. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=AYINLA, Vice Admiral Jubril |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ayinla-vice-admiral-jubril/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin 1973 da 1985, ya rike mukamai kamar Jami'in Kewayawa, Kwamandan Jami'in NNS ''Ruwanyaro'' da NNS ''Aradu'', Babban Jami'in a NNS ''Beecroft'', Daraktan Sigina, da Babban Malami a Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa da Ma'aikata a Jaji . <ref name=":0" /> Ya ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma na jagoranci, ciki har da Darakta na Shirye-shiryen a Hedikwatar Sojan Ruwa, Babban Ma'aikata, Kwamandan Rundunar Sojan Rukunin Rukunin, da Jami'in Flag Commanding Eastern Naval Command (1991-1994; 1996). <ref name=":0" /> === Yin ritaya da taimakon jama'a === Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aiki a 1999, ta hanyar sabon tsarin siyasa wanda ya gabatar da [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Olushegun Obasanjo]] a matsayin shugaban farar hula, <ref>{{Cite news |last=Nation |first=The |date=2017-07-15 |title=Why I sacked 93 top military officers in 1999 - Obasanjo |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obasanjo-purged-army-1999/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-08-09 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ayinla ya zama mai aiki a cikin taimakon jama'a. Yana jagorantar Gidauniyar Jubrila Ayinla, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1988, wacce ke mai da hankali kan karfafawa ga marasa galihu ta hanyar shirye-shirye a ilimi, sauƙaƙe talauci, wasanni, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga marasa gani. Ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattun Gidauniyar Oba Adedotun Gbadebo . == Daraja == Abubuwan ado da ya yi sun haɗa da Babban Kwamandan [[Order of the Niger]] da lambobin yabo da yawa, kamar su Force Service Star, Meritorious Service Star, Distinguished Service Star, Defence Service Medal, Republic Medal (1998), Janar Service Medal na Azurfa, da Distinguished Order. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=AYINLA, Vice Admiral Jubril |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ayinla-vice-admiral-jubril/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> An san shi da abubuwan sha'awa kamar su chess da tennis. A shekara ta 2023, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Ƙungiyar Chess ta Najeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa na wasan a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCF inducts former Chief of Naval Staff, Ayinla into `Hall of Fame' {{!}} Africa Sport Network |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/others/ncf-inducts-former-chief-of-naval-staff-ayinla-into-hall-of-fame |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=www.africasport.net}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ayinla ta auri Jemilat Abimbola Oguntola a 1973, kuma suna da 'ya'ya hudu: maza biyu da mata biyu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=AYINLA, Vice Admiral Jubril |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ayinla-vice-admiral-jubril/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n4x7vk57t87reg9tapzpr7tex0gjkys 0 148379 879229 823289 2026-07-08T23:15:57Z Mai Jiddah muhammad 44560 879229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Filin wasa na Wembley''', a halin yanzu ana kiransa '''Filin wasa na Wembley wanda ke da hadin gwiwa da EE''' don dalilai na daukan nauyi, filin wasan [[Kwallon kafa]] ne a [[Wembley]], [[Landan]], [[Ingila]]. An buɗe shi a shekara ta 2007 a shafin yanar gizo na tsohon filin Wembley na ainihi, wanda ya tsayu daga 1923 har zuwa 2003. Filin wasan shine filin wasan kwallon kafa na Ingila, kuma ta haka ne ke karbar bakuncin mafi yawan wasannin gida na tawagar Ingila da kuma wasan zagayen karshen na FA Cup - wasan karshe na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila. Ana daukar sa a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun filayen wasan kwallon kafa a duniya, kuma an dauke shi cibiyar wasan Ingila. Filin wasa na Wembley mallakar hukumar kwallon kafa ce ta Ingila, Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa, wanda hedkwatar su ke cikin filin, ta hanyar reshen Wembley National Stadium Ltd (WNSL). Tare da kujeru guda 90,000, shi ne Filin wasa mafi girma a Burtaniya kuma filin wasa na biyu mafi girma a Turai, bayan [[Camp Nou]] na [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wembley Stadium Facts and Figures |url=https://www.wembleystadium.com/about/press/stadium-facts-and-features |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120011141/https://www.wembleystadium.com/about/press/stadium-facts-and-features |archive-date=20 November 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=wembleystadium.com}}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== Filin wasa na Wembley Filin wasa na Wembley (Wembley Stadium) shi ne mafi girman filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar Ingila kuma ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun filayen wasa a duniya. Yana cikin yankin Wembley, a arewa maso yammacin birnin London. Filin mallakin The Football Association (FA) ne, wacce ita ce hukuma mafi girma da ke kula da ƙwallon ƙafa a Ingila. Tarihi An gina tsohon Filin Wembley a shekarar 1923, kuma ya shahara da hasumiyoyi biyu (Twin Towers) da suka zama alamar filin. A cikin shekaru da dama ya karɓi bakuncin manyan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran manyan abubuwan duniya. A shekarar 2003, an rushe tsohon filin domin gina sabon fili mai zamani. An fara aikin gini a shekarar 2003, sannan aka buɗe sabon filin a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2007. Gini da Tsari Sabon Wembley yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun filayen wasa a duniya. Muhimman siffofinsa sun haɗa da: Yana da kujeru 90,000, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi girman filin wasa a Birtaniya. Yana da babban baka (arch) na ƙarfe mai tsayin mita 133, wanda ya zama alamar filin. Bakar tana da tsawon kusan mita 315. Rufin filin na iya rufe wani ɓangare na kujerun masu kallo domin kare su daga ruwan sama. Filin yana da dakunan 'yan wasa, ɗakunan taro, wuraren cin abinci da kuma dakunan baƙi na musamman. Amfani da Filin Wembley shi ne filin gida na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila. Ana gudanar da manyan wasanni kamar: Wasannin ƙungiyar ƙasar Ingila. Gasar ƙarshe ta FA Cup Final. FA Community Shield. Wasannin neman gurbin shiga manyan gasa. Wasannin UEFA. Wasannin ƙwallon mata. Wasannin yara da matasa. Sauran Abubuwan da Ake Yi Baya ga ƙwallon ƙafa, ana gudanar da: Wasannin rugby. Wasannin NFL na Amurka. Dambe. Manyan kide-kide na mawakan duniya. Taron addini da na al'umma. Manyan Wasannin da Ya Karɓa Wembley ya karɓi bakuncin manyan abubuwa kamar: Ƙarshen gasar UEFA Champions League Final. Wasannin UEFA Euro 2020, ciki har da wasan ƙarshe. Gasannin cin kofin Ingila. Wasannin ƙungiyar Ingila na maza da mata. Tattalin Arziki Ginin sabon Wembley ya kashe kusan fam biliyan 1, wanda ya sa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin filayen wasa mafi tsada a lokacin da aka gina shi. Yana jawo miliyoyin baƙi a kowace shekara, yana taimakawa tattalin arzikin London ta hanyar yawon buɗe ido da shirya manyan taruka. Muhimmanci Wembley ba filin wasa kawai ba ne, alama ce ta tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila. Yawancin 'yan wasa suna ɗaukar wasa a Wembley a matsayin cikar buri saboda martabar filin da tarihin da yake da shi. Bayanai a taƙaice Bayani Cikakken bayani Wuri London Ƙasa United Kingdom An buɗe 9 Maris 2007 Tsohon filin Wembley Stadium (1923–2003) Mai shi The Football Association Yawan kujeru 90,000 Tsayin baka Mita 133 Amfani Ƙwallon ƙafa, rugby, NFL, dambe, kide-kide da manyan taruka A yau, Wembley Stadium yana cikin fitattun filayen wasa na duniya kuma yana ci gaba da karɓar bakuncin manyan wasanni da abubuwan nishaɗi na ƙasa da ƙasa. 9627s9nt93s81j655axahj168urq1tz 0 148557 879547 826300 2026-07-09T11:48:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Netsanet Workneh''' (Amharic; 11 ga Afrilu 1983 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Evans |date=2026-01-16 |title=Netsanet Workneh Biography: Age, Wife, Movies, Career, Personal Life And Cause Of Death |url=https://smuosch.com/netsanet-workneh-biography/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> - 16 ga Janairu 2026) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Habasha, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma ɗan talabijin. Ya yi aiki a manyan fina-finai na Habasha da yawa, da farko a cikin nau'Irin wasan kwaikwayo. Netsanet ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo a wasan ''Ye Dawit Enzira'' . Daga baya ya sami karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a Fresh Man yayin da yake aiki a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hager Fikir . A lokacin da ya fara aiki, ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa kafin ya shiga masana'antar fina-finai. Ya ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai da yawa na Habasha, ciki har da City Boys, ''Salnegirat'', ''Yanchaw Leba 2'', Mr. X, da ''Chombe'', ya kafa kansa a matsayin fitaccen mutum a cikin fina-fallafin Habasha na zamani. Daga 2017, Netsanet ta samar da kuma karbar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Yebeteseb Chewata'', wanda aka watsa a EBS TV. Netsanet ya mutu a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2026 biyo bayan rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba. An ruwaito cewa ya fuskanci matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci wanda ya buƙaci asibiti kafin mutuwarsa. Labarin mutuwarsa ya bazu ko'ina a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kuma ya sadu da firgici da girmamawa daga magoya baya, abokan aiki, da membobin al'ummar nishaɗin Habasha. An binne shi a [[Addis Ababa]]">Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki a Addis Ababa a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2026. Ya sami 'ya'ya uku. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Netsanet a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1983 a [[Addis Ababa]] . Ya ci gaba da sha'awar zane-zane a lokacin makarantar sakandare, inda ya zama sananne don nuna halayen mata a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Addis Ababa]] . Daga baya ya sami karbuwa sosai, musamman ga yadda ya nuna halin Fresh Man. Daga baya ya gina aiki a cikin fina-finai na Habasha, yana aiki da farko a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana ba da gudummawa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da mataimakin samar da fim. Babban aikin fim dinsa sun hada da City Boys, Salnegirat, Yanchaw Leba 2, Mr. X, da Chombe . A cikin 2017, ya samar kuma ya dauki bakuncin ''Yebeteseb Chewata'' (Turanci: Yakin Iyali na Habasha), wasan kwaikwayo na iyali wanda ya haɗu da nishaɗi tare da salon wasan kwaikwayo na musamman. Shirin ya fito ne a gidan talabijin na EBS. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2026, Netsanet ya mutu bayan rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Kafofin yada labarai na Habasha sun ba da rahoton cewa yana karɓar magani na musamman kafin mutuwarsa. Ya bar matarsa da 'ya'ya uku. An raba haraji a ko'ina cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Habasha da dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta. Firayim Minista [[Abiy Ahmed]] ya nuna ta'aziyya, yana tunawa da aikin Netsanet a shirin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2023 da aka gudanar a Babban Dam din Renaissance na Habasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Abiy Ahmed, Abdel Fattah al Burhan discuss bilateral, regional issues |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/amp/pm-abiy-ahmed-abdel-fattah-al-burhan-discuss-bilateral-regional-issues/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Welcome to Fana Media Corporation S.C |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyalinsa da abokan aikinsa ne suka shirya shirye-shiryen jana'izar a EBS TV, kuma a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2026, an kwantar da shi a [[Addis Ababa]]">Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki a Addis Ababa. 'Yan uwa, abokan aiki, magoya baya, da jami'an gwamnati ne suka halarci jana'izar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=Renowned Ethiopian Artist Netsanet Workneh Laid to Rest in Addis Ababa |url=https://www.fanamc.com/english/renowned-ethiopian-artist-netsanet-workneh-laid-to-rest-in-addis-ababa/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Welcome to Fana Media Corporation S.C |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+Tushen: [https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=34 Yageru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315075832/https://yageru.com/artist-info.php?aID=34 |date=2026-03-15 }} !Taken !Shekara |- |''FBI'' |2010 |- |''Yanchiw Leba'' |2011 |- |''Mista X'' |2011 |- |''FBI 2'' |2012 |- |''YaKen'' |2012 |- |''Balekelem Hilmoch'' |2012 |- |''City Boyz'' |2012 |- |''Taschershignalesh'' |2013 |- |''Sostegna Wegen'' |2015 |- |''Salnegrat'' |2015 |- |''Chombe'' |2015 |- |''Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita'' |2015 |- |''Yanchiw Leba 2'' |2017 |- |''FBI 3'' |2017 |- |''Fikir Min Agebaw'' |2018 |- |''Abokiyar aji'' |2020 |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aixiggeyf6vku6ru29izxtuvujqkobi 0 149876 879007 865780 2026-07-08T16:19:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Sulejman Krpić''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Bosnia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a kulob din Željezničar na Premier League na ƙasar Bosnia . Ya kuma buga wa tawagar kasa ta Bosnia da Herzegovina wasa. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === An haife shi a Brčko, SR Bosnia da Herzegovina, a lokacin har yanzu a cikin SFR Yugoslavia, Krpić ya taka leda tare da ƙungiyar matasa ta Orašje inda ya zama sananne saboda kasancewa babban mai zira kwallaye a cikin tawagar kuma ya zira kwallaya a wasan karshe na Kofin Matasan Bosnian da Bosna Visoko wanda Orašje ya ci da 4-1. Ya shiga kungiyar matasa ta Dinamo Zagreb a shekarar 2008. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, yayin da yake da shekaru 18, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 10 tare da Dinamo.<ref name="orasje" /> Ya zauna tare da manyan 'yan Croatia na tsawon shekaru biyu, yana wasa a cikin matasa da kungiyoyin ajiya. A shekara ta 2010, ya koma [[Austriya|Austria]] ya shiga kungiyar LASK juniors da ke fafatawa a gasar zakarun Austrian ta 2010-11, wanda aka fi sani da Regionalliga, matakin Austrian na uku. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2011, Krpić ya koma Bosnia da Herzegovina, kuma bayan rabin kakar wasa tare da Orašje, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Sarajevo a lokacin hutun hunturu, kuma ya fara a rabi na biyu na kakar wasa ta 2011-12. Bayan shekara guda, Krpić ya bar Sarajevo kuma ya koma makwabcin [[Serbiya|Serbia]] inda ya taka leda a matakin na biyu, Serbian First League, tare da Metalac Gornji Milanovac . === Sloboda Tuzla === A ƙarshen kakar 2012-13, Krpić ya bar Metalac kuma ya shiga Sloboda Tuzla, sannan ya yi wasa a mataki na biyu amma a bayyane yake yana da niyyar komawa matakin farko. Sloboda ta kawo kocin [[Miroslav Blažević]] wanda sa hannun farko shine Edin Husić da Krpić. Sun sami ci gaba a wannan shekarar ta hanyar lashe gasar Firimiya ta FBiH ta 2013-14. Krpić ya zauna tare da Sloboda a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, kasancewar memba ne na tawagar a kakar 2015-16, kawai shekaru biyu bayan ci gaban su, lokacin da suka kammala na biyu a gasar kuma sun kasance masu cin kofin. A farkon wannan kakar, Krpić ya bar Sloboda kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar Istra ta Croatia ta 1961, duk da haka, ya bar Istra jim kadan bayan haka, ba tare da ya fara bugawa a gare su a kowane gasa ba, kuma a lokacin hutun hunturu mai zuwa ya koma Sloboda. A tsakiyar kakar 2016-17, Krpić ya jagoranci teburin zira kwallaye a Gasar Firimiya ta Bosnia, daga baya ya jawo hankalin kasashen waje. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar AIK ta farko ta Sweden, kudin da ake jita-jita ya zama Yuro 150,000, bisa ga shawarar daga mataimakin kocin kulob din Nebojša Novaković . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Sulejman Krpić klar för AIK |url=https://www.aikfotboll.se/nyheter/sulejman-krpic-klar-for-aik |access-date=10 March 2017 |publisher=AIK}}</ref> Ya bar kulob din a wannan shekarar kuma ya koma Sloboda. Bayan kakar wasa daya a Sloboda, Krpić ya bar kuma ya shiga kungiyar Tractor ta [[Iran]]. === Željezničar === A ƙarshen kakar, Krpić ya bar Tractor, ya koma Bosnia da Herzegovina kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Željezničar . A cikin kakar 2018-19, ya gama a matsayin Babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar, inda ya zira kwallayen 16 a wasanni 32 na Željezničar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H. |date=25 May 2019 |title=Sulejman Krpić najbolji strijelac Premijer lige BiH za sezonu 2018/2019 |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/sulejman-krpic-najbolji-strijelac-premijer-lige-bih-za-sezonu-2018-2019/190525070 |access-date=25 May 2019 |publisher=sportsport.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> Krpić ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Željezničar ta yi a Sarajevo 5-2 a kan tsohon kulob dinsa FK Sarajevo a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.K. |date=31 August 2019 |title=Derbi za pamćenje: Željezničar razbio Sarajevo s 5:2 i preuzeo prvo mjesto na tabeli |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/derbi-za-pamcenje-zeljeznicar-razbio-sarajevo-s-5-2-i-preuzeo-prvo-mjesto-na-tabeli/190831092 |access-date=31 August 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2019, ya sake zira kwallaye a kan Sarajevo a wasan derby na gari, a wannan lokacin a nasarar Željezničar ta 3-1 a wasan motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=E.B. |date=30 November 2019 |title=Plavi na krilima Štilića pokorili Koševo i preuzeli vrh tabele Premijer lige BiH |url=https://www.klix.ba/sport/nogomet/plavi-na-krilima-stilica-pokorili-kosevo-i-preuzeli-vrh-tabele-premijer-lige-bih/191130071 |access-date=30 November 2019 |publisher=Klix.ba |language=Bosnian}}</ref> === Ayyukansa na baya === A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2020, Krpić ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kungiyar K League 1 ta Koriya ta Kudu Suwon Samsung Bluewings don kudin canja wurin € 230,000. Ya fara bugawa a hukumance a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2020, a wasan AFC Champions League da Vissel Kobe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Suwon Bluewings 0–1 Vissel Kobe |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/19/asia/afc-champions-league/suwon-bluewings/vissel-kobe/3191590/ |access-date=19 February 2020 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |language=English}}</ref> Ya bar Suwon a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2020 bayan kwangilarsa da kulob din ta kare. Krpić ya shiga kungiyar Astra Giurgiu ta Romania a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2020. Ya fara bugawa a wasan league da Argeș Pitești a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2021 |title=Ušao u igru početkom drugog poluvremena: Sulejman Krpić debitovao za rumunsku Astru |url=https://scsport.ba/usao-u-igru-pocetkom-drugog-poluvremena-sulejman-krpic-debitovao-danas-za-rumunsku-astru/ |access-date=6 February 2021 |publisher=scsport.ba |language=bs |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422042453/https://scsport.ba/usao-u-igru-pocetkom-drugog-poluvremena-sulejman-krpic-debitovao-danas-za-rumunsku-astru/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Astra a kan Academica Clinceni a wasan league a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Mlaćo |date=28 February 2021 |title=Krpić ušao sa klupe i rutinski pogodio |url=https://sportsport.ba/fudbal/sulejman-krpic-pogodak/392382 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=scsport.ba |language=bs}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2021, Krpić ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Tuzla City . Ya fara kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a Tuzla City a ranar 19 ga Yulin 2021, a wasan league da Sarajevo. Bayan Tuzla City, ya buga wa kungiyar Australia ta Western Sydney Wanderers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2022 |title=WANDERERS SECURE KRPIĆ |url=https://wswanderersfc.com.au/news/wanderers-secure-krpic |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=wswanderersfc.com.au}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== cqi7bg9tmtl77raotbwd9009duae6u6 0 150219 879000 858435 2026-07-08T16:15:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ezequiel Ponce Martínez''' (Spanish pronunciation: [eseˈkjel ˈponse]; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Houston Dynamo . <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|ezequiel-ponce/317832}}</ref>{{IPA|es|eseˈkjel ˈponse}}{{IPA|es|eseˈkjel ˈponse}}{{IPA|es|eseˈkjel ˈponse}} == Aikin kulob == === Tsoffin 'Yan Matan Newell === Ponce matashi ne daga ƙungiyar garinsu ta Newell's Old Boys . Ana hasashen cewa Ponce ya koma ƙungiyar Newell's Old Boys yana ɗan shekara takwas, inda ya ci gaba da taka leda a ƙungiyar matasa har ya shiga ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa a shekarar 2013. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2013 a wasan da suka yi da Quilmes a wasan da suka tashi 0-2. <ref name="soccerway2">{{Cite web |title=Quilmes vs. Newell's Old Boys - 5 October 2013 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/05/argentina/primera-division/quilmes-atletico-club/newell-s-old-boys/1505301/ |access-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Maris 2014, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ragar ƙungiyar Racing Club a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0 a gida. <ref name="soccerway3">{{Cite web |title=Newell's Old Boys vs. Racing Club - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/03/16/argentina/primera-division/newell-s-old-boys/racing-club-de-avellaneda/1622760/ |access-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> === Romawa === A watan Agusta na 2015, ƙungiyar Roma ta Italiya ta sanar da siyan Ponce daga ƙungiyar Newell's Old Boys akan kuɗin Yuro miliyan 4.2. Ponce ya fara wasa da Roma da kyau ta hanyar zura kwallaye uku a zagayen rukuni na gasar matasa ta UEFA, amma wani bala'i ya faru a watan Disamba, yayin da ɗan wasan ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa, wanda ya sa ya bar ƙungiyar na tsawon watanni huɗu. Ya dawo wasa da ƙarfi a bazara, yana wasa a ƙungiyar da ke riƙe da 'yan wasa, inda ya lashe gasar Campionato Nazionale Primavera kuma ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni goma. An kuma kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Roma ba tare da an ba shi dama a filin wasa ba. ==== Aron zuwa Granada ==== A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2016, an ba Ponce aro ga ƙungiyar [[La Liga]] ta Granada CF na tsawon shekara ɗaya. <ref>[http://www.granadacf.es/noticia/ezequiel-ponce-llega-a-nuestra-entidad-cedido-por-un-ano Ezequiel Ponce llega a nuestra entidad cedido por un año (Ezequiel Ponce arrives at our club on loan for one year)]; Granada CF, 5 August 2016 {{In lang|es}}</ref> Bayan kwana goma sha biyar ya zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Villarreal CF. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2016 |title=Debut y gol para Ponce en el Granada |trans-title=Debut and a goal for Ponce with Granada |url=http://www.marca.com/futbol/argentina/2016/08/20/57b8b6a822601d0e478b4652.html |access-date=13 September 2016 |publisher=Marca |language=es}}</ref> ==== Aron zuwa Lille ==== [[Fayil:Ezequiel_Ponce_(LOSC).jpg|left|thumb|343x343px|Ponce yana bugawa ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Lille wasa .]] A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2017, bayan da tsohon manaja Marcelo Bielsa ya gano shi, an ba Ponce aro ga ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta [[Lille]] . Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka doke Nantes da ci 3-0 a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2017. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba a wasan da suka doke AS Saint-Étienne da ci 3-1. ==== Lamuni ga AEK Athens ==== [[Fayil:Ezequiel_Ponce_with_AEK.jpg|right|thumb|299x299px|An dauki hoton Ponce a lokacin da yake kulob din Super League AEK Athens .]] A ranar 19 ga Yulin 2018, an ba Ponce aro ga ƙungiyar AEK [[Athens]] ta Girka Super League na tsawon shekara ɗaya tare da siyan €6 miliyan. Roma za ta sami damar samun kashi 30% na duk wani siyar da ɗan wasan, kodayake za a iya cire kuɗin aro idan AEK ta biya ƙarin €1 miliyan. Ɗan wasan gaba mai himma ne, amma idan aka yi la'akari da ɓangarorin da ake buƙatar ingantawa, tabbas dole ne ya fara zura kwallaye. Lokacin da ya shiga AEK, Ponce ya nuna farin cikinsa da damar da ya samu ta nuna hazakarsa a [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] .'' "Duk muna son yin wasa a gasar zakarun Turai; babban burinmu ne. Ina farin cikin zama ɗan wasan AEK, ina matukar sha'awar mutanen da na haɗu da su, kuma dole ne mu zama ƙungiya mai haɗin kai."'' in ji shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2018 |script-title=el:Και επίσημα ο Πόνσε στην ΑΕΚ! |url=http://www.to10.gr/podosfero/superleague/326751/ke-episima-o-ponse-stin-aek/ |publisher=www.to10.gr |language=el}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2018 |title=Official: Ponce leaves Roma |url=https://www.football-italia.net/124738/official-ponce-leaves-roma |publisher=www.football-italia.net |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2018, ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2018–19 a wasan da suka ci gida 2-0 da PAS Giannina yayin da yake wurin da ya dace a lokacin da ya dace don ya buga ƙwallon da ta yi kyau daga Marko Livaja . A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2018, ya zira ƙwallo a wasan da suka ci gida 4-0 da Panionios daga kusa da nesa bayan [[Petros Mantalos]] ya zira ƙwallo mai daɗi da daidai. A ranar 29 ga Satumba 2018, Ponce ya zira ƙwallo ta uku ga ƙungiyar a wasan da suka buga da OFI, bayan ƙwallon ta yi masa rauni a jikinsa kuma ta ƙare a ragar da ba a tsare ba don tabbatar da nasarar da suka samu a waje da ci 3-0. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2018, ɗan wasan Roma mai aro ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin mintuna shida na biyu na wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 4-0 a kan Aris Thessaloniki . <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=el:ΑΕΚ - Άρης 4-0: "Σόου" από Πόνσε και Μπογέ στο άδειο ΟΑΚΑ |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-arhs-4-0-sooy-apo-ponse-kai-mpoge-sto-adeio-oaka.5348829.html |access-date=28 October 2018 |website=www.sport24.gr |language=el |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413110719/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-arhs-4-0-sooy-apo-ponse-kai-mpoge-sto-adeio-oaka.5348829.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2018, ya fara cin kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Xanthi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2018 |title=ΑΕΚ - Ξάνθη 2-0: Πόνσε και Λιβάγια έδωσαν ανάσα |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-ksanthh-2-0-ponse-kai-livagia-edwsan-anasa.5377864.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327162034/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-ksanthh-2-0-ponse-kai-livagia-edwsan-anasa.5377864.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2018, ya zira kwallaye da ƙwallon da ta yi kyau, bayan ƙwallon da [[Petros Mantalos]] ya zira a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Lamia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=ΑΕΚ - Λαμία 2-0: "Καθάρισε" εύκολα, με σούπερ Πόνσε |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-lamia-2-0-katharise-eukola-me-souper-ponse.5383730.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154439/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-lamia-2-0-katharise-eukola-me-souper-ponse.5383730.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Janairu 2019, Ponce ya tashi sama don kai hari da ƙarfi daga kusurwar Rodrigo Galo, kuma akwai sauran lokaci don ƙarin kwallo ɗaya kafin hutun rabin lokaci yayin da Ponce ya sake tashi ya koma gida a minti na uku na ƙarin lokaci daga ƙwallon da Marko Livaja ya buga masa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2019 |title=ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα - ΑΕΚ 0-4 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1313476/pas-giannina-aek-0-4 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Janairu 2019, ya zira kwallaye da bugun fenariti a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 3-0 a kan Asteras Tripolis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2019 |script-title=el:ΑΕΚ - Αστέρας 3-0: "Καθάρισε" σε 20 λεπτά η ΑΕΚ |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-asteras-3-0-katharise-se-20-lepta-h-aek.5418546.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064316/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/aek-asteras-3-0-katharise-se-20-lepta-h-aek.5418546.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Janairu 2019, ya zura kwallo a minti na biyu na karin lokaci, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da nasarar da ya samu a wasan da suka yi da Panionios da ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2019 |title=Πανιώνιος - ΑΕΚ 0-2 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1318056/panionios-aek-0-2 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2019, dan wasan gefe na Argentina ya ci gaba da nuna kwazo a fagen zura kwallo, inda ya tashi ya hadu da wani kyakkyawan cross daga Marko Livaja sannan ya kalli kwallon a kusurwar hagu ta kasa bayan nutsewar Alexandros Paschalakis a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a wasan da suka yi da juna a filin wasa na Olympic . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2019 |title=ΑΕΚ - ΠΑΟΚ 1-1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1320815/aek-paok-1-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2019, ya fara cin kwallo yayin da AEK ta fara mafarki a minti na uku lokacin da Viktor Klonaridis ya tare kwallon da mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] na Olympiacos Jagoš Vuković ya yi, kuma dan wasan gefe mai sauri ya yi gaba ya kuma yi amfani da kwallon da mai tsaron raga na Olympiacos José Sá ya yi amfani da ita wajen shiga hanyar Ponce, wanda ya buga kwallo da sauri daga kusa da raga. Daga karshe, AEK ta sha kashi 4-1 a hannun abokan hamayyarta Olympiacos a wasan hamayya na [[UEFA Champions League]] a kakar wasa mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2019 |title=Ολυμπιακός - ΑΕΚ 4-1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1325686/olympiakos-aek-4-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2019, ɗan wasan gaba na Argentina ya yi ƙoƙarin zura kwallo daga gefen filin bugun fenariti, inda ya jefa ƙwallon rabin raga a kusurwar hagu ta gefen Christos Theodorakis mai cike da damuwa sannan ya fara zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a gasar cin kofin Girka da abokan hamayyarsu Atromitos . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2019 |title=ΑΕΚ - Ατρόμητος 3-0 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/kypello-elladas/article/1329115/aek-atromitos-3-0-vids |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Afrilun 2019, ya fara cin kwallo ta hanyar neman sarari tsakanin 'yan wasan tsakiya na Lamia, yayin da ya hadu da kwallon da [[Petros Mantalos]] ya ci, yana kai kwallon zuwa kusurwar dama a wasan kusa da na karshe na Kofin Girka da suka tashi 2-0 a wasan farko da suka fafata da Lamia . Ya zura kwallaye 18 zuwa yanzu, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar a kakar wasa daya tun bayan da dan wasan Argentina [[Ismael Blanco]] ya zura kwallaye 24 a AEK a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=ΑΕΚ - Λαμία 2-0 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/kypello-elladas/article/1341751/aek-lamia-2-0 |website=}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Afrilun 2019, ya zura kwallo lokacin da ya yi nasarar jefa kwallo ta hannun Rodrigo Galo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, inda ya doke Živko Živković a wasan karshe da suka yi nasara a waje da ci 3-1, wanda hakan ya sa kungiyar ta koma matsayi na uku a gasar Super League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=Ξάνθη-ΑΕΚ 1-3: Ανατροπή και.. πάρτι στο Β' ημίχρονο |url=https://www.protothema.gr/sports/article/880014/super-league-live-xanthi-aek-0-0-a-imihrono/ |website=protothema.gr}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] ==manazarta== o65553qc9co5t7nzu92n1m0xz6pxy7w 0 150687 879011 858427 2026-07-08T16:21:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 879011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ewa Barbara Pajor''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1996) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Poland]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta La Liga F ta Barcelona kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Poland . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Polki mistrzyniami Europy U-17 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/214/news2147395-Polki-mistrzyniami-Europy-U-17.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045742/http://www.90minut.pl/news/214/news2147395-Polki-mistrzyniami-Europy-U-17.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=www.90minut.pl}}</ref> Tun lokacin da ta fara aikinta na babbar makaranta da Medyk Konin, ta lashe kofuna biyu na Ekstraliga da kofuna uku na ƙasa tare da Medyk cikin shekaru uku. A shekarar 2015, ta koma VfL Wolfsburg, inda ta lashe kofuna biyar na Frauen-Bundesliga, DFB-Pokals tara a jere, kyaututtuka biyu mafiya yawan zura kwallaye a gasar, kuma ta fito a wasannin karshe na gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA guda uku. A shekarar 2024, ta koma Barcelona . A kakar wasa ta farko, ita ce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a kulob din a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata, inda ta lashe kofuna uku a gida, sannan ta kammala gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA ta 2024–25 a matsayin ta biyu. An nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan mata ta Poland ta shekara sau shida a ''[[:pl:Piłka Nożna (tygodnik)|Piłka Nożna]]'' mako-mako, sannan ta lashe Kofin Gerd Müller na mata a 2025, sannan ta zo ta 8 a [[Ballon d'Or|gasar Ballon d'Or]] [[Ballon d'Or na 2025|ta wannan shekarar]] . == Aikin kulob == === Matasa === Pajor ta fito ne daga Pęgów . Ta fara atisayen ƙwallon ƙafa tana da shekaru 8 a Orlęty Wielenin. Bayan kammala karatunta na firamare, ta koma Konin ta kuma yi horo tare da Medyk Konin . A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2012, ta fara buga wasa a Ekstraliga, inda ta shiga wasan a minti na 55 na wasan da suka yi da AZS PWSZ Biała Podlaska, inda ta ci 3-0. A wasanta na farko, ta zura kwallaye biyu. An zura kwallo ta farko mintuna biyu bayan shiga filin wasa. Ta zama ƙaramar 'yar wasa da ta taɓa bugawa a Ekstraliga tana da shekaru 15 da kwana 133. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=Olimpiko Uniejów – Oficjalna Strona Internetowa – Polska – Ewa Pajor |url=http://olimpiko.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409180856/http://olimpiko.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=11 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Domin samun damar shiga wannan wasan, ana buƙatar izini na musamman daga PZPN, saboda ƙa'idodin sun ba wa 'yan wasa sama da 16 damar yin wasa kawai. === Medyk Konin === A kakar wasa ta 2012–13, tare da Medyk, ta lashe gasar mataimakin koci da kuma Kofin Poland . A wasan karshe da ta yi da KP Unia Racibórz, ta ci 2–1, Pajor ta ci kwallaye biyu a ragar kungiyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2013 |title=Forum – epoznan.pl – Pierwszy Portal Poznania |url=http://www.epoznan.pl/forum-topic-43381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102203357/http://www.epoznan.pl/forum-topic-43381 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Kakar wasa ta 2013–14 da 2014–15 ta fi samun nasara a gare ta. Tare da Medyk Konin ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai da kuma Kofin Poland sau biyu. Ta buga wasanta na karshe a kungiyar Konin lokacin da Medyk ta doke Górnik Łęczna a wasan karshe na Kofin Poland da ci 5–0. Pajor ta zura kwallaye uku a wannan wasan. Jimilla, ga babbar kungiyar Medyk, ta zura kwallaye 74 a dukkan wasannin da aka buga a hukumance, wadanda suka hada da kwallaye 64 a Ekstraliga (a cikin wasanni 60). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pierwsza godzina Pajor w Bundeslidze – KobiecaPilka.pl – piłka nożna kobiet |url=http://www.pilkakobieca.pl/news,12773.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214140/http://www.pilkakobieca.pl/news,12773.html |archive-date=24 July 2020 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=www.pilkakobieca.pl}}</ref> === VfL Wolfsburg === A watan Yunin 2015, Pajor ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu da VfL Wolfsburg, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2015 |title=VfL Wolfsburg ǀ Detailseite |url=https://www.vfl-wolfsburg.de/info/frauen/aktuelles/detailseite/artikel/ewa-pajor-wechselt-nach-wolfsburg-38851.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124335/https://www.vfl-wolfsburg.de/info/frauen/aktuelles/detailseite/artikel/ewa-pajor-wechselt-nach-wolfsburg-38851.html |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=PKO Ekstraklasa |url=https://www.sport.pl/pilka/0,65039.html |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=Sport.pl |language=pl}}</ref> wanda daga nan ta tsawaita a watan Disamba na 2017 don ta kasance mai aiki har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2017 |title=Oficjalnie: Ewa Pajor przedłużyła kontrakt z Wolfsburgiem |url=http://nowinkitransferowe.pl/3057/Niemcy/oficjalnie-ewa-pajor-przedluzyla-kontrakt-z-wolfsburgiem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411192057/http://nowinkitransferowe.pl/3057/Niemcy/oficjalnie-ewa-pajor-przedluzyla-kontrakt-z-wolfsburgiem |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=nowinkitransferowe.pl |language=pl}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2020, Pajor ta sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwangilar da Wolfsburg har zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=vavel.com |date=24 April 2020 |title=Ewa Pajor extends VfL Wolfsburg contract until 2023 |url=https://www.vavel.com/en/football/2020/04/24/womens-football/1019756-ewa-pajor-extends-vfl-wolfsburg-contract-until-2023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614223937/https://www.vavel.com/en/football/2020/04/24/womens-football/1019756-ewa-pajor-extends-vfl-wolfsburg-contract-until-2023.html |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=vavel.com |language=en}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2018–19, ta lashe gasar zakarun Jamus, gasar cin kofin Jamus, da kuma kambun gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga, inda ta zura kwallaye 24 a wasanni 19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Transmisje |url=https://sport.tvp.pl/transmisje |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=sport.tvp.pl |language=pl}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2023–24, ta zura kwallaye hudu a wasan da ta doke Nürnberg da ci 9-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1. FC Nürnberg - VfL Wolfsburg 1:9 (Women Bundesliga 2023/2024, 14. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/report/report/frauen-bundesliga-2023-2024-1-fc-nuernberg-vfl-wolfsburg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319030537/https://www.worldfootball.net/report/report/frauen-bundesliga-2023-2024-1-fc-nuernberg-vfl-wolfsburg/ |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> === FC Barcelona === A watan Yunin 2024, Pajor ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da [[FC Barcelona]] . A ranar 12 ga Disamba 2024, ta zura kwallaye biyu a wasan rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai da Hammarby, wanda ya ƙare a wasan da Barcelona ta yi nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2024 |title=Barcelona grabs last quarterfinal spot in Women's Champions League with 3-0 win in Stockholm |url=https://apnews.com/article/women-champions-league-barcelona-arsenal-bayern-mancity-161feb069c4a0923ffdb7035b618171b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213072750/https://apnews.com/article/women-champions-league-barcelona-arsenal-bayern-mancity-161feb069c4a0923ffdb7035b618171b |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=apnews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona 3-0 Hammarby IF (Dec 12, 2024) |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/721655 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213220415/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/721655 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=espn.com}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2024, ta zura kwallaye uku a wasan Copa de la Reina, wanda ya taimaka wa Barcelona ta yi nasara da ci 6-2 a kan UD Tenerife . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lydia Navarro |date=21 December 2024 |title=El Barcelona aplasta la ilusión del Tenerife en la Copa de la Reina |url=https://www.articulo14.es/deportes/el-barcelona-aplasta-la-ilusion-del-tenerife-en-la-copa-de-la-reina-20241221.html |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=articulo14.es |language=es |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123094557/https://www.articulo14.es/deportes/el-barcelona-aplasta-la-ilusion-del-tenerife-en-la-copa-de-la-reina-20241221.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2013, tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Poland, ta lashe lambar zinare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=Ewa Pajor okrzyknięta polskim Messim – Piłka nożna – Przegladsportowy.pl |url=http://pilka-nozna.przegladsportowy.pl/Pilka-nozna-Ewa-Pajor-okrzyknieta-polskim-Messim,artykul,174538,1,279.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014125253/http://pilka-nozna.przegladsportowy.pl/Pilka-nozna-Ewa-Pajor-okrzyknieta-polskim-Messim,artykul,174538,1,279.html |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, an ba ta lambar yabo ta UEFA Golden Player Award don mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da shekara 17 a Turai. Ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Poland a ƙarƙashin koci Wojciech Basiuk, a wasan da aka buga tsakanin Poland da Jamhuriyar Czech, a gasar cin kofin Balaton Cup da aka yi a Hungary a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2013. Pajor ta shiga filin wasa ne kawai a minti na 75, amma a minti na farko bayan shiga ta ci bugun fenariti, wanda Patrycja Pożerska ta ci. A minti na 84, Pajor ta ci kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PKO Ekstraklasa |url=https://www.sport.pl/pilka/0,65039.html |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=Sport.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Ta shiga gasar cin kofin Istria daga ranakun 4 zuwa 11 ga Maris, 2015 a Croatia, inda ta lashe matsayi na farko tare da tawagarta a wasan karshe da Slovakia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2015 |title=Poland – "Istria cup" 2015. |url=http://www.istriacup2015.com/poland.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308114231/http://www.istriacup2015.com/poland.html |archive-date=8 March 2015 |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2022, bayan ya zura kwallaye uku a kan tawagar Kosovo ta ƙasa, Pajor ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙwarewa a tarihin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Poland, inda ya wuce tsohon mai riƙe da tarihin Marta Otrębska . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Wirtualna Polska |date=7 September 2022 |title=To już najlepsza strzelczyni w historii reprezentacji Polski. Ewa Pajor pobiła rekord |url=https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1019612/to-juz-najlepsza-strzelczyni-w-historii-reprezentacji-polski-ewa-pajor-pobila-re |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045745/https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1019612/to-juz-najlepsza-strzelczyni-w-historii-reprezentacji-polski-ewa-pajor-pobila-re |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=sportowefakty.wp.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Pajor ta jagoranci Poland a gasar UEFA Euro 2025, wasan farko da Poland ta buga a gasar Euro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2025 |title=Ewa Pajor zabrała głos po historycznej wygranej na Euro. "Na tym będziemy się skupiać" |url=https://przegladsportowy.onet.pl/pilka-nozna/pilka-nozna-kobiet/pajor-zabrala-glos-po-historycznej-wygranej-na-tym-bedziemy-sie-skupiac/flnrh2z |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=przegladsportowy.onet.pl |language=pl}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Yuli, ta zura kwallonta ta farko a wani babban gasa a wasan rukuni da suka doke [[Denmark]] da ci 3-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ewa Pajor strzela dla Polski na EURO! Biało-Czerwone wygrały z Danią [WIDEO] › FCBarca.com |url=https://www.fcbarca.com/127763-ewa-pajor-strzela-dla-polski-na-euro-bialo-czerwone-wygraly-z-dania-wideo.html |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=FCBarca.com |language=pl}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[DFB-Pokal Frauen|DFB-Pokal]] and [[Copa de la Reina de Fútbol|Copa de la Reina]]}} ! colspan="2" |UWCL ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="10" |VfL Wolfsburg |2015–16 |Frauen-Bundesliga |7 |1 |2 |1 |7 |0 | colspan="2" |— |16 |2 |- |2016–17 |Frauen-Bundesliga |12 |5 |4 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |17 |8 |- |2017–18 |Frauen-Bundesliga |15 |4 |3 |3 |7 |4 | colspan="2" |— |25 |11 |- |2018–19 |Frauen-Bundesliga |19 |24 |3 |2 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |27 |28 |- |2019–20 |Frauen-Bundesliga |17 |16 |3 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |24 |18 |- |2020–21 |Frauen-Bundesliga |6 |8 |3 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |11 |- |2021–22 |Frauen-Bundesliga |7 |8 |2 |2 |5 |3 | colspan="2" |— |14 |13 |- |2022–23 |Frauen-Bundesliga |19 |12 |5 |3 |11 |9 | colspan="2" |— |35 |24 |- |2023–24 |Frauen-Bundesliga |19 |18 |4 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |25 |20 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !121 !96 !29 !21 !46 !18 ! colspan="2" |— !196 !135 |- | rowspan="3" |Barcelona |2024–25 |Liga F |28 |25 |5 |9 |11 |7 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Supercopa de España Femenina|Supercopa de España]]}} |2 |46 |43 |- |2025–26 |Liga F |20 |16 |4 |3 |7 |7 |2[b] |1 |33 |27 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !48 !41 !9 !12 !18 !14 !4 !3 !79 !70 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !169 !137 !38 !33 !64 !32 !4 !3 !275 !205 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== <references /> 947cwb7nut17w47il56jx1a7vskm14w 0 151034 879402 835349 2026-07-09T08:31:16Z BnHamid 12586 879402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zainaba Ahmed''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1960) mawaƙiya ce ta [[Komoros|Comorian]] . Ita ce mai zane-zane na Comorian na farko da ta sanya hannu tare da lakabin rikodin kasashen waje yayin da ta kasance mazaunin tsibirin.<ref name="comores-online.com">{{Cite web |title=La Musique Traditionnelle revisitée par ZAINABA AHMED |url=http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/musique/tradzaina.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104052206/http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/musique/tradzaina.htm |archive-date=4 January 2006 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=comores-online.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ahmed a garin Mitsamiouli, a cikin iyali mai matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗi tare da yara goma. Ta fara yin bikin aure tun tana 'yar shekara biyar. == Ayyuka == Mahaifiyar 'ya'ya biyar, ta saki kundi uku na kiɗa na gargajiya na Comorian; ta kuma kasance mai aiki a siyasa a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, kuma ta taimaka wajen kafa Tsarin gidan waya ga tsibirin. Baya ga kasancewa mawaƙa, tana da matsayi a cikin gwamnatin Comorian. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait de Zainaba Ahmed, la "voix en or" des Comores |url=http://www.habarizacomores.com/2013/04/la-femme-du-jour-zainaba-ahmed.html |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=Habariza Comores}}</ref> Kiɗa na Ahmed ya fito ne daga kiɗa na gargajiya na tsibirin. An yi rikodin da ta yi a baya tare da masu hadawa da sauran nau'ikan sarrafa lantarki, amma shirye-shiryen da ta yi kwanan nan sun haɗa da ƙananan haɗin gwiwa sai dai ga ƙungiyar mata, murya, kuma a wani lokaci guitar.<ref name="comores-online.com">{{Cite web |title=La Musique Traditionnelle revisitée par ZAINABA AHMED |url=http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/musique/tradzaina.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104052206/http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/musique/tradzaina.htm |archive-date=4 January 2006 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=comores-online.com}}</ref> An san ta da ''muryar zinariya'', ko "muryar zinariya", a cikin mahaifarta, kuma ta yi kide-kide a kasashen waje da kuma gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disques |url=http://africultures.com/disques/?no=1706 |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=Africultures}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nassur |title=Les artistes comoriens se révèlent |url=http://www.rasmi.fr/index.php/actualite/nationale/11-actualite/actualite-paca/89-concert-etoile-rasmi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023013/http://www.rasmi.fr/index.php/actualite/nationale/11-actualite/actualite-paca/89-concert-etoile-rasmi |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=rasmi.fr}}</ref> Ta kuma ci gaba da yin bikin aure.<ref name="comores-online.com" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 11uuil5nw55kfyeoczvrcp9y8naj7od 0 151274 879398 836189 2026-07-09T08:28:03Z BnHamid 12586 879398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beyond Limits FC''' ko kuma '''Beyond Limits Football Academy''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya da ke da hedikwata a garin Ikenne da ke jihar Ogun a Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2022 a matsayin cibiyar haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa kuma reshen matasa na [[Remo Stars F.C.]]. Ƙungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na [[Remo Stars Stadium]] kuma ta yi fice wajen bunƙasa matasan ‘yan ƙwallo masu tasowa a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Limits_F.A.|title=Beyond Limits F.A.|website=Wikipedia|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> An kafa Beyond Limits ne da manufar haɓaka ƙwararrun matasan ‘yan wasa ta hanyar haɗa horon ƙwallon ƙafa da ilimi da kuma tarbiyya. Shugaban ƙungiyar, [[Kunle Soname]], wanda shi ne mamallakin Remo Stars, ya bayyana cewa manufar makarantar ita ce samar da ‘yan wasa masu iya taka leda a manyan lig-lig na duniya tare da gina kyawawan halaye a rayuwarsu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beyondlimitsfa.com/about/history|title=Beyond Limits FA History|website=Beyond Limits FA|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> Beyond Limits ta fara samun karɓuwa sosai bayan ta yi nasara a gasar matasa ta Najeriya da ake kira ''Creative Championship League'', inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa mafi ƙarfi a ƙasar. A baya an san ƙungiyar da suna Remo Stars U-19 kafin daga baya aka canja mata suna zuwa Beyond Limits FC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports247.ng/tcc-cup-score-more-goals-our-coach-told-us-revealed-beyond-limits-ogungbe-ayomide/|title=TCC Cup: Score More Goals Our Coach Told Us|website=Sports247 Nigeria|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar ta samu hawa daga gasar Nationwide League One zuwa [[Nigeria National League]] bayan ta yi rawar gani a wasannin neman gurbin hawa. Wannan nasara ta ƙara nuna irin ci gaban da ƙungiyar ke samu cikin sauri tun bayan kafuwarta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/remo-stars-academy-side-beyond-limits-receive-heroic-welcome-following-nnl-promotion-2023053022412167150|title=Beyond Limits receive heroic welcome following NNL promotion|website=Pulse Sports Nigeria|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Beyond Limits ta kafa tarihi bayan ta zama ƙungiyar farko daga Afirka da ta lashe gasar matasa ta duniya ta ''Viareggio Cup'' da ake gudanarwa a ƙasar Italiya. Ƙungiyar ta doke C.N. Brazzaville ta Congo da ci 2–0 a wasan ƙarshe. Wannan nasara ta jawo hankalin duniya zuwa tsarin horaswar matasa na ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/beyond-limits-football-academy-makes-history-as-the-first-african-winner-of-the-viareggio-cup/|title=Beyond Limits Football Academy Makes History As The First African Winner Of The Viareggio Cup|website=Punch Newspapers|date=5 March 2024|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kuma, Beyond Limits ta samu gurbin hawa zuwa [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] bayan nasara a gasar ''NNL Super Eight''. Sai dai daga baya ba ta samu damar buga gasar NPFL ba saboda dokokin mallakar ƙungiyoyi guda biyu masu alaƙa da mai gida ɗaya, kasancewar Remo Stars da Beyond Limits duk mallakin Kunle Soname ne.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Limits_F.A.|title=Beyond Limits F.A.|website=Wikipedia|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> Beyond Limits FC ta yi suna wajen samar da matasan ‘yan wasa da suka samu damar komawa ƙasashen Turai domin ci gaba da taka leda. Daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan da suka fito daga ƙungiyar akwai Onyebuchi Obasi da Elijah Oluwashola Ogundana (Shola), waɗanda suka samu damar komawa ƙungiyoyin Turai bayan bajintarsu a makarantar ƙwallon ƙafar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyebuchi_Obasi|title=Onyebuchi Obasi|website=Wikipedia|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shola_Ogundana|title=Shola Ogundana|website=Wikipedia|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta shahara wajen amfani da hanyoyin horaswa na zamani, tare da samar da ingantaccen masauki, ilimi da kula da lafiyar ‘yan wasa. Masu sharhi kan harkar ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya sun bayyana Beyond Limits a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin haɓaka matasa a Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afrik-foot.com/en-ng/beyond-limits-fa-nigeria-talent-factory|title=How Beyond Limits Academy is becoming Nigeria's new talent factory|website=Afrik-Foot|date=6 February 2025|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> == Filin wasa == Beyond Limits FC tana amfani da [[Remo Stars Stadium]] da ke Ikenne a jihar Ogun domin gudanar da wasannin gida. Filin wasan yana ɗaukar kusan mutane 5,000 kuma yana daga cikin filayen wasa masu kyau a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beyondlimitsfa.com/about/history|title=Beyond Limits FA History|website=Beyond Limits FA|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == * '''Viareggio Cup''' ** Zakarun gasar: 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/beyond-limits-football-academy-makes-history-as-the-first-african-winner-of-the-viareggio-cup/|title=Beyond Limits Football Academy Makes History As The First African Winner Of The Viareggio Cup|website=Punch Newspapers|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> * '''Creative Championship League''' ** Zakara sau da dama<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/beyond-limits-football-academy-makes-history-as-the-first-african-winner-of-the-viareggio-cup/|title=Beyond Limits Football Academy Makes History As The First African Winner Of The Viareggio Cup|website=Punch Newspapers|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> == Fitattun ‘yan wasa == * Onyebuchi Obasi * Shola Ogundana * Kparobo Arierhi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.everybodywiki.com/Beyond_Limits|title=Beyond Limits|website=EverybodyWiki|access-date=15 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.beyondlimitsfa.com Official website] nmrk3mrnww4dj8poy53czyttrnhrbf7 0 151534 879255 837090 2026-07-09T00:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox stadium | name = Mobolaji Johnson Arena | image = Mobolaji_Johnson_Arena.jpg | image_size = 250px | fullname = Mobolaji Johnson Arena | former_names = Onikan Stadium | location = Lagos Island, Lagos, Najeriya | coordinates = {{Coord|6|27|10|N|3|23|28|E|type:landmark_region:NG|display=inline,title}} | built = 1930 | renovated = 2019 | owner = Lagos State Government | operator = Lagos State Sports Commission | surface = Ciyawa | capacity = 10,000 | tenants = [[First Bank F.C.]], [[Sporting Lagos F.C.]] }} '''Mobolaji Johnson Arena''' filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke a yankin Onikan da ke tsibirin Lagos a ƙasar Najeriya. Filin wasan yana daga cikin tsofaffin filayen wasa a Najeriya kuma an san shi da tsohon sunansa na '''Onikan Stadium'''. An sauya sunan filin zuwa Mobolaji Johnson Arena domin girmama tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Lagos, Mobolaji Johnson, wanda ya taka rawa wajen ci gaban wasanni da gine-ginen jihar Lagos. <ref>{{cite web |title=Onikan Stadium renamed Mobolaji Johnson Arena |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/onikan-stadium-renamed-mobolaji-johnson-arena/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> An gina filin wasan a shekarar 1930 a zamanin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, lamarin da ya sa yake daga cikin tsofaffin filayen wasa da ake da su a Afirka ta Yamma. A tsawon shekaru da dama, filin ya kasance cibiyar gudanar da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a Lagos, inda ake gudanar da gasar lig, wasannin makarantu, da sauran manyan abubuwan wasanni. <ref>{{cite web |title=History of Onikan Stadium |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/02/26/onikan-stadium-and-its-rich-history/ |website=ThisDay Live |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2019 gwamnatin jihar Lagos tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin ''Landmark Group'' suka gudanar da babban aikin gyaran filin wasan. Gyaran ya haɗa da sabunta kujeru, filin ciyawa, fitilu na zamani, ɗakunan sauya kaya, da sauran kayan more rayuwa domin mayar da filin zuwa na zamani. Bayan kammala aikin gyaran, an sake buɗe filin wasan a hukumance a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Lagos reopens remodeled Onikan Stadium |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/368713-lagos-reopens-remodeled-onikan-stadium.html |website=Premium Times |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> Mobolaji Johnson Arena na ɗaukar kusan mutane 10,000, kuma yana daga cikin filayen wasan da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da wasannin Nigerian Premier Football League da sauran gasa na cikin gida. Filin ya zama gida ga wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa kamar [[Sporting Lagos F.C.]] da kuma [[First Bank F.C.]] a lokuta daban-daban. <ref>{{cite web |title=Sporting Lagos adopts Mobolaji Johnson Arena |url=https://punchng.com/sporting-lagos-to-use-mobolaji-johnson-arena/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=17 May 2026}}</ref> Baya ga wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, ana amfani da filin wajen shirya wasu bukukuwa, tarurruka, da abubuwan nishaɗi a jihar Lagos. Matsayinsa a tsakiyar birnin Lagos ya sa yake da muhimmanci wajen bunƙasa harkokin wasanni da yawon buɗe ido a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Mobolaji Johnson Arena and sports development in Lagos |url=https://businessday.ng/sports/article/mobolaji-johnson-arena-boosting-sports-in-lagos/ |website=BusinessDay Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Tun bayan kafuwarsa, filin wasan ya karɓi manyan wasanni na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarun baya, ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da dama daga Lagos sun riƙa amfani da filin wajen buga wasanninsu. Filin ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya musamman a yankin kudu maso yamma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Importance of Onikan Stadium to Nigerian football |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/onikan-stadium-and-football-development/ |website=Vanguard Nigeria |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Gyare-gyare == Babban gyaran da aka yi wa filin a shekarar 2019 ya sauya fasalin wurin gaba ɗaya. An samar da fitilun zamani masu ƙarfin haske domin buga wasan dare, sannan aka gyara wajen zama na 'yan kallo tare da inganta tsaro da hanyoyin shiga da fita. Wannan gyara ya taimaka wajen mayar da filin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun filayen wasa a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Modern facilities added to Mobolaji Johnson Arena |url=https://www.brila.net/lagos-upgrades-onikan-stadium/ |website=Brila FM |access-date=17 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Sporting Lagos F.C.]] * [[Nigerian Premier Football League]] * [[Lagos]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Filayen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gine-gine a Lagos]] [[Category:Wasanni a Lagos]] [[Category:An kafa su a 1930]] q31e43231fm0f0z5rlllmv26pyroqbb 0 151607 879270 837395 2026-07-09T03:09:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Morice Ugochukwu Chukwu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar Super Eagles ta Najeriya B da Singida Black Stars FC ta [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morice Chukwu |url=https://npfl.ng/amp/player/morice-chukwu/ |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=npfl.ng |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207172915/https://npfl.ng/amp/player/morice-chukwu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Chukwu ya fara aikinsa ne da ƙungiyar Bussdor United FC ta Najeriya Amateur League Division Two. === Zagaye na Go FC === Daga baya ya koma [[Go Round F.C.|Go Round FC]] wadda ta sanya hannu a kwangilar shekaru biyu a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Go Round Midfielder Predicts Home Win |url=https://newnigeriannewspaper.com/2019/03/22/go-round-midfielder-predicts-home-win/ |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=newnigeriannewspaper.com |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917025216/https://newnigeriannewspaper.com/2019/03/22/go-round-midfielder-predicts-home-win/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morice Chukwu |url=https://www.soccerglobalplayers.com/player/97286 |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=soccerglobalplayers.com |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201134959/https://www.soccerglobalplayers.com/player/97286 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2018 |title=NPFL Review: Go Round Dig Deep to Knock Down Nasarawa United |url=https://nigeriasoccernet.com/npfl-review-go-round-dig-deep-to-knock-down-nasarawa-united?amp=1}}</ref> === Akwa United === A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2019, kafin kakar wasan 2019–2020 ta gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, Akwa United . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2019 |title=AKWA UTD UNVEIL TWO COACHES, 15 NEW PLAYERS FOR 2019/2020 NPFL SEASON |url=https://akwaunitedfc.com/2019/10/28/akwa-utd-unveil-two-coaches-15-new-players-for-2019-2020-npfl-season/ |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=akwaunitedfc.com |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202112035/https://akwaunitedfc.com/2019/10/28/akwa-utd-unveil-two-coaches-15-new-players-for-2019-2020-npfl-season/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers United Table Tempting Offer for Akwa United's Chukwu Morice |url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/rivers-united-table-tempting-offer-for-akwa-uniteds-chukwu-morice/ |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=bsnsports.com.ng |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203172422/https://bsnsports.com.ng/rivers-united-table-tempting-offer-for-akwa-uniteds-chukwu-morice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=M. Chukwu |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/m-chukwu-602222 |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=besoccer.com |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623061652/https://www.besoccer.com/player/m-chukwu-602222 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heartland Rebound To Beat Akwa United |url=https://www.npfl.tv/football/npfl/league/1/news-detail/56 |access-date=28 January 2021 |publisher=npfl.tv }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Rivers United === A watan Afrilun 2021, kungiyar Rivers United FC ta sanar da isowar Chukwu daga Akwa United kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi, kungiyar da ya buga wasanni 86, ya zura kwallaye 6 sannan ya lashe kofin gasar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya na farko. [ ] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] i421vj1cv97p7cf503kyvachy1mhc4v 0 151814 879375 838151 2026-07-09T07:12:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mutawakilu Seidu''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1995 a [[Accra]] ) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne [[Ghana|na ƙasar Ghana]] . A halin yanzu yana wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya [[Enugu Rangers|ta Enugu Rangers]], a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=Mutawakilu eyes superb season with Enugu Rangers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Mutawakilu-eyes-superb-season-with-Enugu-Rangers-596616?channel=D1 |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2017 |title=Mutawakilu's heroics saves day for Enugu Rangers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mutawakilu-s-heroics-saves-day-for-Enugu-Rangers-566955 |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2017 |title=Mutawakilu's heroics saves day for Enugu RangersMutawakilu Seidu thrilled by improved form at Enugu Rangers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mutawakilu-Seidu-thrilled-by-improved-form-at-Enugu-Rangers-550542 |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2017 |title=Ghanaian goalkeepers Nana Bonsu and Seidu Mutawakilu gets massive competition at Enugu Rangers |url=https://ghanasportsonline.com/2017/12/ghanaian-goalkeepers-nana-bonsu-seidu-mutawakilu-gets-massive-competition-enugu-rangers/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanasportsonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=Mutawakilu Seidu |url=https://www.soccerpunter.com/player/294545/Mutawakilu-Seidu |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=soccerpunter.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2017 |title=Mutawakilu Seidu |url=https://www.flashscore.com/player/seidu-mutawakilu/YH1ojAp5/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=flashscore.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Mutawakilu Seidu |url=https://www.mackolik.com/futbolcu/m-seidu/kupalar/deuf362kshu9vlrfcv3jhkwyx |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=mackolik.com/}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Matasa === Seidu ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Asante Kotoko kafin a ɗaukaka shi zuwa babbar ƙungiyar. === Zukatan itacen oak === A shekarar 2014, Seidu ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Ghana Premier League Accra Hearts of Oak da ke garinsu [[Accra]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2016 |title=Hearts goalkeeper Mutawakilu frustrated with bench role |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/4390/ghana-premier-league/2016/06/11/24560912/hearts-goalkeeper-mutawakilu-frustrated-with-bench-role |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2016 |title=Hearts of Oak goalkeeper Seidu Mutawakilu focused on the positives |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/670478/hearts-of-oak-goalkeeper-seidu-mutawakilu-focused.html |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2015 |title=Seidu Mutawakilu: "Negative comments don't get to me" |url=https://sport.citifmonline.com/2015/03/30/seidu-mutawakilu-negative-comments-dont-get-to-me/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=citifmonline.com |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610153232/http://sport.citifmonline.com/2015/03/30/seidu-mutawakilu-negative-comments-dont-get-to-me/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kungiyar Dreams FC (aron) === A shekarar 2015, an sanar da cewa Mutawakilu zai koma Dreams FC a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa, tare da zabin sanya cinikin ya zama na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Hearts to loan out duo Mutawakilu, Mumuni to newly-promoted side Dreams FC |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/hearts-to-loan-out-duo-mutawakilu-mumuni-to-newly-promoted-side-dreams-fc |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanasoccernet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Proud products: Dreams FC urge on Satellites duo Mutawakilu and Tetteh |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/603178/proud-products-dreams-fc-urge-on-satellites-duo-mutawakilu-and-tetteh.html |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> === Enugu Rangers === A watan Afrilun 2017, Seidu ya koma [[Enugu Rangers|Enugu Rangers,]] wacce ta lashe gasar Premier ta Najeriya sau bakwai, kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Nigerian champions Rangers announces signing of goalie Seidu Mutawakilu |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Nigerian-champions-Rangers-announces-signing-of-goalie-Seidu-Mutawakilu-533704?channel=D1 |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=CONFIRMED: Hearts goalkeeper Mutawakilu Seidu seals Enugu Rangers |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/confirmed-hearts-goalkeeper-mutawakilu-seidu-seals-enugu-rangers |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanasoccernet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=Caf CC: Ghanaian goalkeeper Mutawakilu Seidu inspires Enugu Rangers International to victory over ASC Kara |url=https://ghanafootballnews.com/caf-cc-ghanaian-goalkeeper-mutawakilu-seidu-inspires-enugu-rangers-international-to-victory-over-asc-kara/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanafootballnews.com |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127114551/https://ghanafootballnews.com/caf-cc-ghanaian-goalkeeper-mutawakilu-seidu-inspires-enugu-rangers-international-to-victory-over-asc-kara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2015 |title=Mutawakilu Seidu |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/players-profiles?player=405511&profile=career |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanasoccernet.com}}</ref> == Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa == A ranar 6 ga Janairun 2015, an kira Seidu zuwa gasar cin kofin matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Ghana, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2015 |title=SELLAS CALLS UP 29 INTO BLACK SATELLITES |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/sellas-calls-up-29-into-black-satellites |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanafa.org}}</ref> kuma yana cikin tawagar ' yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Ghana a gasar cin kofin matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Afirka da aka yi a Senegal a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2015 |title=Ghana too strong for Amajita |url=https://africanfootball.com/match/30990/2015-03-09-Ghana-U20-vs-South-Africa-U20 |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=africanfootball.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2015 |title=Ghana: U20 Shirt Numbers For 2015 African Youth Championship |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/ghana-u20-shirt-numbers-for-2015-african-youth-championship/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=newsghana.com.gh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2015 |title=MUTAWAKILU SEIDU |url=https://africanfootball.com/player/36216/Mutawakilu-Seidu/480/Ghana-U20/468/2015-African-U20-Championship/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=africanfootball.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2015 |title=GHANA NAMES FINAL 21-MAN SQUAD FOR 2015 AFRICAN YOUTH CHAMPIONSHIP |url=https://www.ghanafa.org/ghana-names-final-21-man-squad-for-2015-african-youth-championship |access-date=9 April 2020 |publisher=ghanafa.org}}</ref> Ya wakilci Ghana 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da aka gudanar a New Zealand a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CONFIRMED: Hearts Goalkeeper Mutawakilu Seidu Seals Enugu Rangers Deal |url=https://nigeriasoccernet.com/confirmed-hearts-goalkeeper-mutawakilu-seidu-seals-enugu-rangers-deal}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kulob === * [[Enugu Rangers]] * Kofin FA na Najeriya (1): Wanda ya lashe gasar 2018 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] 5tmhahy0f25xe30r05hcqipnw5vx8ol 0 151838 879413 838428 2026-07-09T08:43:40Z BnHamid 12586 879413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Beatriz Arjona == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Arjona a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1983 a [[Sevilla|Seville]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2025 |title=Beatriz Arjona, chi è "Alma" di Buen Camino: carriera, premi e vita privata |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/schede/alma_buen_camino_chi_e_beatriz_arjona_film_checco_zalone_eta_film_carriera_dove_vive_premi_teatro_fidanzato_figli-beatriz_arjona_chi_e-2-9264623.html |website=[[Il Messaggero]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Braulio |date=21 September 2024 |title=Beatriz Arjona: instrucciones para experimentar otras vidas |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/ocio/beatriz-arjona-instrucciones-experimentar-vidas_0_2002424047.html |website=[[Diario de Sevilla]] |publisher=[[Grupo Joly]]}}</ref> Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar Seville ta Escuela Superior de Arte Dramático (ESAD). <ref>{{Cite web |last=C.H. |date=10 February 2022 |title=Beatriz Arjona, de 'Amar es para siempre': amante de la naturaleza y veterana del teatro |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/famosos/2022-02-10/beatriz-arroja-helena-amar-es-para-siempre-perfil_3373144/ |website=Vanitatis |via=[[El Confidencial]]}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da aiki na farko a kan mataki a karkashin {{Interlanguage link|Jota Linares|ca}} , Afrilu Zamora, da {{Interlanguage link|Oriol Tarrasón|es}} [es], tana nunawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar A quién te llevarías a una isla desierta da Las dependientas. <ref name="corral">{{Cite web |last=Corral |first=Pedro del |date=26 December 2024 |title=Beatriz Arjona |url=https://www.aisge.es/beatriz-arjona |website=Aisge}}</ref><ref name="vanitatis">{{Cite web |last=Heredia |first=Carolina |date=23 November 2022 |title=Temporadas y reparto "Amar es para siempre": ¿Qué ha pasado desde su estreno hasta hoy? |url=https://www.vemostv.com/noticias/8705/historia-temporadas-actores-amar-es-para-siempre |website=VemosTV}}</ref> Ta kuma fara aikin allo, ta fito a cikin Casting (2012) wanda aka ba da kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Málaga . <ref name="corral" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muñoz |first=Fernando |date=18 March 2020 |title=Tres pequeñas joyas españolas para ver gratis en casa sin necesidad de registrarte |url=https://www.abc.es/play/cine/noticias/abci-tres-pequenas-joyas-espanolas-para-gratis-casa-sin-necesidad-registrarte-202003180145_noticia.html |website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da fitowa a fim din Mexico Me quedo contigo, wanda aka gabatar a bikin fina-finai na Morelia na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aviña |first=Rafael |date=5 June 2016 |title=Me quedo contigo |url=https://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/preacceso/articulo/default.aspx?__rval=1&urlredirect=/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?id=861698 |website=[[Reforma (newspaper)|Reforma]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2015 |title=Las insondables leyes del azar y la tragicomedia |url=https://www.aisge.es/los-ganadores-del-notodofilmfest |website=Aisge}}</ref> Ta nuna Dulce a cikin Cable Girls' season 4. <ref name="vanitatis" /> Sauran rawar talabijin sun haɗa da kyauta a cikin El ministerio del tiempo, Estoy vivo, Libertad, da Operación Barrio Inglés . <ref name="corral" /><ref name="vanitatis" /> Ta kuma nuna Lucía Setién / Helena Garrido a kakar wasa ta goma na wasan kwaikwayo Amar es para siempre . <ref name="vanitatis" /> Don rawar da ta taka a fim din The Party's Over (2024) a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida, <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2024 |title=Elena Manrique retrata los males del privilegio en 'Fin de fiesta' |url=https://www.europapress.es/castilla-y-leon/noticia-elena-manrique-retrata-males-privilegio-fin-fiesta-20241022164926.html |website=[[Europa Press]]}}</ref> ta lashe kyautar Best Leading Actress a 4th Carmen Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Beatriz Arjona, Premio Carmen a mejor interpretación femenina protagonista |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/cultura/minuto-minuto-premios-carmen-cordoba_6_12012972_1112103.html |website=Cordópolis |via=[[eldiario.es]]}}</ref> An kuma zaba ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau don Alone in the Night (2024). <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=‘Solos en la noche’ encabeza las nominaciones a los cuartos premios Carmen del cine andaluz |url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/solos-en-la-noche-encabeza-las-nominaciones-a-los-cuartos-premios-carmen-del-cine-andaluz/ |website=Audiovisual451}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta fito a matsayin Alma a cikin ofishin jakadancin Italiyanci Buen Camino . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buttasi |first=Vanni |date=2 January 2026 |title=Buen camino - Beatriz Arjona |url=https://www.gazzettadiparma.it/indiscreto/2026/01/02/gallery/buen-camino-beatriz-arjona-915259/ |website=[[Gazzetta di Parma]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] ay8trdokum9rhmhksqjrznib9i3clx7 879414 879413 2026-07-09T08:45:31Z BnHamid 12586 879414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Beatriz Arjona (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1983) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Arjona a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1983 a [[Sevilla|Seville]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2025 |title=Beatriz Arjona, chi è "Alma" di Buen Camino: carriera, premi e vita privata |url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/schede/alma_buen_camino_chi_e_beatriz_arjona_film_checco_zalone_eta_film_carriera_dove_vive_premi_teatro_fidanzato_figli-beatriz_arjona_chi_e-2-9264623.html |website=[[Il Messaggero]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Braulio |date=21 September 2024 |title=Beatriz Arjona: instrucciones para experimentar otras vidas |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/ocio/beatriz-arjona-instrucciones-experimentar-vidas_0_2002424047.html |website=[[Diario de Sevilla]] |publisher=[[Grupo Joly]]}}</ref> Ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar Seville ta Escuela Superior de Arte Dramático (ESAD). <ref>{{Cite web |last=C.H. |date=10 February 2022 |title=Beatriz Arjona, de 'Amar es para siempre': amante de la naturaleza y veterana del teatro |url=https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/famosos/2022-02-10/beatriz-arroja-helena-amar-es-para-siempre-perfil_3373144/ |website=Vanitatis |via=[[El Confidencial]]}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da aiki na farko a kan mataki a karkashin {{Interlanguage link|Jota Linares|ca}} , Afrilu Zamora, da {{Interlanguage link|Oriol Tarrasón|es}} [es], tana nunawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar A quién te llevarías a una isla desierta da Las dependientas. <ref name="corral">{{Cite web |last=Corral |first=Pedro del |date=26 December 2024 |title=Beatriz Arjona |url=https://www.aisge.es/beatriz-arjona |website=Aisge}}</ref><ref name="vanitatis">{{Cite web |last=Heredia |first=Carolina |date=23 November 2022 |title=Temporadas y reparto "Amar es para siempre": ¿Qué ha pasado desde su estreno hasta hoy? |url=https://www.vemostv.com/noticias/8705/historia-temporadas-actores-amar-es-para-siempre |website=VemosTV}}</ref> Ta kuma fara aikin allo, ta fito a cikin Casting (2012) wanda aka ba da kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Málaga . <ref name="corral" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muñoz |first=Fernando |date=18 March 2020 |title=Tres pequeñas joyas españolas para ver gratis en casa sin necesidad de registrarte |url=https://www.abc.es/play/cine/noticias/abci-tres-pequenas-joyas-espanolas-para-gratis-casa-sin-necesidad-registrarte-202003180145_noticia.html |website=[[ABC (Spain)|ABC]]}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da fitowa a fim din Mexico Me quedo contigo, wanda aka gabatar a bikin fina-finai na Morelia na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aviña |first=Rafael |date=5 June 2016 |title=Me quedo contigo |url=https://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/preacceso/articulo/default.aspx?__rval=1&urlredirect=/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?id=861698 |website=[[Reforma (newspaper)|Reforma]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2015 |title=Las insondables leyes del azar y la tragicomedia |url=https://www.aisge.es/los-ganadores-del-notodofilmfest |website=Aisge}}</ref> Ta nuna Dulce a cikin Cable Girls' season 4. <ref name="vanitatis" /> Sauran rawar talabijin sun haɗa da kyauta a cikin El ministerio del tiempo, Estoy vivo, Libertad, da Operación Barrio Inglés . <ref name="corral" /><ref name="vanitatis" /> Ta kuma nuna Lucía Setién / Helena Garrido a kakar wasa ta goma na wasan kwaikwayo Amar es para siempre . <ref name="vanitatis" /> Don rawar da ta taka a fim din The Party's Over (2024) a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida, <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2024 |title=Elena Manrique retrata los males del privilegio en 'Fin de fiesta' |url=https://www.europapress.es/castilla-y-leon/noticia-elena-manrique-retrata-males-privilegio-fin-fiesta-20241022164926.html |website=[[Europa Press]]}}</ref> ta lashe kyautar Best Leading Actress a 4th Carmen Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Beatriz Arjona, Premio Carmen a mejor interpretación femenina protagonista |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/cultura/minuto-minuto-premios-carmen-cordoba_6_12012972_1112103.html |website=Cordópolis |via=[[eldiario.es]]}}</ref> An kuma zaba ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau don Alone in the Night (2024). <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=‘Solos en la noche’ encabeza las nominaciones a los cuartos premios Carmen del cine andaluz |url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/solos-en-la-noche-encabeza-las-nominaciones-a-los-cuartos-premios-carmen-del-cine-andaluz/ |website=Audiovisual451}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta fito a matsayin Alma a cikin ofishin jakadancin Italiyanci Buen Camino . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buttasi |first=Vanni |date=2 January 2026 |title=Buen camino - Beatriz Arjona |url=https://www.gazzettadiparma.it/indiscreto/2026/01/02/gallery/buen-camino-beatriz-arjona-915259/ |website=[[Gazzetta di Parma]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] qo3bhr5qavx16nva3x5cqht1csu9gm8 0 152133 879273 839814 2026-07-09T04:05:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mpho Phalatse | image = | office = Magajin garin Johannesburg | term_start = 22 Nuwamba 2021 | term_end = 26 Janairu 2023 | predecessor = Mpho Moerane | successor = Thapelo Amad | birth_name = Mpho Louisa Phalatse | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|7}} | birth_place = Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu | party = Democratic Alliance | occupation = Likita, ɗan siyasa | alma_mater = Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University | children = 3 }} '''Mpho Louisa Phalatse''' (an haife ta 7 Nuwamba 1977) likita ce kuma 'yar siyasar Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kasance magajiyar garin birnin Johannesburg daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023. Ita ce mace ta farko bakar fata da ta zama magajiyar garin Johannesburg tun bayan kafuwar tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Single Mom of 3, Doctor Becomes First Black Woman Mayor of Johannesburg |url=https://www.blackwoman.com/2022/05/mpho-phalatse-single-mom-first-black-mayor-johannesburg-south-africa.html |work=Black Woman |date=2022-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Phalatse a Pretoria, inda ta taso a yankunan Hebron da Mabopane. Iyayenta malamai ne, kuma ta yi karatunta na sakandare a shekarar 1994. Da farko ta shiga Jami'ar Witwatersrand domin nazarin Chemical Engineering, amma daga baya ta sauya zuwa karantar likitanci a MEDUNSA, wanda yanzu ake kira Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get to know Mpho Phalatse |url=https://www.da.org.za/get-to-know-mpho-phalatse |publisher=Democratic Alliance |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun likitanci a shekarar 2005 sannan ta yi aikin horaswa a Tembisa Hospital. Daga baya ta yi aiki a asibitoci da cibiyoyin lafiya daban-daban a Gauteng da sauran yankuna na Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get to know Mpho Phalatse |url=https://www.da.org.za/get-to-know-mpho-phalatse |publisher=Democratic Alliance |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Phalatse ta shiga jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance (DA) kuma aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila a Johannesburg a shekarar 2016. Bayan haka magajin gari Herman Mashaba ya naɗa ta a matsayin membar kwamitin lafiya da cigaban jama'a na birnin Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite news |title=DA's Mpho Phalatse elected new executive mayor of Johannesburg |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/das-mpho-phalatse-elected-new-executive-mayor-of-johannesburg/ |work=SABC News |date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2026-05-24 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, an zaɓe ta a matsayin magajiyar garin Johannesburg bayan zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi. Ta samu goyon bayan jam'iyyun haɗaka daban-daban a majalisar birnin.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's a win for the DA as Mpho Phalatse is elected Joburg mayor |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/its-a-win-for-the-da-as-mpho-phalatse-is-elected-joburg-mayor-20211122 |work=News24 |date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinta, ta mayar da hankali kan inganta samar da ruwa, lantarki da kuma gyaran ayyukan jama'a a Johannesburg. Haka kuma ta yi alƙawarin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma inganta tsarin kula da kuɗaɗen birnin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Single Mom of 3, Doctor Becomes First Black Woman Mayor of Johannesburg |url=https://www.blackwoman.com/2022/05/mpho-phalatse-single-mom-first-black-mayor-johannesburg-south-africa.html |work=Black Woman |date=2022-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> Sai dai gwamnatin haɗakar jam'iyyun da take jagoranta ta fuskanci rikice-rikice na siyasa. A Janairu 2023 an cire ta daga mukaminta bayan ƙuri'ar rashin amincewa da aka gudanar a majalisar birnin Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johannesburg mayor quits after turbulent 15 months in charge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e3cf9e8-9bf4-4dfe-b675-da53ce0a7837 |work=Financial Times |date=2024-08-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> == Rayuwar kai == Mpho Phalatse na da yara uku. Bayan barinta siyasa a shekarar 2023, ta koma cigaba da aikin likitanci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johannesburg mayor quits after turbulent 15 months in charge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e3cf9e8-9bf4-4dfe-b675-da53ce0a7837 |work=Financial Times |date=2024-08-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:'Yan siyasar Afirka ta Kudu]] [[Category:Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu]] [[Category:Haihuwa a 1977]] [[Category:Mutanen da suke raye]] [[Category:Matan siyasa]] dyga3rjwr7lkcgwz1scmituhf1g10mn 0 152229 879422 840140 2026-07-09T08:50:01Z BnHamid 12586 879422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biko Agozino''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin ilimin laifuffuka (criminologist), farfesa a fannin Sociology da Africana Studies a jami’ar Virginia Tech ta ƙasar Amurka. Ya shahara wajen ƙirƙirar da kuma bunƙasa ra’ayin ''counter-colonial criminology'', wanda ke sukar yadda tsarin ilimin criminology na Turai ya rinjayi fahimtar laifi da tsarin shari’a a ƙasashen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://liberalarts.vt.edu/departments-and-schools/department-of-sociology/faculty/onwubiko-agozino.html |title=Onwubiko Agozino |website=Virginia Tech |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwa da karatu == An haifi Agozino a garin Awgu da ke jihar Enugu a Najeriya a ranar 27 ga Yulin shekara ta 1961. Ya yi karatun digiri a fannin Sociology a jami’ar University of Calabar. Daga baya ya samu digirin MPhil a Criminology daga University of Cambridge sannan ya kammala PhD a Criminology daga University of Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biko_Agozino |title=Biko Agozino |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aiki == Agozino ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban kafin ya zama farfesa a Virginia Tech. Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * mulkin mallaka da tasirinsa ga tsarin shari’a, * wariyar launin fata a tsarin hukunci, * ‘yancin baƙar fata, * da kuma gyaran tsarin ‘yan sanda da gidajen yari. Ya yi fice wajen sukar tsarin criminology na Turai wanda yake ganin ya ginu ne domin kare manufofin mulkin mallaka maimakon samar da adalci ga al’ummomin da aka zalunta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agozino |first=Biko |title=Reparative justice: The final stage of decolonization |journal=Punishment & Society |year=2021 |doi=10.1177/14624745211024342}}</ref> Haka kuma ya bayyana cewa ilimin criminology ya samo asali ne daga tsarin mulkin mallaka wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen sarrafa al’ummomin da Turawa suka mamaye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ppi.auckland.ac.nz/2019/06/12/decolonization-paradigm-and-liberation-criminology/ |title=Decolonization Paradigm and Liberation Criminology |website=Policy, Practice and Innovation, University of Auckland |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Daga cikin shahararrun littattafansa akwai: * ''Black Women and the Criminal Justice System: Towards the Decolonisation of Victimisation'' (1997) * ''Counter-Colonial Criminology: A Critique of Imperialist Reason'' (2003) * ''Community Policing in Nigeria: Rationale, Principles, and Practice'' (2021) Littafin ''Counter-Colonial Criminology'' ya yi tasiri sosai wajen ƙarfafa nazarin criminology daga mahangar Afirka da ƙasashen Kudancin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.africaknowledgeproject.org/index.php/erald/article/view/2311 |title=Review of Counter-Colonial Criminology: A Critique of Imperialist Reason |journal=Enriching Resource Document & Language Archive |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Ra’ayoyi == Agozino ya yi imanin cewa tsarin hukunci na zamani a ƙasashe da dama ya samo asali ne daga manufofin mulkin mallaka. Ya yi kira ga: * rage tsauraran hukunci, * gyaran tsarin ‘yan sanda, * adalci mai maido da haƙƙi (reparative justice), * da kuma decolonization na criminology. A wata takarda da ya wallafa a shekarar 2019, ya soki yadda dokokin Turai suka mamaye al’ummomi daban-daban a duniya ta hanyar mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2019.1651814 |title=Fuck the law: decolonizing nomophilitis with the discourse of love |journal=Globalizations |year=2020 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Tasiri == Masana da dama sun yaba wa gudummawar Agozino wajen bunƙasa African criminology da liberation criminology. An bayyana ayyukansa a matsayin wani muhimmin ƙalubale ga tsarin criminology na Yammacin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10612-021-09579-9 |title=Decolonizing Southern Criminology |journal=Critical Criminology |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tattaunawa kan gyaran aikin ‘yan sanda a Najeriya, musamman bayan muhawarar da ta biyo bayan zanga-zangar #EndSARS.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.vt.edu/articles/2022/01/univlib-community-policing-in-Nigeria.html |title=Four scholars publish book in effort to elevate democracy and reduce violence in Nigeria |website=Virginia Tech News |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://liberalarts.vt.edu/departments-and-schools/department-of-sociology/faculty/onwubiko-agozino.html Shafin Biko Agozino a Virginia Tech] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin laifuffuka]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a]] [[Category:Masu bincike daga Najeriya]] [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Living people]] 4ptiyy5k1nv1qe7gs3oeacvzufebxxh 0 152300 879221 840349 2026-07-08T22:41:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Milars Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda ake ambata cikin jerin sanannun kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Najeriya. An bayyana sunan ƙungiyar a cikin jerin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya da wasu shafukan wasanni na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Nigeria |title=List of football clubs in Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://goalballlive.com/football-clubs-in-nigeria/ |title=Football Clubs In Nigeria: See The Detailed List |website=Goalball Live |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref> Kungiyar na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ake dangantawa da tsarin ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya wanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Nigeria Football Federation]]. Duk da cewa bayanai masu yawa kan tarihin ƙungiyar ba su bayyana sosai a manyan kafafen yada labarai ba, an lissafa ta tare da sauran kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya masu rijista.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isagoal.com/list-of-teams-in-the-npfl/ |title=List Of Teams In The NPFL (Nigeria Professional Football League) |website=Isagoal |access-date=2026-05-26}}</ref> A wasu bayanan da suka shafi harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa da gudanarwa, an kuma ambaci wani kamfani mai suna '''Milars Football Concept Management Company Ltd''' wanda ke aiki a fannin kula da ‘yan wasa da harkokin kwallon kafa a Najeriya. Wannan ya nuna cewa sunan “Milars” yana da alaƙa da harkokin ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa da kula da matasa masu tasowa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.theplayersagent.com/company/3125 |title=MILARS FOOTBALL CONCEPT MANAGEMENT COMPANY LTD |website=The Players' Agent |access-date=2026-05-26 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] * [[MFM F.C.]] == Manazarta == g80pp8hyik35gvm6shhqhdzks8pwisn 0 152336 878963 840568 2026-07-08T13:18:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | clubname = Marine F.C. | fullname = Marine Football Club | nickname = The Mariners | founded = 1894 | ground = Rossett Park | capacity = 3,000+ | league = National League North | country = Ingila }} '''Marine Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Ingila da ke garin Crosby, Merseyside. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1894 kuma tana daga cikin tsofaffin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa masu zaman kansu a yankin arewacin Ingila. Ƙungiyar ta shahara sosai a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa saboda wasan sada zumunci da ta buga da tawagar Najeriya a shekarar 1949, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tarihin ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mickleoverfc.com/team/marine-fc/ |title=Marine – Mickleover Football Club |website=Mickleover FC |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref> A shekarar 1949, tawagar ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya ta kai rangadi zuwa Birtaniya domin buga wasannin sada zumunci da kungiyoyi daban-daban. Wasan farko da tawagar Najeriya ta buga shi ne da Marine F.C. a filin Rossett Park da ke Liverpool. Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 5–2 duk da cewa yawancin ‘yan wasan sun buga wasan ba tare da takalma ba, abin da ya ba mutane mamaki a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://soccernet.ng/2021/01/remembering-the-nigerian-team-that-made-history-at-marine-fc.html |title=Remembering The Nigerian Team That Made History At Marine FC |work=Soccernet.ng |date=2021-01-15 |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref> Wannan wasa tsakanin Marine F.C. da Najeriya ya kafa tarihin yawan masu kallo a filin Rossett Park na tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Rahotanni daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ingila sun nuna cewa kusan mutane 6,000 ne suka halarci wasan, wanda daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun lokuta a tarihin kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/marine/news/1949-fa-news-bulletin-changes-attendance-record-for-marine-2484054.html |title=1949 FA News Bulletin Changes Attendance Record for Marine |website=Marine FC Official Website |date=2019-11-06 |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref> Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa tawagar Najeriya ta isa Liverpool ne ta jirgin ruwa mai suna ''MV Apapa'' bayan tafiyar kusan makonni biyu daga Lagos. Daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan Najeriya da suka halarci wannan rangadi akwai Teslim Balogun, Titus Okere da Etim Henshaw. Wannan rangadi ya taimaka wajen kara shahara da bunkasar ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya a duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2020/10/12/this-day-in-history-first-nigeria-national-football-team-returns-home/ |title=This Day In History: First Nigeria National Football Team Returns Home |work=Sports Village Square |date=2020-10-12 |access-date=2026-05-27 |archive-date=2026-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312144125/https://sportsvillagesquare.com/2020/10/12/this-day-in-history-first-nigeria-national-football-team-returns-home/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marine F.C. ta ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin sanannun kungiyoyin ƙananan rukuni a Ingila. Kungiyar ta samu karin farin jini a shekarar 2021 lokacin da ta kara da Tottenham Hotspur a gasar FA Cup, wasan da ya jawo hankalin duniya baki daya saboda bambancin matakin kungiyoyin biyu.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://soccernet.ng/2021/01/remembering-the-nigerian-team-that-made-history-at-marine-fc.html |title=Remembering The Nigerian Team That Made History At Marine FC |work=Soccernet.ng |date=2021-01-15 |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Tarihi == Marine F.C. ta fara ne a matsayin kungiyar matasa a yankin Crosby da ke Merseyside. Kungiyar ta samu nasarori masu yawa a gasannin yankin arewacin Ingila tsawon shekaru masu yawa. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta taba kaiwa wasan karshe na FA Amateur Cup a shekarar 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mickleoverfc.com/team/marine-fc/ |title=Marine – Mickleover Football Club |website=Mickleover FC |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Dangantaka da Najeriya == Wasan da Marine F.C. ta buga da tawagar Najeriya a shekarar 1949 ana kallonsa a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman lokuta a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya. Hotuna da bidiyon wasan sun kasance daga cikin tsoffin bayanan tarihi da suka nuna yadda ‘yan wasan Najeriya suka taka rawar gani a duniya tun kafin samun ‘yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/dulwichhamlet/news/british-film-institute-releases-historic-film-of-dulwich-hamlet-taking-on-nigeria-in-1949-1538374.html |title=British Film Institute Releases Historic Film of Dulwich Hamlet Taking on Nigeria in 1949 |website=Dulwich Hamlet FC |date=2015-12-09 |access-date=2026-05-27}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya]] * [[Teslim Balogun]] * [[FA Cup]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] [[Category:Tarihin ƙwallon ƙafan Najeriya]] [[Category:An kafa su a 1894]] 7podsfckwpn7ba1mp9tip86jeczp3k7 0 152962 879169 842144 2026-07-08T19:10:59Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 879169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg|right|thumb|Taswirar Mayotte]] Baie de Bouéni babban bay ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin [[Faransa]] na Mayotte, a cikin Tsibirin Comoro da ke arewacin ƙarshen [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] Channel tsakanin ƙasar [[Gabashin Afirka]] ta Mozambique da [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Yana da kimanin kilomita 5 (3.1 a fadin bakinsa, da kuma kilomita 10 (6.2 a tsawon. An sanya shi yanki mai kariya a shekara ta 2007. == Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye == Yankin bakin teku na bayin yana da mafi girman yanki na mangroves a cikin tsibirin Comoro. Yana samar da tsayi game da kilomita 13 (8.1 tsawo kuma har zuwa mita 800 (2,600 fadi. An gano shi a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) ta BirdLife International saboda mangroves da mudflats na intertidal suna tallafawa yawan mutanen Madagascar, Mayotte drongos, Mayotte white-eyes, Mayotte sunbirds da jan-headed fodies. Har ila yau, gida ne ga mai haɗari da kuma mai haɗari na Robert Mertens.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Baie de Bouéni |url=http://www.birdlife.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710124603/http://www.birdlife.org/ |archive-date=2007-07-10 |access-date=2013-09-01 |website=Important Bird Areas factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5v9sd6wsd0vvi3fah1ptrkcrinqg1p0 0 153177 879297 861029 2026-07-09T04:57:49Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360749598|Ruzizi River]]" 879297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruzizi''' (kuma wani lokaci ana rubuta '''Rusizi''', [[Faransanci]] ; ''Rivière Ruzizi'' ; Dutch : ''Ruzizi Rivier'' ) kogi ne, {{Convert|117|km|mi}} tsayi, <ref name="Paleolimnological">{{Cite journal |last=Felton, Anna A. |last2=Russell |first2=James M. |last3=Cohen |first3=Andrew S. |last4=Baker |first4=Mark E. |last5=Chesley |first5=John T. |last6=Lezzar |first6=Kiram E. |last7=McGlue |first7=Michael M. |last8=Pigati |first8=Jeffrey S. |last9=Quade |first9=Jay |last10=Curt Stager |first10=J. |last11=Tiercelin |first11=Jean Jacques |year=2007 |title=Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=252 |issue=3–4 |page=405 |bibcode=2007PPP...252..405F |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003}}</ref> wanda ke gudana daga [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] zuwa [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], yana saukowa daga kimanin {{Convert|1500|m|ft}} zuwa kimanin {{Convert|770|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku a tsawonsa. <ref name="Google maps">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Google Maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778 |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> Mafi tsayin tsaunukan tsaunuka suna faruwa a cikin {{Convert|40|km|mi}}, inda aka gina madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki . Bugu da ƙari, [[Ruzizi Plain|filin Ruzizi]], ƙasan [[Kyautar Albertine|kwarin Rift na Yamma]], yana da tuddai masu laushi, kuma kogin yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Tanganyika ta cikin wani [[Delta|yanki mai faɗi]], tare da ƙananan tashoshi ɗaya ko biyu da suka rabu daga babban hanyar. <ref name="Google maps" /> Ruzizi wani [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] ne, wanda aka kafa kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata lokacin da dutsen wuta da ke da alaƙa da rifting na nahiyar ya haifar da Dutsen Virunga. Duwatsun sun toshe tsohuwar hanyar tafkin Kivu zuwa tafkin Nilu kuma a maimakon haka sun tilasta tafkin ya cika kudu zuwa Ruzizi da tafkin Congo. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Etreinte_des_Eaux,_Le_Lac_Tanganyika_et_la_Rivière_Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Kogin Ruzizi yana gudana cikin Tafkin Tanganyika]] Tare da isa ga sama, kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakar tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a gabas tare da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) a yamma.<ref name="Google maps" /> Bugu da ƙari, ya zama wani ɓangare na iyaka tsakanin DRC da [[Burundi]], kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin Burundi.<ref name="Google maps" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokoso |first=Jean De Dieu Mangambu |last2=Kavusa |first2=Kambale |last3=Sefu |first3=Aruna |last4=Milenge |first4=Ladislas Witanene |last5=Kiswele |first5=Prince Kaleme |date=31 March 2022 |title=Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 at Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika (Territory of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo): population census and conservation implications |url=https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Elewa.org/Journals |publisher=ELEWA |page=3 |issn=1997-5902}}</ref> A yamma, tsaunukan Fizi Baraka sun hasumiya a kan kogi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Mark |date=25 November 2004 |title=Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm |access-date=14 January 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Bridge of Concord, gada mafi tsawo a Burundi, ta haye kogi kusa da baki. Masu biyan haraji na Kogin Ruzizi sun haɗa da [[Kogin Nyamagana|Nyamagana]], [[Kogin Muhira|Muhira]], [[Kogin Kaburantwa|Kaburantwa]], [[Kogin Kagunuzi|Kagunuzi]], [[Kogin Rubyiro|Rubyiro]] da [[Kogin Ruhwa|Ruhwa]], da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acme Mapper (terrain) |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&z=12&t=R&marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Acme Labs}}</ref> Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudana a kudu zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika, yana daga cikin ruwan da ke saman Kogin Kongo. Masu binciken Burtaniya na ƙarni na goma sha tara kamar Richard Francis Burton da John Hanning Speke, ba su da tabbas game da hanyar Ruzizi, sun yi tunanin cewa yana iya gudana daga arewa daga tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]]. Binciken da suka yi da kuma binciken da David Livingstone da Henry Morton Stanley suka yi ya tabbatar da cewa wannan ba haka ba ne. Ruzizi yana gudana cikin Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda ke gudana cikin [[Kogin Lukuga]] kimanin kilomita 120 (75 kudu da Ujiji. Kogin Lukuga yana gudana zuwa yamma zuwa [[Kogin Lualaba]], babban mai ba da gudummawa na Kongo. 87fpn76om9yfxra52lpyuii6cgccsjd 879298 879297 2026-07-09T04:58:10Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruzizi''' (kuma wani lokaci ana rubuta '''Rusizi''', [[Faransanci]] ; ''Rivière Ruzizi'' ; Dutch : ''Ruzizi Rivier'' ) kogi ne, {{Convert|117|km|mi}} tsayi, <ref name="Paleolimnological">{{Cite journal |last=Felton, Anna A. |last2=Russell |first2=James M. |last3=Cohen |first3=Andrew S. |last4=Baker |first4=Mark E. |last5=Chesley |first5=John T. |last6=Lezzar |first6=Kiram E. |last7=McGlue |first7=Michael M. |last8=Pigati |first8=Jeffrey S. |last9=Quade |first9=Jay |last10=Curt Stager |first10=J. |last11=Tiercelin |first11=Jean Jacques |year=2007 |title=Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=252 |issue=3–4 |page=405 |bibcode=2007PPP...252..405F |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003}}</ref> wanda ke gudana daga [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] zuwa [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], yana saukowa daga kimanin {{Convert|1500|m|ft}} zuwa kimanin {{Convert|770|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku a tsawonsa. <ref name="Google maps">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Google Maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-3.364167,29.267778 |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> Mafi tsayin tsaunukan tsaunuka suna faruwa a cikin {{Convert|40|km|mi}}, inda aka gina madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki . Bugu da ƙari, [[Ruzizi Plain|filin Ruzizi]], ƙasan [[Kyautar Albertine|kwarin Rift na Yamma]], yana da tuddai masu laushi, kuma kogin yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Tanganyika ta cikin wani [[Delta|yanki mai faɗi]], tare da ƙananan tashoshi ɗaya ko biyu da suka rabu daga babban hanyar. <ref name="Google maps" /> Ruzizi wani [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] ne, wanda aka kafa kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata lokacin da dutsen wuta da ke da alaƙa da rifting na nahiyar ya haifar da Dutsen Virunga. Duwatsun sun toshe tsohuwar hanyar tafkin Kivu zuwa tafkin Nilu kuma a maimakon haka sun tilasta tafkin ya cika kudu zuwa Ruzizi da tafkin Congo. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[Fayil:Etreinte_des_Eaux,_Le_Lac_Tanganyika_et_la_Rivière_Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Kogin Ruzizi yana gudana cikin Tafkin Tanganyika]] Tare da isa ga sama, kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakar tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a gabas tare da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) a yamma.<ref name="Google maps" /> Bugu da ƙari, ya zama wani ɓangare na iyaka tsakanin DRC da [[Burundi]], kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin Burundi.<ref name="Google maps" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokoso |first=Jean De Dieu Mangambu |last2=Kavusa |first2=Kambale |last3=Sefu |first3=Aruna |last4=Milenge |first4=Ladislas Witanene |last5=Kiswele |first5=Prince Kaleme |date=31 March 2022 |title=Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 at Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika (Territory of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo): population census and conservation implications |url=https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Elewa.org/Journals |publisher=ELEWA |page=3 |issn=1997-5902}}</ref> A yamma, tsaunukan Fizi Baraka sun hasumiya a kan kogi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Mark |date=25 November 2004 |title=Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm |access-date=14 January 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Bridge of Concord, gada mafi tsawo a Burundi, ta haye kogi kusa da baki. Masu biyan haraji na Kogin Ruzizi sun haɗa da [[Kogin Nyamagana|Nyamagana]], [[Kogin Muhira|Muhira]], [[Kogin Kaburantwa|Kaburantwa]], [[Kogin Kagunuzi|Kagunuzi]], [[Kogin Rubyiro|Rubyiro]] da [[Kogin Ruhwa|Ruhwa]], da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acme Mapper (terrain) |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&z=12&t=R&marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Acme Labs}}</ref> Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudana a kudu zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika, yana daga cikin ruwan da ke saman Kogin Kongo. Masu binciken Burtaniya na ƙarni na goma sha tara kamar Richard Francis Burton da John Hanning Speke, ba su da tabbas game da hanyar Ruzizi, sun yi tunanin cewa yana iya gudana daga arewa daga tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]]. Binciken da suka yi da kuma binciken da David Livingstone da Henry Morton Stanley suka yi ya tabbatar da cewa wannan ba haka ba ne. Ruzizi yana gudana cikin Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda ke gudana cikin [[Kogin Lukuga]] kimanin kilomita 120 (75 kudu da Ujiji. Kogin Lukuga yana gudana zuwa yamma zuwa [[Kogin Lualaba]], babban mai ba da gudummawa na Kongo. ==manazarta== h91c286qofym2wgvgqg4d1s4mol1xfk 0 153330 879374 843109 2026-07-09T07:02:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Tana_River_County_in_Kenya.svg|thumb|Wurin yankin tana a Kenya.]] '''Mutanen Pokomo''' ƙabilar [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] ce ta kudu maso gabashin [[Kenya]] . Yawan jama'arsu a Kenya ya kai 112,075 a shekarar 2019. Su kabilanci ne daban-daban tare da nasu ƙananan kabilun / kabilun. Duk da kusanci da su, ba na Mutanen Mijikenda da ke kusa ba ne. Su galibi masu aikin gona ne kuma masu kamun kifi na ruwa da na teku da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Tana a cikin Kogin Tana. Suna magana da yaren Pokomo, wanda yayi kama da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]. Yawan mutanen Pokomo ya kasu kashi biyu: Upper Pokomo, wanda ya kai kashi 75% na yawan jama'a, da Lower Pokomo. Upper Pokomo galibi Musulmai ne, kuma sun kasance haka tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19. [[Harshen Pokomo|Ƙananan Pokomo]], waɗanda ke zaune tare da ƙananan ɓangaren Tana har zuwa delta, galibi Krista ne, suna juyawa zuwa addini a farkon karni na 20.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=People of Kenya: Pokomo |url=http://www.natural-track.com/pokomo.html |access-date=2013-04-18 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625074643/https://natural-track.com/pokomo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ethnologue ya nuna cewa kungiyar galibi Musulmi ce. == Ƙungiyoyin == A cikin "History of Linguistics: Case Study of Tana River", Dereke Nurse ya tabbatar da cewa Pokomo suna ɗaukar kansu da yarensu kamar yadda za a iya raba su zuwa Lower (LP) da Upper Pokomo (UP). {{Sfn|Nurse|1983}} Mutanen da yaren kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na arewacin Kogin Tana zuwa Garisa an san su da Malakote (wanda aka fi sani da Ilwana ko El-Wana). Malakote ya bambanta sosai daga UP da LP. Ko da rabuwa ta hanyoyi biyu UP: LP wani bangare ne na wucin gadi. Babban hutu yana faruwa a kusa da Abena, amma waɗannan kuma isoglosses ne na ciki wanda ke raba UP da LP. Wasu daga cikin wadannan haɗin da ke kusa da UP da LP. A cikin Pokomo, bambancin harshe mai yawa yana faruwa a kowane mataki: lexical, phonological da morphological. Duk da karamin girman al'ummar Pokomo, aƙalla bambancin ciki ya raba UP da LP kamar yadda sanduna biyu na Malakote Community mai tsawon kilomita 150. Van Otterloo yayi la'akari da matakin kamanceceniya tsakanin UP da LP kamar yadda yake tsakanin Giriama da Digo. UP da LP suna magana da juna a matsayin harsuna "makonni biyu"; wato, suna ɗaukar makonni biyu don koyo, amma Malakote, a cikin UP ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "harshe na watanni biyu". Wannan ya nuna cewa Pokomo ba wani ɓangare ne na al'ummar Mijikenda ba, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan kabilun tara, Kauma, Chonyi, Jibana, Giriama, Kambe, Ribe, Rabai, Duruma da Digo. An raba Pokomo zuwa ƙabilu goma sha ɗaya (11): shida a cikin UP (Mila Julu) da biyar a cikin LP (Mila Nchini). Kalmar ''Mila'' tana nufin "al'ada"; ''julu'', ''nchini'' da ''kote'' suna nufin "sama", "ƙasa" da "duka biyu" bi da bi; saboda haka kalmar ''milajulu'' tana nufin al'adar Upper Pokomo da ''milanchini'' zuwa al'adar Lower Pokomo. Don haka, ''Milakote'' (wanda ya canza zuwa ''Malakote'' ) yana nufin al'ada daga ɓangarorin biyu (a nan yana nufin al'adar Pokomo da Orma/Somalis/Borana). === Upper Pokomo (Wantu wa Julu: "Milajulu") === Dukkanin dangin UP suna zaune a gefen kogi da kuma cikin yankin daga kogi a bangarorin biyu a ƙauyukan da ke kan ƙananan tuddai, mai yiwuwa don kauce wa ambaliyar kogi. Yankunan gona suna cikin kogi a bangarorin biyu na kogi wanda ke da matsakaicin mil 3 ko har sai gonakin sun taɓa ƙasa mai yashi. * Milalulu (suna kusa da kogi daga ƙauyen Rhoka a arewa zuwa ƙauyen Bohoni) * Zubaki (yawanci ana samun su daga ƙauyen Chewani zuwa ƙauyen Lenda); * Ndura (suna cikin ƙauyen Kelokelo zuwa ƙauyen Maweni da Mazuni) * Kinankomba (daga Boji da Bububu zuwa Kilindini) * Gwano (daga ƙauyen Wenje zuwa ƙauyen Baomo da Hara) * Ndera (daga ƙauyen Mnazini zuwa ƙauyen Sera) == Manazarta == qkxfsynmwzoh6h3ghyt0cic2vlkuacg 3 153569 879442 843659 2026-07-09T09:45:22Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Bozqurd77]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Shovgu]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bozqurd77|Bozqurd77]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shovgu|Shovgu]]" 843659 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bozqurd77! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bozqurd77|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC) schk4gy2698eap3yzq2k2y8xufx87aj 0 153753 879125 844221 2026-07-08T18:45:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eric Matthew Elliott''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1968) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a matsayin dan tsakiya sannan kuma mai tsaron baya ga [[Jami'ar Michigan]] daga 1988 zuwa 1991. Ya fara da wasanni 35 a Michigan kuma an zaba shi a matsayin All-American a 1991. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a matsayin cibiyar da kuma mai tsaro a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) don Washington Redskins a 1992 da kuma Carolina Panthers daga 1995 zuwa 1997. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Elliott a Carmel, Indiana, a shekarar 1968. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Carmel.<ref name="PFR"/> == Jami'ar Michigan == Elliott ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1987 kuma ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga ƙungiyar ƙwallonallon ƙafa ta Michigan Wolverines daga 1988 zuwa 1991.<ref name="Roster">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Football Roster Database |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/rosters/football.php |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 11, tara a hannun dama da biyu a hannun hagu, ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Michigan Wolverines ta 1989 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2 kuma an sanya ta # 7 a cikin AP Poll na karshe a kakar Bo Schembechler a matsayin kocin a Michigan. <ref name="t89">{{Cite web |title=1989 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1989fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Yayinda yake ƙarami, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, hudu a hagu kuma takwas a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1990 wacce ta tara rikodin 9-3 kuma ta kasance # 7 a cikin AP Poll na ƙarshe.<ref name="t90">{{Cite web |title=1990 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1990fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya fara kakar wasa a hannun hagu, amma an tura shi zuwa tsakiya bayan Steve Everitt ya karya ƙafarsa a nasarar Michigan ta 45-17 a kan Maryland. An kira Elliott co-MVP na 1991 Gator Bowl a ƙarshen ƙaramin lokacinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan's Bowl Game History: 1991 Gator Bowl |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1991gatr.htm |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Elliott ya fara dukkan wasanni 12, takwas a hagu da hudu a tsakiya, ga ƙungiyar Michigan ta 1991 wacce ta tara rikodin 10-2, ta lashe gasar Big Ten, kuma an sanya ta # 6 a cikin AP Poll na karshe.<ref name="t91">{{Cite web |title=1991 Football Team |url=https://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/fbteam/1991fbt.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |publisher=University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library}}</ref> Elliott ya sake fara kakar a hannun hagu, amma ya koma tsakiya na wasanni hudu bayan Steve Everitt ya sha wahala a wasan Notre Dame a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1991. A ƙarshen kakar, an zaba shi a matsayin dan wasan farko na All-American da kuma dan wasan farko All-Big Ten . <ref name="t91" /> == Harkar Kwallon ƙafa == Washington Redskins ne suka zaba Elliott a zagaye na 12 (na 336th overall pick) na shirin NFL na 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=1992 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne zabin karshe a zagaye na karshe na shirin, wanda ya ba shi sunan Mr. Irrelevant. Duk da sunan, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, biyu a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins a lokacin kakar 1992.<ref name="PFR"/> Ya shafe kakar 1993 a kan raunin da ya ji, kuma an yanke shi yayin sansanin horo a shekarar 1994.<ref name="thank">{{Cite news |date=August 4, 1994 |title=Elliott get a chance to thank the Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19950804&id=UFMgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U88EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6530,596685&hl=en |work=Herald-Journal, Spartanburg, SC |page=B4}}</ref> A lokacin kakar NFL ta 1994, Elliott bai iya sanya hannu tare da wata kungiyar NFL ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto wanda ke rufe wasannin Washington Redskins kuma a matsayin mai sharhi na launi don wasannin kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare a Loudoun County, Virginia . A shekara ta 1995, Elliott ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo kuma ya sanya hannu tare da Carolina Panthers . Lokacin da aka sanar da shi a matsayin mai farawa ga Panthers a lokacin kakar wasa ta 1995, Elliott ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan kamar labari" da kuma "mafarki ya cika". Shi ne mai tsaron dama na Panthers na farko a wasanni 14 a lokacin kakar 1995. A shekara mai zuwa, ya bayyana a wasanni 16 na yau da kullun, 12 a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin cibiyar da kuma hagu na hagu na ƙungiyar Carolina Panthers ta 1996 wacce ta tara rikodin 12-4, ta lashe NFC West, kuma ta rasa Green Bay Packers a wasan NFC Championship . <ref name="PFR">{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/ElliMa20.htm |access-date=April 7, 2015 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference LLC}}</ref> An kira shi "Lego Man" a cikin 1996 saboda ya fara a tsakiya da kuma mai tsaro kuma ya buga wasu a tackle.<ref name="SN">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 1997 |title=Castoffs and retreads are at the heart of upstart Panthers |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19970112&id=WrAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RhUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3536,3816713&hl=en |page=2C}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta karshe ta NFL, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 16, shida a matsayin mai farawa, a matsayin mai tsaron hagu na Panthers na 1997.<ref name="PFR" /> Yayinda yake wasa ga Carolina, Elliott ya kafa Fatguy Charities don tara kuɗi ga yara. A cikin lokutan NFL guda hudu, Elliott ya bayyana a wasanni 63, 34 a matsayin mai farawa, ga Redskins da Panthers. <ref name="PFR"/> Ya yi wasa mafi tsawo a cikin NFL fiye da kowane dan wasan da ya gabata wanda ya ɗauki sunan "Mr. Irrelevant". == Shekarun baya-baya == Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Elliott ya rufe NFL Turai a kan Fox Sports da wasannin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a kan ESPN . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Elliott |url=http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |access-date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=MVP Sports Media Training |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413124748/http://www.sportsmediatraining.com/mvp-team/advisory-board/matt-elliott |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Elliott yana zaune a Warsaw, Indiana, tare da matarsa, Kristin . Ɗansa mai shekaru shida, Max, yana fama da cutar sankara a wannan lokacin.<ref name="IR">{{Cite news |last=Andrea Adelson |date=April 24, 2006 |title=Son's battle now makes Elliott Mr. Relevant |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2006-04-24-elliott-son-feature_x.htm |work=USA Today (AP story)}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7up6j81u9joe5qrupyj86rhyzancy3d 0 153789 879081 862541 2026-07-08T17:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirye-shiryen: Ruwa''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa, wacce ba ta gwamnati ba wacce aka sadaukar da ita don karfafa ruwa, tsaftacewa, da iyawar tsabta a yankuna masu tasowa da yankunan rikici don inganta lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rural Water Supply Network |title=RWSN-Initiative: Eau |url=http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/member-organisations/details/103 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raptim |title=Raptim- 55 Water NGOs You Should Know |url=https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020123134/https://www.raptim.org/55-water-ngos-know/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Initiative: Eau |title=Initiative: Eau Intro |url=https://www.initiativeeau.org/#ieau-intro |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin 2013, Initiative: Eau yana da hedkwata a Washington, DC, Amurka tare da ofishinsa na yanki na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]]. Kungiyar tana cikin Matsayi na Musamman tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun daga shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council |title=Decision 2017/217 Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.ecosoc/files/documents/2017/decision.2017.217.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee on NGOs |title=Commencing 2018 Regular Session, Non-Governmental Organization Committee Recommends Status for 95 Groups, Defers Action on 37 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ecosoc6878.doc.htm |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Shirin: Ruwa memba ne na Sanitation da Ruwa ga Duka, Ƙungiyar Ruwa ta Duniya, Cibiyar Sadarwar Ruwa ta Karkara, da Cibiyar Sashen Duniya na Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a don Rage Bala'i.<ref name="telescope">{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives community development grant from U.S. Embassy Ouagadougou |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-community-development-grant-from-u-s-embassy-ouagadougou/190715 |access-date=July 30, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Fasaha Innovation daga International Society for Neglected Tropical Diseases (ISNTD) Taron Ruwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don WASHMobile, wanda ya riga shirin H2Odata.city na yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamran Rafiq |title=ISNTD Water 2016 - Meeting report |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/isntd-water-2016-meeting-report-kamran-rafiq/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> An sanya wa kungiyar suna "2019 Top-Rated Nonprofit" ta GreatNonprofits kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Platinum ta 2020 daga GuideStar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GreatNonprofits |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://greatnonprofits.org/org/initiative-eau |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GuideStar |title=Initiative: Eau |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-3599128 |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shirin: Donald Joseph Brooks da Christina Long ne suka kafa Eau a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2013 a Bangor, Maine, Amurka. Su biyun sun kirkiro shirin ne bayan gabatarwa a makarantar sakandare da ke kwatanta [[Rashin ruwa|Rikicin Ruwa]] a Burkina Faso. Shirin: An samo ruwa daga jerin tseren hanyar sadaka na kilomita 5 wanda ya faru a Maine da arewacin Massachusetts.<ref name="MCB">{{Cite web |last=Harvard University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology |title=UNDERGRADUATE INITIATIVES: I: EAU |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/education/undergraduate-initiatives-i-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agustan 2016, kungiyar tana da ma'aikata 14 a fadin nahiyoyi uku.<ref name="MCB"/> == Ayyukan da suka gabata == '''H2Odata.city''' H2OData.city wani aikin dorewar ababen more rayuwa ne na ruwa don inganta sa ido kan ababen more more rayuwa na gida da kuma iyawa ta hanyar horo da kuma alhakin hukumomin kulawa. Wani misali na aikin a Fada N'gourma, [[Burkina Faso]] mai suna H2Odata.city.fada kwanan nan an ba da kuɗin ta hanyar tallafin ci gaban al'umma daga Ofishin Jakadancin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] zuwa Burkina Faso a [[Ouagadougou]] da kuma wani daga Gidauniyar Duniya.<ref name="telescope"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Daily Telescope |title=Initiative: Eau receives grant from the International Foundation for H2Odata.city.fada |url=https://www.dailytelescope.com/initiative-eau-receives-grant-from-the-international-foundation-for-h2odata-city-fada/191059 |access-date=August 8, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana sa ran aikin zai haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin adadin lalacewar tushen ruwa da raguwar 83% a cikin yawan lokacin da tushen ruwa ya kasance ba ya aiki bayan ya fashe a cikin birni. Foire de l'Eau The Foire de la Eau wani taron shekara-shekara ne wanda Initiative: Ruwa da Gidauniyar BARKA suka shirya. An gudanar da taron na farko tsakanin 21 da 25 Maris 2018 a Fada N'gourma, kuma shi ne taron Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya na Burkina Faso.<ref>{{Cite web |last=African Water Association |title=COMMÉMORATION DE LA JOURNÉE MONDIALE DE L'EAU : UNE FOIRE ORGANISÉE À FADA N'GOURMA |url=https://afwa-hq.org/fichiers/afwanews/MAGAZINE-AfWA-NEWS-121avril2018.pdf |access-date=July 30, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An shirya shi tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa ciki har da Eau Vive, WaterAid, Hukumar Ruwa ta Gourma, Ofishin Ruwa da Ruwa na Kasa (ONEA), [[UNICEF]], da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya ta Burkina Faso. Wannan taron ya yi niyyar inganta hadin kai da hadin gwiwa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban na Burkinabè ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta (WASH).<ref>{{Cite web |last=allAfrica |title=Burkina Faso: Foire de l'eau à Fada - "Fondation Barka" et "Initiative Eau" conjuguent leurs efforts |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201803290287.html |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eau Vive Internationale |title=Burkina Faso : 1ère édition de la Foire de l'Eau |url=http://www.eau-vive.org/fr/internationale/actus/burkina-faso-1ere-edition-de-la-foire-de-l-eau/ |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=World Waternet |title=The first Foire de l'Eau in Fada n'Gourma |url=https://www.wereldwaternet.nl/en/blogs/ewoud--l-agence-de-leau-du-gourma/ |access-date=July 30, 2018 |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711035409/https://www.wereldwaternet.nl/en/blogs/ewoud--l-agence-de-leau-du-gourma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 0h0686e7b3hgkz7nucg1b51bleo6a3g 0 154679 878990 846775 2026-07-08T16:08:07Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 878990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Brazil Child Health (Associação Saúde Criança kuma tsohon Renascer) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Brazil wacce ke aiki don karya sake zagayowar sake dawo da asibiti na yara marasa lafiya daga ƙananan kudaden shiga.<ref name=":0">About us. Brazil Child Health</ref> Ya fahimci cewa cututtuka ba kawai batutuwan ilmin halitta ba ne amma sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke kara tsanantawa da ci gaba da cutar<ref name=":0" />. Don wucewa bayan magani da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar mai haƙuri na dogon lokaci, Associação Saúde Criança ta goyi bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya na biopsychosocial wanda ke ba da cikakken kulawa bayan asibiti kuma yana da niyyar fitar da iyali daga talauci. Tana da ofishin da ke zaune a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ƙarƙashin sunan Brazil Child Health wanda ba riba ba ne 501 (c) (3) kuma yana daidaita tara kudade na kasa da kasa don kungiyar.<ref name="BCH">{{Cite web |title=Brazil Child Health |url=http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513221308/http://brazilchildhealth.org/ |archive-date=2012-05-13 |access-date=2012-03-29}}</ref> == Tarihi == Associação Saúde Criança an kafa ta ne a cikin 1991 ta hanyar Vera Cordeiro . <ref>{{In lang|pt}} [http://www.saudecrianca.org.br/e-paper/ Saúde Criança E-book]{{Dead link|date=November 2016}}</ref> Yayinda take likita a sashen yara a asibitin da Lagoa a [[Rio de Janeiro]], ta ga yawancin marasa lafiya sun fada cikin sake zagayowar asibiti, magani, sallamawa, sake kamuwa da cuta, da sake asibiti. Ta fahimci cewa maganin da aka ba ta asibiti ba shi da tasiri idan marasa lafiya sun koma yanayin da ya sa su rashin lafiya da farko.<ref>Bornstein, David. How To Change The World: Social Entrepreneurs and The Power of New Ideas. Oxford University Press, NY: 2004, {{ISBN|0-19-513805-8}}</ref> A mayar da martani, ta fara Associação Saúde Criança daga gidanta tare da 'yan sa kai kaɗan don samar wa iyalai abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiyaye su lafiya a waje da asibiti, kamar abinci, tufafi, da tallafin kuɗi. Saúde Criança tun daga lokacin ya fadada, tare da cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi wanda ke kewaye da jihohi shida a Brazil. An yi bikin kokarinsa a Brazil da kuma kasashen duniya. == Tarihin iyali == Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyalai daga wasu unguwanni mafi talauci a Rio de Janeiro da duk faɗin Brazil. Iyalin da shirin ke taimakawa sun fito ne daga favela kuma suna rayuwa cikin talauci ba tare da samun damar samun albarkatun gwamnati ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, cututtukan kiwon lafiya masu tsanani da na dogon lokaci suna da mummunar sakamako mai tsawo ba kawai a kan lafiyar iyali ba har ma da jin daɗin ta gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa, yanke shawara don siyan magani ko ci gaba da magani ga yaro mara lafiya yana nufin rashin iya siyan abinci ga sauran iyalin. Ko da an sayi magunguna masu tsada, ba su da tasiri lokacin da yaron ya koma hanyoyin da ba su da kyau da kuma gidaje masu ƙuntatawa waɗanda ke cikin yawancin gidaje a cikin favela. Don haka, iyalai sun zama matalauta, a cikin kudi da kuma ruhu, yayin da yanayin lafiyarsu ya tsaya ko ma ya kara muni. == Hanyar da ake amfani da ita == Hanyar Saúde Criança ta kewaye da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, tsarin shekaru 2 wanda ke tsara dukkan manyan burin da iyali ya kamata ya yi niyyar cimma a fannonin gidaje, samar da kudin shiga, ilimi, zama ɗan ƙasa, da kiwon lafiya. An halicce shi jim kadan bayan an gano dangin kuma an tura shi zuwa Saúde Criança daga asibitin haɗin gwiwa. Masu sa kai na Saúde Criança sun yi hira da iyalin don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da asalinsa kuma tare suka kafa manufofin shirin. Kodayake kowane shirin an tsara shi ne don bukatun kowane mutum na iyalai, Saúde Criança yana riƙe da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin da kowane iyali dole ne ya cimma don a ɗauke shi lafiya da kuma kammala karatu daga shirin. Manufofin da dabarun sun bambanta dangane da yankin kiwon lafiya da suke magance. * Lafiya: Saúde Criança tana aiki tare da iyali kuma tana ba da abinci na musamman, magani, da tallafin fasaha don tabbatar da cewa ana kula da rashin lafiya mai tsanani ko mai tsanani na yaro. Babban burin shi ne cewa kowane yaro a cikin iyali yana cikin yanayi mai gamsarwa, kamar yadda asibitin ya bayyana. * Gidaje: Gidajen da ke cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ba a cikin wuraren haɗari ba ana gyara su ta amfani da kayan aiki da aikin da Saúde Criança ta bayar. Manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa gidaje suna da abubuwan more rayuwa na asali, kamar samun damar samun ruwa, datti, bangon da aka fentin, da rufin ba tare da leakages ba, don samar da yanayin da ya dace da lafiyar yaro. * Ƙarshen kuɗi: 'Yan uwaye (musamman uwaye) suna shiga cikin darussan horar da ƙwararru, bisa ga ƙwarewarsu da abubuwan da suke so. Babban manufar ita ce koyar da ƙwarewar kasuwa ga iyalai don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma mafi girma a lokacin kammala karatun. Saúde Criança tana ba da bita a ciki don ƙwarewar ƙwararru da kuma samun damar darussan da kungiyoyi na waje suka bayar. Bugu da ƙari, Saúde Criança tana ba da kayan aiki da sauran albarkatu don tallafawa ci gaban kasuwanci. * Citizenship: Saúde Criança yana sauƙaƙa iyalai wajen samun takardun rajista na hukuma don su sami damar shirye-shiryen sabis na zamantakewa na gwamnati. Iyalai kuma suna karɓar shawarar shari'a a cikin batutuwa kamar mallakar ƙasa, saki, da kuma nau'ikan rikice-rikice daban-daban na shari'a. * Ilimi: Iyaye suna halartar laccoci na ilimi da rigakafi kan batutuwa kamar abinci mai gina jiki, tsabta, tashin hankali da haɗarin gida, ci gaban jarirai, matasa, tsara iyali, cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], da kulawa ta asali. Bugu da kari, duk yara a cikin iyali tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 17 dole ne su shiga makaranta. == Tasirin == Wani Bincike na Tasirin Tsawon Lokaci, wanda Jami'ar Georgetown ta gudanar a cikin 2013, ya bincika iyalai masu taimako shekaru uku zuwa biyar bayan ranar ƙarshe ta Shirin Ayyukan Iyali. Binciken ya nuna karuwar kashi 92% a cikin kudin shiga na iyali da kuma karuwar sama da kashi 90% a cikin mallakar gida. Akwai karuwa a cikin kashi na iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mai kyau" ko "mai kyau sosai," daga 9.6% kafin ASC zuwa 51.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. A lokaci guda, an sami raguwar kashi 73% a cikin adadin iyalai da ke nuna lafiyarsu a matsayin "mummunan" ko "mummunan," daga 56.0% kafin ASC zuwa 15.2% bayan kammala karatun ASC. Binciken ya kuma gano raguwar kashi 86% a cikin matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da yara suka kwashe a asibiti, tare da raguwar farashi ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. == Faɗakarwa == Kwarewar nasarar Shirin Ayyukan Iyali tare da iyalai da aka ambata daga Asibitin da Lagoa, Asibitin Maternity Maria Amélia Buarque de Holanda da Cibiyar Nazarin Cardiology ta Kasa - cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na Saúde Criança - sun ja hankalin wasu kungiyoyi da cibiyoyi a Brazil da kasashen waje. Don yada shekaru 26 na gogewa tare da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, Saúde Criança yana gudanar da kimantawa na dindindin, rikodin bayanai da bayanai, kuma yana kula da tsari da ci gaban kowane iyali da aka yi amfani da shi. An riga an sake maimaita hanyar a cikin kungiyoyi 24 da ke aiki tare da asibitoci da sauran sassan jama'a a jihohin Brazil da yawa, kuma an daidaita su da shirin ci gaban ɗan adam ta birnin Belo Horizonte. Hakanan za'a iya daidaita hanyar zuwa wasu ma'aikata da al'adu inda talauci shine ƙalubale. Yana ba da horo, horo da musayar ga mutanen da ke da sha'awar aiwatar da Shirin Ayyukan Iyali, da kuma ɗalibai da masu sana'a daga jami'o'i a Brazil da ƙasashen waje. ASC tana saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da ci gaban hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don amfani da hanyar, tana ba da sabis na shawarwari, tana gudanar da tarurruka da tarurruki tare da 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, kamfanoni, tushe da gwamnatoci. Ta wannan hanyar, tana neman fadadawa da musayar ra'ayoyi da shawarwari don kirkire-kirkire a cikin kiwon lafiya da canjin zamantakewa. A halin yanzu, ana aiki don canja wurin shirin zuwa kungiyoyi a Amurka da [[Portugal]]. Bugu da kari, Shirin ya zama wahayi don aiwatar da shirye-shirye a Afirka, Asiya, Latin Amurka da Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gm4knflz5ules1ptzzz4sxr8wbn6ct7 0 154811 879410 847079 2026-07-09T08:39:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Nahal_Paran_Estuary.jpg|thumb|Nahal Paran Estuary hoton sama]] '''Nahal Paran''' (Ibraniyawa: נחל Mouhan, lit. 'Paran Stream') wani rafi ne na yanayi a Yankin Sinai na Masar da kuma hamadar Negev ta [[Misra|Misira]]'ila . Tare da tsawon kilomita 150, ita ce ta uku mafi girma a [[Isra'ila]] bayan Kogin Urdun da Kogin Yarmouk. Har ila yau, ita ce hanya mafi girma a [[Isra'ila]]. == Ilimin ruwa == Asalin kogin yana cikin hamadar Paran na yankin Sinai, kuma yana gudana cikin bakin kogin Nahal HaArava . Ruwa yana samuwa ne kawai a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan shi ne kogin da ya fi girma a cikin kwandon ruwa, tare da yanki na dubban murabba'in kilomita, yana haifar da manyan jiragen sama waɗanda ke raba arewacin Negev da tsaunukan Eilat na kudu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wohl |first=Ellen E. |last2=Greenbaum |first2=Noam |last3=Schick |first3=Ascher P. |last4=Baker |first4=Victor R. |year=1994 |title=Controls on bedrock channel incision along nahal paran, Israel |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1002/esp.3290190102}}</ref> A baya, a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar sauran manyan koguna a Negev, Nahal paran zai mamaye hanyar Arava (babban hanyar zuwa Eilat), har sai an gina gada a kan kogi. Kogin yana da mafi girman rikodin ruwa a Isra'ila na 1,150 cubic mita a kowace dakika a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1970. A cikin shekara ta 2014, rikodin ya karya ta hanyar kwarara na 1,280 cubic mita a kowace dakika da aka auna a Zin. Don kwatanta, matsakaicin kwarara a cikin Kogin Urdun shine 16 cubic mita a kowace dakika. Ruwa na ƙasa kusa da kogin yana ba da ruwan sha ga al'ummomi a cikin hamadar Arava. Wannan ruwa yana da babban gishiri kuma yana fuskantar desalination. == Geology da geomorphology == Binciken ilimin ƙasa da na geomorphological da aka gudanar tare da Nahal Paran ya nuna cewa tashar rafin tana fama da mummunan rauni. Wannan tsari na yankan yana sarrafawa sosai ta hanyar takamaiman lithology na yankin (halayen dutse), aikin tectonic da ke da alaƙa da Canjin Tekun Gishiri, da saukowar yanki a matakin tushe.<ref name="eew">{{Cite journal |last=Wohl |first=Ellen E. |last2=Greenbaum |first2=Noam |last3=Schick |first3=Asher P. |last4=Baker |first4=Victor R. |date=February 1994 |title=Controls on bedrock channel incision along nahal paran, Israel |url=https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/0028323926 |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1002/esp.3290190102 |issn=0197-9337}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, nazarin kimiyya game da yanayin hyperarid da ke kewaye da ruwa ya nuna cewa asarar watsawa, inda ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ya nutse cikin ruwa mai zurfi, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halayyar ruwa na rafin, kai tsaye yana shafar jigilar turɓaya da gyaran tashar yayin manyan abubuwan ambaliyar.<ref name="eew"/> == Ci gaban yanki da noma == Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da kuma tafkin ƙasa na Nahal Paran suna da alaƙa da ƙauyuka da ci gaba a cikin hamadar Arava. Moshav Paran, wata al'umma mai noma da aka kafa a yankin a cikin shekarun 1970s, ta dogara sosai da kula da ruwan kasa na yankin da kuma ababen more rayuwa na gida. Asusun Ƙasar Yahudawa (KKL-JNF) ya kasance yana da hannu sosai wajen aiwatar da hanyoyin sarrafa ruwa da tallafawa fadada ci gaban aikin gona da kayan aikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moshav Paran - Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael - KKL-JNF |url=http://https//kkl-jnf.org%2fpeople-and-environment%2fcommunity-development%2farava%2fmoshav-paran%2f |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=https |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == 74wujzcw1e37d64izighxb6j7k5kas5 0 154975 878992 847443 2026-07-08T16:09:41Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 878992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hamadar kiwon lafiya kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana yankunan da yawan jama'arsu ba su da isasshen damar samun kiwon lafiya.[1] Ba wai kawai an bayyana hamada ta hanyar nesa ba har ma da kasancewar masu samarwa. Ko da akwai asibiti, ƙila babu isasshen likitoci ko kwararru don biyan bukatun jama'a. Wannan yana haifar da dogon lokaci na jira da jinkirin karɓar kulawa. A sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke zaune a waɗannan yankuna galibi suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya, gami da yawan cututtukan da ba su da tsanani, yanayin da za a iya hanawa, da mutuwa. Ana iya amfani da kalmar ko rashin kiwon lafiya na gaba ɗaya ne ko a cikin takamaiman filin, kamar haƙori ko magunguna.[2] Ana amfani dashi da farko don bayyana yankunan karkara kodayake wani lokacin ana amfani dashi ga yankunan birane.[2] Shingen kamar sufuri, farashi, da karancin masu ba da sabis suma suna hana mutane da yawa samun damar sabis na kiwon lafiya a kai a kai. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga ma'anar irin wannan hamadar abinci.[1] == Amurka == Kimanin Amurkawa miliyan 30, da yawa a [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]] na kasar, suna rayuwa aƙalla minti 60 daga asibiti tare da sabis na kula da rauni.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Carr |first=Brendan |last2=Bowman |first2=Ariel |last3=Wolff |first3=Catherine |last4=Mullen |first4=Michael T. |last5=Holena |first5=Daniel |last6=Branas |first6=Charles C. |last7=Wiebe |first7=Douglas |date=2017 |title=Disparities in Access to Trauma Care in the United States: A Population-Based Analysis |journal=Injury |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=332–338 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.008 |issn=0020-1383 |pmc=5292279 |pmid=28069138}}</ref> Misali, yankunan karkara a jihohi kamar Mississippi, [[West Virginia]], da wasu sassan [[Texas]] sun fuskanci rufe asibiti, suna barin mazauna ba tare da kulawa ta gaggawa ba. A wasu lokuta, mutane dole ne su yi tafiya sama da awa daya don isa asibitin da ya fi kusa. Wannan nisan yana haifar da ƙalubale masu tsanani, musamman a lokacin gaggawa lokacin da lokaci yake da mahimmanci. Ƙayyadadden damar yin amfani da sabis na dakin gaggawa, da kuma ƙwararrun likitoci, yana haifar da karuwar Yawan mace-mace da matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci, kamar cututtukan zuciya da [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor Access to a Trauma Center Linked to Higher Prehospital Death Rates in More Than Half of U.S. States |url=https://www.facs.org/media/press-releases/2018/hashmihaider102218 |access-date=2020-04-24 |website=American College of Surgeons |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Rural Health Care - NRHA |url=https://www.ruralhealthweb.org/about-nrha/about-rural-health-care |access-date=2020-04-24 |website=www.ruralhealthweb.org}}</ref> Medicare, Medicaid, da marasa lafiya marasa inshora ba su da tabbas fiye da wasu su rayu cikin sa'a daya daga dakin gaggawa na asibiti.<ref name="auto" /> Tun daga shekara ta 1975, asibitoci sama da 1,000, da yawa a yankunan karkara, sun rufe ƙofofin su saboda ba su iya ɗaukar kuɗin kulawa ga marasa lafiya marasa inshora ba.[1] Hadarin rufe asibitoci yana ƙaruwa a tsawon shekaru kamar yadda kusan asibitocin karkara 700 ke cikin haɗarin rufewa saboda matsalolin kuɗi kamar ƙananan marasa lafiya da rashin isasshen biyan kuɗi daga tsare-tsaren inshora.[2] Wannan ya buƙaci wasu marasa lafiya a kowace jiha su tuka akalla awa daya zuwa dakin gaggawa na asibiti. Matsalar ta haifar da haɗari mafi girma a lokacin annobar COVID-19, lokacin da marasa lafiya da ke cikin matsalar numfashi ke buƙatar iskar oxygen cikin gaggawa kuma ba za su iya samun sa'a na motar asibiti don isa asibiti ba.[3] Baya ga matsalolin kudi na yanzu da ke fuskantar masu ba da kiwon lafiya na karkara, rashin daidaito a cikin kiwon lafiya a karkara ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar ƙarancin adadin sabbin likitoci da ke neman matsayi a yankunan karkara. Likitoci da yawa sun ƙi yin aiki a yankunan karkara saboda dalilai kamar ƙananan albashi kuma kusan 11% na likitoci suna aiki a yankuna na karkara.[4] An yi hasashen cewa za a sami karancin likitocin kulawa ta farko sama da 20,000 da ke zaune a yankunan karkara nan da shekara ta 2025.[5] Kodayake an mayar da hankali a yankunan karkara, hamadar kiwon lafiya ta wanzu a cikin birane da yankunan da ke kusa da birane, musaman a cikin yankunan ƙididdigar Black-mafi yawan jama'a a Birnin [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles]], da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]].<ref name="auto6">{{Cite journal |last=Tung |first=Elizabeth L. |last2=Hampton |first2=David A. |last3=Kolak |first3=Marynia |last4=Rogers |first4=Selwyn O. |last5=Yang |first5=Joyce P. |last6=Peek |first6=Monica E. |date=2019-03-01 |title=Race/Ethnicity and Geographic Access to Urban Trauma Care |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=e190138 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.0138 |pmc=6484639 |pmid=30848804 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, sufuri yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Mutane da yawa a cikin hamada na kiwon lafiya ba su da damar samun mota ko sufuri na jama'a. Ba tare da sufuri ba, har ma da sabis na kiwon lafiya na kusa na iya zama ba za a iya isa ba. Wannan batun yana shafar yawan mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga, tsofaffi, da mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan da ke buƙatar ziyarar akai-akai. Littattafan kiwon lafiya da ke magance bambancin kiwon lafiya a cibiyoyin birane sun yi amfani da kalmar hamada ta kiwon lafiya ga yankunan da suka fi mil biyar daga wurin kulawa mafi kusa.<ref name="auto6" /> Bambancin launin fata a cikin samun damar kiwon lafiya yana nan a yankunan karkara, musamman tare da 'yan asalin Amurka da ke zaune a yankunan ƙauyuka da ke karɓar rashin isasshen kulawa ta kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Misha |date=13 April 2016 |title=For Native Americans, Health Care Is A Long, Hard Road Away |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/04/13/473848341/health-care-s-hard-realities-on-the-reservation-a-photo-essay |access-date=2020-04-24 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka shafi irin wannan karancin likitoci da shingen sufuri suna kara bambancin kiwon lafiya ga 'yan asalin Amurka wanda ke haifar da jinkirta kulawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Latoya |last2=Published |first2=Samantha Artiga |date=2023-11-30 |title=Health Coverage Among American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander People |url=https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/health-coverage-among-american-indian-and-alaska-native-and-native-hawaiian-and-other-pacific-islander-people/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=KFF |language=en-US}}</ref> Yankin hamada na kantin magani ya bunƙasa a wasu birane, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olumhense |first=Ese |last2=Husain |first2=Nausheen |date=2018-01-22 |title='Pharmacy deserts' a growing health concern in Chicago, experts, residents say |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-met-pharmacy-deserts-chicago-20180108-story.html |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingson |first=Jennifer A. |date=2021-01-07 |title="Pharmacy deserts" are becoming a bigger problem in low-income neighborhoods |url=https://www.axios.com/pharmacy-deserts-cities-prescriptions-45c32271-37ac-4105-b1bb-e2d2436b88c1.html |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> yanayin da ya kara ƙalubalen rarraba da gudanar da allurar rigakafi don cutar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Tori |date=2021-01-14 |title='Vaccine Deserts' Threaten to Prolong COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout - GoodRx |url=https://www.goodrx.com/blog/covid-19-vaccine-deserts-threaten-rollout/ |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=GoodRx |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Biba |date=2020-12-25 |title=Pharmacy deserts expose racial and socioeconomic gap in vaccine access |url=https://thegrio.com/2020/12/25/coronavirus-vaccine-pharmacy-distribution/ |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=TheGrio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Terry Ellis |first=Nicquel |last2=Meyersohn |first2=Nathaniel |last3=Jimenez |first3=Omar |date=2020-12-24 |title=Their communities are deserted by pharmacies. Advocates fear this will lead to inequitable vaccine access |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/24/us/pharmacy-deserts-covid-19-vaccine/index.html |access-date=2021-01-21 |website=CNN}}</ref> Yankin hamada na kantin magani ya girma ya zama babbar matsala a Amurka yayin da kusan mutane miliyan 15 ke zaune a cikin hamadar Pharmacy. Ba tare da kantin magani ba zai zama da wahala a sami takardar magani da magani ga mutane, wanda zai haifar da mutane suyi tafiya mai nisa don samun takardar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wittenauer |first=Rachel |last2=Shah |first2=Parth D |last3=Bacci |first3=Jennifer L |last4=Stergachis |first4=Andy |date=2024-03-16 |title=Locations and characteristics of pharmacy deserts in the United States: a geospatial study |journal=Health Affairs Scholar |volume=2 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/haschl/qxae035 |issn=2976-5390 |pmc=11034534 |pmid=38756173}}</ref> Har ila yau, hamada ta haƙori ta fara girma; tun daga shekarar 2021 akwai Amurkawa miliyan 60 da ke fama da karancin likitocin haƙori inda suke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Dentists - Health, United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/topics/dentists.htm |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Fiye da yankuna 6,000 a Amurka suna cikin yankin da ke da karancin likitocin hakora. An yi hasashen cewa tare da wannan buƙatar za a buƙaci karuwar kusan sabbin likitocin hakora 10,000 don taimakawa wajen cika buƙatun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shortage Areas |url=https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-workforce/shortage-areas |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=data.hrsa.gov}}</ref> Yankunan karkara sune mafi munin tasirin hamada na hakora kuma suna fuskantar matsalolin kiwon lafiya marasa kyau kamar asarar hakora da sauran matsalolin hakora waɗanda zasu iya tasowa daga jinkirta lafiyar haƙori.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Growing Concern Over the Lack of Dental Care in the United States {{!}} DOCS Education |url=https://www.docseducation.com/blog/growing-concern-over-lack-dental-care-united-states#:~:text=This%20shortage%20of%20dental%20professionals,dental%20care%20accessibility%20reveals%20disparities. |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.docseducation.com}}</ref> Kudin da rashin inshora suna kara kara yawan shingen kulawa. Mutane da yawa suna guje wa neman kulawar likita saboda ba za su iya biyan shi ba. Ko da wadanda ke da inshora na iya fuskantar farashi mai yawa don ziyara, magunguna, da jiyya. Wannan yana haifar da sake zagayowar inda mutane ke jinkirta kulawa har sai yanayin su ya zama mai tsanani, wanda ke haifar da mummunar sakamako da kuma farashin kiwon lafiya mafi girma a cikin dogon lokaci. == Sakamakon Lafiya == Rashin samun damar kiwon lafiya a cikin hamada na kiwon lafiya yana haifar da mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiyar. Lokacin da mutane suka jinkirta kulawa, cututtuka kamar ciwon sukari, cututtukan zuciya, da ciwon daji na iya zama ba a gano su ba har sai sun kai ga matakan ci gaba. A wannan lokacin, magani ya zama da wahala, ya fi tsada, kuma ba shi da tasiri. Ƙayyadadden damar kulawa ta rigakafi wani babban batu ne. Ayyukan rigakafi, kamar tantancewa, allurar rigakafi، da bincike na yau da kullun, suna da mahimmanci don gano matsalolin kiwon lafiya da wuri. Ba tare da waɗannan ayyukan ba, mutane suna cikin haɗarin haɓaka yanayi mai tsanani wanda za a iya hana shi ko sarrafa shi a baya. Mutanen da ke zaune a cikin hamada na kiwon lafiya suma suna fuskantar ƙalubale wajen sarrafa yanayin da ba shi da tsanani. Yanayi kamar hawan jini, asma, da ciwon sukari suna buƙatar sa ido da magani. Ba tare da samun dama ga masu ba da kiwon lafiya ba, marasa lafiya na iya gwagwarmaya don sarrafa waɗannan yanayi, wanda ke haifar da rikitarwa da asibiti. Wadannan batutuwan suna taimakawa wajen haifar da bambancin kiwon lafiya. Jama'a a yankunan karkara da wuraren da ba a kula da su sau da yawa suna da ƙarancin rashin lafiya da ƙaranci na rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke cikin yankunan da ke da mafi kyawun damar kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya nuna cewa hamada ta kiwon lafiya ba kawai batun kiwon lafiya bane har ma da matsalar rashin daidaito na zamantakewa wanda ke shafar dukkan al'ummomi. == Magani == Masana sun ba da shawarar hanyoyi da yawa don inganta damar samun kiwon lafiya a cikin hamada. Ƙara kudade ga asibitocin karkara na iya taimaka musu su kasance a buɗe, hayar ƙarin ma'aikata, da faɗaɗa ayyuka. Inganta sufuri, kamar fadada sufuri na jama'a ko ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen sufuri na kiwon lafiya, na iya sauƙaƙa wa mutane su halarci alkawura. Wani muhimmin mafita shine kara yawan masu ba da kiwon lafiya a yankunan da ba a kula da su ba ta hanyar ba da ƙarfafawa kamar gafarar bashi da albashi mafi girma, yayin da kuma fadada rawar da likitocin jinya ke takawa waɗanda zasu iya samar da kulawa ta asali. Telehealth wani zaɓi ne mai tasiri saboda yana bawa marasa lafiya damar saduwa da likitoci daga nesa, rage buƙatar tafiya mai nisa da inganta damar samun kulawa ta yau da kullun. A ƙarshe, fadada shirye-shirye kamar Medicaid na iya rage shingen kuɗi, yana sauƙaƙa ga mutane su nemi kulawa a baya kuma inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya. == Dubi kuma ==   * Yankin banki * [[Wariyar muhalli|Nuna wariyar launin fata na muhalli]] * [[Al'ummar Fenceline]] * Hamada ta abinci * Harajin Ghetto * Rashin jinya * Kayan likitoci * Hamada mai wucewa * [[Underfunded public school system|Tsarin makarantar jama'a da ba a biya shi ba]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cvc66r2uxd1poh0oxogsdsps64dy80m 0 155137 879228 847949 2026-07-08T23:15:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ministan gandun daji, kamun kifi da muhalli''' shi ne [[Ɓangaren kare muhalli na gwamnati|ministan muhalli]] a majalisar ministocin Afirka ta Kudu . Ministan yana da alhakin siyasa a Ma'aikatar gandun daji, kamun kifi da muhalli (DFFE). An kafa ofishin a matsayinsa na yanzu a watan Mayu na 2019. Kafin lokacin, ministan muhalli yana da ƙaramin fayil tsakanin 2014 da 2019 a matsayin '''Ministan Muhalli''', da kuma babban fayil tsakanin 1994 da 2014 a matsayin '''Ministan Ruwa da Muhalli''' (2009 zuwa 2014) da kuma '''Ministan Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido''' (1994 zuwa 2009). == Tarihi == Tsarin kula da muhalli ya samo asali ne tun zamanin wariyar launin fata . Daga shekarar 1994, a ƙarƙashin Shugaba [[Nelson Mandela]], ya maye gurbin Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, ya zama Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido tare da alhakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido . When he announced his first cabinet on 10 May 2009, President [[Jacob Zuma]] severed the environment portfolio from the new Ministry of Tourism and gave it the water affairs function, creating the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs. Duk da haka, da nadin majalisar ministoci ta biyu ta Zuma a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014, an raba wannan mukami zuwa sassa biyu, wanda ya samar da Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta musamman don kula da Ma'aikatar Muhalli (da kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsafta ta daban don kula da harkokin ruwa). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2014 |title=President Jacob Zuma announces members of the National Executive |url=https://www.gcis.gov.za/content/newsroom/media-releases/media-statements/cabinet_25may2014 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=Government Communication and Information System}}</ref> A tsawon zamanin bayan wariyar launin fata, ba a sarrafa dazuzzuka da kamun kifi ta hanyar tsarin muhalli ba, amma a maimakon haka , Ministan Harkokin Ruwa da Dazuzzuka ne ke da alhakin (har zuwa 2009) daga baya kuma Ministan Noma, Dazuzzuka da Kamun Kifi (daga 2009 zuwa 2019). Lokacin da ya sanar da majalisar ministocinsa ta biyu a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2019, Shugaba [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] ya bai wa harkokin gandun daji da kamun kifi ga ma'aikatar muhalli, inda ya nada Ministan gandun daji, kamun kifi da muhalli. '''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Head |first=Tom |date=29 May 2019 |title=Ramaphosa announces his Cabinet: Here’s the complete list of ministers |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/list-of-cabinet-ministers-south-africa-cyril-ramaphosa/ |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=The South African |publisher= |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123193211/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/list-of-cabinet-ministers-south-africa-cyril-ramaphosa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>''' [[Barbara Creecy]] ita ce wacce ta fara rike wannan mukamin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Setumo |date=2 June 2019 |title=Barbara Creecy will build on work of predecessors as she inherits department in ‘good shape’ |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/barbara-creecy-will-build-on-work-of-predecessors-as-she-inherits-department-in-good-shape-20190602 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Jerin ministoci == {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin ministocin da ke da alhakin kula da muhalli, 1994 - yanzu ! Fayil ɗin Fayil ! Suna ! colspan="2" | Wa'adi ! colspan="2" | Biki |- | rowspan="4" | '''Harkokin Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido''' | '''Dawie de Villiers''' | 1994 | 1996 | NP | style="background-color: {{party color|National Party (South Africa)}}" | |- | '''Pallo Jordan''' | 1996 | 1999 | [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] | style="background-color: {{party color|African National Congress}}" | |- |'''Valli Moosa''' | 1999 | 2004 | [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] | style="background-color: {{party color|African National Congress}}" | |- |'''Martinus van Schalkwyk''' | 2004 | 2009 | NP | style="background-color: {{party color|National Party (South Africa)}}" | |- | rowspan="2" | '''Ruwa da Muhalli''' | '''Buyelwa Sonjica''' | 2009 | 2010 | [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] | style="background-color: {{party color|African National Congress}}" | |- |'''[[Edna Molewa]]''' | 2010 | 2014 | [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] | style="background-color: {{party color|African National Congress}}" | |- | rowspan="2" | '''Harkokin Muhalli''' | '''[[Edna Molewa]]''' | 2014 | 2018 | [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] | style="background-color: {{party color|African National Congress}}" | |- |'''[[Nomvula Mokonyane]]''' | 2018 | 2019 | [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] | style="background-color: {{party color|African National Congress}}" | |- | rowspan="3" | '''Gandun Daji, Kamun Kifi da Muhalli''' | '''[[Barbara Creecy]]''' | 2019 | 2024 | [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|ANC]] | style="background-color: {{party color|African National Congress}}" | |- |'''Dion George''' | 2024 | ''2025'' | DA | style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Alliance (South Africa)}}" | |- |'''Willie Aucamp''' | 2025 | ''Mai ci a yanzu'' | DA | style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Alliance (South Africa)}}" | |} == Duba kuma == * [[Batutuwan muhalli a Kudancin Afirka|Matsalolin Muhalli a Kudancin Afirka]] * [[Geography na Afirka ta Kudu|Yanayin ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu § Matsalolin muhalli]] == Manazarta == cs0wxt665en9ch0p1qfreodfztn25ny 0 155381 879217 849133 2026-07-08T22:12:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Middleton''' wani ƙauyen ne a cikin Blue Crane Route Local Municipality na Sarah Baartman District Municipality a lardin Eastern Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Middleton yana kan bakin [[Babban Kogin Kifi|Kogin Kifi]] a kan Hanyar N10 kuma yana da kimanin kilomita 30 (20 kudu da Cookhouse. == Tarihi == Middleton yana kusa da Cookhouse kuma an fara kafa shi a 1879 a matsayin tashar jirgin kasa don aiki a matsayin wurin tsayawa tsakanin manyan garuruwa. A farkon karni na 20, Mista George Webster ne ya kirkiro Middleton, masassaƙin kasuwanci. Shafin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kwanakin sufuri. A cikin 1901 ya ba da gudummawar ƙasa don gina coci kuma an gina ƙaramin coci a matsayin Cocin Methodist a cikin 1903. A lokacin Middleton ya ƙunshi otal, ginin smithy, shagon dillali, makarantar coci da kuma 500 morgen of veld. A shekara ta 1992 cocin ya zama wani ɓangare na All Saint's United Church kuma mazaunan Middelton suna amfani da shi akai-akai. Tsohon tashar jirgin kasa yanzu an canza shi zuwa mashaya. Cibiyar Kula da Kiristoci ta Noupoort ta mallaki ƙauyen Middleton. Wannan cibiyar tana gudanar da Cibiyar farfadowa ga mutanen da ke fama da [[Addiction|jaraba]]. Cibiyar tana ba da masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi masu warkewa tare da ayyuka wajen kula da filayen da cibiyoyin Middleton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.ciara.co.za/ciara/about/ |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=Middleton Ciara |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065411/http://www.ciara.co.za/ciara/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gine-gine == Ginin da ya fi shahara a Middleton shine tsohuwar tashar jirgin kasa, wanda yanzu aka canza shi zuwa mashaya. An gina tashar jirgin kasa a 1879, kuma ita ce mafi tsufa a cikin ƙaramin ƙauyen. Wani sanannen gini shine All Saint's United Church, cocin dutse da aka fara gina shi a matsayin ikilisiya ta Methodist a cikin 1903. Gine-gine na tsofaffin gine-gine a Middleton ya kasance na Victorian, musamman tashar jirgin kasa da ta zama mashaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT MIDDLETON |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/middleton.php}}</ref> == Abubuwan jan hankali == Tsohon mashaya na tashar yana ba da kuɗin mashaya na yau da kullun tare da wurin wasa da gidan zoo na yara. Middleton kuma tana da B & B da wuraren sansani kamar Hunters Lodge da B &B a Manor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overberg |url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/places-slave-rememberance-western-cape |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=Western Cape Government |language=en |archive-date=2019-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515024146/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/places-slave-rememberance-western-cape |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Middleton - Towns and Cities in the Eastern Cape |url=http://www.bluegnu.co.za/10463-middleton.php |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=www.bluegnu.co.za}}</ref> Matafiya suna la'akari da Middleton a matsayin wani wuri mai ban sha'awa a kan hanyarsu zuwa wasu abubuwan jan hankali. Gidan shakatawa na Addo Elephant da wasu wuraren ajiyar wasanni masu zaman kansu ba su kai sa'a daya a kudu tare da babbar hanyar N10 daga Middleton. Grahamstown yana da sa'a daya daga kudu maso gabas. Sa'o'i biyu zuwa arewa maso gabas sune garuruwan Graaff-Reinet da Nieu-Bethesda, waɗanda ke da wuraren jan hankali da yawa ciki har da Camdeboo National Park, Nieu- Bethesda Owl House, da Cibiyar Binciken Fossil na Kitching. Sa'o'i na tafiye-tafiye zuwa kudu zai ɗauki matafiya zuwa Port Elizabeth da kuma zuwa Hanyar Aljanna a bakin tekun kudu. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin wuraren tarihi a Graaff-Reinet * George, Yammacin Cape * Knysna * Bayar Plettenberg * Mossel Bay * Bloukrans Bridge Bungy * Tsitsikamma == Manazarta == gxaksp02clfxurxwvwy6ewhqq4pccmo 0 155418 879409 849276 2026-07-09T08:37:12Z BnHamid 12586 879409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paul Erokoro''' lauya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', ɗaya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin ƙasar da suka yi fice wajen shari'o'in tsarin mulki, zaɓe, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma manyan rigingimun kasuwanci. Ya shahara saboda wakiltar fitattun 'yan siyasa, jami'an gwamnati da kamfanoni a gaban manyan kotunan Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyin da ake yawan tattaunawa da su kan batutuwan doka da shari'a a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tendering fresh evidence at Supreme Court is herculean task – Erokoro, SAN |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/tendering-fresh-evidence-at-supreme-court-is-herculean-task-erokoro-san/ |work=Vanguard Nigeria |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tendering fresh evidence at Supreme Court is herculean task - SAN |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/tendering-fresh-evidence-at-supreme-court-is-herculean-task-san-2024072618384625233 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da karatu == Bayanan rayuwar farko da karatun Paul Erokoro ba su da yawa a cikin kafofin labarai na jama'a. Duk da haka, ya samu horo a fannin shari'a kuma ya zama memba na Nigerian Bar Association (NBA), inda daga baya ya kai matsayi na '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''', wanda shi ne mafi girman matsayi ga lauyoyin da suka yi fice a aikin lauya a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=SANs seek lesser sentence for minor offence |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/jailbreaks-sans-seek-lesser-sentence-for-minor-offence-2024080420044627015 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Erokoro ya yi suna a fannin shari'ar farar hula, tsarin mulki, da kuma manyan shari'o'in gwamnati. Ya wakilci fitattun mutane a wasu manyan shari'o'i da suka ja hankalin al'umma. A shekarar 2016 ya kasance cikin tawagar lauyoyin da suka kare shugaban majalisar dattawan Najeriya na lokacin, Bukola Saraki, a shari'ar da ake yi masa a Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT).<ref>{{cite news |title=Saraki Was Richer Than Kwara Government Before He Became Governor – Lawyer |url=https://newswirengr.com/2016/05/10/saraki-was-richer-than-kwara-government-before-he-became-governor-lawyerhttpnewswirengr-comwp-adminpost-new-php/ |work=NewsWireNGR |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CCT trial: You have something to hide – Saraki's lawyer tells FG |url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/05/10/cct-trial-you-have-something-to-hide-sarakis-lawyer-tells-fg/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma wakilci tsohon gwamnan Jihar Gombe, Danjuma Goje, a wata shari'ar zargin almundahanar kuɗi da Hukumar EFCC ta shigar. A yayin wannan shari'a, Erokoro ya yi suka kan yadda aka gudanar da binciken da ya kai ga gurfanar da wanda yake karewa.<ref>{{cite news |title=EFCC sponsoring fake petition against Goje, lawyer alleges |url=https://punchng.com/efcc-sponsoring-fake-petition-against-goje-lawyer-alleges/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=13 July 2019 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Shari'o'in da suka shahara == Paul Erokoro ya shiga cikin wasu manyan shari'o'i masu ɗaukar hankalin jama'a. A shekarar 2015 ya wakilci Sanata Ben Ayade a wata ƙara da ta shafi zargin sauya shekar haihuwa, inda ya kare sahihancin bayanan da gwamnan ya gabatar wa INEC da jam'iyyarsa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gov Ayade Didn’t Falsify Age, Lawyer Says |url=https://www.theinfostride.com/gov-ayade-didnt-falsify-age-lawyer-says-%E2%80%A2accuses-san-of-media-trial/ |work=InfoStride News |date=17 June 2015 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 ya kasance lauya ga James Nolan, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar da ta shafi kamfanin Process and Industrial Developments (P&ID), inda ya yi muhawara da masu gabatar da ƙara kan yadda ake tafiyar da shari'ar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alleged P&ID scam: EFCC accuses Briton’s lawyer of delay tactics |url=https://www.nationalaccordnewspaper.com/alleged-pid-scam-efcc-accuses-britons-lawyer-of-delay-tactics/ |work=National Accord Newspaper |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma ya kasance cikin lauyoyin da suka bayyana a wasu manyan shari'o'in da suka shafi zargin almundahanar kuɗi da kuma aikata laifukan kuɗaɗe a kotunan tarayya da ke Abuja.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alleged N2bn FIRS Fraud: Defence Counsel’s Absence Stalls Ita’s Trial |url=https://www.lawyard.org/news/alleged-n2bn-firs-fraud-defence-counsels-absence-stalls-itas-trial/ |work=Lawyard |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alleged N109bn fraud: I never engaged Paul Erokoro, other lawyers to represent me before EFCC — Ex-AGF Idris |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/alleged-n109bn-fraud-i-never-engaged-paul-erokoro-other-lawyers-to-represent-me-before-efcc-ex-agf-idris/ |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=13 February 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi kan harkokin shari'a == A matsayinsa na babban lauya, Erokoro ya sha bayyana ra'ayoyinsa kan gyaran tsarin shari'ar Najeriya. Ya goyi bayan amfani da hukuncin aikin al'umma (community service) maimakon ɗaurin kurkuku ga wasu ƙananan laifuffuka domin rage cunkoso a gidajen yari. Haka kuma ya yi kira da a ƙara amfani da hanyoyin gyaran hali maimakon hukuncin tsarewa ga masu aikata ƙananan laifuka.<ref>{{cite news |title=SANs seek lesser sentence for minor offence |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/jailbreaks-sans-seek-lesser-sentence-for-minor-offence-2024080420044627015 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ya yi bayanin cewa gabatar da sabbin hujjoji a Kotun Koli bayan kammala shari'a abu ne mai matuƙar wahala, domin dokokin Najeriya sun tanadi tsauraran sharudda kafin a amince da irin waɗannan hujjoji.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tendering fresh evidence at Supreme Court is herculean task – Erokoro, SAN |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/10/tendering-fresh-evidence-at-supreme-court-is-herculean-task-erokoro-san/ |work=Vanguard Nigeria |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Bar Association]] * [[Bukola Saraki]] * [[Ben Ayade]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Erokoro, Paul}} [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian legal practitioners]] ncm64knubrh4gqqb0r7g92maan9uxk9 0 155552 878971 849769 2026-07-08T14:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878971 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Norton Hill''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1943) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Amurka. Ta kasance Dean na Makarantar Nursing ta Johns Hopkins kuma Farfesa na Nursing, Medicine, da La'''Martha'''fiya ta Jama'a a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Hill a shekara ta 1943 <ref name="portraitcollection">{{Cite web |title=Martha Norton Hill 1943- |url=http://portraitcollection.jhmi.edu/portraits/hill-martha-norton |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=portraitcollection.jhmi.edu |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516022533/http://portraitcollection.jhmi.edu/portraits/hill-martha-norton |url-status=dead }}</ref> ga mahaifinsa Paul L. Norton a [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] kuma ya girma tare da 'yan'uwa mata Catherine da Ann. Hill ta kammala digirin jinya da digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins (JHU) kafin ta shiga Jami'ar Pennsylvania don digiri na biyu.<ref name="portraitcollection" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga JHU, Hill ta auri Gary S. Hill.<ref name="marriage" /> Ta koma Johns Hopkins don PhD kuma ta kasance abokiyar postdoctoral ta hanyar Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Nurse Scholars Program a Jami'ar Pennsylvania daga 1986 zuwa 1988.<ref name="portraitcollection" /> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta na post-doctoral, Hill ta yi aiki a bangaren Jami'ar Pennsylvania kuma ta yi aiki ne a matsayin ƙwararren likita a cikin hawan jini. A shekara ta 1980, ta koma Johns Hopkins a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Makarantar Ci gaba da Nazarin Sashen Nursing. <ref name="portraitcollection"/> Hill na ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko da aka nada a Makarantar Nursing ta Johns Hopkins da zarar an kafa ta a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta jami'ar a shekarar 1985.<ref name="Kress">{{Cite web |last=Kress |first=Daniel |date=June 6, 2017 |title=Martha Hill, former Hopkins Nursing dean, to retire after more than five decades in nursing |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/06/06/martha-hill-dean-emerita-to-retire/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=hub.jhu.edu}}</ref> Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin Mataimakin farfesa kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Nursing ta Hopkins, Hill ya zama shugaban farko wanda ba likita ba na American Heart Association (AHA) a shekarar 1996. Kafin ci gabanta, ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Majalisar AHA da Kwamitin Nursing . A sakamakon nasarorin da ta samu a ilimi, Hill ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta JHU ta 1997 Distinguished Alumnus Award don nasarorin sirri, ƙwararru, ko na jin kai <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1997 |title=Alumni News |url=https://pages.jh.edu/jhumag/0697web/alumnews.html |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=pages.jh.edu}}</ref> kuma an zabe ta memba na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Martha N. Hill, Ph.D., R.N. |url=https://nam.edu/member/?member_id=5D1SRBewoi8jS7jkWi%2Bcew%3D%3D |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=nam.edu}}</ref> Bayan wannan, an nada Hill a matsayin Dean na Makarantar Nursing bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin dean na wucin gadi tun daga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rienzi |first=Greg |date=May 6, 2002 |title=Hill Named Dean of Nursing |url=https://pages.jh.edu/gazette/2002/06may02/06martha.html |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=pages.jh.edu}}</ref> Yayinda take aiki a wannan rawar, ta jagoranci binciken bincike kan hanawa da kuma kula da hauhawar jini kuma ta kula da gwaje-gwajen asibiti na NIH. A shekara ta 2006, The Daily Record ta amince da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin Mata 100 na Maryland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=User |first=Administrative |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Dean Martha N. Hill Named to The Daily Record 2006 Maryland's Top 100 Women |url=https://nursing.jhu.edu/news-events/news/archives/2006/dean_top_100_women.html |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Hill ta gayyaci Makarantar Nursing da Midwifery ta [[Jami'ar Flinders]] don shiga Cibiyar Nursing ta Duniya ta JHU don "sauƙaƙa ci gaban jinya a duniya ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari, kirkire-kirkire da haɓaka iyawa". Daga baya aka zabe ta memba na Sigma Theta Tau International Nurse Researcher Hall of Fame. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citation for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Public Health, honoris causa |url=https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/about/citations/citation-martha-hill.pdf |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=flinders.edu.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2010 |title=Hall of Famer: Dean Hill |url=https://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2010/08/hall-of-famer-dean-hill-2/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=magazine.nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> Hill ta sauka a matsayin Dean na Makarantar Nursing ta Johns Hopkins a shekarar 2013 don komawa aikinta na kwaleji a matsayin farfesa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2012 |title=Dean Hill to Step Down in 2013 |url=https://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2012/12/dean-hill-to-step-down-in-2013/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=magazine.nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe a matsayin Dean, The Daily Record ta amince da Hill a matsayin mai tasiri na 2013 a matsayin "wani wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a fannonin su kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa jagora a jihar. " Bayan ya sauka a hukumance, an kira Hill Dean Emerita na makarantar don nuna godiya ga ci gaba da gudummawarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Summer 2013 |title=CLASS NOTES |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2013/summer/class-notes/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=hub.jhu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Martha Hill Named Dean Emerita |url=https://nursing.jhu.edu/news-events/news/archives/news/hill-dean-emerita |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> A cikin 2013 an ba HIll lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Royal College of Nursing . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCN Fellows and Honorary Fellows {{!}} Royal College of Nursing |url=https://www.rcn.org.uk/About-us/RCN-Fellows-and-Honorary-Fellows |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Royal College of Nursing |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, an ba Hill lambar yabo ta American Academy of Nursing's Living Legend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Johns Hopkins School of Nursing Faculty Named FAAN and Living Legend |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/johns-hopkins-school-of-nursing-faculty-named-faan-and-living-legend |access-date=May 15, 2015 |website=newswise.com}}</ref> Hill ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins a shekarar 2017.<ref name="Kress"/> Don girmama aikinta a makarantar, JHU ta kafa Hill Interprofessional Research Commons a cikin sunanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2017 |title=Building to Change the World |url=https://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2017/08/building-change-world/ |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=magazine.nursing.jhu.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bj98hryu98nuc12mn5ll5kfv8ijxezr 0 155870 879102 851371 2026-07-08T18:34:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsalar zamantakewa''' ita ce damuwa da ta samo asali daga dangantakar mutum da wasu da kuma yanayin zamantakewa gabaɗaya. Dangane da ka'idar kimantawa na motsin rai, damuwa tana tasowa lokacin da mutum ya kimanta halin da ake ciki kamar yadda ya dace da kansa kuma ya fahimci cewa ba su da albarkatun da za su jimre ko magance takamaiman halin da ake tsakanin su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haller |first=József |year=2015 |title=Stress and the social brain: behavioural effects and neurobiological mechanisms |url=http://real.mtak.hu/31293/1/Haller_Jozsef_u.pdf |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=290–304 |doi=10.1038/nrn3918 |pmid=25891510 |s2cid=38141791}}</ref> [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2015)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> kunna damuwa ta zamantakewa ba lallai bane ya faru da alaƙa da takamaiman abin da ya faru, ra'ayin kawai cewa abin da ya gabata na iya faruwa zai iya haifar da shi. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk wani abu da ke ɗaukar batun daga mahallinsu na sirri da na sirri na iya zama ƙwarewar damuwa. Wannan halin ya sa su zama marasa iya zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=Karen A. |date=2017-08-19 |title=Developmental stress and social phenotypes: integrating neuroendocrine, behavioural and evolutionary perspectives |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=372 |issue=1727 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2016.0242 |pmc=5498302 |pmid=28673918}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'o'i uku na abubuwan damuwa na zamantakewa. An bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa a matsayin sauye-sauye na rayuwa wanda ke buƙatar mutum ya daidaita da sauri (misali cin zarafin jima'i, rauni na kwatsam). <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last2=Debra Umberson}}</ref> Ana bayyana cututtukan yau da kullun a matsayin abubuwan da ke faruwa wanda ke buƙatar mutum ya yi gyare-gyare na dogon lokaci (misali saki, rashin aikin yi). <ref name=":0" /> Ana bayyana matsalolin yau da kullun a matsayin ƙananan abubuwan da ke faruwa, waɗanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa a duk rana (misali mummunan zirga-zirga, rashin jituwa). <ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da damuwa ta zama mai tsanani, mutum yana fuskantar canje-canje na motsin rai, halayyar, da na jiki wanda zai iya sanya mutum a cikin haɗari mafi girma don samun rikicewar hankali da rashin lafiya na jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kreiger |first=Nancy |date=2001 |title=Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=668–677 |doi=10.1093/ije/30.4.668 |pmid=11511581 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Humans are social beings by nature, as they typically have a fundamental need and desire to maintain positive social relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slavich |first=George M |last2=O'Donovan, Aoife |last3=Epel, Elissa S |last4=Kemeny, Margaret E |date=September 2010 |title=Black sheep get the blues: a psychobiological model of social rejection and depression |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.003 |pmc=2926175 |pmid=20083138}}</ref> Thus, they usually find maintaining positive social ties to be beneficial. Social relationships can offer nurturance, foster feelings of social inclusion, and lead to reproductive success.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baumeister |first=R F |last2=Leary, M R |date=May 1995 |title=The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=497–529 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 |pmid=7777651 |s2cid=13559932}}</ref> Anything that disrupts or threatens to disrupt their relationships with others can result in social stress. This can include low social status in society or in particular groups, giving a speech, interviewing with potential employers, caring for a child or spouse with a chronic illness, meeting new people at a party, the threat of or actual death of a loved one, divorce, and [[Wariya|discrimination]]. Social stress can arise from one's micro-environment (e.g., family ties) and macro-environment (e.g., hierarchical societal structure). Social stress is typically the most frequent type of stressor that people experience in their daily lives and affects people more intensely than other types of stressors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Almeida |first=David M. |date=April 2005 |title=Resilience and Vulnerability to Daily Stressors Assessed via Diary Methods |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=64–68 |doi=10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00336.x}}</ref> == Ma'anar == Masu bincike sun bayyana damuwa ta zamantakewa da damuwa ta zamantakewar a hanyoyi daban-daban. Wadman, Durkin, da Conti-Ramsden (2011) sun bayyana damuwa ta zamantakewa a matsayin "ra'ayin rashin jin daɗi ko damuwa da mutane zasu iya fuskanta a cikin yanayin zamantakewa, da kuma halin da ke tattare da shi don kauce wa yanayin zamantakewa mai yuwuwa".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wadman |first=Ruth |last2=Durkin |first2=Kevin |last3=Conti-Ramsden |first3=Gina |date=June 2011 |title=Social stress in young people with specific language impairment |url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/19011/ |journal=Journal of Adolescence |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=421–431 |doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.010 |pmid=20650511}}</ref> Ilfield (1977) ya bayyana abubuwan damuwa na zamantakewa a matsayin "yanayin matsayi na zamantakewar yau da kullun waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su da matsala ko rashin so".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ilfeld Jr |first=F. W. |date=February 1977 |title=Current social stressors and symptoms of depression |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=161–166 |doi=10.1176/ajp.134.2.161 |pmid=835737}}</ref> Dormann da Zapf (2004) sun bayyana abubuwan damuwa na zamantakewa a matsayin "wani nau'i na halaye, yanayi, abubuwan da suka faru, ko halayen da ke da alaƙa da damuwa ta tunani ko ta jiki kuma ta wata hanya zamantakewa ce a yanayi".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dormann |first=Christian |last2=Zapf |first2=Dieter |date=January 2004 |title=Customer-Related Social Stressors and Burnout |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=61–82 |doi=10.1037/1076-8998.9.1.61 |pmid=14700458}}</ref> == Aunawa == Ana auna damuwa ta zamantakewa ta hanyar tambayoyin rahoto na kai. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, masu bincike na iya haifar da damuwa ta zamantakewa ta hanyar hanyoyi da ladabi daban-daban. === Rahotanni na kai === Akwai tambayoyin da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don tantance muhalli da damuwa. Irin waɗannan matakan bayar da rahoto sun haɗa da gwajin musayar zamantakewa mara kyau, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruehlman |first=Linda S. |last2=Karoly, Paul |year=1991 |title=With a little flak from my friends: Development and preliminary validation of the Test of Negative Social Exchange (TENSE) |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1037/1040-3590.3.1.97}}</ref> gwajin gyaran aure, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Locke |first=Harvey J. |last2=Wallace, Karl M. |date=August 1959 |title=Short Marital-Adjustment and Prediction Tests: Their Reliability and Validity |journal=Marriage and Family Living |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.2307/348022 |jstor=348022}}</ref> Tambayar Iyalai masu haɗari, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Shelley E |last2=Lerner, Jennifer S |last3=Sage, Rebecca M |last4=Lehman, Barbara J |last5=Seeman, Teresa E |date=December 2004 |title=Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health |journal=Journal of Personality |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1365–1393 |citeseerx=10.1.1.324.5195 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00300.x |pmid=15509286}}</ref> Holmes-Rahe Stress Inventory, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Thomas H. |last2=Rahe |first2=Richard H. |date=August 1967 |title=The social readjustment rating scale |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=213–218 |doi=10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 |pmid=6059863}}</ref> Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulz |first=Peter |last2=Schlotz |first2=Wolff |date=January 1999 |title=Trierer Inventar zur Erfassung von chronischem Streß (TICS): Skalenkonstruktion, teststatistische Überprüfung und Validierung der Skala Arbeitsüberlastung |journal=Diagnostica |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=8–19 |doi=10.1026//0012-1924.45.1.8}}</ref> Daily Stress Inventary, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brantley |first=Phillip J. |last2=Waggoner |first2=Craig D. |last3=Jones |first3=Glenn N. |last4=Rappaport |first4=Neil B. |date=February 1987 |title=A daily stress inventory: Development, reliability, and validity |journal=Journal of Behavioral Medicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=61–73 |doi=10.1007/BF00845128 |pmid=3586002 |s2cid=5876098}}</ref> Job Content Questionnaire, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karasek |first=Robert |last2=Brisson |first2=Chantal |last3=Kawakami |first3=Norito |last4=Houtman |first4=Irene |last5=Bongers |first5=Paulien |last6=Amick |first6=Benjamin |year=1998 |title=The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. |journal=Journal of Occupational Health Psychology |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=322–355 |doi=10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.322 |pmid=9805280 |s2cid=17610678}}</ref> da Perceived Stress Scale, [4] da Stress Inventry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Sheldon |last2=Kamarck |first2=Tom |last3=Mermelstein |first3=Robin |date=1983-12-01 |title=A Global Measure of Perceived Stress |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=385–396 |doi=10.2307/2136404 |jstor=2136404 |pmid=6668417 |s2cid=21357701}}</ref> In addition to self-report questionnaires, researchers can employ structured interview assessments. The Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) is one of the most popular instruments used in research. The purpose of this type of measure is to probe the participant to elaborate on their stressful life events, rather than answering singular questions.<ref name=":1" /> The UCLA Life Stress Interview (LSI), which is similar to the LEDS, includes questions about romantic partners, closest friendships, other friendships, and family relationships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hammen Lab at UCLA |url=http://hammenlab.psych.ucla.edu/interview.html |access-date=2015-12-10 |website=hammenlab.psych.ucla.edu |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103308/http://hammenlab.psych.ucla.edu/interview.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ƙaddamarwa === A cikin samfuran dabbobi, rushewar zamantakewa da cin nasara na zamantakewa sune nau'o'i biyu na damuwa na zamantakewa. A cikin tsarin rushewar zamantakewa, an gabatar da wani doki mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin wani gida da ke da mazajen maza waɗanda suka riga sun kafa matsayi na zamantakewa. "Mai shigowa" mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana rushe tsarin zamantakewa, yana haifar da damuwa ga mazauna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stark |first=Jennifer L. |last2=Avitsur |first2=Ronit |last3=Padgett |first3=David A. |last4=Campbell |first4=Kim A. |last5=Beck |first5=F. Michael |last6=Sheridan |first6=John F. |date=June 2001 |title=Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in macrophages |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |volume=280 |issue=6 |pages=R1799–R1805 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.6.R1799 |pmid=11353685 |s2cid=28128292}}</ref> A cikin tsarin cin nasara na zamantakewa, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi "mai shigowa" da kuma wani namiji mara tsattsa ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berton |first=Olivier |last2=McClung |first2=Colleen A. |last3=DiLeone |first3=Ralph J. |last4=Krishnan |first4=Vaishnav |last5=Renthal |first5=William |last6=Russo |first6=Scott J. |last7=Graham |first7=Danielle |last8=Tsankova |first8=Nadia M. |last9=Bolanos |first9=Carlos A. |last10=Rios |first10=Maribel |last11=Monteggia |first11=Lisa M. |last12=Self |first12=David W. |last13=Nestler |first13=Eric J. |date=10 February 2006 |title=Essential Role of BDNF in the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway in Social Defeat Stress |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5762 |pages=864–868 |bibcode=2006Sci...311..864B |doi=10.1126/science.1120972 |pmid=16469931 |s2cid=32965598}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> gj03zeovf5t79q3spcuezoikmoae7se 0 156208 879092 852477 2026-07-08T18:26:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomi da alamomi na iya nuna halayen daban-daban ga kowane mutum. Wadannan alamu da alamomi na iya zama motsin rai, jiki, halayyar, ko fahimta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Preparedness and Response {{!}} Safety and Health Guides - Critical Incident Stress Guide {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration |url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/critical.html |access-date=2020-03-18 |website=www.osha.gov}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar neman kulawar likita idan alamomi da alamomi sun faru a tsawon lokaci kuma / ko sun zama masu tsanani. haɗi lafiya tsakanin manya shine mabuɗin sarrafa damuwa mai mahimmanci. Manya suna da nau'o'i huɗu na haɗe-haɗe: 1) ''Mai gujewa'' mai ''Tsaro'', 2) mai damuwa, 3) mai guje wa rashin kulawa, da 4) amintacce. Manya masu gujewa suna da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da dangantaka ta kusa, saboda suna son [[wiktionary:attachment|haɗi]] motsin rai amma suna da matukar jinkirin ba su damar. Manya ''Masu damuwa'' suna magance damuwarsu ta hanyar nisanta kansu daga gaskiyar halin da ake ciki don kauce wa nauyin motsin rai. Har ila yau, suna ganin kansu da mummunar fahimta kuma suna shakkar darajarsu a cikin dangantaka akai-akai. Manya masu gujewa suna kallon kansu a matsayin masu gamsarwa, kuma ba sa buƙatar haɗin motsin rai. Manya masu aminci suna da ra'ayoyi masu kyau game da kansu, kuma suna jin daɗi tare da 'yancin kai da kusanci. Manya masu aminci yawanci suna jimrewa da damuwa mai mahimmanci, sabanin manya marasa aminci, saboda suna da karancin damuwa ta yanayi. Manya masu aminci ba su da damar kamuwa da cuta ta damuwa (PTSD). == Alamomin == Alamomin da ke da alaƙa da matsananciyar damuwa ko damuwa mai tsawo na iya haɗawa da raunin fahimta kamar raguwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ikon yanke shawara, da kuma lokacin kulawa; halayen motsin rai kamar fushi, fushi, laifi, Tsorowa, paranoia, da baƙin ciki; da matsalolin jiki daga [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]], damuwa, [[Migraine|ciwon kai]], da [[hawan jini]] mai yawa zuwa [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]] da [[Sankara|ciwon daji]]. Hakanan ana iya haifar da halayyar lalata kai da rashin zamantakewa. Alamomin na iya bambanta dangane da dalilai da yawa, kamar tsananin rauni, adadin tallafin zamantakewa, da ƙarin damuwa na rayuwa. == Dalilan da suka haifar == Wani abu mai mahimmanci da ke faruwa ga mutum shine farkon damuwa idan mutum bai iya jimrewa ba. Ana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru masu mahimmanci a matsayin abubuwan da ba zato ba tsammani, waɗanda ke da tasirin motsin rai wanda ya isa ya mamaye ƙwarewar jimrewa ta mutum kuma ya haifar da mummunar [[Raunin kwakwalwa|Lalacewar tunani]]. haɗi lafiya tsakanin manya shine mabuɗin sarrafa damuwa mai mahimmanci. Manya suna da nau'o'i huɗu na haɗe-haɗe: 1) ''Mai gujewa'' mai ''Tsaro'', 2) mai damuwa, 3) mai guje wa rashin kulawa, da 4) amintacce. Manya masu gujewa suna da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa game da dangantaka ta kusa, saboda suna son [[wiktionary:attachment|haɗi]] motsin rai amma suna da matukar jinkirin ba su damar. Manya ''Masu damuwa'' suna magance damuwarsu ta hanyar nisanta kansu daga gaskiyar halin da ake ciki don kauce wa nauyin motsin rai. Har ila yau, suna ganin kansu da mummunar fahimta kuma suna shakkar darajarsu a cikin dangantaka akai-akai. Manya masu gujewa suna kallon kansu a matsayin masu gamsarwa, kuma ba sa buƙatar haɗin motsin rai. Manya masu aminci suna da ra'ayoyi masu kyau game da kansu, kuma suna jin daɗi tare da 'yancin kai da kusanci. Manya masu aminci yawanci suna jimrewa da damuwa mai mahimmanci, sabanin manya marasa aminci, saboda suna da karancin damuwa ta yanayi. Manya masu aminci ba su da damar kamuwa da cuta ta damuwa (PTSD). [[Fayil:Medical_emergency.jpg|thumb|Dole ne ma'aikatan gaggawa su amsa da sauri ga abubuwan da suka faru. Matsalar da ta faru na iya faruwa nan da nan yayin da ma'aikaci ke cikin wurin, ko kuma ya bayyana a wani lokaci daga baya.]] Mutanen da ke nuna alamun damuwa na abin da ya faru suna buƙatar taimako na ƙwararru don kauce wa mummunar yanayin damuwa na bayan rauni. DSM IV-TR ya bayyana rikicewar damuwa ta bayan rauni (PTSD) kamar yadda yake da alamomi daban-daban guda uku: 1) ''sake fuskantar taron'', 2) ''guje wa abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da taron da kuma rashin amsawa gaba ɗaya'', da kuma 3) ''karuwar farkawa''. Rukunin alamomi na farko, sake fuskantar taron, shine cakuda halayen jiki da na tunani wanda wani ya wuce bayan babban taron ya faru. Wannan ya haɗa da mafarkai masu ban tsoro, tunani / flashbacks masu maimaitawa, ko hare-haren tsoro. Rukunin alamomi na biyu, guje wa abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da taron da kuma rashin amsawa gaba ɗaya, yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani ya guje wa wani abu da zai iya haifar da tunanin abin da ya faru. Wannan ya haɗa da tunani da ji daɗi da ke da alaƙa da taron, har ma da motsa jiki kamar mutane da wuraren da ke da alaka da taron. Rukunin alamomi na uku, karuwar farkawa, yana haifar da martani na damuwa, kamar matsalar barci, matsanancin fushi da fushi, tsananin tsaro, rashin kulawa, da kuma amsawar firgici. Lokacin da waɗannan alamun suka ci gaba fiye da makonni 2, ganewar asali na rikicewar damuwa mai tsanani na iya zama ya dace. Abubuwa, kamar tarihin ilimin halayyar iyali, ko cin zarafin yara na iya yin sulhu da alaƙar da ke tsakanin manyan abubuwan da suka faru da PTSD. == Gudanarwa == Tattaunawar damuwa mai mahimmanci (CISDs) sun tabbatar da cewa hanya ce mai nasara a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata ga mutane a cikin manyan ayyukan damuwa, na gaggawa. Kusan ƙungiyoyin CISD 300 sun wanzu a Amurka, suna ba da shiga tsakani ga wuta, likitan asibiti, 'yan sanda, da sauran ma'aikatan gaggawa. Wadannan tambayoyin an tsara su ne don ba da tabbacin motsin rai, lokaci don iska, ilimi game da kula da damuwa, da shawarwari. Jeff Mitchell ne ya fara aiwatar da wannan dabarar, na Gidauniyar Matsalar Matsalar Kasa da Kasa, a cikin 1983 don kula da ma'aikatan kulawa ta gaggawa a cikin aikin kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa. An kirkiro waɗannan tambayoyin don hana kara tsanantawa da kuma inganta farfadowa. Judith Herman, marubucin Trauma & Recovery, ya gano yanayi uku masu mahimmanci waɗanda dole ne a gamsu da su don ci gaba zuwa farfadowa: 1) aminci, 2) tunawa da makoki, da 3) sake haɗawa. Ana samun ''Tsaro'' lokacin da wadanda abin ya shafa suka koyi jin kwanciyar hankali da amincewa da tsarin farfadowa ta hanyar gane cewa akwai damuwa. "Tunanin da makoki" na abin da ya faru ya zama dole don wanda aka azabtar ya matsa zuwa warkewa. "Sake haɗi" yana faruwa ne lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya ji cewa suna da kwanciyar hankali don neman kula da damuwa da warkewa. An gwada kimantawar warware matsaloli a matsayin wata hanya mai yuwuwa don magance damuwa mai mahimmanci. Sarah Baker da Karen Williams ne suka yi gwajin farko na wannan dabarar a Burtaniya, ta amfani da ƙungiyar gwaji na masu kashe gobara. Wadannan masu kashe gobara sun cika tambayoyin da ba a san su ba wadanda suka auna matakin damuwa. Sakamakon binciken ya goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa kimantawar warware matsalar tana aiki ne mai matsakaici tsakanin damuwa da damuwa ta hankali. Wani binciken da aka buga a shekara ta 2008, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Halpern |first=Janice |last2=Gurevich |first2=Maria |last3=Schwartz |first3=Brian |last4=Brazeau |first4=Paulette |date=2009 |title=Interventions for critical incident stress in emergency medical services: a qualitative study |journal=Stress and Health |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=139–149 |doi=10.1002/smi.1230 |issn=1532-2998}}</ref> ya nuna yadda za a magance lamarin nan da nan bayan ya faru ya zama mai fa'ida ga masu aikin likita na gaggawa (EMTs). Hanyoyin shiga tsakani da suka fi muhimmanci ga waɗannan mahalarta EMT sune goyon bayan mai kulawa da lokacin hutu. An kalli mai kula da goyon baya tare da godiya yayin da aka kalli mai kula wanda ba mai goyon baya ba a matsayin mai mahimmanci. An bayyana lokacin hutu a matsayin sa'a 0.5-1 na lokacin da EMT ta daina aiki. Ana iya ciyar da wannan lokacin shi kaɗai amma sau da yawa tare da takwarorinsa. Wannan lokacin yana ba da damar EMT don yin magana game da abin da ya faru ba tare da la'akari ba kafin ya yi aikin takarda, ko yin magana game le abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa don shakatawa da raguwa. Wadanda suka halarci wannan binciken sun bayyana ilimi, suna magance shingen don tallafawa da inganta abubuwan da ke damun aiki a matsayin shawarwari da shawarwari game da abin da suka yi tunanin ya fi taimakawa yayin magance manyan abubuwan da suka faru.<ref name=":0" /> == Rigakafi == Babu wata hujja da aka nuna don hana damuwa gaba ɗaya. Akwai binciken da ke nuna cewa akwai hanyoyin da za a rage tasirin tasirin ma'aikatan gaba. Masu amsawa dole ne su kula da kansu don tsaron kansu da kuma kula da tsaron wasu. Kulawa ta hanyar tattaunawa ko lura na iya gano alamun farko ga masu amsawa. Ci gaba da kiwon lafiya a wurin da kuma bin abin da ya faru sune mabuɗin. Matakan da zasu iya taimakawa wajen rage damuwa bayan wani abin da ya faru: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Preparedness and Response {{!}} Safety and Health Guides - Critical Incident Stress Guide {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration |url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/critical.html |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=www.osha.gov}}</ref> * Kula da kungiyar da saurin ceto da dawo da ita * Shirye-shiryen * Kula da abinci mai gina jiki da hutawa * Kula da lafiyar hankali / motsin rai * Rage hayaniya da bayyanar wari * Lokaci na lokaci * Ruwan da ba a haɗa da kofi ba * Ƙananan kitse da ƙananan sukari * Kada ku yi gaggawar komawa aiki * "Ikon samun nasarar daidaitawa da damuwa, kiyaye lafiyar hankali a fuskar wahala", ko "resilience", yana aiki ne a matsayin abin kariya ga matsalolin lafiyar hankali da halayyar mutum <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haglund |first=M. E. M. |last2=Nestadt |first2=P. S. |last3=Cooper |first3=N. S. |last4=Southwick |first4=S. M. |last5=Charney |first5=D. S. |date=2007 |title=Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology |journal=Development and Psychopathology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=889–920 |doi=10.1017/S0954579407000430 |issn=0954-5794 |pmid=17705907 |s2cid=41580244}}</ref> == Bayanan yaduwar cututtuka daga binciken yanzu == * An bayar da rahoton baƙin ciki a cikin 6.8%, tare da baƙin ciki mai sauƙi mafi yawanci (3.5%), a cikin binciken kula da shari'a na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun EMS <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bentley |first=Melissa A. |last2=Crawford |first2=J. Mac |last3=Wilkins |first3=J. R. |last4=Fernandez |first4=Antonio R. |last5=Studnek |first5=Jonathan R. |date=2013-07-01 |title=An Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Nationally Certified EMS Professionals |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306521665 |journal=Prehospital Emergency Care |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=330–338 |doi=10.3109/10903127.2012.761307 |issn=1090-3127 |pmid=23414106 |s2cid=12800370 |url-access=}}</ref> * An gano yiwuwar PTSD a cikin 16.8% na likitocin gaggawa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pajonk |first=Frank-Gerald Bernhard |last2=Cransac |first2=Philippe |last3=Müller |first3=Vincent |last4=Teichmann |first4=Alexander |last5=Meyer |first5=Wolfgang |date=2012 |title=Trauma and stress-related disorders in German emergency physicians: the predictive role of personality factors |journal=International Journal of Emergency Mental Health |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=257–268 |issn=1522-4821 |pmid=23980490}}</ref> * 37% na masu sana'a na wuta da EMS sun yi la'akari da kashe kansu (kusan sau 10 na yawan manya na Amurka, 2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=What's Killing Our Medics? |url=http://www.revivingresponders.com/originalpaper |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=REVIVING RESPONDERS |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Daga cikin masu kashe gobara 1,027 na yanzu da suka yi ritaya a Amurka, ƙididdigar yaduwar ra'ayin kashe kansa (46.8%), tsare-tsare (19.2%), da ƙoƙari (15.5%) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanley |first=Ian H. |last2=Hom |first2=Melanie A. |last3=Hagan |first3=Christopher R. |last4=Joiner |first4=Thomas E. |date=2015-11-15 |title=Career prevalence and correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among firefighters |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=187 |pages=163–171 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.007 |issn=1573-2517 |pmid=26339926}}</ref> * Kimanin 3/4 jami'an 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoton cewa sun fuskanci mummunan abu, amma kasa da rabi sun gaya wa hukumar su game da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleischmann |first=Matthew H. |last2=Strode |first2=Pat |last3=Broussard |first3=Beth |last4=Compton |first4=Michael T. |date=2018-02-12 |title=Law enforcement officers' perceptions of and responses to traumatic events: a survey of officers completing Crisis Intervention Team training |journal=Policing and Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=149–156 |doi=10.1080/10439463.2016.1234469 |issn=1043-9463 |s2cid=151950531}}</ref> * Akwai yaduwar bakin ciki na 24.7% da yaduwar baƙin ciki da damuwa na 47.7% bayan jami'an 'yan sanda bayan 9/11 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowler |first=Rosemarie M. |last2=Kornblith |first2=Erica S. |last3=Li |first3=Jiehui |last4=Adams |first4=Shane W. |last5=Gocheva |first5=Vihra V. |last6=Schwarzer |first6=Ralf |last7=Cone |first7=James E. |date=2016 |title=Police officers who responded to 9/11: Comorbidity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety 10–11 years later |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |language=en |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=425–436 |doi=10.1002/ajim.22588 |issn=1097-0274 |pmid=27094566}}</ref> * Bayan binciken bayan Guguwar Katrina, abin sha mai barasa ya karu daga 2 zuwa 7 a kowace rana ga jami'an 'yan sanda <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCanlies |first=Erin C. |last2=Mnatsakanova |first2=Anna |last3=Andrew |first3=Michael E. |last4=Burchfiel |first4=Cecil M. |last5=Violanti |first5=John M. |date=2014 |title=Positive Psychological Factors are Associated with Lower PTSD Symptoms among Police Officers: Post Hurricane Katrina |journal=Stress and Health |language=en |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=405–415 |doi=10.1002/smi.2615 |issn=1532-2998 |pmc=4676265 |pmid=25476965}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Gudanar da damuwa mai mahimmanci == Manazarta == g88vdz7e33jcpggzshib27dr75i68ac 0 157178 879176 856278 2026-07-08T19:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Maylandia flavifemina''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . == Bayani == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana da kashin baya 17-19 a cikin kashin bayanta wanda kuma yana da haskoki masu laushi 17-19, akwai kashin baya 8-10 da haskoki masu laushi 6-9. Yara da mata suna da launi daban-daban daga launin shuɗi mai haske zuwa rawaya gaba ɗaya kuma suna da kashin dubura mai haske rawaya. Maza suna da kashin dubura baƙi da kuma membranes baƙi a cikin kashin caudal, wanda ya bambanta su da waɗanda suka haɗu waɗanda ke da kashin dubura shuɗi ko rawaya kuma membranes na kashin caudal suna da rawaya ko shuɗi. <ref name="malawicichlids">{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver |date=27 December 2013 |title=''Maylandia flavifemina'' (Konings & Stauffer, 2006) |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=M.K. Oliver |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221156/https://malawicichlids.com/mw09008r.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suna girma zuwa tsayin da aka saba na {{Convert|8.5|cm|in}} . == Rarrabawa == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana da girma zuwa tafkin Malawi inda aka rubuta ta daga kudancin tafkin a Malawi, yana faruwa a kusa da tsibirin Maleri, Tsibirin Nakantenga, Tsibirin Nankoma, Thumbi West Island, Chidunga Rocks da Tsibirin Namalenje. == Mazauna da muhalli == ''Maylandia flavifemina'' tana zaune a cikin tsaunukan da ke tsakanin duwatsu masu yashi da duwatsu a kan duwatsu, sama da ƙananan yankuna na yashi tsakanin duwatsu kuma ba kasafai ake samun duwatsu masu gutsuttsura ba. Maza suna da yanki kuma za su kare yankunansu daga mazan da suka yi kama da juna. Yankin yawanci ya ƙunshi yanki na yashi da ke tsakanin duwatsu da maza tare da yankuna a ƙasan reefs suna haƙa kogo mai hayayyafa a ƙarƙashin dutsen. Matan galibi suna kaɗaita amma ana iya samun su a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi har zuwa mutane 3. Matasa da manya mazan da ba na yanki ba suma suna faruwa a cikin mutane ɗaya, biyu-biyu ko kuma a cikin ƙananan raƙuman kifaye 3-8. Yana faruwa a zurfin {{Convert|5-40|m|ft}} > Wannan nau'in yana cin abinci ne daga ƙananan halittu masu laka a kan duwatsu, yana tattara diatoms da zare mai laushi na algae da bakinsa. An kuma rubuta su a matsayin suna cin ƙananan halittun benthic, kwari da plankton . <ref name="malawicichlids"/> == Suna == An fara rubuta wannan nau'in a shekarar 1998 amma ba a bayyana shi a hukumance ba har sai da Ad Konings da Jay Richard Stauffer Jr. suka sanya masa suna ''Metriaclima flavifemina'' a shekarar 2006. <ref name="malawicichlids"/> Sunan musamman ''flavifemina'' yana [[Harshen Latin|nufin]] "mai launin rawaya", wato launin rawaya na mata. <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == c32zbiwliui3lde1cm0v8tb6cy8b427 0 157489 879515 857201 2026-07-09T10:46:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}'''Nazarin ''Buffy''''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Buffyology''', shine nazarin shahararren jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Joss Whedon Buffy the Vampire Slayer kuma, zuwa ƙarami, shirin sa na Angel. Yana bincika batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi, iyali, ɗabi'a da sauran batutuwan falsafa kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen a cikin ''Buffyverse'' na almara. Neda Ulaby na NPR ya bayyana ''Buffy'' a matsayin mai "biyan musamman tsakanin masana kimiyya, wasu daga cikinsu sun yi ikirarin abin da suke kira '''Buffy'' Studies'". Kodayake ba a san shi sosai a matsayin horo na musamman ba, ana amfani da kalmar "Binciken Buffy" a cikin rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi Buffy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cantwell |first=Marianne |date=February 2004 |title=Collapsing the Extra/Textual: Passions and Intensities of Knowledge in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Online Fan Communities |url=http://refractory.unimelb.edu.au/2004/02/03/collapsing-the-extratextualpassions-and-intensities-of-knowledge-in-buffy-the-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-online-fan-communities-marianne-cantwell |website=Refractory: a Journal of Entertainment Media |access-date=2026-06-14 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124130040/http://refractory.unimelb.edu.au/2004/02/03/collapsing-the-extratextualpassions-and-intensities-of-knowledge-in-buffy-the-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-online-fan-communities-marianne-cantwell/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ci gaba a matsayin fannin ilimi == [[File:Slayage_(Buffyverse).jpg|thumb|Alamar wasa]] Shirin ''Buffy'' na asali (1997-2003) ya haifar da buga littattafai da yawa da daruruwan labaran da ke nazarin jigogi na wasan kwaikwayon daga ra'ayoyi masu yawa ciki har da [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], ilimin halayyar mutum, [[Falsafa|falsafar]], tauhidin, da karatun mata. David Graeber ne ya rubuta daya daga cikin matani na farko, [[Landan]] ya buga labarin Rebel Without a God <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel Without a God – David Graeber |url=https://davidgraeber.org/articles/rebel-without-a-god/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=davidgraeber.org |language=en-US}}</ref> a shekarar 1998. Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, Slayage: Jaridar Online ta Buffy Studies ta buga rubutun kan batun a kwata-kwata, kuma tana ci gaba da yin hakan. Fighting the Forces: What's at Stake in Buffy the Vampire Slayer an buga shi a shekara ta 2002, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin an buga wasu littattafan Buffy da yawa ta hanyar masu wallafa littattafan ilimi. Har ila yau, an yi taron kasa da kasa da yawa a kan batun. "Kwarewar kwaleji a duk faɗin duniya an sadaukar da ita ga wasan kwaikwayon, kuma makarantun sakandare a Ostiraliya da New Zealand suma suna ba da darussan Buffy. " Ana iya ɗaukar batun a matsayin wani ɓangare na digiri na Master a Cult Film & TV a Jami'ar Brunel, London. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2006 |title=Study Buffy at university |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article.html?in_article_id=13473&in_page_id=2 |website=Metro.co.uk}}</ref> Ana ƙara Nazarin mata'ika tare da wanda ya riga shi, misali a cikin littafin 2005, Karatun ''Mala'ika'' . Amsa ga wannan kulawa ta ilimi ya sami masu sukar sa. A shekara ta 2005 Jes Battis, wanda ya rubuta Blood Relations a cikin ''Buffy'' da Angel, ya bayyana cewa binciken ''Buffyverse'' "ya kira haɗuwa mai ban tsoro na ƙwazo da fushi", kuma ya sadu da "wani adadin ƙyama daga cikin dakunan makarantar". Duk da haka, biyo bayan Taron Kasa da Kasa na Uku a kan Whedonverses wanda aka gudanar da Yuni 5-8, 2008 a Jami'ar Jihar Henderson da ke Arkadelphia, Arkansas . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philosophy Home |url=http://www.hsu.edu/philosophy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610010223/http://www.hsu.edu/philosophy/ |archive-date=June 10, 2008 |access-date=June 10, 2008}}</ref> , kuma ya amince da "ci gaban ilimi na Whedon" bayan Buffy kanta, an kafa Whedon Studies Association a hukumance a matsayin "kungiyar da ba ta da riba da aka sadaukar da ita ga nazarin ayyukan Joss Whedon da abokan aikinsa". Bayan zarge-zarge da yawa da aka yi wa Whedon a cikin 2022, kungiyar ta sake sanya kanta a matsayin Association for the Study of ''Buffy'' +, tare da sabon bayanin manufa wanda ya bayyana yadda yanzu suke "bayyana Buffy + Nazarin a matsayin binciken masanin Buffy the Vampire Slayer da matani masu alaƙa da shi. Wannan ya haɗa da aikin masu ba da gudummawa da yawa ga Buffyverse (watau, duniya ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa ko rabawa da Buffy) abubuwan da suka shafi Buffy ke faruwa tare da Buffy da Buffy ke wakiltar su. == Misalan jigogi da aka bincika == === Nazarin al'adun gargajiya === Marcella Lins, 2020: Libertarianism in Pop Culture: Yin amfani da ka'idodin 'yanci ga Buffy the Vampire Slayer's Season 4. : Marcella Lins, mai bincike a Jami'ar Anhembi Morumbi, ta sake duba Buffy's Season 4 kuma ta bincika shi ta hanyar hangen nesa. A wannan kakar, ana tattauna batutuwa masu yawa masu dacewa, kamar su nau'i da aikin jihar, alakarta da al'umma, rushewar hukumomin gwamnati da halin doka da hukunci. Ana sa ran cewa nasarar karɓar ka'idojin 'yanci da ka'idoji don fahimtar wannan shirin talabijin na iya haifar da 'yanci a matsayin madadin falsafa mai mahimmanci da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin neman mafita ga batutuwan yanzu. === Nazarin kafofin watsa labarai === * Rhonda Wilcox, 2005: Me ya sa Buffy ke da mahimmanci: Fasahar Buffy mai kisan jini. *: Me ya sa Buffy ke da muhimmanci? A cikin wannan takarda Wilcox ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawo wannan shirin talabijin a cikin hangen nesa a gare mu. Wilcox ya ce, "Yana da mahimmanci saboda yana nuna cewa talabijin na iya zama fasaha, kuma ya cancanci a yi nazari sosai... zurfin haruffa, gaskiyar labarun, zurfin jigogi, da kuma ainihin jiki a cikin harshe, sauti da hoto - duk waɗannan al'amuran. " (Wilcox 419). Yayinda yake ba da cikakkun bayanai game da duk waɗannan abubuwa da kuma zanawa a kan wasu labaran ilimi game da Buffy, Wilcox yana taimakawa wajen kawo wannan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin zuwa wannan shafin ga duk magoya bayan da ke sha'awar Buffy; daga waɗanda ba su da tabbas game da jerin har zuwa waɗanda suka mutu. * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. "Fighting the Forces: What's at Stake for Buffy The Vampire Slayer. "Fightning the Forces" yana bincika gwagwarmayar ƙirƙirar ma'ana a cikin misali mai ban sha'awa na al'adun gargajiya, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin "Buffy the Vampire Killer". Wadannan rubutun suna nazarin batutuwan zamantakewa da al'adu da ke cikin jerin kuma suna sanya shi a cikin mahallin wallafe-wallafen. Editocin Wilcox da Lavery sun buɗe wata hanya mai ban shaʼawa ga magoya bayan wannan wasan kwaikwayon, duka tsararraki, tsararraki da kuma suna nazarin 'yanci, ɗalibai, ɗalibai suna kula da juna' yarinya' yarinya, ɗalibai' yarinya masu cin zarafin' yan Amurka suna tattauna juna' yaren' yarinya da kuma suna kula da kuma suna da juna' yan Adam suna kula da' yan Adam' yan Adam su da juna' "Wilcox da Lavery suna nazarin waɗannan ra'ayoyi da yawa yayin da suke sukar wasu rubutun masana kamar "Allah, Sabbin ƙungiyoyin Addini, da Buffy mai kisan Vampire" da "Duk abin da Falsafa Game da Buffy Mai kisan Vempire" [1] *: "Fighting the Forces" ya binciki gwagwarmayar ƙirƙirar ma'ana a cikin misali mai ban sha'awa na al'adun gargajiya, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Wadannan rubutun suna nazarin batutuwan zamantakewa da al'adu da ke cikin jerin kuma suna sanya shi a cikin mahallin wallafe-wallafen. Editocin Wilcox da Lavery sun buɗe ƙofar mai ban shaʼawa ga magoya bayan wannan wasan kwaikwayon, "Matsalar jinsi, jinsi, jinsi da sauran tsararraki, aji, aji, da kuma suna tattauna batun Jamaican" "Wilcox da Lavery suna nazarin waɗannan ra'ayoyi da yawa yayin da suke sukar wasu rubutun masana kamar "Allah, Sabbin ƙungiyoyin Addini, da Buffy mai kisan Vampire" da "Duk abin da Falsafa Game da Buffy Mai kisan Vempire" <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Christine Jarvis |last2=Viv Burr |date=2005 |title='Friends are the family we choose for ourselves': Young people and families in the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer |journal=Young |volume=13 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/1103308805054213 |s2cid=141418363}}</ref> === Nazarin iyali === * Burr, Vivien, da Jarvis, C., Satumba 2007. "Imagining the Family Representations of Alternative Lifestyles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. " *: Wannan takarda tana ba da nazarin iyali da kuma yadda iyalai na kafofin watsa labarai ke shafar ra'ayoyin matasa. Ta hanyar shirin talabijin, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Burr ya binciki haɗari da fa'idodi na nau'ikan iyali marasa daidaituwa, musamman ma waɗanda ba na kwayar halitta ba ko 'zaɓaɓɓu'. (Burr) Har ila yau, akwai mayar da hankali cewa Buffy "ta amince da rashin matsayi, ' hangen nesa na dimokuradiyya' na iyali. (Giddens, 1992) Hakanan, Buffy na iya samar da 'duniya ta zamantakewa' waɗanda ke da babban mayar da hankali ga yada sabbin ayyukan zamantakewa, na iyali (Plummer, 1995). Ana kallon iyali a sabuwar hanya daban ta hanyar Buffy wanda ke haifar da irin waɗannan sababbin abubuwa da kuma a aikace da bincike kan batun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualitative Social Work -- Table of Contents (September 2007, 6 [3]) |url=http://qsw.sagepub.com/content/vol6/issue3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028083555/http://qsw.sagepub.com/content/vol6/issue3/ |archive-date=2007-10-28}}</ref> * Kociemba, David, 2006: "A zahiri, yana bayyana abubuwa ''da yawa''": Karatun Sashen Sakataren Sakataren a cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer. "Wannan takarda yana nazarin jerin sunayen buɗewa na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin dalla-dalla, kallon amfani da hotuna, launi, gyara, tambarin, ƙididdiga, taken, da ƙuri'a. Jerin taken buɗewa na Buffy the Vampire Slayer yana aiki a matsayin microcosm na jerin kanta. Suna nuna tasirin masu kirkirar ra'ayi game da masu sauraron su da ayyukansu, labaran matsakaici da tarurrukan fasaha, da kuma ayyukan masana'antar kafofin watsa labarai. Suna gina jerin da suka gabata, suna tsara kwarewar mai kallo na yanzu game da lamarin, kuma suna shirya hanyar don labaran nan gaba. Wannan labarin ya lashe kyautar "Short Mr. Pointy" don ƙwarewa a cikin karatun Buffy daga Whedon Studies Association . [1] *: Wannan takarda tana nazarin jerin sunayen buɗewa na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin dalla-dalla, kallon amfani da hotuna, launi, gyare-gyare, tambari, ƙididdiga, taken, da ƙuri'a. Jerin taken buɗewa na Buffy the Vampire Slayer yana aiki a matsayin microcosm na jerin kanta. Suna nuna tasirin masu kirkirar ra'ayi game da masu sauraron su da ayyukansu, labaran matsakaici da tarurrukan fasaha, da kuma ayyukan masana'antar kafofin watsa labarai. Suna gina jerin da suka gabata, suna tsara kwarewar mai kallo na yanzu game da lamarin, kuma suna shirya hanyar don labaran nan gaba. Wannan labarin ya lashe kyautar "Short Mr. Pointy" don ƙwarewa a cikin karatun Buffy daga Whedon Studies Association . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slayage 22: Kociemba |url=http://www.slayageonline.com/essays/slayage22/Kociemba.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025074345/http://www.slayageonline.com/essays/slayage22/Kociemba.htm |archive-date=2009-10-25 |access-date=2009-07-29}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Taken littafin ! data-sort-type="isoDate" |An sake shi !Bayyanawa !Mawallafa (s) |- |''Rayuwa bayan Jima'i: Ragowar Trauerspiel a cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2014 |Wani bincike, wanda ya samo asali daga Walter Benjamin, game da tauhidin da aka ɓoye na Buffy the Vampire Slayer da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin gabaɗaya. |Anthony Curtis Adler |- |''Buffy da Angel sun mamaye Intanet: Rubuce-rubuce akan Fandom na Kan layi'' |2009 |Binciken da aka yi da yawa game da jerin 'fandom guda biyu. |Mary Kirby-Diaz (edita) |- |''Buffy ta yi duhu'' |2009 |Dubi lokutan biyu na karshe na ''Buffy'', wanda aka watsa a UPN. |[Hasiya] An yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin da za a yi amfani da shi a lokacin da ake amfani da su |- |''Bangaskiya da Zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin Ayyukan Joss Whedon'' |2008–04 |Binciken zaɓin ruhaniya da na ɗabi'a da K. Dale Koontz ya yi a cikin ''Buffyverse''. |K. Dale Koontz |- |''Joss Whedon na Rayuwa: Mugunta da 'Yanci na Dan Adam a cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Firefly da Serenity'' |2006–04 |Wannan littafin yana nazarin aikin Joss Whedon a cikin haske na rayuwa, yana mai da hankali kan ɗabi'a, nagarta da mugunta, zabi, da 'yancin zaɓe. |Michael Richardson, J. Douglas Rabb |- |''Kyakkyawan Al'adu a cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2006–01 |Nazarin Matthew Pateman game da sharhin al'adu da ke cikin ''Buffy''. |Matthew Pateman |- |''Buffy the Vampire Slayer (BFI TV Classics) '' |2005–12 |Bayani mai zurfi game da tarihin ''Buffy''. |Anne Billson |- |''Dalilin da ya sa Buffy ke da mahimmanci: Fasahar Buffy mai kisan jini'' |2005–10 |Rhonda Wilcox, ta gabatar da gardama ga ''Buffy'' a matsayin nau'in fasaha kamar yadda ya cancanci girmamawa da amincewa a matsayin fim ko wallafe-wallafen. |Rhonda V. Wilcox |- |''Mala'ika na Karatu: TV Spin-off tare da Rai'' |2005–09 |Tarin da ke rufe batutuwa da yawa ciki har da kyawawan fina-finai na Angel, kiɗansa, sauye-sauyen hotuna na namiji, yanayin Los Angeles, da kuma jarumi. |Stacey Abbott (edita) |- |''Dangantakar Jini: Iyalai da aka zaba a cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer da Angel'' |2005–06 |Yana bincika ra'ayoyin iyali da aka bincika a ''Buffy'' da Angel . |Jes Battis |- |''Jima'i da Mai Kashewa: Nazarin Jima'a na Farko don Buffy Fan'' |2005–04 |Jima'i da Mai Kisan kai suna ba da gabatarwa ga mata ta hanyar ''Buffy''. |Lorna Jowett |- |''Lokaci biyar na Mala'ika'' |2004–10 |Wani marubucin almara na kimiyya da sauran marubutan suna ba da gudummawa ga tarin rubutun Angel. |Glenn Yeffeth (edita) |- |''Halin Talabijin: Shari'ar Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2004–04 |Littafin da ke jayayya cewa talabijin yana taimakawa wajen tsara dabi'un dabi'u na al'umma, kuma a wannan yanayin musamman ''Buffy''. |Gregory Stevenson |- |''Me Buffy Za Ta Yi? : Mai kisan Vampire a matsayin Jagora na Ruhaniya'' |2004–04 |Dubi jagororin ruhaniya da jigogi na addini da aka nuna a ''Buffy'' duk da rashin yarda da Allah na mahaliccin wasan kwaikwayon. |Jana Riess |- |''Karatun Mai Kisan Vampire'' |2004–03 |Littafin ya ba da bincike mai zurfi wanda ke nuna alamun da aka ɓoye a cikin ''Buffy'' da Angel. |Roz Kaveney |- |''Lokaci Bakwai na Buffy'' |2003–09 |Wani marubucin almara na kimiyya da sauran marubutan suna ba da gudummawa ga tarin rubutun ''Buffy''. |Glenn Yeffeth (edita), David Brin (Goodreads Author) (mai ba da gudummawa), Justine Larbalestier (mai ba le gudummawa) |- |''Slayer Slang: Buffy the Vampire Slayer Lexicon'' |2003–07 |Nazarin zurfi game da yaren matasa na zamani da aka yi amfani da shi a ''Buffy''. |Michael Adams |- |''Kashe Ni: Tsarin Labari da Buffy mai kisan jini'' |2003–05 |Tattaunawar tsarin labari tare da: jin daɗin masu sauraro, mise en scène, da amfani da alama da kwatanci. |Sue Turnbull |- |''Joss Whedon: Mai Hikima a Bayan Buffy'' |2003–05 |Takaitaccen tarihin mahaliccin ''Buffy'', wanda ke nuna tambayoyi tare da ma'aikata da ma'aikatan da ya yi aiki tare da su, da kuma nazarin hanyoyin kirkirarsa. |Candace Havens |- |''Buffy mai kisan gilla da Falsafa: Tsoro da Girgizar a Sunnydale'' |2003–03 |Ya haɗa falsafar gargajiya zuwa ɗabi'a a cikin ''Buffy'' . |James B. South, William Irwin (edita) |- |''Yaki da Sojoji: Abin da ke cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2002–04 |Yana kallon gwagwarmayar bincika ma'anar ''Buffy''. |Rhonda V. Wilcox (Editor), David Lavery (Editor) |- |''Kiɗa, Sauti, da Shiru a cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2010–05 |Wannan littafin ya bayyana yadda aka yi amfani da kiɗa, sauti da shiru. |Paul Attinello, Janet K. Halfyard (edita), Vanessa Knights (edita) |- |''Da zarar an Bitten: Jagora mara izini ga Duniya ta Mala'ika'' |2004–11 |Yana nuna tarihin wasan kwaikwayon; wani sashi da ke nuna mafi kyawun shafukan yanar gizo; kallon Buffy da Angel a cikin masana'antu; cikakken jagora ga dukkan jerin Angel guda biyar; da kuma hotuna na musamman. |Nikki Stafford |- |''Ka ci ni! Sarah Michelle Gellar da "Buffy the Vampire Slayer"'' |1998–12 |An sake dubawa kuma an sabunta shi don haɗawa da bayanai game da dukkan lokutan shida na Buffy, wannan jagora mai mahimmanci ga ɗayan shirye-shiryen talabijin mafi zafi ya haɗa da sake dubawa na cikakkun lokutan farko uku na Angel, tare da ƙarin jaddadawa akan abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin shirye-shirye biyu. |Nikki Stafford |- |''Ka ci ni! Jagora mara izini ga Duniya na Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2002–09 |''Ku yi mini ƙuntata!'' ya nuna rawar da Sarah ta taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayon kuma ya nuna sharhin nishaɗi a kowane labari, da kuma bayanan baya game da labarun da ke cikin su (An sake sake su a 2008). |Nikki Stafford |- |''Undead TV: Rubuce-rubuce kan "Buffy the Vampire Slayer"'' |2008–01 |A cikin Undead TV, malaman nazarin kafofin watsa labarai suna magance abin da ya faru na Buffy da kuma rayuwarsa da yawa a cikin al'adun gargajiya, masana'antar talabijin, Intanet, da kuma sukar ilimi. Masu ba da gudummawa suna shiga cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar su tauraro, asalin jinsi, kallo, fandom, da kuma intertextuality. |Elana Levine (Edita), Lisa Parks (Edita) |- |''Buffy mai kisan gilla: Littafin Monster'' |2000–08 |Wannan littafin ya shiga cikin al'adun da suka yi wahayi zuwa ga mugayen mutanen wasan kwaikwayon - tatsuniyoyin su, kimiyya, al'adu, wallafe-wallafen da asalin tarihi. |Christopher Golden, Thomas E. Sniegoski |- |''Buffy Chronicles: Abokin hulɗa na Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |1998–12 |Buffy Chronicles ya haɗa da sake dubawa na fim ɗin da ya fara shi duka, tarihin almara, bayanan da aka jefa, ƙaddamar da makirci, da kuma abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci a bayan fage. Jagora ga madadin kiɗa da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke ƙara yanayi mai yawa, wannan littafin yana da duk abin da magoya bayan Buffy zasu iya so. |Ngaire E. Genge |- |''Dusted: Jagoran da ba a ba da izini ba ga Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2010–01 |Bayani da aka ƙura da sake dubawa duk abubuwan da suka faru 144 na Buffy the Vampire Slayerin cikakkun bayanai - tare da taƙaitaccen labarin, ƙididdiga, bayanin kula game da sihiri, ci gaban hali, Slayer Kill-Count da sauransu. |Lawrence Miles, Lars Pearson, Christa Dickson |- |''Jagoran Q zuwa Buffy mai kisan jini'' |2008–03 |Ku koma bayan al'amuran wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin wanda ba zai mutu ba! Daga asalinsa a matsayin fim din da aka zagi zuwa mulkinsa na shekaru bakwai a kan WB da UPN, Buffy ta haifar da sabon tsara na masoyan vampire. |Gregory L. Norris |- |''Cikakken Mai Kashewa: Jagora mara izini kuma ba tare da izini ba ga kowane fitowar Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' |2004–11 |Ko kai Slayerette ne mai ƙwarewa ko kuma sabon shiga, wannan jagora mai banƙyama ga cikakken jerin bakwai shine abokin ku mai mahimmanci ga sararin samaniya na Buffy. |Keith Topping |- |''Romance a cikin Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Love at Stake'' |2014–07 |Ya sake ziyartar wasu lokuta masu lalacewa da kuma dangantakar da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba wanda ya zama ''Buffyverse''. |Carrie Sessarego |- |''Jinin, jima'i da ilimi - matsalolin matasa da tsoro kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer''' |2007–07 |Marubucin ya bincika yadda kuma har zuwa wane irin matsalolin matasa da al'adun matasa na makarantar sakandare tare da kyakkyawan dalili na vampirism suna gudanar da magance musamman matasa masu sauraro. |David Gerlach |- |''Tafiyar Wawaye Ta hanyar Sunnydale: Dubi Tsohon Abubuwan da suka faru na Babban Arcana ta hanyar Buffy mai kisan Vampire'' |2010–02 |Binciken ma'anar kowane katin Major Arcana kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tarihin, kuma a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, Buffy the Vampire Slayer . |Mary Caelsto |- |''Mai Kashewa (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) '' |2003–12 |Tarin abubuwan da suka fi ban dariya, mafi yawan faɗakarwa, kuma sau da yawa abubuwan da suka shafi daga shirin talabijin na Emmy. |Micol Ostow (Mawallafin Goodreads), Steve Brezenoff |- |''Hollywood Vampire: Jagora mai sabuntawa da sabuntawa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba tare da izini ba ga Angel'' |2004–01 |Wannan Littafi Mai-Tsarki na magoya baya ba bisa ka'ida ba an sabunta shi don haɗawa da kowane labari na yanayi uku da huɗu, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na wasan kwaikwayon a cikin rukunoni. |Keith Topping |- |''Buffy a cikin aji: Rubuce-rubuce kan Koyarwa tare da Mai Kashe Vampire'' |2010–10 |Wannan littafin ya haɗu da fannoni na ilimi da na aiki na koyarwa ta hanyar bincika hanyoyin da ake koyar da Buffy the Vampire Slayer, a duniya, ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi horo da horo. Rubuce-rubuce sun bayyana yadda za a iya amfani da Buffy don bayyana - da kuma karfafa ƙarin tattaunawa game da - rikitarwa na labaran talabijin, halayen halayen, ɗabi'a, mata, ainihi, ɗabiʼa, sadarwa ba tare da magana ba, samar da fim, kafofin watsa labarai da al'adu, tantancewa, da Shakespeare, da sauran batutuwa. |Jodie A. Kreider (edita), Meghan K. Winchell (edita) |- |''Physics na Buffyverse'' |2006–12 |A cikin al'adar mafi kyawun sayar da The Physics of Star Trek, sanannen marubucin kimiyya Jennifer Ouellette ya bayyana mahimman ra'ayoyi a cikin kimiyyar jiki ta hanyar misalai da aka samo daga wasan kwaikwayo na TV Buffy the Vampire Slayer da kuma sautin sa, Angel. |Jennifer Ouellette |- |''Buffy, Ballads, da Bad Guys Who Sing: Music in the Worlds of Joss Whedon'' |2010–11 |''Buffy, Ballads, da Bad Guys Who Sing: Music in the Worlds of Joss Whedon'' suna nazarin muhimmiyar rawar da kiɗa ke takawa a cikin waɗannan ayyukan, daga Buffy the Vampire Slayer zuwa gidan yanar gizo na Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog. |Kendra Preston Leonard (edita) |- |''Gaskiyar Buffy: Rubuce-rubuce game da Fiction Haskaka Gaskiya'' |2008–06 |A cikin wannan tarin mahimman rubutun, marubutan 15 daga fannoni da yawa, gami da wallafe-wallafen, zane-zane, wasan kwaikwayo, falsafar, da kimiyyar siyasa, nazarin hanyoyin da Buffy ke haskaka abubuwan da masu kallo ke fuskanta. |Emily Dial-Driver (edita), Sally Emmons-Featherston (edita) |- |''Yarinyar ta yi Bitin: Jagoran asali mara izini ga duniyar Buffy'' |1998 |Wannan jagorar abokiyar ta rufe dukkan fannoni na abubuwan da suka faru na Buffy-daga fim din 1992 wanda ya hada da Kristy Swanson da Luke Perry, zuwa ci gaba da samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yanzu wanda Sarah Michelle Gellar ta hada. |Kathleen Tracy |- |''An fanshe shi: Jagoran da ba a ba da izini ga Mala'ika'' |2006–11 |Fitowa ya soki duk wasan kwaikwayon a cikin cikakkun bayanai, tare da ido don sulhunta fasalulluka na "Angel" - aya a kansu, da kuma rarraba hangen nesa mai ban tsoro na masu samar da "Angel", Tim Minear, Jeffrey Bell da abokan aikinsu na Mutant Enemy. |Lars Pearson, Christa Dickson (Marubucin Goodreads) |- |} * Buffy the Vampire Slayer a cikin al'adun gargajiya * Donaldism * [[Jerin jarumai mata da masu laifi|Jerin jarumai mata]] * Mata mayaƙa a cikin adabi da al'adu == Manazarta == lgeii2i7003hbqgppsv8gzjb1nrwc3b 0 157601 878983 857535 2026-07-08T16:02:45Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:IMTV_front_cropped.png|thumb|Inganta Modular Tactical Vest da US Marine Corps ta gabatarRundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka]] {{Databox}}'''''makamai'' na jiki''', '''''makamai'' na mutum''' (kuma an rubuta makamai), kayan makamai (makamai) ko '''rigar makamai''', da sauransu, makamai ne ga [[Jikin mutum]]: tufafi masu kariya ko garkuwar hannu da aka tsara don sha ko karkatar da hare-haren jiki. An yi amfani da shi a tarihi don kare ma'aikatan soja, a yau ana amfani da shi ta hanyar [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] daban-daban (musamman' 'Yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya), masu tsaro tsaro masu zaman kansu, ko masu tsaron jiki, kuma a wasu lokuta talakawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pyke |first=Andrew J. |last2=Costello |first2=Joseph T. |last3=Stewart |first3=Ian B. |date=2015-03-01 |title=Heat strain evaluation of overt and covert body armor in a hot and humid environment |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76274/1/Accepted_pre_print_manuscript.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Applied Ergonomics |volume=47 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.016 |issn=1872-9126 |pmid=25479969 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727134802/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76274/1/Accepted_pre_print_manuscript.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-27 |access-date=2020-06-04}}</ref> A yau akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyu: makamai na jiki na yau da kullun don matsakaici zuwa kariya mai mahimmanci, da makamai masu ƙarfi na jiki don kariya mafi girma, kamar yadda masu gwagwarmaya ke amfani da su. [[Fayil:Japanese_warrior_in_armor._(10797305704).jpg|thumb|Jarumi na Japan a cikin makamai]] == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Πανοπλία_των_Δέντρων_8005.jpg|thumb|Greek Mycenaean armor, {{Circa|1400 BC}}]] Many factors have affected the development of personal armor throughout human history. Significant factors in the development of armor include the economic and technological necessities of armor production. For instance full plate armor first appeared in medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> At times the development of armor has run parallel to the development of increasingly effective weaponry on the battlefield, with armorers seeking to create better protection without sacrificing mobility. === Tsohon zamani === 1¹11 Makamai na Gabas suna da dogon tarihi, wanda ya fara a Tsohon kasar Sin. tarihin Gabashin Asiya an yi amfani da makamai masu kama da lamellar, da kuma salon da suka yi kama da rigar farantin, da brigandine. Daga baya an kuma yi amfani da cuirasses da faranti. A zamanin daular Qing, an yi makamai na fata daga rhinoceros. An kirkiro amfani da makamai na ƙarfe a yankin Koriya a lokacin Gaya Confederacy na 42 AZ - 562 AZ. An haƙa ƙarfe kuma an tsaftace shi a yankin da ke kewaye da Gimhae (Lardin Gyeongsangnam, [[Koriya ta Kudu]]). Yin amfani da zane-zanen farantin tsaye da triangular, saitin makamai na farantin ya kunshi 27 ko fiye da mutum 1-2 in) kauri mai laushi, wanda aka tabbatar tare da ƙusa ko ƙusa. Abubuwan da aka dawo dasu sun haɗa da kayan haɗi kamar masu tsaron hannu na ƙarfe, masu tsaron wuyansa, masu tsattsauran kafa, da makamai / bindigogi. Amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan makamai sun ɓace daga amfani a yankin Koriya bayan faduwar Gaya Confederacy zuwa Daular Silla, a lokacin mulkin mallaka uku na Koriya a cikin 562 AZ.[1] [[Fayil:Turkey.Bodrum073.jpg|thumb|Wasikar Turkiyyawasika mai laushi]] A cikin [[Tarihin Turai]], sanannun nau'ikan makamai sun haɗa da hauberk na wasika na farkon zamanin da, da kuma cikakken kayan aikin ƙarfe da aka sa daga baya da kuma [[Renaissance]] knights, da kuma wasu mahimman abubuwa (ƙashin zuciya da na baya) ta manyan sojan doki a ƙasashe da yawa na Turai har zuwa shekara ta farko ta Yaƙin Duniya na (1914-1915). Makamai na [[Japan]] da aka sani a yau a matsayin makamai na samurai sun bayyana a zamanin Heian. (794-1185) Wadannan makamai na samurai na farko ana kiransu ''ō-yoroi'' da ''dō-maru'' . ==== Farantin ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A hankali, an kara ƙananan ƙarin faranti ko diski na ƙarfe a cikin wasikar don kare wuraren da ke da rauni. A ƙarshen karni na 13, an rufe gwiwoyi, kuma an sanya diski biyu na zagaye, wanda ake kira besagews don kare makamai. A variety of methods for improving the protection provided by mail were used as armorers seemingly experimented.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2008}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Hardened leather and splinted construction were used for arm and leg pieces. The coat of plates was developed, an armor made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat. Farantin farko a Italiya, da sauran wurare a cikin ƙarni na 13 zuwa 15 an yi su da baƙin ƙarfe. Ana iya yin amfani da makamai na ƙarfe ko kuma a ƙarfafa shi don ba da saman ƙarfe mai ƙarfi.{{Sfn|Williams|2003}} Makamai na farantin ya zama mai rahusa fiye da wasiku a karni na 15 saboda yana buƙatar ƙarancin aiki kuma aiki ya zama mai tsada sosai bayan [[Black Death]], kodayake yana buƙatar manyan murhu don samar da manyan furanni. An ci gaba da amfani da wasika don kare waɗancan haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ba za a iya kare su da kyau ba ta farantin, kamar su armpit, crook na wuyan hannu da kuma ƙuƙwalwa. Wani fa'idar farantin shi ne cewa ana iya sanya hutawa a cikin farantin nono.{{Sfn|Williams|2003}} [[Fayil:Maratha_Armour.jpg|thumb|Sa hannu Maratha kwalkwali tare da lankwasa baya, ra'ayi na gefe]] Ƙananan ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙwasawa sun zama babban kwalkwali na gaskiya, bascinet, yayin da aka tsawaita shi zuwa ƙasa don kare bayan wuyansa da bangarorin kai. Bugu da ƙari, an gabatar da sababbin nau'ikan kwalkwali da yawa a ƙarshen karni na 14 don maye gurbin babban kwalkwali, kamar sallet da barbut kuma daga baya armet da kusanci. Wataƙila mafi kyawun salon makamai a duniya ya zama makamai na farantin da ke da alaƙa da jarumawa Turai na Ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiya, amma ya ci gaba zuwa farkon karni na 17 na [[Zamanin Haskakawa]] a duk ƙasashen Turai. A kusan shekara ta 1400, an haɓaka cikakken kayan makamai a cikin makamai na Lombardy Sojojin doki masu nauyi sun mamaye fagen yaƙi na ƙarni da yawa a wani ɓangare saboda makamai.{{Sfn|Williams|2003}} A farkon karni na 15, an fara amfani da ƙananan "hannuwa" a cikin Hussite Wars, tare da dabarun Wagenburg, suna ba da damar sojoji su kayar da jaruman da ke dauke da makamai a fagen fama. A lokaci guda an sanya crossbows da karfi don fado da makamai, kuma ci gaban tsarin Swiss Pike square ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga manyan sojan doki. Maimakon lalata amfani da makamai na jiki, barazanar kananan bindigogi sun kara amfani da kara inganta makamai na farantin. Akwai lokacin shekaru 150 wanda ake amfani da makamai masu inganci da kuma ingantaccen ƙarfe, daidai saboda haɗarin da bindigar ta kawo. Saboda haka, bindigogi da sojan doki a cikin makamai sun kasance "tsoratar da magani" tare a fagen yaƙi kusan kusan shekaru 400. A ƙarni na 15, kusan koyaushe ana yin faranti na makamai na Italiya ya ƙare.{{Sfn|Williams|2003}} A Kudancin Jamus masu makamai sun fara karfafa makaman ƙarfe ne kawai a ƙarshen karni na 15. Za su ci gaba da karfafa ƙarfinsu na ƙarni na gaba saboda sun kashe kuma sun daidaita samfurin su wanda ya ba da damar haɗakar da zinariya ta wuta tare da daidaitawa.{{Sfn|Williams|2003}} Ingancin ƙarfe da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin makamai ya lalace yayin da sojoji suka fi girma kuma an sanya makamai masu kauri, suna buƙatar kiwon manyan dawakai. Idan a cikin ƙarni na 14 da {{Convert|15|kg}} makamai ba su da nauyin fiye da 15 , to a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 ya auna {{Convert|25|kg}} .{{Sfn|Williams|2003}} Ƙarin nauyi da kauri na makamai na ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 don haka ya ba da juriya mai yawa. A farkon shekarun bindigogi da arquebuses, an harbe bindigogi masu baƙar a cikin ƙananan gudu (yawanci ƙasa da {{Convert|600|m/s}} m / s (2,000 ft / s)). Cikakken kayan kwalliya, ko kuma kawai faranti na nono na iya dakatar da harsasai da aka harba daga nesa. A zahiri, an harbe faranti na gaba a matsayin gwaji. Sau da yawa ana kewaye da tasirin tare da zane-zane don nuna shi. An kira wannan "tabbaci". Armor sau da yawa yana ɗauke da alamar mai aikatawa, musamman idan yana da inganci mai kyau. Crossbow bolts ko jayayya, idan har yanzu ana amfani da su, ba za su iya shiga cikin farantin mai kyau ba, kuma ba za su sami harsashi ba sai an harbe shi daga kusa. [[Fayil:Suits_of_armour_for_riders_Berlin_museum.jpg|thumb|Renaissance / Farkon kayan ado na zamani na makamai da suka dace da sojan doki masu nauyi]] A sakamakon haka, maimakon yin makamai na farantin tsofaffi, amfani da bindigogi ya haifar da ci gaban makamai na faranti a cikin matakan da suka biyo baya. Ga mafi yawan wannan lokacin, ya ba da damar mahayan dawakai su yi yaƙi yayin da suke da manufofi na kare arquebusiers ba tare da an kashe su cikin sauƙi ba. Janar da kwamandoji sun sa cikakken kayan makamai har zuwa shekarun 1710. ==== Makamai na doki ==== An ba da kariya ga doki daga sojan doki da makamai na sojan ƙasa ta hanyar katako. Wannan ya ba da kariya ga doki kuma ya inganta ra'ayi na gani na jarumi a kan doki. A ƙarshen zamanin, an yi amfani da zane-zane mai zurfi a matsayin makamai na fareti. === Lokacin gunpowder === [[Fayil:Detaille_-_Lieutenant_of_cuirassiers.jpg|thumb|Faransanci cuirassier na karni na 19 (Drawing by Édouard Detaille, 1885) ]] Kamar yadda makamai masu linzami suka inganta sosai daga karni na 16 zuwa gaba, ya zama mai rahusa kuma ya fi tasiri a sami kungiyoyin sojoji marasa makamai tare da bindigogi na farko fiye da samun dakarun da aka ɗora a kan doki, wanda shine babban dalilin da ya sa aka watsar da makamai. Yawancin rundunonin sojan doki mai sauƙi sun watsar da makaman su, kodayake wasu rundunonin doki masu nauyi sun ci gaba da amfani da shi, kamar su Jamus reiters, Polish hussars, da kuma Faransa cuirassiers. === Amfani na zamani === Metal armor remained in limited use long after its general obsolescence. Soldiers in the American Civil War (1861–1865) bought iron and steel vests from peddlers (both sides had considered but rejected it for standard issue). The effectiveness of the vests varied widely—some successfully deflected bullets and saved lives but others were poorly made and resulted in tragedy for the soldiers. In any case the vests were abandoned by many soldiers due to their weight on long marches as well as the stigma they got for being cowards from their fellow troops.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:Collections_of_the_Imperial_War_Museum_Q30161.jpg|left|thumb|Yaƙin Duniya na I makamai na mutum, gami da murfin ƙarfe don sawa a ƙarƙashin murfin kayan aiki, tabarau na Faransanci tare da ƙananan raƙuman gani, da kuma gauntlet na ƙarfe]] At the start of [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] in 1914, thousands of the French cuirassiers rode out to engage the German cavalry who likewise used helmets and armor. By that period, the shiny armor plate was covered in dark paint and a canvas wrap covered their elaborate Napoleonic-style helmets. Their armor was meant to protect only against sabers and lances. The cavalry had to beware of rifles and machine guns, like the infantry soldiers, who at least had a trench to give them some protection.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshen yaƙin Jamusawa sun yi wasu 400,000 ''Sappenpanzer'' suits. Ya yi nauyi sosai kuma yana da ƙuntatawa ga sojan ƙasa, yawancin su ne masu kallo, masu tsaro, masu bindigogi, da sauran dakarun da suka zauna a wuri ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-03 |title=Sappenpanzer |url=http://memorial-verdun.fr/en/museumcollections/visiting-the-museum/iconic-objects/sappenpanzer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108150455/http://memorial-verdun.fr/en/museumcollections/visiting-the-museum/iconic-objects/sappenpanzer |archive-date=2021-01-08 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Mémorial de Verdun |language=en-US}}</ref> == Makamai na zamani == Sojoji suna amfani da faranti na ƙarfe ko yumbu a cikin rigunan su masu tsayayya da harsashi, suna ba da ƙarin kariya daga bindiga da harsashin bindiga. Abubuwan ƙarfe ko yadudduka masu laushi na fiber na iya ba da juriya mai laushi ga kai hari da yanka daga wuka da wuka. Ana ci gaba da amfani da safofin hannu masu dauke da makamai ta hanyar masu yanka da ma'aikatan yanka don hana yanka da raunuka yayin yankan gawawwakin. === Yumbu === Boron carbide is used in hard plate armor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boron Carbide {{!}} CoorsTek |url=https://www.coorstek.com/english/materials/technical-ceramics/boron-carbide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211213024/https://www.coorstek.com/english/materials/technical-ceramics/boron-carbide/ |archive-date=2020-12-11 |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=www.coorstek.com}}</ref> capable of defeating rifle and armor piercing ammunition. The ceramic material is typically structured with a Kevlar layer on one side and a nylon spall shield on the other, optimizing ballistic resistance against different projectile threats, including various calibers of shells and bullets. Boron carbide ceramics were first used in the 1960s in designing bulletproof vests, cockpit floor and pilot seats of gunships.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Lisa |title=Application of Boron Carbide Ceramics in Body Armor |url=https://www.preciseceramic.com/blog/application-of-boron-carbide-ceramics-in-body-armor.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=Precise Ceramic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2024 |title=Application of Boron Carbide Ceramics (B4C) in the Field of Bulletproof |url=https://m.chemshun.com/Mobile/MArticles/Application-of-Boron-Carbide-Ceramics-in-the-Field-of-Bulletproof_page1.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=Chemshun}}</ref> It was used in armor plates like the SAPI series,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interceptor Body Armor |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/interceptor.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129053314/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/interceptor.htm |archive-date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> and today in most civilian accessible body armors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA4B™ Level III++ Boron Carbide SAPI - buy for $990.36 - UARM™ Official Store |url=https://uarmprotection.com/product/sa4b-level-iv-boron-carbide-sapi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209120447/https://uarmprotection.com/product/sa4b-level-iv-boron-carbide-sapi/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=UARM™ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Advanced Armor Protection {{!}} CoorsTek |url=https://www.coorstek.com/english/about/amazing-solutions/advanced-armor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209082804/https://www.coorstek.com/english/about/amazing-solutions/advanced-armor/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=www.coorstek.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Scott |date=2020-01-31 |title=Researchers Develop Formula That Makes Body Armor Substantially Stronger |url=https://www.bodyarmornews.com/researchers-develop-formula-that-makes-body-armor-substantially-stronger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214232421/https://www.bodyarmornews.com/researchers-develop-formula-that-makes-body-armor-substantially-stronger/ |archive-date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Body Armor News {{!}} BodyArmorNews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran kayan sun hada da boron suboxide, alumina, da silicon carbide, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-10 |title=New Ceramic Armor Materials - From Boron Suboxide to Diamond |url=https://diamondage.org/2019/07/10/new-ceramic-armor-materials/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=DIAMOND AGE |language=en-US}}</ref> waɗanda ake amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban daga karewa daga masu shiga tungsten carbide, zuwa inganta nauyi zuwa yanki. Kayan kwalliya na jiki ya ƙunshi fuska mai wuya da tsayi wanda aka haɗa da layin goyon baya na fiber.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Ceramic Composite Armor |url=https://www.adeptarmor.com/body-armor-guide/#ceramiccompositeplate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517212707/https://www.adeptarmor.com/body-armor-guide/#ceramiccompositeplate |archive-date=2022-05-17 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Adept Armor |language=en-US}}</ref> An fashe makami, an juya shi, ko kuma ya lalace yayin da yake tasiri ga fuskar yumbu, kuma yawancin makamashi na motsi ana cinye shi yayin da yake hulɗa da Layer na yumbu; Layer ɗin da ke tattare da fiber yana shanye sauran makamashi kuma yana kama harsashi da tarkacewar yumbu (spalling). Wannan yana ba da damar irin wannan makami don kayar da makamai masu fashewa 5.56×45mm, 7.62×51mm, da 7.62x39mm harsashi, da sauransu, tare da ɗan ƙarami ko babu ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cannon |first=L |date=2001 |title=Behind Armour Blunt Trauma |url=https://militaryhealth.bmj.com/content/jramc/147/1/87.full.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps |volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1136/jramc-147-01-09 |pmid=11307682 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209201012/https://militaryhealth.bmj.com/content/jramc/147/1/87.full.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-09 |access-date=2020-11-29}}</ref> Farantin makamai na yumbu masu tsayi yawanci suna amfani da nau'ikan polyethylene fiber masu nauyin kwayar halitta, yayin da farantin kasafin kuɗi za su yi amfani da aramid ko fiberglass. === Fiber === DuPont Kevlar sananne ne a matsayin wani bangare na wasu riguna masu tsayayya da harsashi da masks masu tsayayyar harsashi. Kwalkwali da rigar PASGT da sojojin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] suka yi amfani da su tun farkon shekarun 1980 dukansu suna da Kevlar a matsayin muhimmin bangare, kamar yadda maye gurbin su ke yi. Aikace-aikacen farar hula sun haɗa da tufafin Kevlar da aka ƙarfafa don mahayan babur don karewa daga raunin abrasion. Ana amfani da Kevlar a cikin nau'in dogon igiya wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a cikin murfin kariya na waje don samar da chaps wanda masu katako ke amfani da su yayin aiki da chainsaw. Idan sarkar motsi ta haɗu kuma ta fashe ta hanyar murfin waje, dogon fiber na Kevlar ya rikice, ya toshe, kuma ya dakatar da sarkar daga motsawa yayin da suke shiga cikin aikin na'urar motsa jiki na saw. Ana amfani da Kevlar kuma a cikin kayan kariya na sabis na gaggawa idan ya haɗa da zafi mai zafi, ''misali'', magance wuta, da Kevlars kamar riguna ga [[Jami'an Ƴan Sanda|Jami'an 'yan sanda]], tsaro, da SWAT. Sabon kayan Kevlar da DuPont ya haɓaka shine Kevlar XP. Idan aka kwatanta da Kevlar "na al'ada", Kevlar XP ya fi sauƙi kuma ya fi jin daɗi don sawa, saboda ba a buƙatar suturar sa don kunshin ballistic. Twaron yayi kama da Kevlar. Dukansu suna cikin iyalin aramid na fiber na roba. Bambanci kawai shi ne cewa Akzo ne ya fara kirkirar Twaron a cikin shekarun 1970s. An fara samar da Twaron ne a shekarar 1986. Yanzu, Teijin Aramid ne ya ƙera Twaron. Kamar Kevlar, Twaron mai ƙarfi ne, fiber na roba. Hakanan yana da tsayayya da zafi kuma yana da aikace-aikace da yawa. Ana iya amfani da shi wajen samar da kayan aiki da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da soja, gine-gine, mota, sararin samaniya, har ma da bangarorin kasuwar wasanni. Daga cikin misalai na kayan da aka yi da Twaron sune makamai na jiki, kwalkwali, riguna masu linzami, masu magana, drumheads, tayoyi, turbo hoses, igiyoyin waya, da igiyoyi. Wani fiber da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙera rigar da ke tsayayya da harsashi shine Dyneema ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. Ya samo asali ne [[Holand|Netherlands]], Dyneema yana da ƙarfin ƙarfi da nauyi sosai (rashin diamita {{Convert|1|mm}} in) na Dyneema na iya ɗaukar nauyin {{Convert|240|kg}} , yana da haske sosai (ƙananan yawa) cewa zai iya iyo a kan ruwa, kuma yana da halaye masu yawa na shawo kan makamashi. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da fasahar Dyneema Force Multiplier a cikin 2013, yawancin masana'antun makamai na jiki sun sauya zuwa Dyneema don mafita na makamai masu tsayi.<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Fayil:Police_in_riot_gear_at_Ferguson_protests.jpg|thumb|Wani [[Jami'an Ƴan Sanda|Jami'in 'yan sanda]] na Amurka tare da kayan tayar da kayar baya, gami da garkuwar tayar da hankali, a lokacin tashin hankali na Ferguson a shekarar 2014]] Ana riƙe garkuwar a hannu ko hannu. Manufarta ita ce ta tsayar da hare-hare, ko dai ta hanyar dakatar da makamai kamar kibiyoyi ko ta hanyar kallon bugawa a gefen mai amfani da garkuwar, kuma ana iya amfani da shi a matsayin makami mai fashewa. Garkuwar ta bambanta sosai a girman, daga manyan garkuwar da ke kare dukkan jikin mai amfani zuwa ƙananan garkuwar waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su a yaƙi na hannu da hannu. Har ila yau, garkuwar ta bambanta da yawa a cikin kauri; yayin da wasu garkuwar an yi su ne da katako mai kauri, don kare sojoji daga mashigai da ƙuƙwalwar baka, wasu garkuwan sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma an tsara su ne don kallon bugawa (kamar bugawa da takobi). A cikin prehistory, an yi garkuwar itace, fata na dabba, ko wicker. A zamanin d ̄ a da kuma a tsakiyar zamanai, sojoji masu tafiya da sojoji masu hawa sun yi amfani da garkuwar. Ko da bayan kirkirar bindiga da bindigogi, ana ci gaba da amfani da garkuwar. A cikin karni na 18, dangin Scotland sun ci gaba da amfani da ƙananan garkuwar, kuma a cikin karni na 19, wasu mutanen da ba su da masana'antu sun ci gaba le'aziya. A cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21, sojoji da 'yan sanda da suka kware a cikin aikin yaki da ta'addanci, ceto mai garkuwa, da kuma karya hari suna amfani da garkuwar ballistic. === Shugaban === kwalkwali na yaki yana daga cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan kayan kariya na mutum, kuma an san shi a tsohuwar Indiya a kusa da 1700 BC da [[Assuriya|Assuriyawa]] a kusa da 900 BC, sannan tsoffin Helenawa da [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]], a duk lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, har zuwa zamanin zamani.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Short History of Armour and Weapons |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219224034/http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/HisArmur.html |archive-date=2007-12-19 |access-date=2009-11-23}}</ref> Kayan su da gine-ginen sun zama masu ci gaba yayin da makamai suka zama masu [[karfe]]. Da farko an gina su da fata da tagulla, sannan tagulla da baƙin ƙarfe a lokacin Bronze da Iron Ages, nan da nan an yi su gaba ɗaya daga ƙarfe a cikin al'ummomi da yawa bayan kimanin AD 950 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Galea |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/weaponswarfare/g/galea.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216225903/http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/weaponswarfare/g/galea.htm |archive-date=16 December 2007 |access-date=12 June 2015 |website=About.com Education}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, kayan aikin soja ne kawai, suna kare kai daga yanka da [[takobi]], kibiyoyi masu tashi, da ƙananan bindigogi. Wasu kwalkwali na zamani, kamar babban bascinet, sun huta a kafaɗun kuma sun hana mai sa shi juya kansa, yana hana motsi sosai. A cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19, ba a yi amfani da kwalkwali a yaƙi ba; maimakon haka, sojoji da yawa sun yi amfani da hular da ba su da kariya daga takobi ko harsashi. Zuwan Yaƙin Duniya na I, tare da yaƙin trench da kuma amfani da bindigogi, ya haifar da karɓar kwalkwali na ƙarfe, a wannan lokacin tare da siffar da ke ba da motsi, ƙarancin bayanin martaba, da jituwa tare da abin rufe fuska. Sojojin yau galibi suna amfani da kwalkwali masu inganci da aka yi da kayan harbi kamar Kevlar da Twaron, waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan harsashi da ikon dakatar da raguwa. Wasu kwalkwali kuma suna da kyawawan halaye masu kariya, kodayake da yawa ba su da.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevlar PASGT Helmet |url=http://www.olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_kevlar_helmet.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517104527/http://www.olive-drab.com/od_soldiers_gear_kevlar_helmet.php |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> Abubuwa biyu da suka fi shahara sune PASGT da MICH. Kayan kwalkwali na Modular Integrated Communications (MICH) yana da ɗan ƙaramin ɗaukar hoto a bangarorin da ke ba da damar belun kunne da sauran kayan sadarwa. Misali na MICH yana da daidaitattun dakatarwa da maki huɗu. Ana amfani da kwalkwali na Personal Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) tun 1983 kuma a hankali an maye gurbin shi da kwalkoki na MICH.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hard Armor and Helmets |url=http://www.engardebodyarmor.com/hardarmor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611192715/http://www.engardebodyarmor.com/hardarmor.htm |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4avqw0d2k24a6ou08haxostbggmlkhs 0 157895 879405 858442 2026-07-09T08:33:04Z BnHamid 12586 879405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Alamomi da alamomi == Jerin da ke biyowa ya ƙunshi mafi yawan alamun mutanen da ke da GRIN2B suna nunawa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B related syndrome |url=https://rarediseases.org/gard-rare-disease/grin2b-related-syndrome/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513131836/https://rarediseases.org/gard-rare-disease/grin2b-related-syndrome/ |archive-date=2022-05-13 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder: MedlinePlus Genetics |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023001247/https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder/ |archive-date=2021-10-23 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Rashin hankali (mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani) * jinkirin ci gaba (mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani) * Rashin fahimta * [[Farfaɗiya|Cutar farfajiya]] * Rashin rikicewar Autism * Halin autistic * Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta * Yawan aiki * Halin da ake yi * Rashin jin daɗi * Matsalolin ciyarwa Alamomin da ba a saba gani ba sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Citation|journal=Ghayda M.|url-status=Pagon|access-date=Wallace}}</ref> * [[Makanta|Rashin gani]] * Dystonia * Dyskinesia * Sauran rikice-rikice na motsi == Dalilan da suka haifar == Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne daga maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta ta GRIN2B, wanda ke cikin chromosome 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pruebas genéticas - Alteración del desarrollo neurológico asociado con GRIN2B (GRIN2B-related neurodevelopmental disorder) – Gen GRIN2B. - IVAMI |url=https://www.ivami.com/es/pruebas-geneticas-mutaciones-de-genes-humanos-enfermedades-neoplasias-y-farmacogenetica/5780-pruebas-geneticas-alteracion-del-desarrollo-neurologico-asociado-con-grin2b-grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder-gen-grin2b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701210046/https://www.ivami.com/es/pruebas-geneticas-mutaciones-de-genes-humanos-enfermedades-neoplasias-y-farmacogenetica/5780-pruebas-geneticas-alteracion-del-desarrollo-neurologico-asociado-con-grin2b-grin2b-related-neurodevelopmental-disorder-gen-grin2b |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.ivami.com}}</ref> Wannan kwayar halitta tana ba da umarnin yadda za a yi furotin da ake kira GluN2B, wani nau'in mai karɓar NMDA, wanda ake samu a cikin neurons na kwakwalwa yayin ci gaban kwakwalwa. Yana da hannu a cikin ci gaban kwakwalwa da aiki daidai, daidaita ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, filastik na synaptic da ikon ilmantarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B gene: MedlinePlus Genetics |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/grin2b/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422222703/https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/grin2b/ |archive-date=2021-04-22 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=medlineplus.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == An bayyana kusan shari'o'i 100 a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GRIN2B-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701210049/https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/3954 |archive-date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=encyclopedia.pub |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jlrgucw2sulvr4nbffwep7derzq94lp 0 157896 879407 858445 2026-07-09T08:36:20Z BnHamid 12586 879407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} DHX30 syndrome (OMIM * 616423) cuta ce mai ban sha'awa da ke shafar ci gaban kwakwalwa wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta mai dogara da ATP RNA helicase DHX30 (wanda ake kira DHX30). Ana rarraba '''Ciwon DHX30''' a matsayin cuta ta ci gaban jijiyoyi kuma ana nuna shi ta hanyar jinkirin ci gaba duniya, nakasa ta hankali, mummunar Rashin magana, Rashin daidaituwa na tafiya, sautin tsoka, bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa, rashin daidaito na ido, fasalulluka na autistic, da fashewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Alamomi da tsananin su sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin mutane. Mutane da yawa da abin ya shafa suna nuna alamun a jariri. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar DHX30 suna da maye gurbin da ba na iyali ba (de novo) a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30 wanda ke haifar da rushewa a cikin ikon enzyme na RNA helicase (wanda ake kira DHX30) don yin aikin helicase yadda ya kamata <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dörner |first=Kerstin |last2=Hondele |first2=Maria |date=2024-08-02 |title=The Story of RNA Unfolded: The Molecular Function of DEAD- and DExH-Box ATPases and Their Complex Relationship with Membraneless Organelles |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |language=en |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=79–108 |doi=10.1146/annurev-biochem-052521-121259 |issn=0066-4154 |pmid=38594920 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane da yawa ba a gano su ba har sai bayan sun rasa ci gaba ko kuma sun fara samun fashewa, kuma ganewar asali yana buƙatar tsarin kwayar halitta. Babu magani ga cutar DHX30 a halin yanzu, kuma magani yana mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe alamun. == Alamomi da alamomi == Akwai alamun bayyanar cututtuka da tsananin bayyanar cututtukan DHX30, kuma mutane na iya samun wasu ko duk alamun da aka sani, kuma suna iya gabatar da su a matsayin masu sauƙi zuwa masu tsanani. Babban fasalulluka na cutar DHX30 sune: jinkirin ci gaba duniya, Rashin magana, sautin tsoka mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (hypotonia) , nakasa ta hankali, fashewa, strabismus, hypermobility na Haɗin gwiwa, ƙalubalen ciyarwa, rikicewar bacci, fasalullukan autistic da bambancin halayyar. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lessel |first=Davor |last2=Schob |first2=Claudia |last3=Küry |first3=Sébastien |last4=Reijnders |first4=Margot R.F. |last5=Harel |first5=Tamar |last6=Eldomery |first6=Mohammad K. |last7=Coban-Akdemir |first7=Zeynep |last8=Denecke |first8=Jonas |last9=Edvardson |first9=Shimon |last10=Colin |first10=Estelle |last11=Stegmann |first11=Alexander P.A. |last12=Gerkes |first12=Erica H. |last13=Tessarech |first13=Marine |last14=Bonneau |first14=Dominique |last15=Barth |first15=Magalie |date=November 2017 |title=De Novo Missense Mutations in DHX30 Impair Global Translation and Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=716–724 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.014 |pmc=5673606 |pmid=29100085}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilin da ya sa == Yawancin cututtukan DHX30 suna haifar da maye gurbi cututtukani a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30. A mafi yawan lokuta, maye gurbin DHX30 ya zama de novo, yana faruwa ne a cikin kwai, maniyyi, ko wani lokaci a farkon rayuwar tayin, kuma ba a [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|gado]] shi daga kowanne iyaye ba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> . Wasu mutane na iya gaji maye gurbin DHX30 daga daya ko duka iyayensu wadanda bazai nuna alamun kansu ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan sabon abu, inda wannan maye gurbin zai iya samun sakamako daban-daban a cikin mutane daban-daban, ana kiransa penetrance ko expressivity kuma yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma ba a fahimta sosai ba. Iyaye tare da germline mosaicism na iya ɗaukar maye gurbin DHX30 ba tare da saninsa ba kawai a wasu ƙwai ko kwayar halitta.<ref name=":2" /> An gano marasa lafiya tare da Bambance-bambance na missense (wanda zai iya haifar da riba-aiki) da kuma bambance-naren frameshift da wauta wanda ke haifar da haploinsufficiency ko furotin truncation <ref name=":2" /> == Halitta == Kwayar halittar DHX30 (OMIM*616423), taswirar zuwa 3p21.31, tana tsara tsarin RNA helicase mai dogara da ATP DHX30, wani nau'in RNA helicase enzyme, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kwakwalwa. Canjin da aka lura a cikin mutane da ke fama da cutar DHX30 ana lura da su don lalata aikin DHX30 na ATPase da helicase kuma suna haifar da samar da damuwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Mannucci |first=Ilaria |last2=Dang |first2=Nghi D. P. |last3=Huber |first3=Hannes |last4=Murry |first4=Jaclyn B. |last5=Abramson |first5=Jeff |last6=Althoff |first6=Thorsten |last7=Banka |first7=Siddharth |last8=Baynam |first8=Gareth |last9=Bearden |first9=David |last10=Beleza-Meireles |first10=Ana |last11=Benke |first11=Paul J. |last12=Berland |first12=Siren |last13=Bierhals |first13=Tatjana |last14=Bilan |first14=Frederic |last15=Bindoff |first15=Laurence A. |date=December 2021 |title=Genotype–phenotype correlations and novel molecular insights into the DHX30-associated neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Genome Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13073-021-00900-3 |issn=1756-994X |pmc=8140440 |pmid=34020708 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Irin wannan cututtukan tare da taron damuwa mai mahimmanci da kuma sharewa da raunin fassarar duniya sun haɗa da amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, Fragile X syndrome, da Renpenning syndrome.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lederbauer |first=Johannes |last2=Das |first2=Sarada |last3=Piton |first3=Amelie |last4=Lessel |first4=Davor |last5=Kreienkamp |first5=Hans-Jürgen |date=2024-08-01 |title=The role of DEAD- and DExH-box RNA helicases in neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |volume=17 |doi=10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414949 |issn=1662-5099 |pmc=11324592 |pmid=39149612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sauran kwayoyin halitta na DEAD-box da DEAH-box RNA helicase da ke cikin irin wannan rikice-rikicen ci gaba sun haɗa da DDX3X, DDX6, EIF4A2, DDX23, DDX54, DDX59, EIF4A3, DHX9, DHX37, DHX16, da DHX34 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fiorenzani |first=Chiara |last2=Mossa |first2=Adele |last3=De Rubeis |first3=Silvia |date=May 2025 |title=DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicases shape the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders |journal=Trends in Genetics |language=en |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=437–449 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2024.12.006 |pmc=12055483 |pmid=39828505}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == Binciken DHX30 ba wani bangare ne na gwajin haihuwa ba. Alamomin kawai ba su isa ba don ganewar asali saboda cutar DHX30 tana kama da sauran cututtukan neurodevelopmental.<ref name=":1" /> . Ana iya yin ganewar asali ne kawai ta hanyar jerin kwayoyin halitta da kuma gano kwayar cuta, mai yiwuwa kwayar cutaa, ko bambancin da ba a sani ba a cikin kwayar halittar DHX30.<ref name=":2" /> Ana amfani da tsari na exome ko tsari na kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya <ref name=":1" /> == Gudanarwa == A halin yanzu, magani yana mai da hankali kan kulawa da alamomi. Bincike na yanzu an sadaukar da shi don fahimtar cutar DHX30 da haɓaka warkewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dag89rad4l55rfx1w9y75m9o3q6cpv1 0 158228 879438 859557 2026-07-09T09:41:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|verifiedrevid=444434623|IUPAC_name=(2''R'')-2-[(2''R'',3''S'',5''S'',6''R'')-6-[(1''S'',2''S'',3''S'',5''R'')-5- [(2''S'',5''S'',7''R'',9''S'',10''S'',12''R'',15''R'')-2-[(2''R'',5''R'',6''S'')-5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]-15-hydroxy-2,10,12-trimethyl-1,6,8-trioxadispiro[4.1.5<sup>7</sup>.3<sup>5</sup>]pentadec-13-en-9-yl]-2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-4-oxoheptyl]-3,5-dimethyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]butanoic acid|image=narasin.png|image_class=skin-invert-image <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|international|narasin}}|pregnancy_AU=<!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_US=<!-- A / B / C / D / X -->|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=<!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled-->|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=<!--Identifiers-->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=55134-13-9|ATCvet=yes|ATC_prefix=P51|ATC_suffix=BB04|ATC_supplemental={{ATCvet|P51|BB54}}|PubChem=65452|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID=58911|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=DZY9VU539P|synonyms=(4''S'')-4-methyl-salinomycin <!--Chemical data-->|chemical_formula=|C=43|H=72|O=11|smiles=O=C([C@@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)[C@]5([H])O[C@]([C@@H](CC)C(O)=O)([H])[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]5C)[C@H](CC)[C@@]1([H])O[C@@]2(O[C@@]3(CC[C@]([C@]4([H])O[C@@H](C)[C@@](O)(CC)CC4)(C)O3)[C@H](O)C=C2)[C@H](C)C[C@@H]1C|StdInChI=1S/C43H72O11/c1-12-30(35(46)27(8)34(45)28(9)36-23(4)21-24(5)37(51-36)31(13-2)39(47)48)38-25(6)22-26(7)42(52-38)18-15-32(44)43(54-42)20-19-40(11,53-43)33-16-17-41(49,14-3)29(10)50-33/h15,18,23-34,36-38,44-45,49H,12-14,16-17,19-22H2,1-11H3,(H,47,48)/t23-,24-,25-,26+,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32+,33+,34+,36+,37+,38-,40-,41+,42-,43-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey=VHKXXVVRRDYCIK-CWCPJSEDSA-N}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Narasin</nowiki&gt;">Narasin</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Narasin.png|class=skin-invert-image|frameless]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" | (4''S'') -4-methyl-salinomycin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/international/narasin.html Sunayen Magunguna na Duniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|Lambobin ATCvet]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * QP51BB54 (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet">[https://www.&#x3C;span&#x20;title=]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BB54 WHO]</span>.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP51BB04" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">WHO) QP51 BB54 (WHO) &#x20;&#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Sunan IUPAC</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;"> (2''R'') -2-[ (2''R'',3''S'',<sup>5</sup>''S'',6''R'') -6-[ (1''S'',2''S'',3''S'',5''R'') -5-[ (2''S'',5''S'',<sup>7</sup>''R'',9''S'',10''S'',12''R'',15''R'') --2-[ (2''R'',5''R'',6''S'') -5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-tetrahydropyranyl]-15-hydroxadispiro[4.1.57.35]pentadec-13-en-9-yl-2-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl]ethyl-2-trioxadispentyl-4-dimethyl-2,3</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=55134-13-9 55134-13-9]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[./PubChem#&#x3C;span&#x20;style= <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;Compound ID</nowiki&gt;">CID</abbr>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PubChem">PubChem] CID | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/65452 65452]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="www.chemspider.com">[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.58911.html 58911]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |UNII | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="precision.fda.gov">[https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/DZY9VU539P DZY9VU539P]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal"> (<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>) </span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2046707 DTXSID2046707][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2104314#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.122.892 100.122.892][[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2104314#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan sunadarai da na jiki |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>43</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>72</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>11</sub> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Ma'auni na ƙuƙwalwa | class="infobox-data" |765,038 g·mol-1&nbsp;<sup>−1</sup> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Tsarin 3D (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%5D5%28%5BH%5D%29O%5BC%40%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CC%29C%28O%29%3DO%29%28%5BH%5D%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D5C%29%5BC%40H%5D%28CC%29%5BC%40%40%5D1%28%5BH%5D%29O%5BC%40%40%5D2%28O%5BC%40%40%5D3%28CC%5BC%40%5D%28%5BC%40%5D4%28%5BH%5D%29O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28C%29%5BC%40%40%5D%28O%29%28CC%29CC4%29%28C%29O3%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29C%3DC2%29%5BC%40H%5D%28C%29C%5BC%40%40H%5D1C Hoton hulɗa]</span> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Rashin kunya</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C ([C@@H] (C) [C@H] [O) [C @H] ((C@]5 ([H]) O[C@] (CC) C (O) =O) ([H) [C>@H] C[C@C] (C@@C] C[H) (C@O] (C @O] ([H] (O) [[C@G@O]</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C43H72O11/c1-12-30 (35 (46) 27 (8) 34 (45) 28 (9) 36-23 (4) 21-24 (5) 37 (51-36) 31 (13-2) 39 (47) 48) 38-25 (6) 22-26 (7) 42 (52-38) 18-15-32 (44) 43 (54-42) 20-19-40 (11,53-43) 33-16-17-41 (49,14-3) 29 (10) 50-33/h15,15,23-34,36-38,49H,12-14,16-14,16-33,32,13-14,13-14,23-33,38,32,32,3H2,32,42,32,14+42,42,43,42,3+42,329/30+43,43,430+42,434,23),43+,43+42,14+,434,23-34,23+42,30+40,42,40,43,40,40,430+,432,42,43+43,32,43,34,32,40,32,420,42,430++42,3432,430/4,32,43+</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Maɓalli: VHKXXVVRRDYCIK-CWCPJSEDSA-N</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=444434623&page2=Narasin (Gaskiya)]</span></span> |} '''Narasin''' wani coccidiostat ne kuma wakili ne na maganin rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerhold RW, Fuller AL, Lollis L, Parr C, McDougald LR |date=March 2011 |title=The efficacy of anticoccidial products against Eimeria spp. in northern bobwhites |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=59–64 |doi=10.1637/9572-101310-Reg.1 |pmid=21500637 |s2cid=30943649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fitzgerald PR, Mansfield ME |date=July 1989 |title=Effects of inoculations with Eimeria zuernii on young calves treated with decoquinate or narasin with or without dexamethasone |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=1056–1059 |doi=10.2460/ajvr.1989.50.07.1056 |pmid=2774323}}</ref> An samo shi ne daga salinomycin tare da ƙarin Ƙungiyar methyl. Narasin ana samar da shi ta hanyar fermentation na wani nau'in ''Streptomyces aureofaciens'' . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} mvskchoz8ralgh0q3xhf9o88hdb55co 0 158484 879149 860547 2026-07-08T18:58:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|2}} '''Matthias Zimmer''' (3 ga Mayu 1961 - 19 ga Yulin 2023) marubuci ne na Jamus kuma ɗan siyasa na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Hesse daga shekara ta 2009, inda ya lashe mazabar a Frankfurt am Main na wa'adi uku har zuwa shekara ta 2021. == Ayyukan siyasa == Zimmer ya zama memba na Bundestag a [[2009 German federal election|Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2009]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Matthias Zimmer |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/matthias-zimmer |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717124714/https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/matthias-zimmer |url-status=dead }}</ref> A majalisa, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin kan Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a da Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Taimako na Jama'a, wanda ya jagoranci daga 2017 har zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Labour and Social Affairs |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a11 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Human Rights and Humanitarian Aid |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a17 |access-date=23 March 2020 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga ayyukan kwamitin sa, Zimmer ya jagoranci kungiyar Abokantaka ta Jamusanci da Kanada. A cikin kuri'un cikin gida akan dan takarar CDU na Zaben 2021, Zimmer ya sha kashi a hannun [[Axel Kaufmann]].<ref>Martin Benninghoff (6 February 2021), [https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/frankfurt/stichwahl-kaufmann-setzt-sich-bei-cdu-kandidatenkuer-gegen-zimmer-durch-17184712.html Kaufmann setzt sich bei CDU-Kandidatenkür gegen Zimmer durch] ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]''.</ref> == Matsayi na siyasa == A watan Yunin 2017, Zimmer ya kada kuri'a a kan mafi rinjaye na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa kuma yana goyon bayan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.<ref>[https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article166099805/Diese-Unionsabgeordneten-stimmten-fuer-die-Ehe-fuer-alle.html Diese Unionsabgeordneten stimmten für die Ehe für alle] ''[[Die Welt]]'', 30 June 2017.</ref> A cikin 2019, Zimmer ya shiga mambobi 14 na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa waɗanda, a cikin wata wasika, suka yi kira ga jam'iyyar da ta taru a kusa da [[Angela Merkel]] da shugabar jam'iyyar Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer a cikin zargi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Friedrich Merz da Roland Koch suka bayyana.<ref>Jens Schneider (30 October 2019), [https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/koch-merz-cdu-kritik-1.4663364 Machtkampf in der CDU: Abgeordnete nennen parteiinterne Kritik "extrem schädlich"] ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]''.</ref> == Mutuwa == Matthias Zimmer ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Yulin 2023, yana da shekaru 62. == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * Kasuwanci da Staatsräson. Zur Deutschlandpolitik der Regierung Kohl 1982-1989. An haife shi a shekara ta 1992 * tare da Udo Margedant: Eigentum und Freiheit . Eigentumstheorien im 17. da kuma 18. Jarirai. Idstein 1993 * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] : Jamus - Phoenix a cikin Matsala? Edmonton 1997 * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] tare da Angelika Sauer: Chorus of Different Voices . Asalin Jamusanci-Kanada. New York 1998 * Moderne, Staat und Internationale Politik. Wiesbaden 2008 * tare da Thomas Scheben: Der Hund am Fallschirm . Streifzüge durch die Frankfurter Geschichte. Frankfurt da Main 2009 * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] tare da Michael Thielen: Die Zukunft der Arbeit . Christlich-Soziale Perspektiven. Berlin 2013 * Nachhaltigkeit! Für eine Politik aus christlicher Grundüberzeugung. Freiburg 2015 * Am Rande der Politik ne. Frankfurt am Main 2016 * Mutum da Ordnung. Einführung a cikin Soziale Marktwirtschaft . Freiburg 2020. * Alte Werte a cikin neuer Zeit. Christliche Verantwortung und praktische Politik. Frankfurt am Main 2021 * Morandus Frankfurt am Main 2021 * Abenteuer Bundestag. Norderstedt 2022 * Daga cikin Bundestagsabgeordnete. Frankfurt am Main 2022 * Calixt. Frankfurt am Main 2023 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) * [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/zimmer_matthias-524810 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] hnid7e5pwaobw9iontvvf3268b69sog 0 158778 879417 861676 2026-07-09T08:47:53Z BnHamid 12586 879417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sir_John_Fleming.jpeg|thumb|Sir John Fleming]] '''Sir John Fleming''' DL (1847 - 25 Fabrairu 1925) ɗan siyasan Scottish Liberal ne kuma ɗan kasuwa. == Rayuwa == An haifi Fleming a Dundee, ɗan John Fleming da Ann McIntosh . Mahaifinsa mai sayar da kayan masarufi ne, yana zaune da kasuwanci a 53 West Port a Dundee . Ya yi karatu a Dundee a Brown Street School da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Dundee . Ya kafa kasuwanci a matsayin mai sayar da katako a Footdee a Aberdeen . Ya kasance Lord Provost na Aberdeen daga 1898 zuwa 1902 kuma MP na Aberdeen ta Kudu daga 1917 zuwa 1918. Shi ne Lord Lieutenant na farko na Aberdeen, kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Robert Fleming. Ya sake tsayawa takarar Aberdeen ta Kudu a Babban zaben 1918 lokacin da yake da shekaru sama da 70, amma Unionist Frederick Thomson ya ci shi sosai. Ya kuma kasance Lord Lieutenant na farko na Aberdeen . Ya yi aure a 1870 Elizabeth, 'yar John Dow, na Dundee, kuma yana da' ya'ya maza uku da mata huɗu. Ya mutu daga zazzabin cizon sauro a [[Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu, ya kamu da shi yayin da yake [[Rhodesia]]. == Sanarwar fasaha == Robert Brough ne ya nuna shi a cikin shekara ta 1897. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir John Fleming |url=https://emuseum.aberdeencity.gov.uk/objects/3900/sir-john-fleming}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Hansard1803–2005:gudummawa a majalisar ta John Fleming {{S-start}} {{S-par|uk}} {{Succession box|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Aberdeen South (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen South]]}} {{s-civic}} {{Succession box|title=[[Lord Provost of Aberdeen]]}} {{S-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 55109p6o4j3c18jxui2g5umgin78gxa 0 159077 879013 862777 2026-07-08T16:22:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 879013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bunka_fashion_college_main_building_may_2014.jpg|thumb|Babban gini na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka]] "Nihongo". Makarantar koyon sana'o'i ce ta ƙasar [[Japan]] wadda ta ƙware a fannin ƙirar kayan kwalliya da fannoni masu alaƙa. Hedkwatarta tana Shinjuku, [[Tokyo]], kuma tana da rassa sama da 70 a faɗin ƙasar Japan. == Tarihi == [[Isaburō Namiki]] ne ya kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1919 a matsayin karamin makarantar yin tufafi ga 'yan mata da ake kira Namiki Dressmaking School, a lokacin da tufafin Turai na mata ke samuwa ne kawai ga iyalai masu arziki. A cikin 1936, sunan makarantar ya zama Bunka Fashion College, kuma ya fara buga So-en, mujallar tufafi ta farko ta Japan. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bunka ta shiga cikin manyan lokuta uku. Da farko, ya koya wa mutane da iyalai yadda za su yi tufafi. Sa'an nan a cikin shekarun 1960, masu zanen kaya daga makarantar kamar Kenzo Takada (wanda ya shiga cikin 1958 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenzo Takada |date=8 October 2017 |title=Kenzo Takada (7) A poor student's struggle with the sewing machine |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/My-Personal-History/Kenzo-Takada/Kenzo-Takada-7-A-poor-student-s-struggle-with-the-sewing-machine |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Nikkei.com}}</ref>) da mai zanen Yohji Yamamoto sun fito a cikin yanayin tufafi na duniya kuma sun fitar da hauhawar salon Jafananci na zamani. Tun daga shekarun 2000, makarantar ta yi niyyar bunkasa masana'antar kayan ado ta duniya da mai ɗorewa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}</ref> == Dalibai == Alumni na makarantar sun hada da (masu zanen kayan ado sai dai idan an bayyana ba haka ba): * Tsumori Chisato<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> * Misha Janette (mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo) * H. Naoto * Takeo Kikuchi * Asami Kiyokawa (mai tsara kayan kwalliya) * Yoshiyuki Konishi * Mariko Mori (mai zane) * Nigo * Naomi Nishida (actress) * Peeco (mai sukar kayan ado) * Sebastiano Serafini (mai raira waƙa / marubucin waƙa) * Tomoe Shinohara * Kenzō Takada * Jun Takahashi * Junya Watanabe * Yohji Yamamoto * [[Hiromichi Ochiai]]<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * Soshi Otsuki<ref name="businessoffashion method" /> * [[Shingo Sato]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=Japanese fashion innovator conducts first workshop in Manila |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/319311/japanese-fashion-innovator-conducts-first-workshop-in-manila/ |access-date=8 January 2019 |website=Inquirer.net}}</ref> == Malamai == Bunka tana da shirye-shirye da suka mayar da hankali kan Zane-zanen Zane, Fasahar Zane, Talla da Rarraba Zane, Kayan Haɗi na Zamani da Yadi. A shekarar 2012, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen, maƙwabciyar cibiyar ilimi mai zurfi da ke da alaƙa da kwalejin, ta buɗe kwas na matakin Masters a Nazarin Zane-zane da aka yi niyya ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje. Ana kiran wannan kwas ɗin da Global Fashion Concentration kuma ana koyar da shi gaba ɗaya cikin Turanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master's Program in Clothing Science Studies |url=http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517234431/http://bwu.bunka.ac.jp/other-language/english/study/in/skk.php#part2#part2 |archive-date=2015-05-17 |access-date=2014-06-27 |publisher=Bunka Gakuen University}}</ref> Kowace shekara, ana kirkirar sabbin mannequins waɗanda ke nuna matsakaicin ma'auni na ɗalibai na wannan shekarar, a ƙoƙarin yin aiki a kan ƙididdigar zahiri. Ana buƙatar dukkan ɗalibai suyi nazarin siffar jikin mutum da kuma yadda jikin mutum ke motsawa.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Makarantar Bunka tana darajar ''Satori'' da ''Kaizen'' a cikin iliminta. Ana gudanar da shirin Master guda ɗaya a Turanci.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Dole ne dalibai su wuce gwajin ƙwarewar harshen Jafananci, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin aiki na ɗan lokaci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunka Fashion College |url=https://fashionista.com/page/bunka-fashion-college2016 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Fashionista.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> Ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke buƙatar koyon Jafananci kafin su shiga kwalejin. Bunka ta mallaki Cibiyar Harshen Bunka a gare su. Yana cikin wannan harabar, kuma yana cikin wannan rukuni Bunka Gakuen . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FEATURE OF B.I.L. {{!}} EN/BUNKA INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE |url=https://www.bunka-bi.ac.jp/en/school/feature/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=www.bunka-bi.ac.jp}}</ref> == Babban harabar == Bunka tana da rassa sama da 70 a kusa da Japan, amma babban harabarta tana cikin yammacin yankin Shinjuku na Tokyo.<ref name="businessoffashion method">{{Cite web |last=Kati Chitrakorin |date=19 October 2015 |title=The Bunka Method |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Businessoffashion.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKati_Chitrakorin2015">Kati Chitrakorin (19 October 2015). [https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/education/the-bunka-method "The Bunka Method"]. ''Businessoffashion.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Babban ginin yana da hawa 21, kuma ya haɗa da kayan aiki kamar ɗakin karatu, gidan kayan gargajiya, da cibiyar hanya. Babban harabar tana da kimanin tafiya ta minti 8 daga tashar JR Shinjuku kuma kusan tafiya ta minti 3 daga tashar tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Toei Shinjuku. An raba harabar tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'i 4 daga Bunka Gakuen. Sauran kwalejoji 3 sune Jami'ar Bunka Fashion Graduate, Jami'ar Bunka Gakuen da Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe ta Bunka. == Kyaututtuka == * # 2 Mafi kyawun Makarantar Fasaha ta 2015 ta Kasuwancin Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grace O'Neill |date=25 August 2015 |title=The best fashion schools of 2015 |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/the-best-fashion-schools-of-2015-3386 |access-date=19 June 2018 |website=Harpersbazaar.com.au}}</ref> * 2013: # 7 a cikin manyan makarantun tufafi 50 a duniya bisa ga Fashionista <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2013 |title=The top 50 fashion schools in the world |url=https://fashionista.com/2013/06/top-fashion-schools-2013 |website=Fashionista.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a3wvn01j3im1d8b83iivtk5qjyff7vb 0 159185 879183 863491 2026-07-08T20:26:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Melbourne]] Summer Set''' ya kasance saiti na wasanni biyu na wasan tennis a lokaci guda da Tennis Australia ta shirya a Melbourne Park a Melbourne, Australia a karo na farko don mayar da martani ga soke wasannin dumi da yawa da aka tsara kafin Australian Open, gami da Brisbane International, Hobart International, [[WTA Auckland Open]]">ATP Auckland Open, da WTA AucklandOpen, saboda ci gaba da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Brisbane Tennis cancelled for 2022 |url=https://www.brisbaneinternational.com.au/2021/11/brisbane-tennis-cancelled-for-2022/ |website=brisbaneinternational.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=Melbourne Summer Set wildcards revealed |url=https://www.tennis.com.au/news/2021/12/30/melbourne-summer-set-wildcards-revealed |website=tennis.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Tennis: ASB Classic cancelled for second straight year |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/tennis-asb-classic-cancelled-for-second-straight-year/HFT33WQ7ABUGE5HZ37IGYW5BHY/ |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020051227/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/tennis-asb-classic-cancelled-for-second-straight-year/HFT33WQ7ABUGE5HZ37IGYW5BHY/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Australian Summer of Tennis calendar set for January |url=https://ausopen.com/articles/news/australian-summer-tennis-calendar-set-january |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=[[Tennis Australia]]}}</ref> Jerin ya kunshi 2022 Melbourne Summer Set 1 da 2022 Melbourne Summer Set 2. Ba a ci gaba da shi ba a 2023. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} kn3jg7mcskcyeybqvu4j3ut1kojxiea 0 159412 878969 864894 2026-07-08T14:10:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marsa Maroc''' ita ce babbar mai gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Moroko|Maroko]]. Matsayinta na shari'a shine Société Anonyme (Plc.) tare da kwamitin zartarwa wanda Mohammed Abdeljalil ke jagoranta da kwamitin kulawa wanda Ministan Kayan aiki da Sufuri ke jagorantar. Sunan kamfanin na hukuma shine Société d'Exploitation des Ports yayin da Marsa Maroc shine sunan kasuwancin sa. == Tarihi == An kafa kamfanin ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiwatar da Dokar 15-02, wanda ke da niyyar sake fasalin sashin tashar jiragen ruwa na Maroko. Kafin wannan sake fasalin, Ofishin Gudanar da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa (ODEP), kamfani na gwamnati, yana da alhakin gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa na Morocco. Wannan gyare-gyaren ya haifar da ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban: Agence Nationale des Ports (ANP), wanda ya zama mai kula da masana'antu, da Société d'Exploitation des Ports, daga baya aka sanya shi Marsa Maroc, wanda ya karɓi ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci.<ref name="MarsaOverview">{{Cite web |title=Company Overview |url=https://www.marsamaroc.co.ma/en/our-company/presentation |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=Marsa Maroc }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, kamfanin ya karɓi sunan kasuwanci na Marsa Maroc. A cikin 2007 da 2008, Marsa Maroc ta haɓaka tsarin dabarun da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci da ake kira CAP15. Wadannan tsare-tsaren sun yi niyyar sanya kamfanin don ci gaba na dogon lokaci ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ci gaban tashoshin kwantena a tashar jiragen ruwa na Maroko da kuma samar da haɗin gwiwa na dabarun a cikin manyan bangarorin mai.<ref name="CAP15">{{Cite web |title=Strategic Vision – CAP 15 |url=https://www.marsamaroc.co.ma/en/strategy/cap15 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=Marsa Maroc }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009, an cimma muhimmiyar mahimmanci a aiwatar da dabarun CAP15 lokacin da Marsa Maroc ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amincewa ta shekaru 30 tare da Hukumar Tanger Med ta Musamman (TMSA) game da Container Terminal 4 (CT4) a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Tanger Med. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Marsa Maroc ta himmatu ga bunkasa duk manyan gine-gine da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don aiki da tashar. An tsara CT4 a matsayin wurin amfani da yawa tare da ƙarfin TEU 2,250,000, mita 1,200 na tashar jiragen ruwa, da zurfin ruwa na mita 16.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2009 |title=Concession Agreement Signed Between Marsa Maroc and TMSA |url=https://www.portnet.ma/news/ct4-concession-marsa-maroc-tmsa |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=PortNet }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani muhimmin abu ya biyo baya a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Casablanca a shekara ta <sup>2</sup>. A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Sarki Mohammed VI ya jagoranci kafa tashar da aka keɓe don sarrafawa da adana motoci. Wannan aikin, tare da saka hannun jari na [[Dirham na Morocco|dirhams]] miliyan 168, ya haɗa da kayan aiki mai rufe 75,000 m2 wanda zai iya sarrafa raka'a 5,000. A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Sarki Mohammed VI ya kaddamar da sabon tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi a [[Jorf Lasfar]], wanda ke kan iyakar Atlantic a kudancin El Jadida . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2011 |title=Inauguration du port en eaux profondes de Jorf Lasfar |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/12/24000/king-mohammed-vi-inaugurates-jorf-lasfar-port |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=Morocco World News}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci == Kamfanin yana kula da tashar jiragen ruwa tara da ke Maroko. Yana da babban hannun jari mai rijista na 733.956.000 [[Dirham na Morocco|MAD]], jujjuyawar MAD miliyan 1952 da zirga-zirgar duniya na tan miliyan 35.5. A ƙarshen 2011 tana da ma'aikata 2,247. == Tashoshin jiragen ruwa da aka gudanar == Marsa Maroc tana aiki da tashar jiragen ruwa 9 a Morocco. Tashoshin jiragen ruwa sune: === Dakhla === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dakhla karamin tashar jiragen ruwa ce tare da manyan kayayyaki da ruwa da kifi. Yana daukar ma'aikata 22 kuma yawan zirga-zirga ya kai tan 311,000. Yana ba da mita 300 na tashar jiragen ruwa tare da zurfin mita 8, 2 cranes masu tafi-da-gidanka da kayan aiki don rundunar kamun kifi. Manajan tashar jiragen ruwa ta Dakhla ba ya ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga shugaban kwamitin zartarwa, amma yana ba da rahotanni ga manajan tashar jirgin ruwa ta Laâyoune: === Laâyoune === Marsa Maroc ce ke gudanar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Laâyoune ko [[Laayoune|El Aaiún]]. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana ba da tashoshi 3: Quay 1,2 da 4. * Quay 1: yana da tsawon mita 150 tare da zurfin sarrafawa na mita 6,15 kuma yana da yanki na 9900 m<sup>2</sup>. Ana amfani da Quay 1 don hydro-carbons da yashi. * Quay <sup>2</sup>: yana da tsawon mita 145 kuma yana da zurfin mita 6.15. Yankin ƙasar yana da 5600 m2 kuma yana ba da kayan aiki don kwantena da hydrocarbons. * Quay 4: yana da tsawon mita 276 da zurfin mita 6.15. Babban burinta shine sarrafa ma'adanai da kamun kifi === Agadir === Tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Agadir]] tana da tashoshi / tashoshi 4. Jimlar kudaden da ta samu shine tan miliyan 3 da kwantena sama da 127,000. Yana ba da aiki ga ma'aikata 230. Tashoshin / tashoshin guda huɗu sune: * Container Quay: tsawon mita 280, zurfin mita 101⁄2. Yana da kwantena 3 tare da ƙarfin 100t kuma daya tare da 120 t. * Eastern Quay: tsawon mita 510, zurfin mita 101⁄2 da kuma tashar Ro-Ro guda ɗaya (tsawon mita 160) Babban kayayyaki don wannan tashar sune 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu, kwal da itace. * Tashar ma'adinai: Wannan tashar tana ba da kayan aiki don fitar da ma'adanai. Yana da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya mai tsawon mita 160 da zurfin mita 15. * Cruise Terminal: Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa tana ba da sararin mita 160 tare da zurfin mita 15. Baya ga gadoji biyu don (dis) shiga yana ba da duk wuraren da ake buƙata don sarrafa jiragen ruwa / fasinjoji. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nciqfhee83kaal94ig8jjhqu5ovp9ph 0 159424 879406 864916 2026-07-09T08:34:17Z BnHamid 12586 879406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Mary_N._Crawford,_shown_sitting_next_to_blackboard_(3321962495).jpg|thumb|Likita Mary N. Crawford ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia, inda, a 1962, ta gano cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kalilan a duniya tare da nau'in jini mai suna Lu (a−b−) kuma ana iya ba da jinin ta ga mai haƙuri a Burtaniya.]] '''Tsarin antigen na Lutheran''' shine rarraba jinin mutum bisa ga kasancewar abubuwa da ake kira antigen na Lutere a saman jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Akwai sanannun antigens na Lutheran 19. Sunan Lutheran ya samo asali ne daga sunan karshe na mai ba da jini, wanda aka ruwaito yana da suna Lutteran ko Lutheran . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moulds |first=J. M. |last2=Shah |first2=C. |date=1999 |title=Complement receptor 1 red cell expression is not controlled by the In(Lu) gene. |journal=Transfusion |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=751–755 |doi=10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39070751.x |pmid=10413284 |s2cid=41855884}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hue-Roye |first=K |last2=Reid |first2=ME |date=2012 |title=The molecular basis of the LU:7 and LU:-7 phenotypes. |journal=Immunohematology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=130–131 |doi=10.21307/immunohematology-2019-163 |pmid=23421542}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meunier |first=D |last2=Peng |first2=S |last3=Clarke |first3=G |title=Lutheran system: Anti-Lua |url=https://professionaleducation.blood.ca/en/transfusion/best-practices/serological-best-practices |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Serological best practices |publisher=Ottawa: Canadian Blood Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blood Group System - Lutheran |url=http://scarfex.jove.prohosting.com/blood/5.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=SCARF, Serum, cells, and rare fluids exchange}}</ref> Dukkanin wadannan antigens sun fito ne daga bambance-bambance a cikin kwayar halitta da ake kira BCAM (kwayar mannewar kwayar halitta) . Tsarin ya dogara ne akan furcin nau'o'i biyu masu mahimmanci, waɗanda aka sanya Lua da Lub. An yi tunanin cewa antigens Aua da Aub, waɗanda aka sani da antigens na Auberger, sun kasance suna da rukuni na jini daban amma daga baya an nuna su antigen na Lutheran wanda ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambance a cikin kwayar BCAM. Ana samun nau'ikan Lu (a + b) da Lu (a / b +) a lokuta daban-daban a cikin jama'a. Lu (a−b+) phenotype shine mafi yawanci a cikin dukkan al'ummomi, yayin da Lu (a-b−) phenotype ba a saba gani ba. Kodayake yana cikin tayin, ba sau da yawa yana haifar da erythroblastosis fetalis ko kuma halayen jini. [[Fayil:Serology_interpretation_of_antibody_panel_for_blood_group_antigens.jpg|center|thumb|350x350px|Fassara na kwamitin rigakafi don gano magungunan rigakafi masu haƙuri ga tsarin jinin ɗan adam mafi dacewa, gami da Lutheran. ]] == Binciken asibiti == Gwajin asibiti a cikin kula da marasa lafiya don antigens na Lutheran ya bi mafi ƙarancin ingancin da aka buga da buƙatun aiki, kama da ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin halitta na ja don kowane ɗayan tsarin rukunin jini da aka sani. Binciken kwayoyin halitta na iya gano bambance-bambance na kwayoyin halitta (alleles) wanda zai iya shafar bayyanar antigens na Lutheran a kan membrane na ja cell. == Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 08878xs5xo70z2s2ny5acefaf1st3q8 0 159441 879177 864969 2026-07-08T19:47:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ministry of Water and Environment''' ('''MWE'''), wata ma'aikatar gwamnati ce da ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa na ƙasa, muhalli, dausayi, dazuzzuka, al'amuran canjin yanayi da manufofin tsaftace muhalli. Kuma ma'aikatar gwamnati ce ta matakin ministoci a Uganda. Manufarta ita ce haɓaka dorewar amfani da ruwa da albarkatun muhalli don ci gaban Uganda. Tana gudanar da ayyuka kamar su: Samar da ruwa da tsaftace muhalli, kare yankunan dausayi, shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi, gudanar da dazuzzuka, ayyukan ban ruwa, da kiyaye muhalli. Wasu hukumomi da ke da alaƙa da ita sun haɗa da: National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) da National Environment Management Authority of Uganda (NEMA).<ref name="Adm">{{cite web | url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24:administration-and-management&catid=11&Itemid=176 | title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Administration and Management | accessdate=10 October 2016 | date=10 October 2016 | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala}}</ref> Minista Sam Cheptoris ne ke jagorantar ma'aikatar.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606290702.html | title=Uganda: Workshops Are Useless - Minister Cheptoris | accessdate=10 October 2016 | date=29 June 2016 | first= Alfred | last=Ochwo | newspaper=The Observer (Uganda) | location=Kampala}}</ref> ==Wuri== Hedkwatar ma'aikatar tana kan titin Port Bell Road, a unguwar Luzira, a yankin Nakawa Division na Kampala, babban birnin Uganda kuma birni mafi girma.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=9 October 2016 | url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=101| title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Ministry Location | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Development (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala | date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Lambobin yanki na hedkwatar ma'aikatar sune 0°17'56.0"N, 32°38'56.0"E (Latitude:0.298889; Longitude:32.648889).<ref>{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B017'56.0%22N+32%C2%B038'56.0%22E/@0.2988944,32.6467057,445m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.298889!4d32.648889 | title=Location of the Headquarters of Ministry of Water and Mineral Development (Uganda)|accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> ==Ƙananan Ma'aikatu== Ministan yana samun taimakon ministocin jiha guda biyu (2). * Ministan Jiha na Ruwa: Hon. Aisha Sekindi<ref name="New">{{cite web |author=Ministry of Water and Environment |date=6 June 2022 |title=Ministry of Water and Environment |url=https://www.mwe.go.ug/ |accessdate=10 October 2016 |format=PDF |newspaper=Ministry Website |location=Kampala}}</ref> * Ministan Jiha na Muhalli: Hon. Beatrice Anywar Atim<ref name="New"/> ==Tsarin Ma'aikata== A tsarin gudanarwa, ma'aikatar ta kasu kashi uku na daraktoci:<ref name="Adm"/> * Daraktan Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa * Daraktan Haɓaka Ruwa * Daraktan Al'amuran Muhalli ==Hukumomi Masu Zaman Kansu== Ma'aikatar tana aiki kafada da kafada da hukumomin gwamnati masu zaman kansu masu zuwa, domin cimma burinta.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mwe.go.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=12&Itemid=168 | title=Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda): Autonomous Government Agencies | date=10 October 2016 | accessdate=10 October 2016 | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) | author=MWE | location=Kampala}}</ref> * National Forestry Authority (Hukumar Kula da Dazuzzuka ta Ƙasa) * The Department of Climate Change (Sashen Canjin Yanayi) * National Environment Management Authority (Hukumar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Ƙasa) * National Water and Sewerage Corporation (Hukumar Ruwa da Sifiri ta Ƙasa) * Electricity Regulatory Authority (Hukumar Tsara Wutar Lantarki) ==Jerin Ministoci== * Sam Cheptoris (6 Yuni 2016 - zuwa yanzu)<ref>{{cite news |title=Museveni appoints his wife to key ministry in new cabinet |url=https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/07/museveni-appoints-his-wife-to-key-ministry-in-new-cabinet// |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Africanews |date=7 June 2016 |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221143431/https://www.africanews.com/2016/06/07/museveni-appoints-his-wife-to-key-ministry-in-new-cabinet// |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Ephraim Kamuntu (15 Agusta 2012 - 6 Yuni 2016)<ref>{{cite web | title=President Yoweri Museveni Reshuffles Cabinet | accessdate=8 September 2022| url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html | date=15 August 2012 | newspaper=New Vision | location=Kampala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816235713/https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634161-president-yoweri-museveni-reshuffles-cabinet.html |archive-date=16 August 2012}}</ref> * Maria Mutagamba (1 Yuni 2006 - 15 Agusta 2012)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministries Allocated |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 December 2014 |newspaper=New Vision |date=2 June 2006 |access-date=30 August 2022 |first=Henry |last=Mukasa | location=Kampala}}</ref> * Kahinda Otafiire (2003 - 1 Yuni 2006)<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=25 February 2015| url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=234&const=Ruhindi++County&dist_id=106&distname=Mitooma|date=2011|publisher=Parliament of Uganda| title=Profile of Kahinda Otafiire, Member of Parliament for Ruhindi County, Mitooma District |url-status=dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151023124619/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mpdata/mps.hei?p=f&n=t&details=t&j=234&const=Ruhindi++County&dist_id=106&distname=Mitooma |archive-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * {{Official website|http://www.mwe.go.ug/}} 3i3isxxd4n09dex80m5wibabjf49pmi 0 159762 879180 867684 2026-07-08T20:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879180 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Megan Bankes''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1997) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Kanada . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Megan Bankes |url=http://biathloncanada.ca/megan-bankes-athlete-bio/ |website=www.biathloncanada.ca |access-date=2026-06-25 |archive-date=2021-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620132157/http://biathloncanada.ca/megan-bankes-athlete-bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, an sanya sunan Bankes zuwa tawagar Olympics ta Kanada ta shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=Paula |date=19 January 2022 |title=Eight biathletes nominated to Team Canada for Beijing 2022 |url=https://olympic.ca/2022/01/19/eight-biathletes-nominated-to-team-canada-for-beijing-2022/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=www.olympic.ca/ |publisher=[[Canadian Olympic Committee]]}}</ref> == Sakamako akan aikinsa == === Wasannin Olympics === ''0 lambobin yabo'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Abin da ya faru ! style="width:70px;" |Mutumin da ya fi so ! style="width:70px;" |Gudun daji ! style="width:70px;" |Bincike ! style="width:70px;" |{{Nowrap|Mass start}} ! style="width:70px;" |Maida hankali ! style="width:70px;" |{{Nowrap|Mixed relay}} |- | align="left" |[[2022 Winter Olympics|2022 Beijing]]{{Flagicon|China}} |Na 33 |Na 77 | - | - |Na 10 | - |} === Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya === ''0 lambobin yabo'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Abin da ya faru ! style="width:70px;" |Mutumin da ya fi so ! style="width:70px;" |Gudun daji ! style="width:70px;" |Bincike ! style="width:70px;" |{{Nowrap|Mass start}} ! style="width:70px;" |Maida hankali ! style="width:70px;" |{{Nowrap|Mixed relay}} ! style="width:70px;" |{{Nowrap|Single mixed relay}} |- | align="left" |[[Biathlon World Championships 2019|2019 Östersund]]{{Flagicon|SWE}} |Na 75 |Na 58 |LAP | - |Na 14 | - | - |- | align="left" |[[Biathlon World Championships 2020|2020 Antholz]]{{Flagicon|ITA}} |Na 87 |Na 61 | - | - |Na 9th | - | - |- | align="left" |[[Biathlon World Championships 2021|2021 Pokljuka]]{{Flagicon|SLO}} |Na 88 |Na 35 |Na 46 | - |Na 16 | - | - |} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Bankes ta bayyana kanta a matsayin lesbian. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 49oey5v7gyv3bd4a71xzwj4hxta5zri 0 159861 879103 868369 2026-07-08T18:34:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|thumb|Kogin Kongo - tushen ruwan sha, amma kuma barazana ga lafiyar jama'a]] Kodayake Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) tana da mafi girman albarkatun ruwan sha mai daɗi a Afirka, tana fama da matsananciyar matsalar samar da ruwan sha. DRC tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙasƙancin matsayi wajen samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Kashi 46 cikin ɗari na al'ummar ƙasar ne kawai ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha a shekarar 2012.<ref name=":4" /> Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa kashi 31 cikin ɗari ne kawai ke da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2012.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo|title=UN Data. Democratic Republic of Congo.|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Bayanai na yau da kullum kuma ingantattu game da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a DRC suna da ƙaranci. Sakamakon rashin isasshen samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli, mazauna ƙasar da yawa suna fama da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa, haɗi da zawo, zazzabin taifot, da kwalara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalwateralliance.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/lessons-from-the-drc-the-importance-of-water-infrastructure/|title=Lessons from the DRC: The Importance of Water Infrastructure|last=Alliance|first=Global Water|date=2015-07-01|website=Global Water Alliance|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/5/07-1260_article?commit=GO|title=Lakes as Source of Cholera Outbreaks, Democratic Republic of Congo - Volume 14, Number 5—May 2008 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|doi=10.3201/eid1405.071260 |access-date=2016-05-30|last1=Bompangue |first1=Didier |last2=Giraudoux |first2=Patrick |last3=Handschumacher |first3=Pascal |last4=Piarroux |first4=Renaud |last5=Sudre |first5=Bertrand |last6=Ekwanzala |first6=Mosiana |last7=Kebela |first7=Ilunga |last8=Piarroux |first8=Martine |year=2008 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=798–800 |pmid=18439365 |pmc=2600234 }}</ref> [[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa (-mini map -rivers).svg|thumb|Wurin da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo take a Afirka]] Rikicin ruwa na yanzu ya samo asali ne sakamakon tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa saboda rashin isasshen jari a fannin ruwa da kuma lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da tashe-tashen hankula, da kuma saurin haɓakar al'umma, wanda Babban Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta a kan kashi 4 cikin ɗari a yankunan birane da kashi 2.5 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara a shekarar 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_DRC_water.pdf|title=Water Issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Challenges and Opportunities. Technical Report.|last=|first=|date=2011|website=|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|access-date=|archive-date=2020-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413185644/https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_DRC_water.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Gabaɗaya, fannin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na DRC yana da alaƙa da tsare-tsaren hukumomi da yawa da ke fuskantar jikakkai da rikice-rikice na ikon shari'a.<ref name=":1" /> Don haka, ana iya sanya matsalar ruwa a DRC a matsayin matsalar ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga ci gaban ƙasar.<ref name=":0" /> Sashi na 48 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na DRC na shekarar 2006 ya amince da haƙƙin ɗan adam na samun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.righttowater.info/progress-so-far/national-legislation-on-the-right-to-water/#DRC|title=The rights to water and sanitation in national law « Rights to Water and Sanitation|website=www.righttowater.info|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref> Gyarawa da haɓaka fannin ruwa babban fifiko ne da gwamnatin ƙasar ta jajirce a kai a cikin Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci kuma ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa na Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-DRC-En.pdf|title=An AMCOW Country Status Overview. Water Supply and Sanitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.No water. Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond.|last=|first=|date=2011|website=|publisher=The World Bank. Water and Sanitation Program - Africa Region.|access-date=|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407025432/https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-DRC-En.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi da samar da ruwa== [[File:Aerial view of the Congo River near Kisangani.jpg|thumb|Duba ta sama na Kogin Kongo]] DRC ita ce ƙasa mafi arziki da ruwa a Afirka. Tana da kusan kashi 52 cikin ɗari na danyen ruwan saman Afirka da kuma kashi 23 cikin ɗari na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida da ake iya sabuntawa a Afirka. An kiyasta albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi na cikin gida da ake iya sabuntawa ga kowane mutum a kan mita kyubik 14,406 ga kowane mutum a shekara ta 2008.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnado929.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609135412/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO929.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 9, 2010|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo. Water and Sanitation Profile.|last=|first=|date=2010|website=|publisher=US Aid|access-date=}}</ref> Wannan adadi ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba fiye da ƙayyadaddun amfanin ruwa da aka sani a duniya na mita kyubik 1,700 ga kowane mutum a shekara. DRC tana da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na kusan 1,543 mm/shekara,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/cf/readPdf.html?f=COD-CF_eng.pdf|title=AQUASTAT Country Fact Sheet. Democratic Republic of the Congo.|last=|first=|date=2016|website=|publisher=FAO|access-date=}}</ref> wanda ya bambanta gwargwadon wuri da lokaci (800–1,800 mm/shekara). Bugu da ƙari, DRC tana da babban ikon cin gashin kanta na ruwa tun da kashi 70 cikin ɗari na jimillar albarkatun ruwanta na sabuntawa ana samun su ne a cikin gida daga ruwan sama. Albarkatun ruwa masu yawa a DRC suna da alaƙa da faffadan gandun daji, wanda ya kai sama da hekta miliyan 155.5.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Aruwimi-Ituri.png|thumb|Mafararin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Kongo]] Koguna da tafkuna sun mamaye kusan kashi 3.5 cikin ɗari na fadin kasar DRC. Albarkatun ruwan saman na DRC sun mamaye Kogin Kongo da rassan sa. Tare da matsakaicin gudu na kusan mita kyubik 41,000 a sakan guda, Kogin Kongo yana da girma na biyu mafi fitar da ruwa a duniya. Kwarin Kogin Kongo ya mamaye kashi 98 cikin ɗari na fadin ƙasar kuma yana samar wa ƙasar ɗaya daga cikin mafi faffadan hanyoyin sadarwa na koguna a duniya. Kyawun ruwan saman gabaɗaya yana da kyau ƙwarai, in ban da gurɓatattun wurare na cikin gida a tsakiyar birane da kusa da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Wannan babban ingancin ruwa ya samo asali ne yawancin lokuta saboda babban ikon tace ruwa na hanyoyin sadarwar kogin, ƙarancin yawan jama'a da kuma rinjayar ayyukan ɗan adam na dogaro da kai, waɗanda ke da ɗan tasiri kaɗan a kan muhalli.<ref name=":0" /> An kiyasta cewa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya kai kusan kashi 47 cikin ɗari na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida na DRC da ake iya sabuntawa. Idanuwan ruwa da ke cikin daddun gandun daji sune babban tushen samar da ruwa ga mafi yawancin al'umma. Koyaya, bayanai kan fadin da ingancin albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da idanuwan ruwa a DRC suna da ƙaranci. Idanuwan ruwa masu sauƙi da aka kiyaye ana amfani da su yawancin lokuta don samar da ruwa a ƙauyuka masu nisa da yankunan kusa da birane. Ana amfani da manyan tsare-tsaren samar da ruwa daga idanuwan ruwa ta hanyar hanyoyin rarraba ruwa a birane da yawa, haɗi da Beni, Bunia, Lisala, Lubumbashi, Kisangani da Mbuji-Mayi. Samar da ruwa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zurfi ya takaita ga ƙaramin kashi na al'ummar ƙasar. Mafi yawa daga cikin kusan rijiyoyi 1,000 an gina su ne tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 1990 kuma suna ba da tsakanin mita kyubik 15 zuwa 80 a cikin awa guda. Rijiyoyin famfo na hannu da na injina da rijiyoyin haƙawa da hannu sun kai kusan kashi 10 cikin ɗari na samar da ruwan sha.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2015, har yanzu akwai kusan mutane miliyan 1 da ba su da damar samun "ingantaccen" ruwa. A shekarar 2015, kashi 76% na al'ummar ƙasar suna da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa, wato kashi 96% da kashi 40% a yankunan birane da karkara bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/congo/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org - Congo|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)/UNICEF Tsarin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli</ref> ==Amfani da ruwa== An kiyasta amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum a kan mita kyubik 7 ga kowane mutum a shekara ta 2014, wanda ke nuna ƙaramin matakin tattara albarkatun ruwa kawai (kasa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1511tn.pdf|title=Issues in managing water challenges and policy instruments: Regional perspectives and case studies.|last=|first=|date=2015|website=|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Amfani da ruwa ga kowane mutum a DRC ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da ƙasashe da yawa na yankin Sahel masu bushewa, waɗanda ke fuskantar matsalar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Ana amfani da ruwa mafi yawancinsa don amfanin gida, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 52 cikin ɗari na duk ruwan da ake ɗiba a DRC. Fannin noma ya kai kashi 32 cikin ɗari na duk ruwan da ake ɗiba, sai kuma masana'antu da kashi 16 cikin ɗari. Kamun kifi, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa sune sauran muhimman amfanin ruwa a DRC, waɗanda yawanci ba a haɗa su cikin kididdigar amfani da ruwa ba.<ref name=":0" /> Ana sa ran ɗiban ruwa a DRC zai ƙaru sosai nan da shekarar 2025. Ana sa ran amfanin gida, noma da masana'antu za su ƙaru da kashi 470 cikin ɗari, kashi 375 cikin ɗari da kashi 225 cikin ɗari bi da bi. Koyaya, amfani da ruwa nan da shekarar 2025 zai kasance kashi 0.16 cikin ɗari kawai na albarkatun ruwa na cikin gida na DRC da ake iya sabuntawa.<ref name=":0" /> ==Tsarin fannin ruwa== Gyarawa da haɓaka fannin ruwa babban fifiko ne da gwamnatin ƙasar ta jajirce a kai a cikin Takardun Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci (DSCRP I da DSCRP II) kuma ta amince da shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa na Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Shugabancin fannin ruwa a DRC yana da rauni ta fuskar tsari kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan hukumomi da ke fuskantar jikakkai da rikice-rikice na umarni. Ikon aiwatarwa shine babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga ci gaba a fannin ruwa. An tattara manyan kudaden tallafi don gyaran ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, amma saboda rashin aiki na hukumomi da na gwamnati, raunin aiki da kuma rashin tallafin ababen more rayuwa, kayan aiki da ayyukan tattalin arziki, amfani da kudaden ya ragu sosai. A cikin ayyukan gwamnati, amfani da jeri yawanci bai kai kashi 50 cikin ɗari ba. Haka kuma, ana buƙatar ƙarin jarin kuɗi don gudanar da gagarumin gyare-gyare a fannin ruwa. ===Tsarin Hukumomi=== Gudanar da fannin ruwa a DRC ya kasu tsakanin ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare tana da alhakin fito da dabaru da kuma sanya ido kan Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci da aka ayyana. A ƙarƙashin Kwamitin Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Ƙasa (CNAEA), tana da ikon haɓaka manufofi da sanya ido, daidaita ma'aikatu da haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaba a fannin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4002.pdf|title=Sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: identifying and responding to barriers. A case study from the Democratic Republic of Congo.|last=|first=|date=2007|website=|publisher=Tearfund|access-date=|archive-date=2016-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630010806/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4002.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kamfanin REGIDESO na gwamnati ne ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankunan birane. Yana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin kulawar gudanarwa da kuɗi na Ma'aikatar Kayayyakin Jiha da kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar fasaha na Ma'aikatar Makamashi. Hukumar samar da ruwan sha ta karkara ta ƙasa, SNHR, tana ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Karkara kuma ita ce ke da alhakin haɓaka ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara da na kusa da birane.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jama'a ita ma tana da hannu a fannin ruwa na karkara ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ''Villages Assainis'' (Ƙauyuka Masu Tsafta) da ''Écoles Assainies'' (Makarantu Masu Tsafta), waɗanda UNICEF ke tallafawa kuma aka tsara su don sa hannun al'ummomin karkara wajen haɓaka ingantaccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/drcongo_62084.html|title=In DR Congo, a UNICEF programme is empowering communities to improve water and sanitation|website=UNICEF|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref> ===Tallafin Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Kungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu (NGOs)=== Tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka fannin ruwa na DRC. An kiyasta tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa a kan dala miliyan 62 a shekara wanda ya dace da kusan kashi 95 cikin ɗari na jimillar jarin da ake sakawa.<ref name=":2" /> Ayyukan da aka ba da kuɗin sun fi karkata ne ga cimma Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Dabarun Rage Talauci na ƙasa. Jarin ƙasa da ƙasa an yi niyya ne daidai gwargwado ga sassan ruwa na birane da na karkara. A yankunan kusa da birane da na karkara, tallafin ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙunshi kusan dukkan jimillar jarin da ake sakawa.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan jin ƙai da agajin gaggawa a lokacin tashe-tashen hankula, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na ƙasa da ƙasa sun kafa ayyuka da yawa na samar da ruwa a DRC. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ba da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankuna masu nisa da gwamnati ta yi watsi da su. Sai dai yawancinsu ba su da tsari mai kyau kuma suna mai da hankali ne kan ayyukan da aka tsara don inganta samar da ruwa na cikin gida cikin gaggawa, amma ba su da isasshen tsarin gudanarwa don kula da ababen more rayuwa a nan gaba.<ref name=":0" /> ===Gyaran Fannin Ruwa=== Fannin ruwa yana fuskantar sake tsari na ci gaba ta hanyar gyaran fuska na gwamnati wanda aka fara da taimakon abokan haɗin gwiwa na ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa a shekarar 2006, musamman aikin gyaran ruwa na GIZ na Jamus.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2010, gwamnatin DRC ta amince da cikakken Tsarin Dokar Ruwa da nufin cimma burin ci gaban ƙasa, wanda ke samar da tsarin dokoki na ƙasa don gudanar da ruwa mai dorewa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/19928.html|title=Support to the water sector reform|last=GmbH|first=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)|website=www.giz.de|access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref> Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa na Haɗin Gwiwa (IWRM) shine babban ƙa'ida da aka bayyana a cikin Dokar Ruwa, wanda ke da nufin kafa tsari mai kyau don daidaita bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban. Muhimman sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da tsarin raba shiyyoyin filaye don tabbatar da kariya ga albarkatun ruwan sha masu mahimmanci da kwarurukansu, ƙa'idar mai amfani yana biya, ƙa'idar mai gurɓatawa yana biya, ƙa'idar riga-kafi, ƙa'idar tallafi da tattaunawa da shawarwari na jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Gwamnatin DRC ta kuma fitar da tsarin aiki don ci gaba da haɓaka fannin ruwan sha nan da shekarar 2020. Manufar tsarin aikin ita ce tabbatar da aiwatar da gyaran fannin ruwa. Don haka, yana kuma taimakawa wajen daidaita tsare-tsaren masu ba da tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma kiyaye ayyukansu dangane da tsarin ƙasa.<ref name=":3" /> Canjin tsari na fannin ruwa shine babban al'amari na gyaran ruwa. Ya haɗa da mayurbin CNAEA da Majalisar Ruwa ta Ƙasa, wacce za ta sami ikon jagorantar daukacin fannin ruwa bisa tsarin IWRM, da kafa Majalisun Ruwa na Jihohi, Kwamitin Ruwa na cikin gida da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin raba iko, da kuma ƙirƙirar hukumomin da ke da alhakin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a matakin kwarurukan magudanar ruwa da ƙananan kwaruruka. Bugu da ƙari, REGIDESO tana fuskantar canji zuwa kamfani na kasuwanci na jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> ==Manyan matsaloli a fannin ruwa== Kashi 46 cikin ɗari na al'ummar DRC ne kawai ke da damar samun ingantaccen tushen ruwan sha a shekarar 2012,<ref name=":4" /> idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin kashi 60 cikin ɗari a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara.<ref name=":0" /> An kiyasta cewa kashi 31 cikin ɗari ne kawai ke da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftace muhalli a shekarar 2012.<ref name=":5" /> Rashin tsaftacen ruwan sha da ƙarancin yanayin tsabtace muhalli suna kawo babban hadari ga lafiyar jama'a. Adadin mace-macen yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar an kiyasta shi a kan kashi 11.9 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2015, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 9.2 cikin ɗari a yankin Kudu da Hamadar Sahara, tare da yawaitar cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa kamar zawo, kwalara, zawayi mai jini da zazzabin taifot.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/1/09-020109/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126032901/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/1/09-020109/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 26, 2015|title=WHO {{!}} The Democratic Republic of the Congo: quantifying the crisis|website=www.who.int|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Akwai babban bambancin yanayin ƙasa wajen samun ruwan sha, inda kashi 79 cikin ɗari na mazauna birane ke da damar samun ruwan sha idan aka kwatanta da kashi 29 cikin ɗari na mazauna karkara da na kusa da birane.<ref name=":4" /> Sai dai a yankuna da yawa na DRC, damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ya yi ƙasa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2011.<ref name=":0" /> Matakin samun ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana iya kwatanta shi a birane (kashi 33 cikin ɗari) da yankunan karkara (kashi 29 cikin ɗari).<ref name=":4" /> Jarin kuɗi ya karkata sosai ga yankunan birane, inda aka ware kashi 85 cikin ɗari na jimillar kuɗaɗen don haɓaka fannin ruwa na birane,<ref name=":0" /> kodayake al'ummar karkara sun kai kashi 58 cikin ɗari na jimillar al'ummar ƙasar a shekarar 2014.<ref name=":5" /> ===Fannin Ruwa na Birane da na Kusa da Birane=== Kodayake samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha ya yi ƙasa sosai a yankunan karkara fiye da yankunan birane a DRC, ainihin adadin mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwa yana ƙaruwa sosai a yankunan birane saboda saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> Matsakaicin adadin haɓakar yawan jama'ar birane a tsakanin shekarun 2010 zuwa 2015 an kiyasta shi a kan kashi 4 cikin ɗari, idan aka kwatanta da adadin haɓakar jama'a na kashi 1.9 cikin ɗari a yankunan karkara. Al'ummar da ke zaune a yankunan birane an kiyasta su a kan kashi 42 cikin ɗari.<ref name=":5" /> Saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a a yankunan birane yana da alaƙa da faɗaɗa birane kuma yana haifarda manyan matsaloli wajen kafa isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa. Yawancin kwarurukan magudanar ruwa na kusa da birane suna fuskantar tasiri ta hanyar faɗaɗa gidaje ba zare da tsari ba, noma da kuma neman itacen girki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/water-issues-democratic-republic-congo-challenges-and-opportunities|title=Water Issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges and Opportunities - Technical Report|date=2011-03-22|website=ReliefWeb|language=English|access-date=2016-05-27}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa na REGIDESO suna fama da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa saboda rashin wutar lantarki, rashin sabbin jari da kuma rashin kulawa.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> Shekaru da dama na tashe-tashen hankula na makami, rashin jagoranci na gari, raunin shugabanci, ƙarancin kuɗaɗe da ya faru yawancinsu saboda rashin biyan kuɗin ruwa da gwamnati ke yi da kuma manufofin kuɗin fito marasa riba, da kuma jinkirin gudanar da ayyuka na REGIDESO sun haifar da tabarbarewar ayyukan samar da ruwa a birane.<ref name=":2" /> Samar da ruwa a birane ya bambanta ƙwarai da gaske. Sama da kashi 85 cikin ɗari na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa na birane suna cikin larduna huɗu ne: Kinshasa, Bas Congo, Katanga da kuma South Kivu.<ref name=":0" /> Haka kuma, an karkatar da tallafin kuɗi mafi yawa ga birnin Kinshasa, inda yake samun kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na jimillar jarin da ake sakawa a fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name=":2" /> ===Fannin ruwa na karkara=== Mafi yawancin al'ummar DRC da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara. An yi watsi da fannin ruwa na karkara a DRC na tsawon shekaru da dama kuma yana da alaƙa da tabarbarewar ababen more rayuwa saboda rashin kulawa da rashin kayan gyara. Haka kuma, tsarin ruwa da yawa suna da ingancin gini maras kyau. Babban tushen samar da ruwa a karkara sune idanuwan ruwa, waɗanda suka kai kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na jimillar samar da ruwa a karkara. Idanuwan ruwa suna da fa'idar cewa suna buƙatar ƙaramin jari kaɗan don gwaɗawa da kulawa. Sai dai yawancin lokuta ana amfani da idanuwan ruwa ba tare da isasshen kariya da haɓakawa ba. Wani muhimmin tushen samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara shine rijiyoyin haƙawa na hannu, ta amfani da famfo na hannu da na inji. Sauran hanyoyin samar da ruwa a karkara sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, ƙananan tsarin rarraba ruwa ta famfo da tsarin tace ruwan sama.<ref name=":0" /> Gabaɗaya, kuɗaɗen da ake caji don tsarin ruwa na karkara ba sa rufe kuɗaɗen gudanar da ayyuka.<ref name=":2" /> Kuma kusan ba a gudanar da gwajin ingancin ruwa ko kaɗan.<ref name=":0" /> Jarin da ake sakawa a halin yanzu a fannin ruwa na karkara yana da nufin faɗaɗa aikin hakar rijiyoyin burtsatse da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo a manyan ƙauyuka, waɗanda kowannensu ke hidima ga mutane tsakanin 2,000 zuwa 5,000 kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'umma da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ke gudanar da su. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen ''Villages Assainis'' da ''Écoles Assainies'' suna da nufin haɓaka fannin ruwa na karkara cikin tsari a ƙauyuka masu nisa da yawanci ke da mutane 500 zuwa 1,000. Babban ra'ayin shirin shine inganta ingancin ruwan sha ta hanyar kiyaye idanuwan ruwa da gina rijiyoyin haƙawa na hannu tare da taimakon al'ummomin cikin gida.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> Ƙananan ƙauyuka masu mazauna ƙasa da mutane 100, waɗanda suka kai kashi 37 cikin ɗari na al'ummar karkara, shirin bai haɗa da su ba, saboda haka, suna wakiltar gibi a cikin tsare-tsaren ci gaba na fannin ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> ===Tasirin zamantakewa=== Rikicin ruwa a DRC yana shafar musamman rukunin mutane mafi rauni a cikin al'umma, wato mata da yara da ke zaune a cikin matalauta, yankunan kusa da birane marasa tsari da kuma yankunan karkara masu nisa. A cikin cunkoson birane, iyalai yawancin lokuta suna buƙatar siyan ruwansu akan farashi mai girma saboda yawan buƙata da ƙarancin wadatar ruwa, yayin da ake amfani da hanyoyin ruwa marasa inganci don samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin haɗari ga lafiya.<ref name=":0" /> Mata da yara sune suka fi ɗaukar nauyin samar da ruwa ga iyalansu. Ƙarancin samar da ruwa yana juyar da wannan tsari zuwa wani aiki mai wahala da cin lokaci, wanda ke rage yawan lokacin da za a iya amfani da shi don neman ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jessica|first1=Roy|last2=Ben|first2=Crow|date=2004-03-26|title=Gender Relations and Access to Water: What We Want to Know About Social Relations and Women's Time Allocation|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m5033gv#page-2|journal=Center for Global, International and Regional Studies}}</ref> ===Lalacewar albarkatun ruwa=== [[File:2010 flooding Kinshasa 4581137584.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Kinshasa]] A yankuna da yawa na DRC, canje-canjen amfani da filaye yana da alaƙa da lalacewar hanyoyin ruwan sha. Babban barazana ga hanyoyin ruwan sha shine haɓakar yankunan birane da na karkara ba tare da tsari ba. Rashin samun shiyyoyin kariya ga ruwan sha yana haifar da fallasa yankuna masu rauni na tushen ruwa ga gurɓatawa da lalacewar filaye. Idanuwan ruwa, wuraren karɓar ruwa na koguna, saman rijiyoyi, sassan tafkuna da madatsun ruwa masu mahimmanci da kuma yankunan sake cika ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sune wuraren da suka fi fuskantar haɗari, waɗanda yawanci ba su da kowane irin tsari na kariya ko alamun iyaka da za a iya gane su. Canje-canje na tsarin guduwar ruwa a sama, ƙaruwar zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewar muhalli sune sakamakon faɗaɗa wuraren zama da na noma ba tare da tsari ba. Haɓaka gidaje, rashin kyawun ginin hanyoyi, ramin bandaki, ramin zubar da ruwa na septic, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, da sharar ma'adinai sune muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatar hanyoyin ruwa. A yankunan birane, masana'antu, gidajen mai, gareji, mayanka da kuma guduwar ruwan sama sune ƙarin hanyoyin gurɓatawa. Gurɓatar kwayoyin cuta daga ruwan karkashin kasa da zubar da daddun shara da kuma ƙaruwar laka a cikin ruwa sune manyan hanyoyin gurɓatawa guda biyu.<ref name=":0" /> Babban dalilin lalacewar albarkatun ruwa shine rashin tsari da gudanarwa na amfani da filaye. Haka kuma, babu tsarin sanya ido kan ingancin ruwa a faɗin ƙasar baki ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> ==Magance rikicin ruwa: Shawarwarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya== Domin cimma manufofin fannin ruwa da aka bayyana a cikin Takardun Dabarun Haɓakawa da Rage Talauci da kuma Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta fito da shawarwari da dama don magance matsalolin ruwa a DRC a cikin rahotonta na fasaha na shekarar 2011. Waɗannan shawarwari sun ginu ne a kan manyan al'amura guda uku: Taimakawa gyaran shugabancin fannin ruwa, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki na fasaha da na hukumomi da kuma kafa tushen bayanan kimiyya.<ref name=":0" /> Shawarwarin da aka bayyana a matsayin "muhimman matakai" sun haɗa da: a) haɓaka manufofin ruwa na ƙasa, dabarun fannin ruwa da ƙa'idodin doka; b) kafa cikakken tsarin bayanan ruwa na ƙasa; c) aiwatar da gudanarwa mai zaman kanta na al'umma don ababen more rayuwa na ruwa na ƙananan tsari; d) kafa shirin haɓaka ƙarfin aiki don hukumomin ruwa da aka raba wa iko; e) haɓakawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kariya ga tushen ruwa bisa kwarurukan magudanar ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> Shawarwarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan matsalolin ruwa a DRC suna da ranar cika buri na shekarar 2015, daidai da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Rahoton Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 2015 na duniya ya riga ya kasance akwai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/|title=United Nations Millennium Development Goals|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref> Sai dai ba a buga cikakken kima na halin da ake ciki yanzu a fannin ruwa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ba tukunna. A watan Janairun 2016, Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don tantance matakan talauci a DRC, haɗi da kimanta ingancin samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gret.org/2016/05/access-to-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-a-major-challenge-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/?lang=en|title=Access to water, sanitation and hygiene, a major challenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Gret|date=2016-05-02|website=Gret|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-29|archive-date=2016-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630063922/http://www.gret.org/2016/05/access-to-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-a-major-challenge-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/?lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 2klomwburc9jksu9gvvf6lff5ayte8y 0 160046 879451 869856 2026-07-09T09:55:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekarar 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara A 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 471mdd1v4373r19nwbusisw8fhzpzca 879452 879451 2026-07-09T09:56:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara A 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara A 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} rbcymate3wddjtxg2r0ogduqdcxxgkq 879453 879452 2026-07-09T09:56:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Al 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara A 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 1mx74lsybouxf3blxulchw0h9u9p5jf 879454 879453 2026-07-09T09:57:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Ali 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara A 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} fkh5csedx8hxkj3t0dta5r7os4s2ch8 879455 879454 2026-07-09T09:57:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara A 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} t3xxs936st6dhvmzzf9s6mi6wi5cp64 879456 879455 2026-07-09T09:58:24Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara A 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} izdv2vbmd7ppnopf0jchi5v6av5gilm 879457 879456 2026-07-09T09:58:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Al 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} sfgb6fje0l6myxp97v4v86bulkt6lp8 879458 879457 2026-07-09T09:59:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Ali 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} rbf56mrwo5ayyb85pqqick6va195gvt 879459 879458 2026-07-09T09:59:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekarar 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} m0m7eqwmsa0os3nwgoouafb0u60ipy4 879460 879459 2026-07-09T09:59:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} b51rbp4swtf1onewt3vvbv0x2nuwm8j 879461 879460 2026-07-09T10:00:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} rukakdetsg5j83gebedwxkd5hejyg4i 879462 879461 2026-07-09T10:00:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Al 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 2hiayk3xzh5eo279a7bbd99409w5a3h 879463 879462 2026-07-09T10:01:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Ali 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimma Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 1p9iyph8mkos5ix8t84gztxtsnep9kw 879464 879463 2026-07-09T10:02:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara A 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} sq85q2mtdlx9xldtiy13rtttn3g0d6s 879465 879464 2026-07-09T10:02:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Al 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} su89v4o94a98bm6qtbrdnj81ndvinzw 879466 879465 2026-07-09T10:02:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Ali 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} bufdk2l0ro6cg8tnzlrrc1xm6f71057 879467 879466 2026-07-09T10:03:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Vietnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} eusgegiquxgtfl8mta3kg31z7m9l8an 879468 879467 2026-07-09T10:04:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Btnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} dioiq7jc5lj154na0aolqeq540zlh4l 879469 879468 2026-07-09T10:04:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Bitnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 91m09j73tv0o6ylk7wzgj61qqybswfj 879470 879469 2026-07-09T10:05:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biytnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} ifgitr20yp79h6wud5ien74y3q66968 879471 879470 2026-07-09T10:05:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} puhl66f92sfjkuyjxvslb1qhtwpd70o 879472 879471 2026-07-09T10:06:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} nje31dzwjtpwovk8jp0kj9hfm4sbwwz 879473 879472 2026-07-09T10:07:12Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara a 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} svfrj9jj9zgl1x9lmfo6hsz61qnwo0t 879474 879473 2026-07-09T10:07:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara al 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} faod67vumm812jzahv1dso97m0wkdwq 879475 879474 2026-07-09T10:07:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara ali 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 246xp50h5lj0rakmcqto95ib6avg0cw 879476 879475 2026-07-09T10:08:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekarar 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} lgg4yd4ns81vyfgj7lsani98fchami0 879477 879476 2026-07-09T10:10:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} afy68223icgt32n7ld5yy45ehuj6sfi 879478 879477 2026-07-09T10:10:49Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara a 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 57rd7b4cvryfldc0mpianvodmvc21im 879479 879478 2026-07-09T10:11:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara al 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 7yypw7yltjnud467di96upxf3uqkw31 879480 879479 2026-07-09T10:11:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekarar 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara ali 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 4apx3usvku9tl6wc6yk72xpjytuf6u8 879481 879480 2026-07-09T10:12:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara ali 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} poty1cyh51j9t8vemg2tgezjdw4gt5s 879482 879481 2026-07-09T10:12:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekarar 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} mpinjc4lbsgx94vc0fgrzbj2bazwlf9 879483 879482 2026-07-09T10:13:30Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara a 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} lu3pf5qexi4zum7xien0fi72nclgj48 879484 879483 2026-07-09T10:14:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara al 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 8n8lqs112x498da030vpmu26wd9452k 879486 879484 2026-07-09T10:15:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara al 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 9vcpkcm60jx9yfcr6ps825crtlx4czr 879487 879486 2026-07-09T10:15:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara ali 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} qohevb5cml2lafxo0er5slrt6dlyn2z 879488 879487 2026-07-09T10:16:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekarar 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} e3xac10p0653fgu94hiikyypfbw7mzd 879489 879488 2026-07-09T10:16:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara a 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara a 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} moukqf81ysn8461do2juokiy02jlclc 879490 879489 2026-07-09T10:17:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekarar 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara a 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara al 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} ah96cqtqrvm2gi7mfxd67lm490rvvtb 879491 879490 2026-07-09T10:18:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara a 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara al 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} mndwrbanlyreurp6b25s25ttkjzrbgm 879492 879491 2026-07-09T10:18:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara al 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekarar 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara al 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 2t12pkiv8ncgwqhgvaqyjxshkezhaqw 879493 879492 2026-07-09T10:19:33Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara al 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara a 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara al 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 4l8wd8i94k9dga2ip9k7bmcbbq4szih 879494 879493 2026-07-09T10:20:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara al 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara a 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} bxjdos0fnp8wqou2wvqebmo65f022fc 879495 879494 2026-07-09T10:20:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara ali 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara a 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 6zo4acx2jft9s3hp1s9kxagiaojvjc5 879496 879495 2026-07-09T10:21:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara a 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekarar 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 834rncgj4yoi2b3xndbcwd6psudbs83 879497 879496 2026-07-09T10:22:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara a 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara a 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 4s4y28pssj1q70fiiz027vddh6cd1go 879498 879497 2026-07-09T10:23:08Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara al 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara a 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 10xqyksqa4plmjzpzkch0s4114ry5ub 879499 879498 2026-07-09T10:23:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara al 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara al 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 5fnl51wy3t2vccqnyq46jnvm2ea5esv 879500 879499 2026-07-09T10:24:04Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara a 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara ali 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara al 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} g9do9th6gh0z72ax9n32oj9f9cehju4 879501 879500 2026-07-09T10:24:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara al 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara a 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara ali 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara al 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 1669i69ynhvsug7t3kz2xex29qngx9e 879502 879501 2026-07-09T10:24:54Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara al 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara al 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara ali 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara al 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} l8ca4aluqzryi54pv6gufwcsm30lyoo 879503 879502 2026-07-09T10:25:46Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara al 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara al 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara ali 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara ali 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} chs7sxe824fch875yff73ze2opppkgd 879504 879503 2026-07-09T10:26:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara al 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara al 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara ali 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} 1knbc8mwwwqmz6co9d32v8e2jmq3cm9 879505 879504 2026-07-09T10:27:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara ali 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara al 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara ali 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} jxdswqxukh2a4ygq8kvtakme9mkdva8 879507 879505 2026-07-09T10:30:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara ali 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara al 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} rz3pmpje1et0jnppw251b9x4mvcaey3 879508 879507 2026-07-09T10:31:18Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara alif 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara al 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} r82hajc90k3bql2vih6xzipxakakfpy 879509 879508 2026-07-09T10:31:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara alif 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekara 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara al 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} dl34fh0xvnd18v0lp0x59nnl2p9p3m7 879510 879509 2026-07-09T10:33:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara alif 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekara 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara alif 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} rjv8qqtdssa0r7ehwnipbr0zf7gc7ay 879511 879510 2026-07-09T10:34:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara alif 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekara 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara alif 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekara a 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara ali 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} t2smr16ydjx88kjmlklg5obis657dfh 879512 879511 2026-07-09T10:40:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara alif 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekara 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara alif 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekara a 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara alif 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} s49m9zcny0oks19f0p6wi16913fs922 879513 879512 2026-07-09T10:41:45Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 879513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tap project unicef logo.jpg|thumb|An kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007]] Shirin '''UNICEF Tap Project''' ya kasance wani kamfen ne na kasa baki daya wanda ke samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara a kasashe matalauta. Kamfen din ya kai kololuwa a lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, domin bikin Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ranar 30 ga watan Maris. Wannan kamfen ya kunshi gidajen cin abinci, abokan ciniki, dalibai, da masu sa kai tare da tallafin kamfanoni, al'ummomi, shahararrun mutane, da gwamnati. A lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, gidajen cin abinci a fadin Amurka sun karfafawa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka domin ruwan fanfo da galibi suke sha kyauta. Haka kuma, masu sa kai na Shirin UNICEF Tap Project suna tallafa wa kokarinsu ta絠ar gudanar da bukukuwa da ayyukan tara kudade na cikin gida. A yau, kusan mutane miliyan 990 a duniya ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/world-water-crisis.html |title=The World Water Crisis |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A halin yanzu, kowace rana yara 4,100 ke mutuwa sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa. Shirin UNICEF Tap Project yana taimakawa wajen tallafawa ayyukan UNICEF na cimmah Manufofin Bunkasa Karni – Manfata ta 7 – wacce ita ce rage rabi, nan da shekara Alif 2015, na rabon mutanen da ba su da damar samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai dorewa da ingantaccen tsaftar muhalli. UNICEF Amurka ta dakatar da shirin a watan Maris na shekara Alif 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|title=UNICEF Tap Project|website=UNICEF USA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-27|archive-date=2019-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825195845/https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/usa/unicef-tap-project|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== Hukumar tallata labarai da sadarwa ta New York mai suna Droga5 ce ta kirkiro Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a shekara Alif 2007, kuma aka kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara alif 2001 – Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya. Manufar ita ce a karfafa wa abokan ciniki gwiwa su ba da gudummawar dala $1 ko fiye da haka don ruwan fanfo da yawanci suke sha kyauta. Kudaden za su tafi ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara matalauta; da dala $1, UNICEF za ta iya samar wa yaro damar samun tsaftataccen ruwa na tsawon kwanaki 15. A shekarar farko, kamfen din ya kasance ne kawai a Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya, amma tun daga lokacin ya mayar da hankali kan Makon Ruwa na Duniya. Shirin Tap Project na farko da aka gudanar a birnin New York ya sami tallafin dubun-dubatar abokan ciniki a gidajen cin abinci sama da dari uku, wanda ya taimaka wajen tara kusan dala $100,000.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Elliott |first=Stuart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/business/media/13adco.html |title=Creative Juices Flow for Pro Bono Effort to Aid Global Water Projects - New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Tun daga shekara 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara kusan dala miliyan 2.5 don shirye-shiryen ruwa da tsafta ga yara. ==Inda kudade ke zuwa== Kudaden da Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya tara a lokacin kamfen suna tafiya ne zuwa shirye-shiryen UNICEF daban-daban da suka hada da shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsafta, da lafiya. Kudaden da aka tara ta hanyar Tap Project sun taimaka wa yara su sami tsaftataccen ruwa a kasashe kamar Belize, Guatemala, Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya, Ivory Coast, Haiti, Iraki, Togo, da Biyatnam. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye, wadanda ke da nufin inganta rayuwar yara, sun hada da: hakar rijiyoyi, kafa famfunan ruwa, gina dakunan baje kolin bayan gida a cikin al'ummomi matalauta, da azuzuwan da ke koya wa yaran makaranta da iyalansu tsaftar muhalli mai ceton rai. Kamfen din na Tap Project kuma ya hada da shirye-shiryen da ke tallafawa tatar ruwan sama da samar da matatun ruwa masu saukin kudi.<ref name="Where Your Money Goes">{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/about/unicef-success-stories.html |title=Where Your Money Goes |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kasa da ta karbi tallafi !! Shekara |- | Angola || 2007 |- | Belize || 2008, 2009 |- | Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya || 2010, 2011 |- | Ivory Coast || 2008, 2009 |- | Guatemala || 2010 |- | Haiti || 2010 |- | Iraki || 2007, 2008, 2009 |- | Laos || 2007 |- | Nicaragua || 2008, 2009 |- | Togo || 2010, 2011 |- | Vietnam || 2010, 2011 |} <ref name="Where Your Money Goes"/> ==Masu daukar nauyi na kasa== Tun daga shekara alif 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami masu daukar nauyi daban-daban wadanda suka hada kai da kamfen din. A shekara alif 2010, Giorgio Armani ya kirkiro kamfen din "Acqua for Life". Wannan kamfen ya kunshi yin amfani da kamshinsa na "Acqua di Giò" na maza, inda ta hakan ya wayar da kai tare da tara kudade ga shirin Tap Project. A shekara alif 2011, Armani ya fadada kamfen din sa ta hanyar kara kamshin mata mai suna "Acqua di Gioia". Giorgio Armani yana ba da gudummawar dala $1 ga kowace kwalba da aka saya na wadannan kamshina guda biyu, a cikin watan Maris. Kamfen din yana la'akari da kwalaben da aka saya a cikin jihohi 50 na Amurka, Puerto Rico, da Washington D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acquaforlife.org/home |title=Facebook |publisher=Acqua For Life |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151537/http://www.acquaforlife.org/Home |url-status=dead }}</ref> Turner Broadcasting System ya halarci kamfen din na Tap Project tsawon shekaru hudu a jere. Wannan kungiya tana daukar nauyin Shirin Masu Sa Kai na UNICEF Tap Project ta hanyar samar da kudade don taimakawa wajen daukar ma'aikata da horar da masu sa kai, albarkatu, da tallace-tallace kyauta don wayar da kan mutane game da kamfen din na Tap Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/turner.html |title=Turner Broadcasting |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Droga5 wata hukumar tallace-tallace ce da aka kirkiro a shekara alif 2006 kuma ta hada gwiwa da UNICEF a shekara alif 2007 don taimakawa da kamfen din na Tap Project. Droga5 tana kirkiro kayan ingantawa da ke tallafawa wannan yunkuri, ta hanyar tallata shirin a kafafen yada labarai daban-daban kafin da kuma lokacin Makon Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ke kawo masaniya game da kokarin Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na taimakawa da matsalar karancin ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/droga5.html |title=Droga5 |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> eBay ta shiga cikin kokarin UNICEF na samar da tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau ga yara a duniya ta hanyar Tap Project a shekarar 2009. Kamfanin ya kirkiro wani kamfen mai suna GivingWorks, inda eBay ke ba abokan cinikinta da masu siyarwa damar ba da gudummawar kaso na ribar da suka samu ta hanyar eBay. Mutane kuma suna iya ba da gudummawar kudi lokacin da suke duba kayayyaki ko jerin shagunan da ke tallafawa wannan fafutuka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners |title=2012 UNICEF Tap Project Partners |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> Shirin UNICEF Tap Project kuma ya dogara ne da tallafin tallace-tallace na masu samar da ayyuka daban-daban kamar MediaVest USA, American Express, Zagat Survey, OpenTable, SeamlessWeb, da Yelp, Inc. Wadannan kamfanoni suna ba da tallace-tallace kyauta da bayyana kamfen din a kafofin yada labarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tapproject.org/partners/media-partners.html |title=MediaVest |publisher=Tapproject.org |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Celebrity Tap=== [[File:Celebrity tap set-tap project UNICEF.jpg|thumb|Saitin Celebrity Tap]] Domin kara kudadenta na shirin Tap Project, a shekara alif 2011, UNICEF ta kirkiro Celebrity Tap, wanda ya kunshi sanya ruwa daga famfunan gidajen shahararrun mutane zuwa cikin kwalabe na alfarma. Ga kowace dala $5 da aka bayar ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon Tap Project, mahalarta suna samun damar lashe akwatin ruwan fanfo na alfarma na shahararrun mutane.<ref>[https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412143538/https://www.celebritytap.org/#/landing/payment|date=April 12, 2011}}</ref> Kudaden da aka tara daga Celebrity Tap an yi amfani da su ne wajen samar da tsaftataccen ruwa ga yara a fadin duniya. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun hada da Selena Gomez, Taylor Swift, Robin Williams, Dwight Howard, Rihanna, da Adrian Grenier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |title=Rihanna Joins Celebrity Tap, the UNICEF Tap Water Project « Repeating Islands |publisher=Repeatingislands.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210173642/http://repeatingislands.com/2011/04/03/rihanna-joins-celebrity-tap-the-unicef-tap-water-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da ruwa daga gidajensu, shahararrun mutanen da suka halarci wannan shirin sun ba da lokacinsu don yin tallace-tallace na bidiyo da kamfen na tallace-tallace don inganta Shirin UNICEF Tap Project. ===Shirin UNICEF Tap Project na 2014=== A shekara alif 2014, UNICEF ta kaddamar da wani sabon kamfen da ke kalubalantar masu amfani da yanar gizo da su zauna ba tare da wani abu da bai kai tsaftataccen ruwa mahimmanci ba—wato wayoyinsu na hannu. Ta hanyar zuwa gidan yanar gizon Tap Project a kan wayoyinsu, an kalubalanci masu amfani da su kada su taba wayoyinsu muddin za su iya. Ga kowane minti 15 da suka yi ba su taba waya ba, masu daukar nauyin UNICEF suna ba da gudummawar kudin da ya yi daidai da ruwan kwana guda don taimaka wa yara masu bukata. Shirin ya sami masu amfani da shi sama da miliyan 2.6 wadanda suka kwashe kusan sa'a guda a gidan yanar gizon, inda aka tara dala miliyan 1.6 daga jimillar mintuna sama da miliyan 250 da aka kwashe ba tare da wayoyi ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|title=UNICEF Tap Project results|access-date=2014-09-25|archive-date=2014-09-25|archive-url=https://afchive.today/20140925175621/http://awardentries.info/uniceftap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Nasorori== ===Kyaututtuka=== Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi a shekara al 2007, Shirin UNICEF Tap Project ya sami amincewar jama'a daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, wadanda suka ba shirin kyaututtuka daban-daban. A watan Yunin 2007, shirin Tap ya lashe lambar yabo ta Titanium Lion, a bikin baje kolin tallace-tallace na kasa da kasa na Cannes Lions a kasar Faransa, don kirkire-kirkire.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |title=Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity |publisher=Canneslions.com |date=2011-12-15 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.arfhive.org/web/20110929042048/http://www.canneslions.com/lions/videos.cfm?media_id=433&tag=103&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.adforum.com/agency/6644600/awards/droga5 |title=Agency Awards - Droga5 |publisher=AdForum.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> A shekara alif 2008, an karrama Shirin Tap Project da lambar yabo ta Zinariya (Gold) daga kungiyar Tallace-tallace ta New York (The Advertising Club of New York's International ANDY Awards), domin Ayyukan Jama'a (Public Service) da kuma lambar Azurfa (Silver) don Haɗaɗɗen Suna (Integrated Branding). Har ila yau, a cikin wannan shekarar, Jay Aldous, wanda shi ne tsohon Babban Jami'in Tallata Labarai da Sadarwa na Asusun UNICEF na Amurka, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka karbi lambar yabo ta farko ta Non-profit Marketer of the Year daga kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Amurka (American Marketing Association) da Gudauniyar American Marketing Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/npt/npt090108/index.php?startid=12 |title=The NonProfit Times - September 1, 2008 - 12 |publisher=Nxtbook.com |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ===Kafofin yada labarai masu muhimmanci=== * ''Top Chef Masters'' – Marcus Samuelsson ne ya yi nasara, inda ya sanya Shirin UNICEF Tap Project a matsayin kungiyar tallafi da za ta ci gajiyar kyautarsa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/top-chef-masters/videos/your-top-chef-maste |title=Videos - Top Chef Masters Season 4 - Bravo TV Official Site |publisher=Bravotv.com |access-date=2012-11-28 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kung |first=Michelle |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/06/10/marcus-samuelsson-wins-top-chef-masters-in-season-finale/ |title=Marcus Samuelsson Wins 'Top Chef Masters' in Season Finale - Speakeasy - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2010-06-10 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''Dr. Phil''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drphil.com/shows/show/1252 |title=Shows - How to Talk to Your Kids about Money |publisher=Dr. Phil.com |date=2009-08-12 |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''<ref>{{cite web |author=Next Post » Paul McKenna Can Make You Thin! |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |title=Ellen and The Tap Project Are Trying to Provide Clean Water For Everyone {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |date=2008-03-18 |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122756/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2008/03/ellen_and_the_tap_project_are.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |title=Learn More About UNICEF's Tap Project, and Universal Orlando Resort {{pipe}} EllenTV.com |publisher=Ellen.warnerbros.com |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20120308122812/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2010/06/learn_more_about_unicefs_tap_project_and_universal_orlando_resort_0604.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Rachael Ray Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project/# |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rachaelrayshow.com/show/segments/view/unicefs-tap-project-2011/ |title=On the Show - UNICEF's Tap Project |publisher=Rachael Ray Show |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> * ''The Martha Stewart Show''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wholeliving.com/article/unicef-tap-project |title=UNICEF Tap Project |publisher=Whole Living |access-date=2012-11-28}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[http://www.tapproject.org Shafi na Gida na "Tap Project". 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.unicef.org/wes/usa_43331.html Bennett, A. "Bikin Shirin Tap Project." Unicef.org. 17 Fabrairu 2009] *[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968&L=0target%252525253D_blank%25252522%25252520o "Hukumar Ruwa ta Duniya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20090217122930/http://worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=1968 |date=17 Fabrairu 2009 }} mvtmjfxt4bwuqrpzu1rhrvtaz9g89rv 0 160396 879275 872633 2026-07-09T04:20:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mudiaga Odje''' (25 Satumba 1923 - 9 Disamba 2005) lauya ne na Najeriya kuma [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] wanda ya taimaka wajen tsara tsarin mulki da tsarin shari'a na Tarayyar Najeriya . Odje shi ne babban lauya a farkon nasarar tsige gwamna a Najeriya kuma yana daya daga cikin lauyoyi kawai da suka shawo kan [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] don karkatar da kanta a kan yanke shawara ta baya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Mudiaga Odje a garin [[Evwreni]], a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]] . Yana daya daga cikin 'ya'ya maza takwas. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya horar da shi a Kwalejin Horar da Malaman Gwamnati a Warri daga 1944 zuwa 1945. Daga nan ya koyar a makarantun N.A. a Uzere da Ughelli, Makarantar Sojojin Ceto, Sapele, da Kwalejin Urhobo, Effurun daga 1946 zuwa 1954. Ya karanta doka a Kwalejin Jami'ar da Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, duka bangarorin Jami'ar London. Ya samu nasarar kammala karatun lauya a Majalisar Ilimi ta Shari'a, London, kuma an shigar da shi cikin Haikali na ciki na Bar na Ingilishi a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1960. Ya koma Najeriya a watan Yulin 1961, amma ya koma London bayan shekaru uku don kammala shirin digirinsa.<ref name="auto2">[https://vinelegal.com.ng/2022/06/biography-of-dr-mudiaga-odje.html Biography of Dr Mudiaga Odje]vinelegal.com.ng June 2022 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328074200/https://www.vinelegal.com.ng/2022/06/biography-of-dr-mudiaga-odje.html|date=28 March 2023}}</ref> == Matsayi a rubuce-rubucen kundin tsarin mulki == Odje ya shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen Kundin Tsarin Mulki tsakanin 1966 da 1977, lokacin da yake memba na Taron Tsarin Mulki na Ad Hoc a Legas, da kuma Majalisar Dokoki. == Ayyukan lauya == Odje ya sami LLM da PhD a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digirin digirinsa a shekarar 1965. Odje's PhD Thesis on the "Law of Succession in Southern Nigeria with special reference to the Midwestern Region" (London, 1965) ya kasance tushen gaskiya na ilimi da shari'a taron nunawa har zuwa yau. A matsayinsa na mai gabatar da kara, Odje shine babban lauya a lokacin Kotun Hon. Begho wanda ya binciki kadarorin tsoffin jami'an gwamnati na yankin Midwestern na Najeriya a shekarar 1966. Odje ya kuma kasance shugaban Hukumar Bincike ta Odje, Jihar Bendel, Najeriya daga 1975 zuwa 1976 wanda ya bincika kadarorin tsoffin jami'an gwamnati na Jihar Bendol. Dukkanin kotuna biyu sun haifar da yanke hukunci ga jami'an gwamnati da kuma kwace dukiyar da aka samu ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa. A matsayinsa na lauya, Odje ya kasance Shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) daga 1974 zuwa 1976. Daga baya ya zama Fellow na Kwalejin Shari'a ta Duniya F.I.A.T.L (Amurka) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1976. A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1978, Odje ya zama Babban Lauyan Najeriya na farko na fitar da Urhobo a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta ta Najeriya]]. Daga baya aka zabe shi ya wakilci kananan hukumomin [[Ughelli]] da Isoko a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya a shekarar 1979. == Abubuwan da suka faru == A cikin aikinsa na shari'a Odje ya magance shari'o'i da yawa waɗanda suka inganta Tsarin Mulki da Tsarin Shari'a na Najeriya. Odje ya gudanar da shari'o'i masu rikitarwa har zuwa Kotun Koli kan Dokar Succession a karkashin [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]], [[Mutanen Itsekiri|Itsekiri]] da Dokokin 'Yan asalin [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin]] da Al'adu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan shari'o'in sun hada da: (i) [http://www.lawpavilionpersonal.com/lawreportsummary.jsp?suite=olabisi@9thfloor&pk=SC.309/1971&apk=12273 Thompson Oke & Anor V Robinson Oke da Anor (1974) 1 ALL NLR 443] (ii) [http://community.vanguardngr.com/profiles/status/show?id=4565467%3AStatus%3A638424 Idehen V Idehen (1991) 6 NWLR (pt 198) 382] Odje ita ce jagorar mai ba da shawara a cikin shari'ar da aka fara tsige Gwamna mai zaman kansa a Tarihin Shari'a na Najeriya, [[Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa|Alhaji Balarabe Musa]] na Jihar [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] ya samu nasarar gudanarwa kuma Kotun ta tabbatar da shi (Alhaji Balarape Musa V Auta Hamza da 6ors 1982 3NCLR 229). An kuma haɗa Odje a cikin muhimmiyar tsarin mulki wanda ya tabbatar da zaben [[Abdurrahman Shugaba Darman|Shugaba]] Shehu Shagari ta Kotun Koli ta Najeriya a 1979 a cikin shari'ar [[Obafemi Awolowo|Cif Obafemi Awolowo]] V [[Shehu Shagari|Alhaji Shehu Shagari]] 1979 ALL NLR 120 A cikin ruhun kare kabilun Najeriya, da albarkatunsu na halitta, Odje ya sami nasarar kare haƙƙin kogi na masunta daga ƙwacewar [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] a cikin shari" [http://www.lawpavilionpersonal.com/lawreportsummary.jsp?suite=olabisi@9thfloor&pk=SC.51/1992&apk=14987 Elf V Sillo (1994) 6 NWLR (Pt356) 258]. A kan dokar kundin tsarin mulki, da kuma 'yancin motsi a Najeriya, Dokta Odje ya kula da ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Tarayya V Shugaba (1982) NCLR 915. Odje na ɗaya daga cikin manyan lauyoyi da suka samu nasarar shawo kan [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] don karkatar da kanta a kan shawarar da ta yanke a baya kuma ta yarda da takararsa a matsayin sabon matsayi na Dokar. An bayar da rahoton wannan nasarar shari'a a cikin shari'o'in Esewe V Gbe (1988) 5 NWLR (Pt 93) 134 wanda aka soke shi a cikin Orubu V National Electoral Commission & 13 Ors (1988) 5NWLR (Pta94) 323. Dokta Odje ya kuma kula da wasu manyan shari'o'i da yawa waɗanda suka haɓaka Tsarin Shari'a na Najeriya ciki har da gabatarwar laccoci da yawa da ke haifar da tunani da ya gabatar ga masu sana'a da wadanda ba masu sana'ar ba. == Darajar ƙasa == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1982, [[Shehu Shagari|Shugaba Shehu Shagari]] ya ba Odje lambar yabo ta kasa ta Jami'in Tarayyar Najeriya (OFR). Odje ya kuma kasance Fellow na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a, Abuja (FINALS). Odje ya kasance Olorogun daga Masarautar Ewvreni a cikin Karamar Hukumar Ughelli ta Arewa da kuma Okakyro na Masarautar Okpe, duk a Jihar Delta Najeriya. Odje ya zama memba na Body of Benchers da LIFE Bencher a ranar 30 ga Maris 1989. Ya kuma kasance shugaban kungiyoyi da kwamitoci da yawa, ciki har da; * Shugaban - Mai Girma BODY OF BENCHERS daga 1996 - 1997. * Shugaban - Hukumar Gwamnatin Tarayya don zurfin nazarin rikicin iyakar Najeriya / Jamhuriyar Benin, gami da bangaren teku daga 1989 da 1990. * Shugaban - [http://lawnigeria.com/RULES-OF-COURTS/DELTA-STATE-HIGH-COURT-(CIVIL-PROCEDURE)-RULES-2009.html Kwamitin Jihar Delta kan Binciken Tsarin Jama'a] na 2004. * Shugaban - Delta State Legal Team / Kwamitin kan Kotu ta Kula da Kayan aiki a Kotun Koli yanzu an ruwaito shi a matsayin AG na Fed VAG Abia 2002 6 NWLR (pt 764) 54 Bugu da kari, ga abin da ke sama, Odje ya kasance memba kuma mataimakin Shugaban [[Hukumar Binciken Take Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Najeriya|Hukumar Binciken Cin zarafin Dan Adam]], wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Oputa. An kafa kwamitin ne ta hanyar Dokar Dokar 8 ta Yuni 1999 ta [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]]" id="mwUA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo bisa ga Dokar Kotun Bincike ta 1966. An kafa shi ne don bincika abubuwan da suka faru na Cibiyoyin Adalci na Al'ada da Kungiyoyi da kuma manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka aikata a Najeriya tsakanin 15 ga Janairun 1966 (ranar da juyin mulkin soja ya kafa ikon soja a kan ƙasar), da 29 ga Mayu 1999 (ranar lokacin da Obasanjo ya zama Shugaban kasa).(((((((((((())(())))))In addition, to the above, Odje was a member and vice Chairman of the Human Rights Violation Investigation Commission, known as the Oputa Panel. The Panel was established through the Statutory Instrument 8 of June 1999 by President Olusegun Obasanjo pursuant to the Tribunals of Inquiry Act of 1966. It was set up to investigate incidents of Traditional Justice Institutions and Organizations as well as gross violations of Human Rights committed in Nigeria between 15 January 1966 (the day when a military coup instituted military control over the country), and 29 May 1999 (the day when Obasanjo hitherto became President == Rayuwa ta mutum == Odje ya kasance mai riƙe da lakabi huɗu, ciki har da Olorogun da Okakuro a Urhoboland da Delta State. Odje ya auri Mary Oserhire-Uloho kuma suna da 'ya'ya bakwai; biyar sun ci gaba da zama lauyoyi, yayin da daya ya shiga aikin lissafi kuma daya ya zaɓi aiki a matsayin farfesa a jami'a. A lokacin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2005, ya auri Cif (Mrs.) Paulinah O. Odje (JP).<ref name="auto3">[https://vinelegal.com.ng/2022/06/biography-of-dr-mudiaga-odje.html Biography of Dr Mudiaga Odje]vinelegal.com.ng June 2022 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328074200/https://www.vinelegal.com.ng/2022/06/biography-of-dr-mudiaga-odje.html|date=28 March 2023}}</ref>Misis Paulinah Odje ta mutu a watan Janairun 2021. An binne Dokta Odje a Cocin Anglican na St. Andrew, [[Warri]] a Jihar Delta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Profilesupremecourt.gov.ng An adana shi a ranar * [http://waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/odje_mudiaga.htm Odje, Mudiaga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401224700/http://waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/odje_mudiaga.htm |date=2017-04-01 }}.org An adana shi *   *   [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gz4b8djtex4ul7p80fl8bsucq8x47yu 0 160397 879537 872672 2026-07-09T11:27:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Neils Walwin Holm from Accra.jpg | caption = Holm, {{circa}} 1900 | birth_date = {{Birth year|1866}} | birth_place = Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) | death_date = {{Death year and age|1927|1866}} | occupation = {{hlist|Photographer|barrister}} | years_active = c. 1885–1910 | organization = Royal Photographic Society (member, 1895; fellow, 1896) | known_for = {{hlist|Pioneer photography in Lagos Colony|introduction of dry-plate photography in Lagos}} | spouse = Unknown ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1890; {{abbr|d.|died}} 1892) }} '''Neils Walwin Holm''' (1866-1927?) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Afirka ta Yamma wanda daga baya ya sake horar da shi a matsayin lauya.<ref name="Gbadegesin">{{Cite journal |last=Olubukola A. Gbadegesin |year=2014 |title='Photographer Unknown': Neils Walwin Holm and the (Ir)retrievable Lives of African Photographers |journal=History of Photography |volume=38 |issue=1}}</ref> An kira shi "mafi kyawun mai daukar hoto na [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Afirka ta Yamma, daga shekarun 1890 har zuwa 1910".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |year=2013 |title=Neils Walwin Holm: Radicalising the Image in Lagos Colony, West Africa |journal=History of Photography |volume=37 |issue=3}}</ref>   [[Fayil:Neils_Walwin_Holm_from_Accra.jpg|thumb|AHoton rukuni na waje na 'yan Afirka, tare da mutum daya a tsakiya yana zaune a kan kujera]] An haifi Holm a [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]] . <ref name="Gbadegesin"/> Ya bar makaranta a shekara ta 1883 kuma ya koya wa 'yan uwansa, wadanda suka kasance masu daukar hoto. Ya bar su a shekara ta 1885, wani dan kasuwa na Jamus ne ya ba shi izini wanda ya shigo da kayan daukar hoto don amfani da shi. Tare da aikinsa ya sami nasarar siyan kayan aikin, kuma ya koma Legas Colony a 1886.<ref name="IntersectingArchives">{{Cite journal |last=Charles Gore |date=Autumn 2015 |title=Intersecting Archives: Intertextuality and the West African Photographer |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |journal=African Arts |volume=48 |issue=3 |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209114529/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20443/1/Gore_Intersecting%20Archives.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Graham-Stewart |first=Michael |last2=McWhannell |first2=Francis |date=April 2020 |title=Broad Sunlight: Early West African Photography |url=https://michaelgrahamstewart.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BROADSUNLIGHT_vEXCERPT.pdf |website=MGS |page=87-93 |isbn=978-1-5272-5150-2}}</ref> A can, ya gina kasuwancin daukar hoto mai nasara, yana samun kwamitocin farko daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. An ce shi ne mai daukar hoto na farko a Legas Colony don gabatar da farantin bushe, ta amfani da farantin da aka ƙera a Ilford a Ingila. Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1890, kodayake matarsa ta mutu a shekara ta 1872.<ref name="IntersectingArchives"/> A watan Yulin 1893, Holm ya yi tafiya zuwa Burtaniya a karo na farko, ya ziyarci baje kolin Pall Mall ta Photographic Society of Great Britain. Lokacin da ya dawo Legas, ya tallata kansa a matsayin wakilin Afirka ta Yamma na masana'antun Burtaniya. Ya ci gaba da haɗin transatlantic ta amfani da adireshin kebul na telegraphic da tallace-tallace a cikin mujallar Burtaniya Practical Photographer . A shekara ta 1895, an zabe shi memba na Royal Photographic Society, kuma a shekara ta 1896 ya zama Fellow.<ref name="IntersectingArchives"/> A shekara ta 1900, ya koma London don halartar Taron Pan-Afirka na farko, tare da wani ziyarar zuwa London a shekara ta 1903. <ref name="IntersectingArchives"/> A shekara ta 1910, ya daina daukar hoto, kuma Wedaga 1910 zuwa 1917 ya horar da shi a Haikali na Tsakiya a matsayin lauya ga kotunan Legas.<ref name="IntersectingArchives" /> == Dubi kuma == * Francis W. Joaque * John Parkes Decker * Masu daukar hoto na Lutterodt * [[JA Green (mai daukar hoto)|J. A. Green (mai daukar hoto)]] * Augustus Washington * Alphonso Lisk-Carew * Alex Agbaglo Acolatse == Manazarta == 280l0c80xvw8oj1fk7g76tq9nylxif7 0 160398 879372 872692 2026-07-09T06:54:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Karai-Karai|image=|image_caption=|total=439,000<ref name="PeopleGroups.org">{{Cite web |last=PeopleGroups.org |title=PeopleGroups.org - Karekare of Nigeria |url=https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=13908#topmenu |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=peoplegroups.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" />|regions=[[Bauchi State]]; ([[Damban|Dambam]], [[Misau]], [[Shira, Nigeria|Shira]], [[Darazo]] and [[Gamawa]] LGAs)<br> [[Yobe State]]; ([[Potiskum]], [[Nangere]], [[Gujba]], [[Jakusko]], [[Fika, Nigeria|Fika]] and [[Fune]] LGAs) <br> [[Gombe State]] and [[Jigawa State]]<ref>{{cite web |title=History – Bauchi State Government |url=https://home.bauchistate.gov.ng/history/ |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>|languages='''Native''':<br>[[Karai-Karai language|Karai-Karai]]<br>'''[[Second language|Second Languages]]''':<br>[[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[English language|English]], [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]|religions=[[Islam]]<br>Minor:[[Christianity]]|related=[[Bure language|Bure]], [[Deno language|Deno]], [[Gera language|Gero]], [[Geruma language|Geruma]], [[Galambu language|Galambu]], [[Giiwo language|Giiwo]], [[Kubi language|Kubi]], [[Maaka language|Maaka]], [[Ɓeele language|Ɓeele]], [[Dazawa language|Daza]], [[Pali language|Pali]], [[Ngamo language|Ngamo]], [[Bole language|Bole]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]]}}Karai-Karai (sunan da aka yiwa lakabi da mufuradi: Bakarkarai (m), Bakarkariya (f); jam'i: Karai-Karai da kuma janar: Karai-Karai; sunaye: Karekare, Kerrikerri, Kare-kare, Karedu; Ajami: كاراي-كاراي) [1] ƙabila ce ta asali a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, Yammacin Afirka . [2] Suna magana da harshen Karai-Karai, memba ne na reshen yamma na harsunan Chadic a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar harsunan Bole-Tangale (arewa) na dangin harshen Afro-Asiatic . [3] [4] Karai-Karai mutane ne masu kama da juna a al'adance waɗanda galibi suke zaune a ƙasar Karai-Karai, yanki a kan iyakar lardunan Bornu, Kano da Bauchi waɗanda a zamanin yau suka ƙunshi Jihar Bauchi, Jihar Gombe, Jihar Yobe da Jihar Jigawa bi da bi. [5] [6] [7] A cewar Annals of Borno, mutanen Karai-karai su ne ƙabila mafi girma ta talatin da uku a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=UNIMAID |first=University of Maiduguri |date=1988 |title=Annals of Borno |journal=Annals of Borno |volume=5 |via=Google Books}}</ref> A al'ada suna zaune a ƙananan ƙauyuka da kuma a garuruwa da birane kafin mulkin mallaka inda suke noma amfanin gona, kiwon dabbobi, har da [[Saniya|shanu]], farauta da kuma yin sana'o'in gida, su ma ƙwararrun ma'aikata ne. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Project |first=Joshua |title=Karekare, Jalalum in Nigeria |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12536/NI |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=joshuaproject.net |language=en}}</ref> Sana'ar ta haɗa da sassaka itace, saka, aikin ƙarfe, fenti da aski. Suna magana da [[Harshen Karai-Karai|yaren Karai-Karai]], [[Harsunan Afirka da Asiya|yaren Afro-Asiatic]] na ƙungiyar [[Yarukan Chadi|Chadic]] . == Kalmomi iri-iri == Kalmar ''Karai'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Kanuri]] ta 'kaya' ko 'abubuwa', mutanen Kanuri sun yi amfani da kalmar don ambaton mutanen Karai-Karai ta hanyar halayensu na musamman na ɗaukar kayansu a kafadu yayin tafiya da kuma lokacin ƙaura. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Karekare |url=http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/karekare/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=African Languages at UCLA |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203204727/http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/yobe/karekare/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wasu kuma suna ganin sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar ''"kere"'', wato sandar jifa, wataƙila saboda an san mutanen Karai-Karai da amfani da ita wajen farauta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darling |first=Patrick |date=2004-01-01 |title=Migrants, millenialists and mayhem: Kari-Kari, Ningi, Gwari, Kebbi, Kwatarkwashi and Zuru 'enclaves' in northern Nigeria |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00672700409480390 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=90–109 |doi=10.1080/00672700409480390 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Maƙwabtansu kuma suna kiransu ''"Karaidu Goyon Fata"'' saboda hanyar musamman ta mata wajen amfani da fatar fata don ɗaukar jariransu a baya a matsayin al'ada, kalmar da aka sani da saka jarirai . == Yawan jama'a da kuma yawan jama'a == A bisa kididdigar kididdigar jama'a ta shekarar 1952, an kiyasta cewa mutanen Karai-Karai sun kai kimanin 39,000 zuwa 50,000. Yayin da kididdigar jama'a ta shekarar 1963 ta nuna cewa jimillar mutanen da ke zaune a gundumomin [[Nangere]], [[Fika]] da [[Potiskum|Potiskum,]] wadanda suka kai sama da 129,000, wanda hakan ya sanya su zama kabila ta 33 mafi girma a Najeriya. Wasu alkaluma sun kuma nuna cewa an kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen Karai-Karai ya kai kusan 426,000–439,000, inda kashi 93% daga cikinsu Musulmai ne, sama da kashi 2% - masu wa'azi 5%, sai kuma Kiristoci 5%. <ref name=":2"/> Yayin da Ethnologue ya ba da adadin mutanen Karai-Karai ya kai kusan 10,000–1,000,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karekare Language (KAI) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kai/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> McEwan ya lura cewa yawancin mutanen Karai-Karai suna zaune ne a rugu-rugu daban-daban a kan iyakar Bornu, Kano da Bauchi. Ana iya raba harshe zuwa yaruka uku; Jalalum (western Karai-Karai), Pakaro (North Karai-Karai), Ngwajum (Gabas Karai-Karai). == Tarihi == === Asali === Mutanen Karai-Karai sun fito ne daga Kisra, wani matsuguni a Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma sun yi ƙaura daga Yemen ta hanyar Fustat ( [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ) a Masar inda kakanninsu suka sami gyada suka sanya masa suna bayan wurin, ''"Dibeerau ta Masar"'' (gwangwanin Masar). Daga nan suka ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Sudan inda suka zauna a Kukia ( [[Khartoum]] ) suka zauna a can tsawon shekaru arba'in tare da shugabansu Aliyu, ɗan Haibara, sannan suka ƙaura zuwa [[Ngazargamu]] da Kupto, duka a cikin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] ta wancan lokacin, inda suka zauna tare da wasu kabilu ciki har da; Gobirawa, [[Maguzawa]], [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]], mutanen [[Zinder|Damagaram]], Tangale, [[Mutanen Longuda|Lunguda]], Sao, Tera, Waja, Bolewa, Songom da sauran kabilun da ke makwabtaka da su. <ref name=":myref3" /> <ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Aluwong |first=Jeremiah |date=2018-11-18 |title=Tribes in Nigeria: The Tangale Tribe • Connect Nigeria |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/tribes-in-nigeria-the-tangale-tribe/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Connect Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marina Waziri |first=Ibrahim |last2=Dymitr |first2=Ibriszimow |date=2013 |title=The Bole Fika Political Institution and Its Structure. A Study of the Traditional Titles (Northern Nigeria) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.163.1.0011 |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=11–42}}</ref> A tarihi, Jalam a [[Bauchi (jiha)|jihar Bauchi]] ta yanzu, arewacin [[Najeriya]], ita ce hedikwatar matsugunan Karai-Karai. An kafa garin ne bayan rugujewar Mir, wanda ya tilasta wa mutanen Karai-Karai da sauran kabilu warwatse. A lokacin ne Gobirawa (Hausa) suka kafa [[Daura]], birni mafi tsufa a [[Hausa Bakwai|ƙasar Hausa]] . [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] sun kafa Teshena kuma mutanen Karai-Karai sun kafa [[Jalam, Nigeria|Jalam]], [[Shira (Nijeriya)|Shira]] da [[Kalam, Nigeria|Kalam]], kuma an kafa biranen gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1500. === Ƙasar Karai-Karai === [[Fayil:Borno_in_1810.svg|thumb|Ƙasar Karai-Karai a shekarar 1810]] Karai-Karai sun kafa wata jiha da aka sanya wa suna bayan sunan ƙabilarsu kuma abin da masana tarihi na Burtaniya suka kira da "ƙasar Kare-Kare". A cewar bayanan tarihi da Fremantle ya tattara a shekarar 1911, an kafa ƙasar Karai-Karai kimanin shekaru 997 kafin barkewar Jihadi a ƙasar Hausa a shekarar 1804, wanda ke nuna cewa mutanen sun yi ƙaura zuwa matsugunin kuma suka kafa tsoffin biranensu na farko ciki har da Shira da Jalam a kusan shekarar 970 AD. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=J. M. |first=FREMANTLE |date=October 1911 |title=A HISTORY OF THE REGION COMPRISING THE KATAGUM DIVISION OF KANO PROVINCE |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a099484 |journal=[[African Affairs]] |volume=XI |issue=XLI}}</ref> A cikin rubutunsa a shekarar 1939, Crowker cewa, Karai-Karai sun rayu [[Misau|a]] matsayin ƙabila mai zaman kanta [[Katagum|a]] zamanin daular Burtaniya inda suka zauna a ƙasar da babu kowa tsakanin manyan Masarautun ... == Ƙungiyoyin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi == Mutanen Karai-Karai a cikin ma'anar kunkuntar 'yan asalin ƙasar Karai-Karai ne waɗanda ake samu a Najeriya. A cikin Karai-Karai, ana bambanta tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku: * Jalaalìm * Birkài * Pakaràu (Pakarò) === Jalaalìm === Akwai ƙabilu goma sha biyu (12) na Jalam, ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin ƙabilun yammacin Karai-karai na ƙungiyar Jalaalìm. Duk da cewa maharan juyin juya halin Danfodiyo (Jihad) na 1804 ba su taɓa cin nasara a kansu ba, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin daga baya sun sami rinjaye daga tsarin mulkin gargajiya na Khalifancin Sakkwato. Sun haɗa da; * Ndalàa Dòokun * Ndalàa Gaucáu * Ndalàa Gamarun * Ndalàa Baagau * Ndalàa Indí * Ndalàa Diiwau * Ndalàa Bureeeni * Ndalàa Cállaa * Ndalàa Kúrfa * Ndalàa Fíyelí * Ndalàa Gazgawài * Ndalàa Cállaa mà Gurdùgurù == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Bala_Bara_Majalam_09.jpg| Bala Bara Majalam is festival of a Karai-karai ethnic group's of Jalam town Yobe State 2024 Fayil:Bala_Bara_Majalam_08.jpg Fayil:Bala_Bara_Majalam_07.jpg Fayil:Bala_Bara_Majalam_06.jpg Fayil:Bala_Bara_Majalam_04.jpg </gallery> == Sanannen mutanen Karai-Karai == * [[Idi Barde Gubana]], mataimakin gwamnan jihar Yobe. * [[Adamu Talba Gwargwar|Adamu Garba Talba]], former senator * [[Fatsuma Talba|Fatima Talba]], tsohuwar kwamishina kuma 'yar majalisar wakilai * [[Musa Lawan]], dan siyasar Najeriya kuma jigo * [[Ibrahim Jauro]], Nigeria Justice * Aliyu Saleh Bagare, tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Yobe * [[Ahmed Aliyu Jalam]], ɗan siyasa kuma tsohon kwamishina a jihar Bauchi * [[Hassan Jonga]], tsohon memba na Majalisar Wakilai == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Ethnic groups in Nigeria}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mkw5n66hpaas4ov90yynoyu93fnxcjv 0 160505 878985 873236 2026-07-08T16:04:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 878985 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Michael Bronski''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1949) masanin kimiyya ne kuma marubuci na Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da littafinsa na 2011 A Queer History of the United States . Ya kasance yana da hannu cikin siyasar LGBT tun 1969 a matsayin mai fafutuka da mai shirya. Ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa don gwagwarmayar LGBTQ da kuma tallafin karatu, gami da babbar lambar yabo ta Bill Whitehead ta Publishing Triangle don Rayuwa. Bronski farfesa ce a fannin watsa labarai da kuma gwagwarmaya a [[Jami'ar Harvard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Bronski |url=https://wgs.fas.harvard.edu/people/michael-bronski |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=wgs.fas.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tun daga shekara ta 1970, Bronski ya rubuta da yawa game da al'adu, siyasa, fim, wasan kwaikwayo, littattafai, jima'i, al'adun LGBT, da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu. A matsayinsa na ɗan jarida, mai sukar al'adu da mai sharhi game da siyasa an buga shi a wurare da yawa ciki har da Gay Community News ([[Boston]]), The Village Voice, The Boston Globe, ''GLQ'', The [[Los Angeles]] Times, The ''Boston Phoenix'', Cineaste, Contemporary Women's Writing, Time, The Nation, da Boston Review . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bronski, Michael 1945- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/bronski-michael-1945 |access-date=2019-06-15 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Authors |url=http://bostonreview.net/author/michael-bronski |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Boston Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2010 |title=Authors |url=https://www.thenation.com/authors/michael-bronski/ |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=The Nation}}</ref> Binciken nasa ya haɗa da litattafai sama da 50 a cikin litattafan al'adun LGBTQ da siyasa. Ya kasance memba na asali na <nowiki><i id="mwMg">Fag Rag</i></nowiki> Collective daga 1971 zuwa 1998 da kuma Good Gay Poets Collective . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2018 |title=Good Gay Poets Collective {{!}} The Cambridge Room |url=https://thecambridgeroom.wordpress.com/tag/good-gay-poets-collective/ |access-date=2019-06-08 |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na kafa ''Boston Gay Review'' . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shirye don OutWrite: Taron Littattafan Lesbian da Gay na tsawon shekaru biyar a cikin shekarun 1990. An ba Bronski lambar yabo ta 1995 AIDS Action Committee Community Recognition Award na shekaru 20 na aikin jarida a kan batutuwan da suka shafi gay da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]].<ref name="wgs.fas.harvard.edu">{{Cite web |title=Michael Bronski Receives Bill Whitehead Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://wgs.fas.harvard.edu/news/michael-bronski-receives-bill-whitehead-lifetime-achievement-award |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=wgs.fas.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1996, ya sami lambar yabo ta Cambridge Lavender Alliance Lifetime Achievement Award don aikin jarida da shirya siyasa. An nuna Bronski a cikin BBC's Stage Struck: Gay Theater in the Twentieth Century (1999), PBS's After Stonewall (1999), Cinemax's The Hidden Führer: Tattaunawa da Enigma na Hitler's Sexuality (2004), da Wrangler: gwagwalada Anatomy of an Icon (2008). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Bronski |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1131290/ |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=IMDb}}</ref> A cikin 1999, Gidauniyar Anderson Prize ta ba Bronski lambar yabo ta Stonewall don nuna godiya ga "taimako inganta rayuwa da mutanen LGBT a Amurka".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2011 |title=August 2011 – DGALA {{!}} Dartmouth LGBTQIA+ Alum Association |url=https://dgala.org/2011/08/ |access-date=2019-06-08 |language=en}}</ref> A Queer History of the United States ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lambda Literary da lambar yabo ta Stonewall Book a shekarar 2012. <ref name="Harvard">{{Cite web |title=Harvard |url=https://wgs.fas.harvard.edu/people/michael-bronski}}.</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambobin Lambda Literary Award guda biyu a matsayin editan litattafai, a cikin 1997 don Taking Liberties: Gay Men's Essays on Politics, Culture, & Sex kuma a cikin 2004 don Pulp Friction: Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps . Bronski ya tuntubi abubuwan LGBT kuma ya bincika sakamakon ƙungiyar mai da hankali ga MTV / Logo a cikin 2014 kuma ya rubuta tarihin rayuwa goma na sanannun tarihin LGBT don shirye-shiryen MTV / Lago Yuni Pride Month a cikin shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=James Michael |date=2017-06-03 |title=Celebrate Pride Month With Logo's Beautiful Animations Of Historic LGBTQ Icons |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/pride-lgbtq-icons-logo_n_5932d126e4b075bff0f3e6bb |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, shi ne mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Bill Whitehead ta Publishing Triangle don Rayuwa. <ref name="wgs.fas.harvard.edu">{{Cite web |title=Michael Bronski Receives Bill Whitehead Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://wgs.fas.harvard.edu/news/michael-bronski-receives-bill-whitehead-lifetime-achievement-award |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=wgs.fas.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Wadanda suka samu lambar yabo a baya sun hada da Audre Lorde, Martin Duberman, da Alison Bechdel . Ya kasance babban malami a cikin Nazarin Mata da Jima'i da kuma gwagwalada Nazarin Yahudawa a Kwalejin Dartmouth, inda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Malami mai ban sha'awa ta 2008 da lambar yabo ta Jagora ta 2004 daga Dartmouth Gay and Lesbian Alumni Association . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oct 2011 |first=Michael Bronski {{!}} Sept- |title=America Is Queer |url=https://dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/articles/america-queer |access-date=2019-06-08 |website=Dartmouth Alumni Magazine |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne Farfesa na Ayyuka a cikin Media da Activism a cikin Nazarin Mata, Jima'i, da Jima'a a [[Jami'ar Harvard]].<ref name="Harvard">{{Cite web |title=Harvard |url=https://wgs.fas.harvard.edu/people/michael-bronski}}.</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bronski ta zauna a Cambridge, [[Massachusetts]], tun shekara ta 1971. Ya kasance abokin tarayya na mawaki na Amurka Walta Borawski, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Bronski and Walta Borawski. Cambridge, MA. |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5e66b3e8-7c93-d471-e040-e00a180654d7 |access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == === Littattafai === * Rikicin Al'adu: Yin Jin Jin Gabatarwa na Gay (South End Press, 1984) * Ka'idar Nishaɗi: Jima'i, Rashin Jima'a da Yakin 'Yanci na Gay (St. Martin's Press, 1998) * Pulp Friction: Bayyana Zamanin Zinariya na Gay Male Pulps (St. Martin's Press, 2003) * ''Tarihin Queer na Amurka'' (Beacon Press, 2011) * Kuna iya faɗar kawai ta hanyar kallo: da wasu tatsuniyoyi 20 game da rayuwar LGBT da mutane (wanda aka rubuta tare da Ann Pellegrini da Michael Amico, Beacon Press, 2013) * ''Yin la'akari da Ƙiyayya: Rikicin, Nagarta, da Adalci a Al'adun Amurka da Siyasa'' (wanda aka rubuta tare da Kay Whitlock, Beacon Press, 2015) * ''Tarihin Queer na Amurka don Matasa'' (Beacon Press, Boston, 2019) === Littattafan da aka gyara === * Samun 'Yanci: Rubutun maza masu luwadi a kan Siyasa, Al'adu, & Jima'i (Editor, Masquerade Books, New York, 1996) * Rayuwa mai banƙyama: Bayanan marayu na Lesbians da Gay Men. (Mai ba da shawara, Visible Ink, 1997.) * ''Tarihin Gay da Lesbian'' (Edita mai ba da shawara, Gale Research, 1997) * ''Flashpoint: Rubuce-rubucen jima'i na namiji'' (Editor, Masquerade Books, New York, 1997) * Ra'ayoyin Queer / Jerin Ayyukan Queer (Beacon Press, 2007-2013) * Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual da Transgender History: Critical Readings Vol. 1-4 (Bloomsbury, 2019) == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://wgs.fas.harvard.edu/people/michael-bronski Michael Bronski] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] phoczrzjxrvxy1uqv13pzguppgdqtll 0 160861 879381 877074 2026-07-09T07:49:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Máté Bella''' (Hungarian: Bella Máté, {{IPA|hu|ˈmaːteː ˈbɛlːɒ|}}; born 28 November 1985)<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Bella, Máté Biography |url=https://www.umpemb.com/en-US/Composers/B/Bella-Mate.aspx |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Universal Music Publishing Editio Musica Budapest}}</ref> is a Hungarian composer and university professor at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Hungary.<ref name="Máté Bella">{{Cite web |title=Máté Bella |url=https://uni.lisztacademy.hu/teaching-staff/bella-mate-1458 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Zeneakademia.hu |language=en}}</ref> He has worked across multiple genres of music, including classical contemporary, [[opera]], choir, musicals, theater music and pop music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Music Publishing Editio Musica Budapest (UMP EMB) |url=https://www.umpemb.com/en-US/Composers/B/Bella-Mate.aspx |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.umpemb.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=Máté Bella, Composer - Performances on Operabase |url=https://www.operabase.com/mate-bella-a104897/en |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Operabase |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Máté Bella a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1985 a [[Budapest]], Hungary . Bella ya fara karatunsa na kiɗa a makarantar firamare ta Ferenc Erkel don kiɗa . Daga baya ya halarci makarantar Weiner Leó Secondary Music School a [[Budapest]], inda ya kware a cikin abun da ke ciki da Piano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Music Publishing Editio Musica Budapest (UMP EMB) |url=https://www.umpemb.com/en-US/Composers/B/Bella-Mate.aspx |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=www.umpemb.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na kiɗa tsakanin 2002 da 2006 a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Béla Bartók, inda ya mai da hankali kan abun da ke ciki a ƙarƙashin [[Jagora]] Miklós Kocsár . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Máté Bella |url=https://lfze.hu/archivum/mate-bella-108465 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=lfze.hu |language=hu}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 2006, an shigar da shi a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Franz Liszt, inda ya kammala karatunsa na shekara ta 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Máté Bella – Biography |url=http://www.matebella.com/en/biography |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.matebella.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ya yi semester a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Krzysztof Penderecki a Kraków a kan tallafin Erasmus . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Máté Bella - Bio |url=https://matebella.com/en/bio-en/ |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> An ba Máté tallafin karatu don Sabon Shirin Kwarewar Kasa a cikin 2017, kuma a cikin 2018, ya sami digiri na ''summa cum laude'' . <ref name=":1" /> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2009, ya lashe gasar New Hungarian Music Forum, wanda Müpa Budapest da Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Budapest suka shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2009 |title=Hungarian New Music Forum 2009 Composers' Competition Final Gala Concert |url=https://www.mupa.hu/en/program/classical-music-opera-theatre/hungarian-new-music-forum-2009-composers-competition-final-gala-concert-2009-01-12_19-00-bbnh |publisher=mupa.hu}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan amincewar ƙungiyarsa Chuang Tzu's Dream ta Majalisar Kiɗa ta Duniya a [[Lisbon]] a cikin 2010. <ref name="irc">{{Cite web |title=IRC Results over the past years (1993–2014) |url=http://www.imc-cim.org/component/content/article/142-programmes/irc/198-irc-results-over-the-past-years.html |access-date=30 April 2019 |publisher=imc-cim.org |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220183706/http://www.imc-cim.org/component/content/article/142-programmes/irc/198-irc-results-over-the-past-years.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> London Sinfonietta ce ta yi wannan yanki. A wannan shekarar ya zama mawaki na farko da ya karbi lambar yabo ta Junior Prima, wanda ke girmama mutane a ƙarƙashin 30 don nasarori masu ban mamaki a fannoni daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2017 |title=Three Former SZTE Students Awarded the Junior Prima Prize |url=https://www.u-szeged.hu/news-and-events/2017/three-former-szte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MTI |author-link=Magyar Távirati Iroda |title=Átadták a Junior Prima zeneművészeti díjakat |url=https://kulturpart.hu/2010/11/25/atadtak_a_junior_prima_zenemuveszeti_dijakat |publisher=Kultúrpart.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, daya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, wanda aka rubuta don wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hungary, ya lashe kyautar masu sukar gidan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Máté Bella"/> Ya sami lambar yabo ta Erkel Ferenc a shekarar 2016 da kuma lambar yabo ta Bartók-Pásztory a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Máté Bella: Classical music is closer to catharsis, popular music is closer to ecstasy |url=https://uni.lisztacademy.hu/news/mate-bella-classical-music-is-closer-to-catharsis-popular-music-is-closer-to-ecstasy-121047 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=uni.lisztacademy.hu |language=en}}</ref> Waƙarsa ''Mostantól'' (Daga Yanzu), wanda aka rubuta tare da Gergő Rácz, ya lashe gasar A Dal 2020, ya sami lambar yabo ta Petőfi Music Award for Song of the Year da kuma kyautar Fonogram na Hungary don Mafi kyawun Kundin Pop / Rock na zamani na Hungary ko Rubuce-rubuce na Shekara. <ref name="SoY2020">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2020 |title=Gergő Rácz and Reni Orsovai won the Dal 2020 |url=https://engnews24h.com/gergo-racz-and-reni-orsovai-won-the-dal-2020/ |access-date=9 March 2020 |publisher=engnews24h.com}}</ref><ref name="Fonogram2020">{{Cite web |last=Zoltán Zsiray-Rummer |date=23 April 2020 |title=Bella Máté: A komolyzene a katarzishoz áll közelebb, a könnyűzene az eksztázishoz |url=https://lfze.hu/hirek/bella-mate-a-komolyzene-a-katarzishoz-all-kozelebb-a-konnyuzene-az-eksztazishoz-120845 |access-date=6 May 2020 |publisher= |language=Hungarian}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Artisjus a cikin rukunin 'Aikin Kiɗa na Karshe na Shekara' don waƙarsa The Cheerleaders . Bella memba ne na Kwamitin Artisjus na Masu sukar Kiɗa na gargajiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=Komolyzenei SZVB tagjai |url=http://www.artisjus.hu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/szvb_komoly_aktualis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426230240/http://www.artisjus.hu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/szvb_komoly_aktualis.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=artisjus.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Masu Rubuce-rubuce na Hungary, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Máté Bella |url=http://www.hungaropus.hu/memberprofile.php?id=5653&lang=en |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=hungaropus.hu}}</ref> da kuma sashen 'Musician / Composer' na Ƙungiyar Kwalejin Fim ta Hungary. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.magyarfilmakademia.hu/en/members |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=magyarfilmakademia.hu}}</ref> Har ila yau, shi ne wanda ya kafa Studio 5, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta zamani da aka kafa a cikin 2016. <ref name=":0"/> Daga 2019 zuwa 2024, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban malami a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Franz Liszt kuma ya kasance Mataimakin farfesa tun 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Máté Bella {{!}} Gradus Artist |url=https://www.gradusartist.com/en/artists/bella-mate/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=Gradus Artist}}</ref> kuma ya ba da izini a 2025. == Babban ayyukan == === Waƙoƙin ɗakin === {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #d4e6e5;" width="450px" |- style="background:#d4e6e5;" ! width="80%" |Ayyuka ! width="20%" |Shekara |- |''Mafarki na Butterfly'' |2005 |- |''Haɗarin Zuciya'' |2006 |- |''Tango na gwauraye da aka yaudare'' |2007 |- |''Saƙo, Saƙo 02'' |2007 |- |''Gabatarwa'' |2007 |- |''Rashin barci'' |2008 |- |''Rashin barci - sharhi'' |2008 |- |''Silk'' |2008 |- |''Asirin'' |2009 |- |''Wani abu ya faru...'' |2009 |- |''Bayyanawa'' |2010 |- |''... a cikin aljanna'' |2010 |- |''Al'ada'' |2010 |- |''Nazarin'' |2011 |- |''Ra'ayoyi'' |2012 |- |''Fantasma'' |2013 |- |''Varródermia'' |2018 |- |''Titan'' |2020 |- |''Tallafi'' |2020 |- |''Aeolus'' |2021 |- |''A ƙarƙashin Dare mai Taurari'' |2021 |- |''Daga Agnete'' |2021 |- |''Ɗaya daga cikin lokaci'' |2022 |- |''Yahuza'' |2022 |- |''Jirgin Sama'' |2024 |- |''White Chaconne'' |2024 |- |''Bayan Ruwan Sama'' |2025 |- |''Tsuntsu mai ban sha'awa'' |2025 |} {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #d4e6e5;" width="450px" |- style="background:#d4e6e5;" ! width="80%" |Ayyuka ! width="20%" |Shekara |- |''Daidaitawa'' |2007 |- |''Mafarkin Chuang Tzu'' |2008 |- |''Tashin hankali'' |2013 |- |''Ra'ayoyi'' |2013 |- |''Rashin hanzari'' |2014 |- |''Laniakea'' |2015 |- |''Hesperus'' |2017 |- |''Masu gaisuwa'' |2024 |} === Ayyukan kiɗa === ==== Waƙoƙi don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ==== {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #d4e6e5;" width="450px" |- style="background:#d4e6e5;" ! width="80%" |Work ! width="20%" |Year |- |''The Night's Monologue'' |2011 |- |''Suite'' |2012 |- |''Sounds of Generation Y'' |2015 |- |''Tabula Smaragdina'' |2018 |- |''Sounds of Generation Y Part II'' |2018 |- |''Love of Hephaestus'' |2023 |- |''Celestial Pathways'' |2025 |} {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #d4e6e5;" width="450px" |- style="background:#d4e6e5;" ! width="80%" |Ayyuka ! width="20%" |Shekara |- |''Bari mu bar'' |2014 |- |''Game da Lokaci'' |2023 |- |''Bayan ruwan sama (don ƙungiyar mawaƙa da piano) '' |2025 |- |''Ave Maria (don soprano da ƙungiyar mawaƙa) '' |2025 |} === Waƙoƙin murya === ==== Ayyukan mawaƙa ==== {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #d4e6e5;" width="450px" |- style="background:#d4e6e5;" ! width="80%" |Ayyuka ! width="20%" |Shekara |- |''Zaman Lafiya'' |2013 |- |''Gida da Dare'' |2014 |- |''Lacrimosa'' |2015 |- |''Waƙoƙi na Har abada'' |2020 |- |''Ya kasance daga cikin mutanen da ke zaune'' |2021 |- |''Waƙar bazara'' |2023 |- |''Ya mutu Irae'' |2024 |} {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #d4e6e5;" width="450px" |- style="background:#d4e6e5;" ! width="80%" |Ayyuka ! width="20%" |Shekara |- |''Farkawar bazara'' |2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella: A tavasz ébredése / Solti: La Violetta |url=http://www.opera.hu/v/bella-a-tavasz-ebredese-solti-la-violetta/ |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=opera.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> |- |''Karramawa na Poppea''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Claudio Monteverdi – Máté Bella L'incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea) |url=http://www.opera.hu/musor/megtekint/poppea-megkoronazasa-2019/?lan=en |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=opera.hu}}</ref><br /><sup>(''L'incoronazione di Poppea'')</sup> |2019 |} ==== Waƙoƙi ==== {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #f9edd0;" width="450px" |- style="background:#f9edd0;" ! width="50%" |Taken ! width="35%" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ! width="10%" |Farko |- |''Wanene F**k shine Lady Domina?'' |Kwalejin Wasan kwaikwayo da Fim, Budapest |2009 |- |''Fiye da Jima'i'' |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farfajiyar, London |2010 |- | rowspan="2" |''Kyanwa Aljanu'' |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Madách, Budapest |2010 |- |Budapest Operetta da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa |2018 |- |''<nowiki/>'yanci >>>>'' |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Erkel, Budapest |2023 |} ==== Waƙoƙi ==== {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #f9edd0;" width="450px" |- style="background:#f9edd0;" ! width="50%" |Taken ! width="35%" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ! width="10%" |Farko |- |''Aria na 'yar Miller''<br /><sup>(''A molnárlány áriája'')</sup> |Sandor Weöres |2008 |- |''Waƙar Gaggawa ta Botond''<br /><small> (''Botond vészdala'') </small> |Attila Havasi |2010 |- |''[shekara da yawa]'' |Orsolya Karafiáth |2012 |- |''Ga Ba a sani ba''<br /><small> (Mafin da ya fi dacewa) </small> |Sandor Weöres |2013 |- |''Ave Maria'' |Rubutun Liturgical |2024 |} ==== Waƙoƙin pop ==== {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #eabbc4;" width="450px" |- style="background:#eabbc4;" ! width="50%" |Taken ! width="35%" |Masu zane-zane ! width="10%" |Bugawa |- |''Dole ne in tashi''<br /><sup>(''Valami más'')</sup> |Lilla Polyák<ref>{{YouTube|qCqkdPvwKsY|Lilla Polyák – Valami más}} a LillaPolyakVEVO YouTube channel – 25 July 2013</ref> |2013 |- |''Ba zai iya Ƙarewa ba'' |Wauta<ref>{{YouTube|RSwpiklXdL4|Fool Moon: It Can't Be Over – A Dal 2014 döntő}} ''A DAL Eurovíziós Dalfesztivál / Eurovision Hungary'' YouTube channel – 25 February 2014</ref> |2014 |- |''Bolondod Volta'' |Gergő Rácz, Ív <ref name="RaczYT">{{YouTube|qT8rOlFF7yU|Rácz Gergő x Ív – Bolondod voltam Sante Cruze Remix (Official Video)}} Rácz Gergő YouTube channel – 7 March 2017</ref> |2016 |- |''Emlékkép'' |Tibor Kocsis<ref name="KocsisYT">{{YouTube|DqSQFj1XT_0|KOCSIS TIBOR – Emlékkép}} ''GoldRecord Hungary'' YouTube channel – 14 November 2016</ref> |2016 |- |''Ka fashe lambar da na yi'' |Reni Tolvai |2017<ref>{{YouTube|EfqGkHyFtDU|Tolvai Reni – CRACK MY CODE (EUROVISION TOP30)}} a Tolvai Reni Official YouTube channel – 16 December 2017</ref> |- |''Everest'' |Reni Tolvai |2017<ref>{{YouTube|ZvYHDL75_es|Tolvai Reni – EVEREST}} a Tolvai Reni Official YouTube channel – 18 December 2017</ref> |- |''Mostantól''<br /><sup>(''From Now On'')</sup> |Gergő Rácz,Reni Orsovai<br /> |2019<ref>{{YouTube|5jmJlN2A1Hw|Rácz Gergő x Orsovai Reni – Mostantól (A Dal 2020 győztes dala)}} Rácz Gergő YouTube channel – 18 November 2019</ref> |- |''Maradj'' |Lilla Polyák |2021 |- |''Tubisoda'' |Gergő Rácz |2025 |} {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: #f9edd0;" width="450px" |- style="background:#f9edd0;" ! width="50%" |Taken ! width="35%" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ! width="10%" |Farko |- |''Gwauraye''<br /><sup>(''Özvegyek'')</sup> |Kwalejin Wasan kwaikwayo da Fim, Budapest |2007 |- |''Berzsian da Dideki''<br /><sup>(''Berzsián és Dideki'')</sup> |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Budapest |2009 |- |''Ƙaunar da Ƙauna''<br /><sup>(''Ármány és Szerelem'')</sup> |Müpa Budapest, Budapest |2009 |- |''Bikin Hungary''<br /><sup>(''Magyar Ünnep'')</sup> |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Budapest |2010 |- |''Mephisto'' |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Budapest |2013 |- |''Mutuwar Danton''<br /><sup>(''Danton halála'')</sup> |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Comedy, Budapest |2013 |- |''Mugun Ruhu Lumpazivagabundus''<br /><sup>(''Lumpáciusz Vagabundusz'')</sup> |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Comedy, Budapest |2014 |- |''Rashin Amfani da Ba shi da Amfani''<br /><sup>(''A képzelt beteg'')</sup> |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Budapest, Budapest |2016 |- |''Frau Holle''<br /><sup>(''Holle anyó'')</sup> |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Budapest, Budapest |2017 |- | | | |} === Hotunan fina-finai === {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium; border-color: BlanchedAlmond;" width="450px" |- style="background:BlanchedAlmond;" ! width="55%" |Taken ! width="35%" |Kasar, Daraktan jinsi; Mai gabatarwa (s) {{Clear}}<small>Darakta; Mai gabatarwa</small> ! width="10%" |Ranar |- |''Indiyawan''<ref>{{YouTube|ArnvhzL5BZ0|INDIAN (Teljes film magyarul)(FULL MOVIE – Hungarian w. English Subt.)}} István P. Szabó YouTube channel – 22 April 2014</ref> |Fim din bala'i na Hungary <small>István P. Szabó; Placebo Stars, Sparks</small>{{Clear}} |2013 |- |''Kawai Ka Mutu''<br /><sup>(''Halj már meg!''<ref>{{YouTube|Mm_XdM1WxvI|Halj már meg! (16) hivatalos magyar előzetes}} Big Bang Media YouTube channel – 4 November 2016</ref>)</sup> |Fim din Hungary <small>Zoltán Kamondi; FocusFox Studio, Honeymood Films</small>{{Clear}} |2016 |} == Bayanan da aka yi == {| class="sortable" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; border-width: medium;" width="95%" |- style="background:#eaeafa;" |+Kundin da aka tara ! width="25%" |Ayyuka ! width="35%" |Album ! width="10%" |Mai bugawa ! width="5%" |Shekara ! width="25%" |Sauran |- | colspan="2" |''Máté Bella: Jin ciki / Stimmungen'' |TON 4 Rubuce-rubuce |2005 | |- |''Saƙoƙi''{{Clear}}''Saƙo 02'' |''Matasan Hungary Masu Rubuce-rubuce don Cimbalom''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fiatal magyar zeneszerzők cimbalomművei |url=https://info.bmc.hu/index.php?node=artists&table=CD&id=2088 |publisher=info.bmc.hu}}</ref> |Hungaroton |2009 |Beáta Móri |- |''Mafarkin Chuang Tzu'' |''Sabon Taron Kiɗa na Hungary 2009 Gasar mawaƙa''<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2010 |title=UMZF 2009 zeneszerzőverseny – Promóciós CD |url=https://info.bmc.hu/hirek/59 |publisher=info.bmc.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> |BMC HMIC |2010 |CD 1 |- | colspan="2" |''Classics na zamani I: Halin'' |Erwin Pitsch Publishing / TON 4 Records |2012 | |- | colspan="2" |''Valami da yawa'' (daya) |Kiɗa na Sony |2013 |Lilla Polyák |- | colspan="2" |Ba za a iya wucewa ba (kislemez) <ref>{{YouTube|QJI1PRUIL8U|Fool Moon – It can't be over (dalszöveggel – lyric video)}} Zeneszöveg.hu YouTube channel – 22 February 2014</ref> |Buga Kiɗa na Schubert |2014 |Wauta |- |''Emlékkép''<ref name="KocsisYT">{{YouTube|DqSQFj1XT_0|KOCSIS TIBOR – Emlékkép}} ''GoldRecord Hungary'' YouTube channel – 14 November 2016</ref> |''3'' |GoldRecord Hungary |2016 |Tibor Kocsis |- | colspan="2" |''Bolondod Voltam (Sante Cruze Remix) (Feat. Ív) '' (ɗaya) <ref name="RaczYT">{{YouTube|qT8rOlFF7yU|Rácz Gergő x Ív – Bolondod voltam Sante Cruze Remix (Official Video)}} Rácz Gergő YouTube channel – 7 March 2017</ref> |Buga Kiɗa na Schubert |2016 |Gergő Rácz, Ív |- | colspan="2" |Kashe lambar ta (daya) |Magneoton |2018 |Reni Tolvai |- | colspan="2" |''Everest'' (daya) |Magneoton |2018 |Reni Tolvai |- |Sautin sauti | |Máté Bella |2026 |Cantemus Mixed Choir |} == Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka na gasa == * Kyautar Junior Prima (2010) * Kyautar Istvánffy Benedek (Mafin Chuang Tzu, 2010) * Mafi kyawun kiɗa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo - Kyautar Masu sukar gidan wasan kwaikwayo (Magyar Jug, 2011) * Kyautar Istvánffy Benedek (A ''Tavasz ébredése'', 2013) <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2011 |title=2010/2011 – Színikritikusok Díja |url=https://kritikusceh.wordpress.com/szinikritikusok-dija/20102011-2/ |access-date=30 April 2019 |publisher=kritikusceh.wordpress.com |language=Hungarian}}</ref> * Junior Classical Composer of the Year Artisjus Prize (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Bella Máté – Artisjus-díj |url=https://www.artisjus.hu/artisjus-dijak/bella-mate/ |publisher=artisjus.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> * Kyautar Ferenc Erkel (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2016 |title=Balog Zoltán állami művészeti díjakat és miniszteri szakmai díjakat adott át |url=http://www.kormany.hu/hu/emberi-eroforrasok-miniszteriuma/hirek/balog-zoltan-allami-muveszeti-es-miniszteri-szakmai-dijakat-adott-at-2016 |access-date=30 April 2019 |publisher=kormany.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> * Kyautar Béla Bartók-Ditta Pásztory (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella Máté, Boldoczki Gábor és Konrád György az idei Bartók–Pásztory-díjasok |url=https://zeneakademia.hu/hirek/bella-mate-boldoczki-gabor-es-konrad-gyorgy-az-idei-bartokpasztory-dijasok-118492 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=Zeneakademia.hu |language=Hungarian}}</ref> * Kyautar kiɗa ta Petőfi don Waƙar Shekara (''Mostantól'', 2020) <ref name="SoY2020"/> * Kyautar Kiɗa ta Hungary Kyautar Fonogram don Mafi kyawun Kundin Pop-rock na zamani na Hungary ko Rubuce-rubuce na Shekara (''Mostantól'', 2020) <ref name="Fonogram2020"/> * Kyautar Artisjus - Ayyukan Kiɗa na gargajiya na Shekara (The Cheerleaders, 2025) === Kyaututtukan gasa === * Kyauta ta 1 - Gasar Rubuce-rubucen Weiner Leó, Budapest (2002) * Kyauta ta 1 - Gasar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta 6 (Farbotony), Kaniv, [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] (2003) * Kyauta ta 3 - Gasar Improvisation ta Kasa, Budapest (2003) * Kyauta ta Musamman - Gasar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa, Budapest (2004) * Kyauta ta Musamman - Gasar Mawallafin Vántus István, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Hungary da Gidauniyar Vántus Estván, Szeged (2006) * Kyauta ta 3 - Gasar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa, Budapest (2006) * Kyautar ta 1 - Liszt Academy Composer Competition, Budapest (2007) * Kyauta ta Musamman - Matasa na zamani na kiɗa, Budapest (2007) * Kyauta ta Musamman - 9th Zdarzenia Theatre and Art Festival, Tczew (2007) <ref>{{Cite web |title=IX edycja – Nagrodzone projekty |url=http://www.pomost.art.pl/category/zdarzenia/ix-edycja/laureaci-ix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706065011/http://www.pomost.art.pl/category/zdarzenia/ix-edycja/laureaci-ix |archive-date=6 July 2010 |language=Polish}}</ref> * Kyauta ta Musamman - Matasa na zamani na kiɗa, Budapest (2008) * Kyauta ta Musamman - Wekerle mai shekaru ɗari, Wekerle Cultural Association, Budapest (2008) * Kyauta ta Musamman - Matasa na zamani na kiɗa, Budapest (2009) * Kyauta ta 1 - Liszt Academy Composer Competition, Budapest (2009) * Kyauta ta 1 a cikin Chamber Music - NHMF Composer Competition, Budapest (Chuang Tzu's Dream, 2009) * Kyauta ta uku, Gasar Kiɗa ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Madách, Budapest (Macskadémon / The Demon Cat, 2010) <ref>{{YouTube|93PvzwAArRQ|Madách TV – Macskadémon bemutató (2011. 02. 23.)}} Madách Színház YouTube channel – 24 February 2011</ref> * Kyautar raba ta 3 - Liszt Academy Composer Competition, Budapest (2010) * Kyauta ta 1 - Gasar Mawallafin Generace, Ostrava (2013) * Kyauta ta 1 a cikin Chamber Music - NHMF Composer Competition, Budapest (Trance, 2013) <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2013 |title=Máté Bella and Alessio Elia are the winners of the 2013 UMZF Composer Competition |url=https://zeneakademia.hu/news/mate-bella-and-alessio-elia-are-the-winners-of-the-2013-umzf-composition-competition-108609 |website=zeneakademia.hu}}</ref> * Kyauta ta 1 - Gasar Mawallafin Generace, Ostrava (2015) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] ela44gkvi6aah055936qw0j3706j954 0 160937 879235 877739 2026-07-08T23:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 879235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mirlind Daku''' ( ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Rubin Kazan ta Rasha da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Albania . Daku ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da Hajvalia, inda ya fara buga wasa a Kosovo Superleague kafin ya koma Llapi a shekarar 2017, inda kwarewarsa ta kai shi ƙasar waje zuwa Osijek a shekarar 2018. Daga baya ya yi zaman aro a Kukësi, Ballkani da [[NŠ Mura|Mura]], musamman ma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Slovenia ta PrvaLiga . Tun bayan da ya koma Rubin Kazan a shekarar 2023, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan kai hari a gasar Premier ta Rasha . A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo a shekarun 2020 da 2021, kafin ya sauya sheƙa zuwa Albania a shekarar 2023. Bayan fara buga wasa, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Albania na yau da kullun a lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024, inda ya ba da gudummawa ga cancantar ƙungiyar, sannan daga baya ya fara bugawa a wani babban gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA Euro 2024 . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikinta a Hajvalia === Daku ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu a garinsu, Gjilani, inda daga baya ya koma Hajvalia, wata ƙungiya da ke kusa da Pristina, inda aka gan shi yana ƙuruciya saboda ƙwarewarsa ta fasaha da kuma yadda yake kammala wasa. Tun daga tsarin matasa na Hajvalia, ya ci gaba da sauri ta cikin jerin 'yan wasan ƙungiyar kuma ya fara horo da manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar tun yana matashi. Ayyukansa na farko a gasar matasa sun sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a tsarin Kosovar. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2016-17, Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Hajvalia a gasar Kosovo Superleague, inda ya yi wasanni uku kafin matsalolin kuɗi na ƙungiyar suka haifar da ficewar 'yan wasa da dama. Duk da ƙarancin damarmaki a matakin manya, an san shi da yawan aikinsa da kuma motsa jiki a waje da ƙwallon, wanda ya jawo hankalin ma'aikatan leƙen asiri na Llapi . A ƙarshen shekarar 2016, Daku ya riga ya zira kwallaye da yawa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Hajvalia kuma ya fara jawo hankali daga sauran ƙungiyoyin Superleague. Ayyukansa a ƙarshe sun sa ya koma Llapi a watan Janairun 2017, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru ta dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Mirlind Daku: From his first career steps… |url=https://shkodrasport.com/mirlind-daku-nga-hapat-e-pare-te-karrieres-te-mundesia-per-tu-veshur-kuqezi/ |publisher=Shkodra Sport |language=en-sq}}</ref> === Llapi === A ranar 24 ga Janairu 2017, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kulob din Kosovo Superleague Llapi . Ya fara buga wa Llapi wasa a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2017 a zagaye na biyar na Kosovar Cup da Feronikeli, inda ya maye gurbin Berat Hyseni a minti na 95, sannan ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a waje da ci 4-2 bayan bugun fanareti . A farkon kakarsa ta farko da ƙungiyar, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan gaba mafi kyau a Kosovo Superleague, wanda aka san shi da saurinsa, motsinsa mai wayo, da kuma kammala wasansa na asibiti. Tsakanin 2017 da 2018, ya buga wasanni kusan 45 kuma ya zira kwallaye 23 a duk gasannin da ya buga wa Llapi, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fafatawa don samun matsayi mafi girma a teburin gasar. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2017-18, Daku ya ji daɗin kakar wasa mai ban mamaki, inda ya zira kwallaye 17 a gasar kuma ya kare a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Superleague. <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Division Clubs in Europe 2018/19 – Kosovo Top Scorers |url=https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0249-0f842e04cad1-7fc8332b4532-1000/first_division_clubs_in_europe_2018_19.pdf |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA |language=en}}</ref> Kwallayensa sun taimaka wa Llapi samun matsayi na uku a gasar kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar Kosovar Cup. Godiya ga rawar da ya taka, kafofin watsa labarai na gida sun san shi sosai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su iya kai hari mafi ban sha'awa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovar. Wasan da Daku ya yi a Llapi ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi da dama a ƙasashen waje, kuma salon cin kwallayensa na yau da kullun ya haifar da kiransa na farko zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo . A shekarun baya, lokacin da Daku ya koma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Osijek da Rubin Kazan, Llapi ya amfana da kuɗi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sayar da 'yan wasa, wanda aka ruwaito yana samun kusan €180,000 daga canja wurinsa zuwa gasar Premier ta Rasha. === Osijek === A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2018, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da Osijek, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta farko, a cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin babban ci gaba ga ɗan wasan Kosovar Superleague. Da isowarsa, an tura Daku zuwa ƙungiyar ajiyar ƙungiyar, Osijek II, inda yake fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Croatia ta biyu . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2018 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Šibenik, inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga mintuna 71 kafin a sauya shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Šibenik vs. Osijek II 2–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/08/25/croatia/2-hnl/hnk-sibenik/osijek-ii/2858256/ |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Kwanaki takwas bayan haka, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Osijek II a wasan da suka doke Sesvete da ci 1-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da nasarar farko da ƙungiyar ta samu a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osijek II vs. Sesvete 1–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/09/02/croatia/2-hnl/osijek-ii/nk-radnik-sesvete/2858265/ |access-date=2 September 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A cikin kakar wasa ta farko, Daku ya saba da babban matsayi na gasa, yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya amma wani lokacin ana tura shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba mai tallafawa. An yaba masa a gasar Croatia ta biyu saboda ƙarfinsa da kuma jajircewarsa, kodayake ya fuskanci ƙalubale sosai wajen samun gurbin farawa daga ƙwararrun 'yan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, Daku ya buga wasanni 18 a gasar da kuma kwallaye 5 a raga ga Osijek II. Daidaito mai kyau, daidaiton aikinsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aiki ya sa aka yi la'akari da haɓaka shi zuwa sansanin horo na ƙungiyar farko, inda ma'aikatan horarwa na Osijek suka nuna shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfin gwiwa na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Rok je prošao, Mirlind Daku se vraća u Osijek |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/sport/domaci-nogomet/rok-je-prosao-mirlind-daku-se-vraca-u-osijek/ |publisher=Slobodna Dalmacija |language=hr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijeku se ponavlja bizarna situacija... |url=https://sportske.jutarnji.hr/sn/nogomet/hnl/klubovi/osijek/osijeku-se-ponavlja-bizarna-situacija-najefikasniji-bjelicin-igrac-puni-mreze-ali-u-drugom-dresu-15232861 |publisher=Sportske Novosti |language=hr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Osijek reveal they could sell Mura’s top scorer… |url=https://footballplanet.si/news/osijek-reveal-they-could-sell-muras-top-scorer-mirlind-daku-was-of-interest-to-many-in-europe-and-in-mls/ |publisher=Football Planet |language=en}}</ref> ==== Lamuni a Kukësi ==== A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2019, Daku ya koma ƙungiyar Kategoria Superiore Kukësi a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar cin kofin Albania a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2019 a gasar cin kofin Albania ta 2019 da Partizani Tirana, inda ya maye gurbin Vasil Shkurtaj a minti na 66. Wata guda bayan haka, Daku ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a wasansa na shida, inda ya yi nasara a kan Shkumbini a waje da ci 3-1 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Albania . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shkumbini Peqin vs. Kukësi 1–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/09/18/albania/cup/ks-shkumbini-peqin/ks-perparimi-kukes/3162340/ |access-date=18 September 2019 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A lokacin hutun rabin kakar wasa, Daku ya taka rawar gani a gasar lig da kofin saboda fafatawar da 'yan wasan gaba suka yi kamar Vasil Shkurtaj da [[Patrick friday Eze|Patrick Friday Eze]] . Ta amfani da damar aro don samun ƙwarewa a manyan ƙungiyoyin Albania, ya buga wasanni 10 jimilla kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya a duk gasa kafin ya koma Osijek. ==== Aron kuɗi a Ballkani ==== A ranar 11 ga Janairun 2020, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kosovo Superleague Ballkani har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20 . Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 29 ga Fabrairun 2020 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Prishtina, inda ya maye gurbin Artur Magani a minti na 59. Duk da cewa kakar wasa ta tsaya cak jim kaɗan bayan an dakatar da ita saboda annobar COVID-19, Daku ya kafa kansa cikin sauri a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin kai hari na Ballkani. Ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci da dama bayan sake fara gasar, wanda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta fafata don lashe gasar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, ya zira kwallaye 9 a wasanni 17 a dukkan gasa. Ƙarfin aikinsa a Ballkani ya nuna wani sauyi a rayuwarsa, wanda ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje kuma ya sa aka sake kiransa zuwa NK Osijek a kakar wasa mai zuwa. ==== Dawowa daga aro a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar ==== Bayan wasanni biyu na aro a Kosovo da Albania, Daku ya koma babbar ƙungiyar Osijek kafin gasar cin kofin Croatia ta 2021-22 . A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2021, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Hrvatski Dragovoljac a waje da ci 2-1, inda ya maye gurbin Antonio Mance a minti na 78. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrvatski Dragovoljac vs. Osijek 1–2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/08/croatia/1-hnl/nk-hrvatski-dragovoljac/nk-osijek/3513747/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Washegari, Daku ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru huɗu tare da Osijek, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da ci gaba da zama babban ɗan wasan ƙungiyar na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasa a nahiyar Turai a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar da ƙungiyar CSKA Sofia ta Bulgaria, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Yevhen Cheberko a zagaye na biyu na gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Osijek vs. CSKA Sofia 1–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/12/europe/uefa-europa-conference-league/nk-osijek/pfc-cska-sofia/3568714/ |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2021, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Bednja Beletinec a waje da ci 3-0 a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin Croatia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bednja vs. Osijek 0–3 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/15/croatia/hr-nogometni-cup/bednja/nk-osijek/3630575/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2021, Daku ya fito daga benci ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Osijek ya yi nasara da ci 3-2, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta sami maki uku a wasan lig mai cike da takaddama. Ya kuma nuna natsuwa a wasannin knockout: a wasan Kofin Croatia da Slaven Belupo, ya shiga daga minti na 72 kuma ya zira kwallon da ta kai Osijek zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. A kakar wasa ta 2021-22 ta Gasar Cin Kofin Croatia, Daku ya buga wasanni 12 ga Osijek, inda ya zira kwallaye 3 a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku statistics 2021-22 Osijek |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/a04adf33/Mirlind-Daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=FBref}}</ref> Duk da cewa bai fara wasa akai-akai ba, tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa bazara ta 2024 ya nuna imanin da kulob din ke da shi game da damar da yake da ita na dogon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Daku produžio ugovor |trans-title=Daku extended his contract |url=https://nk-osijek.hr/vijesti/30289/daku-produzio-ugovor/ |publisher=[[NK Osijek]] |language=hr}}</ref> ==== Aron kuɗi a Mura ==== A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2022, an ba Daku aro ga ƙungiyar [[NŠ Mura|Mura]] ta Slovenia ta PrvaLiga har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2022 |title=Mirlind Daku je čarno-bejli! |trans-title=Mirlind Daku is black and white! |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/mirlind-daku-je-carno-bejli |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl |access-date=6 July 2026 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414022434/https://nsmura.si/news/mirlind-daku-je-carno-bejli |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kwana shida, ya fara buga wasa da Bravo bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, inda ya taimaka wajen taimakawa 'yan wasa biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Končnica tekme odnesla dva gola prednosti in zmago |trans-title=The final minutes of the match took away two goals advantage and a victory |url=https://www.nsmura.si/news/koncnica-tekme-odnesla-dva-gola-prednosti-in-zmago |access-date=15 February 2022 |publisher=[[NŠ Mura]] |language=sl}}</ref> Daku ya saba da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Slovenia cikin sauri, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kai hari mafi tasiri na Mura a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni goma sha shida na gasar, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala rabin farko a teburin gasar. Bayan ƙarfin da ya nuna, Mura ya sanar a watan Yunin 2022 cewa za a tsawaita aro na Daku zuwa wani kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=R. Š. |date=21 June 2022 |title=Daku ponovno v črno-belem, iz Fazanerije strupene puščice uperili proti Koutru |trans-title=Daku again in black and white, Fazanerija’s deadly arrows aimed towards Koper |url=https://snportal.si/slovenska-tekmovanja/prva-liga/daku-ponovno-v-crno-belem-iz-fazanerije-strupene-puscice-uperili-proti-koutru/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Slovenski nogometni portal |language=sl-SI}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu a Slovenia, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi hazaka a gasar. Ya kasance cikin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kai hari na Mura. A ranar 27 ga Agusta 2022, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a wasan da suka doke Gorica da ci 3-1 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mura vs. Gorica 3–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/08/27/slovenia/1-snl/mura/gorica/3828834/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Daku ya ci gaba da nuna kwazo a duk tsawon kakar wasa, inda ya samu kwallaye da dama da kuma kwallaye masu kyau. A karshen kakar wasa, ya zura kwallaye 20 a wasanni 36 da ya buga a gasar, <ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|mirlind-daka/459512}}</ref> ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar kuma ya samu karbuwa sosai saboda rawar da ya taka. Nasarorin da ya samu sun jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasashen waje, inda rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai suka danganta shi da yiwuwar komawa Croatia da Hungary. === Rubin Kazan === A ranar 11 ga Yuli 2023, Daku ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din Rubin Kazan na gasar Premier ta Rasha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title="Рубин" объявил о переходе Мирлинда Даку |trans-title=Rubin announced the transfer of Mirlind Daku |url=https://sport.tatar-inform.ru/news/rubin-obyavil-o-perexode-mirlinda-daku-5884926 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.tatar-inform.ru |language=ru-RU}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Новичок "Рубина" Даку выберет игровой номер по результатам голосования болельщиков |trans-title=New Rubin player Daku will choose his number by fan voting |url=https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/news/285990 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=sport.business-gazeta.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a Rubin a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2023 a wasan lig da Lokomotiv Moscow, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokomotiv Moscow vs. Rubin Kazan 2–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/22/russia/premier-league/lokomotiv-moscow/rubin-kazan/4094925/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Agusta 2023, Daku ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Fakel Voronezh da ci 2-0 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubin Kazan vs. Fakel 2–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/08/13/russia/premier-league/rubin-kazan/fakel/4094945/ |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A tsawon kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafiya ƙarfin kai hari na Rubin, wanda aka san shi da ƙarfin aikinsa da kuma iya kammalawa. Ya ƙare kakar wasa da kwallaye 9 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura ƙwallo 5 a dukkan gasannin da suka fafata, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta kammala a tsakiyar teburi a kakar wasa ta farko da ta fara komawa saman teburi. A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2025, bayan nasarar kamfen ɗin farko da ci gaba da ci gaba, an tsawaita kwangilar Daku har zuwa Yuni 2029, wanda ke nuna amincewar da kulob ɗin ya daɗe yana da shi ga ci gabansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2025 |title=Мирлинд Даку продлил контракт с "Рубином" до 2029 года |trans-title=Mirlind Daku extended his contract with Rubin until 2029 |url=https://www.rubin-kazan.ru/news/mirlind-daku-prodlil-kontrakt-s-rubinom-do-2029-goda/ |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=FC Rubin Kazan |language=ru}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2024-25, Daku ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Rubin Kazan. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar da kwallaye 15 sannan ya taimaka mata da kwallaye 6 a dukkan gasannin da suka gabata, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. Daga cikin lokutan da ya fi shahara akwai nasarar da ya samu a minti na ƙarshe a kan Akron Tolyatti a gasar lig ta 2-1 a watan Agusta na 2024, wanda ya jawo yabo daga kafofin watsa labarai na gida da magoya baya saboda natsuwarsa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. A ranar 21 ga Satumba 2024, Daku ya jagoranci Rubin Kazan a karon farko a wasan League da CSKA Moscow, inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyarsa zuwa kunnen doki 1-1. Wani muhimmin wasa ya faru ne a watan Mayun 2025, lokacin da ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da CSKA Moscow a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa, sannan ya ƙara tabbatar da kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi yin fice a ƙungiyar. Saboda dagewarsa da kuma ɗabi'ar aikinsa, Daku ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harin Rubin, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar kammala wasanta na tsakiya a kakar wasa ta biyu a jere a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha. A kakar wasa ta 2025-26, Daku ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan gaba na Rubin Kazan. A farkon watan Oktoba na 2025, ya buga wasanni 10 a gasar, duk a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 kuma ya yi bugun ƙwallo 26 a raga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku Player Stats 2025–26 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/293400/mirlind-daku |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Akron Tolyatti da ci 3-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa, sannan ya kara karfafa sunansa a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi inganci a gasar. Kwarewarsa mai kyau ya sanya shi cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Rasha, inda kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida suka nuna ingantaccen kammala wasansa, motsinsa a waje da ƙwallon, da kuma yawan aikinsa a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da suka taimaka wa Rubin ya samu nasara a farkon kakar wasa. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Kosovo === A ranar 21 ga Maris 2017, Daku ya sami kiran farko na ƙasashen waje daga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Kosovo don shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Ireland . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Lista e futbollistëve të Përfaqësueses U21 |trans-title=List of the players of the national U21 team |url=http://www.ffk-kosova.com/federata/?p=17931 |publisher=[[Football Federation of Kosovo]] |language=sq}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2017 a wasan da Isra'ila ta sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 54 a madadin Ardit Gashi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kosovo U21 vs. Israel U21 0–4 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/09/europe/uefa-u21-championship/kosovo-u21/israel-under-21/2429814/ |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2018, an kira shi a karon farko zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Kosovo kafin wasan sada zumunci da Azerbaijan, kodayake an soke wasan bayan an raba ƙungiyoyi biyu a cikin rukuni ɗaya na UEFA Nations League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Friendly match canceled |url=http://www.affa.az/index.php/news/friendly-match-cancelled/61160 |publisher=[[Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan]] |quote=According to the results of the UEFA Nations League draws held in Lausanne, Switzerland today, it was defined that Azerbaijan and Kosovo national teams will compete in the same group. Thereby, the match planned to be held between these teams in Antalya, Turkey on February 2 was canceled. Both football federations' officials met after the draw ceremony and reached a mutual agreement in this regard}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe Daku ya fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar Kosovo a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2020 a wasan sada zumunci da Albania, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 84 a madadin Florent Hadergjonaj . === Albaniya === A watan Yunin 2023, Daku ya sami fasfo na Albania, wanda hakan ya sa ya cancanci wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Albania . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2023 |title=FOTO/ Një alternativë më shumë për Sylvinhon, lojtari dardan merr pasaportën shqiptare |trans-title=Another alternative for Sylvinho, the Dardanian player obtains the Albanian passport |url=https://top-channel.tv/2023/06/23/nje-alternative-me-shume-per-sylvinhon-lojtari-dardan-merr-pasaporten-shqiptare/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |language=sq}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2023, ya sami kiran farko daga Albania don wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA da Jamhuriyar Czech da Poland . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Kualifikueset e Euro 2024 / Sylvinho zbardh listën me emrat e 25 lojtarëve për sfidat me Çekinë & Poloninë |trans-title=Euro 2024 Qualifiers / Sylvinho releases the list of the 25 players for the matches against Czechia and Poland |url=https://fshf.org/sq/kualifikueset-e-euro-2024-sylvinho-zbardh-listen-me-emrat-e-25-lojtareve-per-sfidat-me-cekine-polonine/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=[[Albanian Football Association]] |language=sq}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Satumba a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Jamhuriyar Czech, inda ya buga wasa a rabin lokaci na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech Republic vs Albania, 7 September 2023 |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=18386 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=EU-Football.info |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=EURO 2024/ Shqipëria barazon me Çekinë në Pragë |url=https://fshf.org/sq/euro-2024-shqiperia-barazon-me-cekine-ne-prage/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |language=sq}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa a wasan da suka doke Poland da ci 2-0 a gida, inda ya samu ƙwallo da bugun farko jim kaɗan bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 62. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Albania 2–0 Poland |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/2036414/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}</ref> Daku ya buga wasanni uku a jere yayin da Albania ta kammala a saman rukuninsu a karon farko a tarihi, inda ta tara maki 15—daidai da Jamhuriyar Czech amma tana kan gaba a tarihin kai-da-kai—don haka ta cancanci shiga gasar ƙarshe ta Gasar Cin Kofin Turai a karo na biyu kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group E standings |url=https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/standings/#grp-2006669 |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2024, an saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 26 na Albania don gasar UEFA Euro 2024. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 19 ga Yuni, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Croatia a filin wasa na Volksparkstadion . Daku ya shiga wasan da aka maye gurbinsa a makare yayin da Albania ke kan gaba da ci 1-2, wanda hakan ya sa Klaus Gjasula ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar rama kwallo a lokacin da aka dakatar da wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia 2–2 Albania: UEFA Euro 2024 match report |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/match/2036160--croatia-vs-albania/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Bayan kammala wasan, an dauki bidiyon Daku - wanda ya nuna motsin rai bayan sakamakon tarihi - yana jagorantar magoya baya a cikin wakokin cin zarafi da aka yi wa [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]] da [[Serbiya|Serbia]] yayin da yake amfani da megaphone . Daga baya Daku ya nemi afuwa ga abin da ya aikata, amma UEFA ta dakatar da shi na wasanni biyu bayan an sake duba shi. A lokacin yakin neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 (UEFA), Daku ya buga wasanni kadan a rukunin K, musamman a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, wanda hakan ya dauki 'yan mintuna kadan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirlind Daku – International Matches 2025/26 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe511723/mirlind-daku/co588/fifa-wc-qualifiers-europe/se83885/2025-2026/international-matches/ |access-date=3 April 2026 |website=WorldFootball.net}}</ref> Albania ta samu damar shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar a karon farko a tarihinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Qualifiers standings |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/qualifiers/uefa/standings |access-date=3 April 2026 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref name="Soccerway" /><ref>{{GSA player|mirlind-daku/221103}}</ref><ref name="NFT" >{{NFT|80272}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Hajvalia |2016–17 |Kosovo Superleague |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Llapi |2016–17 |Kosovo Superleague |15 |6 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |19 |7 |- |2017–18 |Kosovo Superleague |30 |17 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |20 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !23 !7 !4 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !52 !27 |- |Osijek II |2018–19 |Croatian Second League |15 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |2 |- |Kukësi (loan) |2019–20 |Kategoria Superiore |13 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Albanian Supercup]]}} |0 |16 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |Ballkani (loan) |2019–20 |Kosovo Superleague |8 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |11 |5 |- |2020–21 |Kosovo Superleague |34 |31 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |31 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !42 !35 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !46 !36 |- |Osijek |2021–22 |Croatian First League |12 |3 |3 |1 |1{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |16 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |[[NŠ Mura|Mura]] (loan) |2021–22 |Slovenian PrvaLiga |16 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |5 |- |2022–23 |Slovenian PrvaLiga |33 |19 |2 |2 |3[b] |2 | colspan="2" |— |38 |23 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !49 !24 !2 !2 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !54 !28 |- | rowspan="4" |Rubin Kazan |2023–24 |Russian Premier League |28 |10 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |10 |- |2024–25 |Russian Premier League |26 |15 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |29 |15 |- |2025–26 |Russian Premier League |24 |10 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |29 |11 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !78 !35 !13 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !91 !36 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !257 !123 !31 !10 !4 !2 !1 !0 !293 !135 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 6 June 2026}}<ref>{{EU-Football.info|31203}}</ref><ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Kosovo |- | 2020 | 1 | 0 |- | 2021 | 4 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 5 ! 0 |- | rowspan="6" | Albaniya |- | 2023 | 5 | 1 |- | 2024 | 4 | 0 |- | 2025 | 6 | 0 |- | 2026 | 2 | 0 |- ! Jimilla ! 17 ! 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimillar aiki ! 22 ! 1 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Albania ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Daku ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Mirlind Daku ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 10 Satumba 2023 | Arena Kombëtare, [[Tirana]], Albania |{{Fb|POL}} | align="center" | 2–0 | align="center" | 2–0 | Wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2024 a UEFA |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{FC Rubin Kazan squad}}{{Albania squad UEFA Euro 2024}}{{Football Superleague of Kosovo top scorers}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 385tggwa0rijqul62xgjkg2xune23zo 0 161004 878960 878330 2026-07-08T13:04:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 878960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marija Klobčar''' (née '''Ftičar''') masanin ilimin kabilanci ne kuma masanin al'adun gargajiya na Slovenia. Binciken ta ya haɗa da rawar da al'adun baki ke takawa a tarihi da rayuwar yau da kullun, da kuma ayyukan mawaƙa masu tafiya a matsayin masu ɗaukar ƙwarewar waƙoƙin gargajiya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Labarai da Tarihi a Jami'ar Ljubljana . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Marija Klobčar, PhD {{!}} ZRC SAZU |url=https://gni.zrc-sazu.si/en/sodelavci/marija-klobcar-en |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=gni.zrc-sazu.si |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Klobčar a Kamnik, Slovenia, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Etnologinja Marija Klobčar ovenčana z Murkovo nagrado |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/kultura/dediscina/etnologinja-marija-klobcar-ovencana-z-murkovo-nagrado/542141 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=rtvslo.si |language=sl}}</ref> kuma ta kammala karatu daga Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana, tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Slavic da Ethnology a shekarar 1982. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a shekarar 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na digiri a shekarar 1997 a fannin kabilanci a wannan jami'a yayin da take aiki a Cibiyar Kare Al'adun Halitta da Al'adu a Kranj . Rubutun difloma dinta an kira shi Societies and events in Kamnik a tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IZUM – Institut informacijskih znanosti, Maribor |title=Društva in prireditve v Kamniku v obdobju med 1914 in 1941 : diplomska naloga :: COBISS+ |url=https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130070128/https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/67753314 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=plus.si.cobiss.net |language=sl |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta a shekara ta 1983, ta zama mai bincike a Sashen Ethnology da Al'adun Al'adu, Faculty of Arts, Jami'ar Ljubljana . Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu saboda dalilai na iyali, ta yi aiki a Kranj, kuma a cikin 1998 a ZRC SAZU (a Turanci: Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Slovenia) a Jami'ar Ljubljana, inda take yin bincike da koyarwa a Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ethnography . <ref name=":0" /> Nazarin rayuwar yau da kullun da al'adun Slovenians, wanda ta ba da kanta kafin ta shiga ZRC SAZU, ya haɗa da bincike na al'adu. Tare da wannan hanyar, tana magance batutuwan tarihi na al'adun gargajiya, haɗuwa da birni da ƙauyuka, nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban, kamar labarun, waƙoƙin soja da na al'ada, masu ɗauke da kirkirar waƙoƙa, musamman mawaƙa masu yawo, da kuma haɗuwa da harsuna a cikin al'adar waƙa.<ref name=":0"/> Binciken da ta yi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tatsuniyoyi da tarihi an fi bayyana shi a cikin sababbin fassarorin Tafkin Kamnik, girgizar ƙasa ta 1348, da kuma halin Sarki Matjaž. A gabatar da ita tare da lambar yabo ta Murka a cikin 1999, kwamitin ya ce ta kasance "wani mutum ne mai cikakken bincike tare da kunne mai hankali ga masu magana a fagen" kuma ya ambaci: "Ƙarfi da son sani da zurfin tunani da faɗin ya nuna ta a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai girma, yayin da ƙwarewar kimiyya ta ba da shaida cewa hanyar kimiyya ta lashe kyautar ita ce hanyar ci gaba da sababbin tambayoyi da fahimta, kuma wannan ba ƙarshen aikinta na rayuwarta ba" <ref name=":1"/> Kwamitin ya ci gaba da lura da cewa "a cikin tarihin tarihin tarihin tarihin masananci abubuwan da aka tsarawa na Musical da kuma abubuwan da aka zaɓa a can.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=ETNOLOGINJA DR. MARIJA KLOBČAR JE PREJELA MURKOVO NAGRADO ZA LETO 2020 |url=https://kd-severinsali.si/zgodilo-se-je/etnologinja-dr-marija-klobcar-je-prejela-murkovo-nagrado-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=KD Severin Šali |language=sl-SI}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Kyaututtuka da yabo == * Kyautar Faculty Prešeren don takardar karatun ta Society and Events in Kamnik 1914-1941 (1983) <ref name=":1"/> * Kyautar Murka don littafin Kamnik mazauna tsakanin al'ada da zamani (1999) <ref name=":1" /> * Kyakkyawan a kimiyya don littafin nan On the way to Kamnik (2017) * Kyautar zinariya ta Karamar Hukumar Kamnik (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130070132/https://www.kamnik.si/resources/files/doc/LEA_2021/ZA_NA_NET/APRIL/EVIDENCA_PODELJENIH_PRIZNANJ_OBINE_KAMNIK__posodobitev_APRIL_2021.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.kamnik.si}}</ref> * Kyautar Rayuwa ta Murka (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=društvo |first=SED-Slovensko etnološko |title=Murkova nagrada in Murkovi listini za leto 2020 |url=https://www.sed-drustvo.si/arhiv/aktualno/murkova-nagrada-in-murkovi-listini-za-leto-2020 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=SED - Slovensko etnološko društvo |language=sl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Marija Klobčar – Spol in znanost |url=https://spolinznanost.zrc-sazu.si/zrc-sazu/dr-marija-klobcar/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=sl-SI}}</ref> * Kyautar Kyautar Kimiyya mai kyau don littafin ''Saurari mai kare mu'' (2021) == Kasancewa memba == * Hukumar Ballad ta Duniya <ref name=":0"/> * SIEF Working Group a kan Shekarar Ritual <ref name=":0" /> * Kungiyar Nazarin Slovenia <ref name=":0" /> * Kungiyar Ethnological ta Slovenia <ref name=":0" /> == Nasshoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k9fo2qsn6ih4a8n2eno9d9rjqsk8ber 3 161040 879152 878680 2026-07-08T18:59:19Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Abdulmusasoba]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Abdulsalam Musa Soba]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Abdulmusasoba|Abdulmusasoba]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Abdulsalam Musa Soba|Abdulsalam Musa Soba]]" 878680 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdulmusasoba! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdulmusasoba|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 7 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ijgm1spmkcobosmwxj1r0xbpjasa6od 2 161059 879151 878744 2026-07-08T18:59:19Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[User:Abdulmusasoba]] to [[User:Abdulsalam Musa Soba]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Abdulmusasoba|Abdulmusasoba]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Abdulsalam Musa Soba|Abdulsalam Musa Soba]]" 878744 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 161092 878964 2026-07-08T13:31:25Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339597846|Think Global School]]" 878964 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar THINK Global School''' (TGS) wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke yawo a duniya tare da ɗalibai suna karatu a ƙasashe takwas, tsawon shekaru biyu. Makarantar ba ta neman riba ba ce, tana da ilimi tare, kuma ba ta da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi. Harald da [[Joann McPike]] ne suka kafa Makarantar THINK Global. Ɗaliban Makarantar THINK Global suna samun ilimi ta hanyar Manhajar Changemaker, suna shiga cikin koyo na aiki da na aiki da suka shafi ƙasashen da suke tafiya zuwa. == Matsayin da ba na riba ba == Makarantar ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai rijista ta 501(c)(3) wacce Amurka ta yi rijista kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Guidestar Exchange Seal, kyautar da ake bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke nuna jajircewarsu ga bayyana gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TGS-Think Global School, Inc. - GuideStar Profile |url=http://www.guidestar.org/organizations/42-1767394/tgs-think-global-school.aspx}}</ref> == Manhajar Mai Canzawa == Koyo a Makarantar THINK Global ya ta'allaka ne akan Manhajar Changemaker ta makarantar da aka haɓaka a cikin gida, wacce ke ilmantar da ɗalibai ta hanyar haɗakar koyo ta wuri da kuma ta hanyar aiki. Babu azuzuwan da aka saba yi a Makarantar Think Global, maimakon haka ɗalibai suna shiga cikin wani sashe na koyarwa mai fannoni daban-daban wanda malamai ke jagoranta a kowane zangon karatu wanda ya fito daga jigogi na zamantakewa, muhalli, tarihi, da al'adu kuma yana ƙirƙirar ayyuka da yawa na kansu. Ga sassan da malamai ke jagoranta, ɗalibai ko dai suna haɗin gwiwa ko kuma suna aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi don kwaikwayon abin da ma'aikata ke fuskanta a cikin ma'aikata. Kowane sashe da malamai ke jagoranta da kuma aikin da ɗalibai ke jagoranta ya ƙunshi manufofin koyo da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu da ka'idar koyo ta masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Benjamin Bloom . Ɗalibai suna ƙaruwa a cikin ƙwarewa yayin da suke ci gaba ta hanyar sassa da ayyuka kuma ƙwarewarsu tana ƙaruwa. Waɗannan matsayi sabbin ɗalibai ne, ƙwararru, kuma ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-09 |title=The Changemaker Curriculum {{!}} THINK Global School |url=https://thinkglobalschool.org/academics/the-changemaker-curriculum/ |access-date=2019-11-22 |website=Think Global School}}</ref> Ana yin rahoto a Makarantar Think Global a duk shekara a ƙarshen kowace zangon karatu. Makarantar tana amfani da rahoton labari don gabatar da cikakken hoto na lokacin da ɗalibi yake a ƙasar. Ɗalibai suna kimanta sakamakon koyo nasu a matsayin wani ɓangare na rahoton labarin tare da karɓar ra'ayoyi daga masu ba su shawara kan ci gaban karatunsu da zamantakewa. == Yi tunani game da ilimin gida da sabis == Makarantar Think Global School tana da sassa uku: koyon hidima a cikin ƙasa, gogewar al'adu, da kuma koyon harshen gida. === Koyon sabis === Makarantar Think Global School tana haɗa [[Koyon Sabis|ilimin hidima]] a cikin manhajarta ta hanyoyi da dama. Na farko shine ta hanyar shiga cikin ayyukan hidima a wuraren da makarantar ke ziyarta. Dalibai suna ƙirƙirar wani aiki wanda ya dace da buƙatun gida a ƙasarsu. Waɗannan ayyukan hidima suna buƙatar ɗalibi ya yi aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin al'ummarsu don tabbatar da sahihancin aikin. === Kwarewar al'adu da weEXplores === Domin taimakawa wajen haɓaka tausayi da kuma daidaita ra'ayin duniya, ɗaliban Makarantar Think Global suma suna fuskantar nau'ikan abubuwan al'adu iri-iri. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi ana yin su ne tare da baƙi masu jawabi waɗanda ƙwararru ne a fanninsu kuma galibi suna haɗa ɗalibai zuwa wani wuri don koyo da kansu. Waɗannan abubuwan al'adu sun shafi batutuwan muhalli, zamantakewa da al'adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ƙasar da ke karɓar baƙi. Kowace ɗaliban zangon karatu suna ɗaukar aƙalla jerin ayyuka na tsawon mako guda, suna barin birnin da ke karɓar baƙi zuwa wani wuri. [[Fayil:THINK_Global_School_Students_learn_about_Bedouin_life_in_Oman.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ka yi tunanin ɗaliban Makaranta na Duniya suna koyo game da rayuwar Bedouin a Oman]] === Koyon Harshe === Ana koyar da babban shirin ilimi na makarantar da [[Turanci]] . An fi mai da hankali kan koyon [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]], inda ake gudanar da zango ɗaya a ƙasar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran ɗalibai su sami ƙamus na asali a cikin yaren ƙasar da kowace zangon karatu ke karɓar baƙi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aasp5v38n1ij95prrbwoq9th4t9raxy 878965 878964 2026-07-08T13:31:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 878965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar THINK Global School''' (TGS) wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke yawo a duniya tare da ɗalibai suna karatu a ƙasashe takwas, tsawon shekaru biyu. Makarantar ba ta neman riba ba ce, tana da ilimi tare, kuma ba ta da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi. Harald da [[Joann McPike]] ne suka kafa Makarantar THINK Global. Ɗaliban Makarantar THINK Global suna samun ilimi ta hanyar Manhajar Changemaker, suna shiga cikin koyo na aiki da na aiki da suka shafi ƙasashen da suke tafiya zuwa. == Matsayin da ba na riba ba == Makarantar ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai rijista ta 501(c)(3) wacce Amurka ta yi rijista kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Guidestar Exchange Seal, kyautar da ake bai wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke nuna jajircewarsu ga bayyana gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TGS-Think Global School, Inc. - GuideStar Profile |url=http://www.guidestar.org/organizations/42-1767394/tgs-think-global-school.aspx}}</ref> == Manhajar Mai Canzawa == Koyo a Makarantar THINK Global ya ta'allaka ne akan Manhajar Changemaker ta makarantar da aka haɓaka a cikin gida, wacce ke ilmantar da ɗalibai ta hanyar haɗakar koyo ta wuri da kuma ta hanyar aiki. Babu azuzuwan da aka saba yi a Makarantar Think Global, maimakon haka ɗalibai suna shiga cikin wani sashe na koyarwa mai fannoni daban-daban wanda malamai ke jagoranta a kowane zangon karatu wanda ya fito daga jigogi na zamantakewa, muhalli, tarihi, da al'adu kuma yana ƙirƙirar ayyuka da yawa na kansu. Ga sassan da malamai ke jagoranta, ɗalibai ko dai suna haɗin gwiwa ko kuma suna aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyi don kwaikwayon abin da ma'aikata ke fuskanta a cikin ma'aikata. Kowane sashe da malamai ke jagoranta da kuma aikin da ɗalibai ke jagoranta ya ƙunshi manufofin koyo da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu da ka'idar koyo ta masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Benjamin Bloom . Ɗalibai suna ƙaruwa a cikin ƙwarewa yayin da suke ci gaba ta hanyar sassa da ayyuka kuma ƙwarewarsu tana ƙaruwa. Waɗannan matsayi sabbin ɗalibai ne, ƙwararru, kuma ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-09 |title=The Changemaker Curriculum {{!}} THINK Global School |url=https://thinkglobalschool.org/academics/the-changemaker-curriculum/ |access-date=2019-11-22 |website=Think Global School}}</ref> Ana yin rahoto a Makarantar Think Global a duk shekara a ƙarshen kowace zangon karatu. Makarantar tana amfani da rahoton labari don gabatar da cikakken hoto na lokacin da ɗalibi yake a ƙasar. Ɗalibai suna kimanta sakamakon koyo nasu a matsayin wani ɓangare na rahoton labarin tare da karɓar ra'ayoyi daga masu ba su shawara kan ci gaban karatunsu da zamantakewa. == Yi tunani game da ilimin gida da sabis == Makarantar Think Global School tana da sassa uku: koyon hidima a cikin ƙasa, gogewar al'adu, da kuma koyon harshen gida. === Koyon sabis === Makarantar Think Global School tana haɗa [[Koyon Sabis|ilimin hidima]] a cikin manhajarta ta hanyoyi da dama. Na farko shine ta hanyar shiga cikin ayyukan hidima a wuraren da makarantar ke ziyarta. Dalibai suna ƙirƙirar wani aiki wanda ya dace da buƙatun gida a ƙasarsu. Waɗannan ayyukan hidima suna buƙatar ɗalibi ya yi aiki tare da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin al'ummarsu don tabbatar da sahihancin aikin. === Kwarewar al'adu da weEXplores === Domin taimakawa wajen haɓaka tausayi da kuma daidaita ra'ayin duniya, ɗaliban Makarantar Think Global suma suna fuskantar nau'ikan abubuwan al'adu iri-iri. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi ana yin su ne tare da baƙi masu jawabi waɗanda ƙwararru ne a fanninsu kuma galibi suna haɗa ɗalibai zuwa wani wuri don koyo da kansu. Waɗannan abubuwan al'adu sun shafi batutuwan muhalli, zamantakewa da al'adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga ƙasar da ke karɓar baƙi. Kowace ɗaliban zangon karatu suna ɗaukar aƙalla jerin ayyuka na tsawon mako guda, suna barin birnin da ke karɓar baƙi zuwa wani wuri. [[Fayil:THINK_Global_School_Students_learn_about_Bedouin_life_in_Oman.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ka yi tunanin ɗaliban Makaranta na Duniya suna koyo game da rayuwar Bedouin a Oman]] === Koyon Harshe === Ana koyar da babban shirin ilimi na makarantar da [[Turanci]] . An fi mai da hankali kan koyon [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]], inda ake gudanar da zango ɗaya a ƙasar da ke magana da Sifaniyanci kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran ɗalibai su sami ƙamus na asali a cikin yaren ƙasar da kowace zangon karatu ke karɓar baƙi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5aiyh8c3djuamp5drh14737jhrwjsc1 0 161093 878966 2026-07-08T13:37:37Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360505236|Academy (English school)]]" 878966 wikitext text/x-wiki A [[Ingila]], '''makarantar kimiyya''' (ko '''makarantar kimiyya''' ) makaranta ce da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta, wacce Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke daukar nauyinta kai tsaye, kuma ba ta da ikon kula da kananan hukumomi . Sharuɗɗan shirye-shiryen an tsara su ne a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tallafin Makarantu. <ref name="IndividualFundingAgreements">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2011 |title=What is a Funding Agreement? {{!}} a can of worms |url=http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192422/http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=davidwolfe.org.uk}}</ref> Kashi 80% na makarantun sakandare, Kashi 40% na makarantun firamare da Kashi 44% na makarantun musamman makarantu ne {{As of|2023|10}} <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_(English_school)&action=edit &#x5B; &#x5D;]</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Department for Education]] |date=October 2023 |title=Explore Education Statistics: Schools, Pupils and their Characteristics |url=https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/school-pupils-and-their-characteristics |website=GOV.UK: Explore Education Statistics}}</ref> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2023]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] Makarantun ilimi amintattu ne na agaji waɗanda ba na riba ba, kuma suna iya samun ƙarin tallafi daga masu tallafawa na mutum ɗaya ko na kamfani, ko dai ta hanyar kuɗi ko ta hanyar kayan aiki. <ref name="CharityCommission">{{Cite web |title=Charities and charity trustees: an introduction for school governors |url=http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Charity_requirements_guidance/Specialist_guidance/Education/introduction_for_school_governors.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221103330/https://www.gov.uk/topic/running-charity |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Charity Commission website |publisher=Charity Commission}}</ref> Ana duba makarantu kuma ana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kan shiga, buƙatun ilimi na musamman da keɓancewa kamar yadda sauran makarantun jiha da ɗalibai ke yin jarrabawar ƙasa iri ɗaya. Suna da ƙarin 'yancin kai tare da Manhajar Ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of school – Academies |url=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316211956/https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/academies |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> amma dole ne su tabbatar da cewa manhajar karatunsu ta kasance mai faɗi da daidaito, <ref name="AcademiesAct2010Section1">{{Cite web |title=Academies Act 2010, Section 1 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/32/section/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305211742/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/32/section/1 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2016 |publisher=Gov.uk}}</ref> kuma ta haɗa da manyan darussan Turanci, lissafi da kimiyya. Dole ne kuma su koyar da dangantaka da ilimin jima'i, da ilimin addini. <ref name="AcademyFundingAgreement">{{Cite web |title=Academy and Free School Master Funding Agreement |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010032820/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=18 March 2016 |publisher=Gov.uk}}</ref> Suna da 'yancin zaɓar fannoni na musamman . == Nau'o'i == Ga dukkan nau'ikan makarantun ilimi masu zuwa: <ref name="AcademyTypes">{{Cite web |title=Types of academy |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185240/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=www.ssatuk.co.uk |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}</ref> * '''Makarantar da aka tallafa''' : Makarantar da aka daɗe ana kula da ita wadda aka mayar da ita matsayin makarantar sakandare a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun shiga tsakani na gwamnati. Saboda haka, mai tallafawa da gwamnati ta amince da shi ne ke gudanar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy sponsorship |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-sponsorship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185227/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-sponsorship |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana kiranta da '''makarantun gargajiya''' . <ref name="schoolTypes">{{Cite web |title=Comparison of Different School Type |url=http://www.newschoolsnetwork.org/sites/default/files/files/pdf/Differences%20across%20school%20types.pdf |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=NSN website |publisher=New Schools Network}}</ref> * '''Makarantar Koyar da Makaranta''' : Makarantar da aka daɗe ana kula da ita wadda ta koma matsayin makarantar ''da son rai'' . Ba lallai ba ne makarantar koyar da Makaranta ta sami mai tallafawa. <ref name="conversionProcess">{{Cite web |title=Academy conversion process |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-conversion-process |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185031/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-conversion-process |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> * '''Makaranta Kyauta''' : Makarantu kyauta sabbin makarantu ne da aka kafa tun 2011 ta hanyar Shirin Makaranta Kyauta. <ref name="FreeSchoolDefn">{{Cite web |title=Education Terms: Free Schools |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/vocabularies/educationtermsandtags/7123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503170022/http://www.education.gov.uk/vocabularies/educationtermsandtags/7123 |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=DfE Website |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Daga watan Mayu 2015, an kuma fadada amfani da kalmar zuwa sabbin makarantun da aka kafa ta hanyar gasar Hukumar Kula da Ƙananan Hukumomi. <ref name="FreeSchoolPresumption">{{Cite web |title=The free school presumption |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/451377/Academy_and_free_school_presumption_departmental_advice_2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111142835/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/451377/Academy_and_free_school_presumption_departmental_advice_2.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2016 |access-date=16 August 2015 |website=Gov.uk}}</ref> Yawancin makarantun kyauta suna da kama da girma da siffa da sauran nau'ikan makarantun. Duk da haka, waɗannan ƙananan nau'ikan makarantun kyauta ne daban-daban: <ref name="AcademyTypes">{{Cite web |title=Types of academy |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185240/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=www.ssatuk.co.uk |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}</ref> ** '''[[Makarantar studio|Makarantar Studio]]''' : Ƙaramin makaranta kyauta, yawanci tana ɗauke da ɗalibai kusan 300, tana amfani da ilmantarwa bisa ga ayyuka <ref name="GovTypesOfSchool">{{Cite web |title=Types of school |url=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/free-schools |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219225058/https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/free-schools |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> ** '''Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jami'a''' : Makaranta kyauta ga rukunin shekaru 14-18, wacce ta ƙware a fannoni na aiki, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan aiki, waɗanda jami'a, ma'aikaci ko kwalejin ilimi ta gaba ke ɗaukar nauyinsu. <ref name="GovTypesOfSchool" /> <ref name="UTCColleges">{{Cite web |title=UTC Colleges Overview |url=http://www.utcolleges.org/about/overview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716153058/http://www.utcolleges.org/about/overview/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=16 July 2015 |website=UTC Colleges |publisher=Baker Dearing Educational Trust}}</ref> ** '''[[Makarantar lissafi|Makarantar Lissafi]]''' : Makaranta kyauta ta aji shida ga waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin lissafi, waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin lissafi. Jami'ar lissafi mai zaɓe ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to open a maths school |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Janet |date=2018-05-12 |title=The chancellor can't make maths schools add up |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/the-chancellor-cant-make-maths-schools-add-up/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> * '''Kwalejin Imani''' : Kwalejin da ke da takardar shaidar addini a hukumance. * '''Kwalejin haɗin gwiwa''' : Kwalejin da ke amfani da yarjejeniyar makarantar haɗin gwiwa ta madadin. Asusun ilimi na makarantar da ke gudanar da fiye da makaranta ɗaya ana kiransa '''[[Amincewa da kwaleji da yawa|amintaccen ilimi mai yawa]]''', kodayake a wasu lokutan ana amfani da kalmomin '''ƙungiyar makarantar''' ko '''ƙungiyar makarantar''' . Sarkar makarantar rukuni ne na amintattu waɗanda ke aiki tare a ƙarƙashin tsarin gudanarwa na gama gari. <ref name="SSATChains">{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}</ref> <ref name="BecomeAcademyDfe">{{Cite web |title=Become an academy: information for schools |url=https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504104002/https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> == Siffofi == Makarantar sakandare makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta jiha da ke ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kwalejin da ta yi da Ma'aikatar Ilimi, kuma a wannan lokacin tana yanke alaƙa da hukumar ilimi ta gida. Rubutun shawara na yanzu shine ''Kwalejin da yarjejeniyar bayar da kuɗaɗen karatu kyauta: yarjejeniyar bayar da kuɗaɗen karatu ta farko'' da aka sanya wa hannu a watan Maris na 2018. <ref name="Agreement">{{Cite web |title=Academy and free school-master funding agreement |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425083310/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=www.gov.uk}}</ref> <ref name="ws">{{Cite web |title=Changes to DfE funding agreements for academies |url=https://www.wrigleys.co.uk/news/education/changes-to-dfe-funding-agreements-for-academies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192327/https://www.wrigleys.co.uk/news/education/changes-to-dfe-funding-agreements-for-academies/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=Wrigleys Solicitors}}</ref> Gwamnonin makarantar suna da alhakin buga rahoto da asusun shekara-shekara, waɗanda za a iya bincikawa da dubawa. <ref name="AReport">{{Cite web |title=Academy and free school-master funding agreement- 4.23 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425083310/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=www.gov.uk}}</ref> Ana sa ran dukkan makarantun gaba da sakandare su bi manhaja mai faɗi da daidaito, amma da yawa suna da fifiko kan, ko ƙwarewa ta musamman a fannoni ɗaya ko fiye kamar kimiyya; fasaha; kasuwanci da kasuwanci; kwamfuta; injiniyanci; lissafi; harsunan ƙasashen waje na zamani; fasahar wasan kwaikwayo; wasanni; ko fasaha. Duk da cewa ana buƙatar makarantu su bi wasu fannoni na Manhajar Ƙasa, in ba haka ba suna da 'yancin ƙirƙira abubuwa; duk da haka, yayin da suke shiga cikin jarrabawar Maɓallin Mataki na 3 da GCSE iri ɗaya kamar sauran makarantun Turanci, suna koyar da manhaja mai kama da sauran makarantu, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How much do academies use their legal 'freedoms' in practice {{!}} a can of worms |url=http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/1418 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104194015/http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/1418 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=davidwolfe.org.uk}}</ref> Kamar sauran makarantun jiha, ana buƙatar makarantun su bi Dokar Shiga Ƙasa, kodayake sabbin makarantun da aka kafa waɗanda aka sanya wa suna da alaƙa da addini suna ƙarƙashin Dokar 50% da ta buƙaci su ware aƙalla rabin guraben su ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. <ref name="admissionsCode">{{Cite web |title=School admissions code |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-admissions-code |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421084106/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-admissions-code |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Dangane da shugabancinsu, makarantun an kafa su a matsayin kamfanoni waɗanda aka iyakance su ta hanyar garanti tare da kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ke aiki a matsayin Amintacce. Cibiyar Academy ta keɓe matsayin agaji, wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke tsarawa. <ref name="CharityCommission">{{Cite web |title=Charities and charity trustees: an introduction for school governors |url=http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Charity_requirements_guidance/Specialist_guidance/Education/introduction_for_school_governors.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221103330/https://www.gov.uk/topic/running-charity |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Charity Commission website |publisher=Charity Commission}}</ref> Amintattun suna da alhakin gudanar da makarantar bisa doka, amma ba ta kuɗi ba. Amintaccen yana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar shari'a wadda makarantar take ɓangare. Amintaccen yana kula da gudanar da makarantar, wani lokacin yana ba da alhakin ga hukumar gudanarwa ta gida da suka naɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunton |first=Cloe |date=28 April 2015 |title=The role of the local governing body |url=https://academytoday.co.uk/Article/the-role-of-the-local-governing-body |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=Academy Today}}</ref> Shugaban makarantar na yau da kullun, kamar yadda yake a yawancin makarantu, babban malami ne da ƙungiyar manyan jami'an gudanarwa ke gudanarwa. A cikin Kwalejin da aka Tallafa, mai tallafawa yana iya yin tasiri ga tsarin kafa makarantar, gami da manhajarta, ɗabi'a, ƙwarewa da gini (idan an gina sabuwa). Mai tallafawa kuma yana da ikon naɗa gwamnoni a cikin hukumar gudanarwa ta makarantar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[File:Academy_(English_school)_logo.svg|thumb|222x222px|Tambarin Makarantu daga shekarun 2000 da 2010]] Gwamnatin Labour a ƙarƙashin Tony Blair ta kafa makarantu ta hanyar Dokar Koyo da Ƙwarewa ta 2000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Learning and Skills Act 2000 (c. 21) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00021--i.htm#130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075842/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00021--i.htm#130 |archive-date=21 November 2008 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> wanda ya yi wa sashe na Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 da ta shafi Kwalejojin Fasaha ta Birni kwaskwarima. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Education Act 1996 (c. 56) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/96056-cc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416093050/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/96056-cc.htm |archive-date=16 April 2007 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> An fara sanar da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Fara Aiki na Farko <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-03-15 |title=Anger at scheme for failing schools |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/677996.stm |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Baker (journalist) |date=2000-03-15 |title=City academy, US-style |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/678793.stm |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education social policy: part 5 - New Labour 1997-2010: The Blair/Brown years |url=https://www.sociologystuff.com/download/0051eb63-4102-11e9-8b3a-2302c61d4837/ |access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref> a cikin wani jawabi da David Blunkett, Sakataren Harkokin Ilimi da Ƙwarewa na lokacin, ya yi a 2000. Ya ce manufarsu ita ce "inganta aikin ɗalibai da kuma karya tsarin ƙarancin tsammani." Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, makarantu da yawa suna fama da ƙarancin kuɗi da rashin aiki. Babban mai tsara manufofin shine Andrew Adonis (wanda yanzu shine Lord Adonis, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje a Ma'aikatar Sufuri ) a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan harkokin ilimi ga Firayim Minista a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. An san makarantun da makarantun birni a shekarun farko, amma an canza kalmar zuwa makarantun gaba da sakandare ta hanyar [[Doka|gyara]] a cikin Dokar Ilimi ta 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Education Act 2002 (c. 32) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20032--j.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180256/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20032--j.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> An yi amfani da kalmar Tallafawa Makarantun Sakandare a baya ga wannan nau'in makarantar, don bambanta ta da sauran nau'ikan makarantar da aka kunna daga baya. Zuwa shekarar 2024, kusan kashi 80% na makarantun sakandare da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinsu makarantu ne ko kuma makarantu kyauta, kuma kusan kashi 40% na makarantun firamare makarantu ne. === Makarantun da aka tallafa === Da farko makarantun da aka tallafa wa ɗalibai sun buƙaci mai tallafawa ''mai zaman kansa'' wanda zai iya zama mutum ɗaya (kamar Sir David Garrard, wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Bexley ), ƙungiyoyi kamar United Learning Trust, kasuwanci masu manufa kamar The Co-operative Group ko kuma kasuwancin da ke ba da riba kamar Amey plc ). Ana sa ran waɗannan masu tallafawa za su kawo "mafi kyawun ayyuka masu zaman kansu da gudanarwa mai ƙirƙira" ga makarantun, "sau da yawa yana da bambanci da rashin jagoranci da makarantun da suka gaza suka fuskanta" (wanda aka sani da makarantun da suka gabata). <ref name="PYB2008">{{Cite web |title=BSF – HOW TO SPONSOR AN ACADEMY OR A SPECIALIST SCHOOL. A GUIDE FOR SPONSORS |url=http://www.parliamentaryyearbook2008.co.uk/CP/how-to-sponsor-an-academy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018113652/http://www.parliamentaryyearbook2008.co.uk/CP/how-to-sponsor-an-academy.html |archive-date=18 October 2012 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Parliamentary Year Book 2008 |publisher=Blakes}}</ref> Da farko an buƙaci su ba da gudummawar kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen jari na makarantar (har zuwa matsakaicin £2m). Sauran kuɗaɗen jari da gudanarwa an biya su ta hanyar da aka saba wa makarantun jihar Burtaniya ta hanyar tallafin da hukumomin yankin suka ba da kuɗi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Daga baya Gwamnati ta cire buƙatar saka hannun jari na kuɗi daga wani mai tallafawa mai zaman kansa a wani mataki na ƙarfafa makarantu da ƙungiyoyin agaji masu nasara da ke akwai su zama masu tallafawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Makarantun da aka tallafa yawanci suna maye gurbin makarantu ɗaya ko fiye da da ake da su, amma wasu an kafa su sababbi. An yi nufin magance matsalar gazawar da ta yi katutu a cikin makarantun Ingilishi waɗanda ke da ƙarancin nasarar ilimi, ko makarantu da ke cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin burin ilimi. Sau da yawa ana sanya waɗannan makarantu a cikin " matakai na musamman " bayan binciken Ofsted, kamar yadda ya faru ga makarantu a cikin Co-op Academies Trust (ɗaya daga cikin manyan amintattun da kasuwanci ke tallafawa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CO-OPERATIVE ACADEMIES TRUST - GOV.UK |url=https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Groups/Group/Details/2777#list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063504/https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Groups/Group/Details/2777#list |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |website=get-information-schools.service.gov.uk}}</ref> Ana sa ran su zama masu ƙirƙira da kirkire-kirkire saboda 'yancinsu na kuɗi da na ilimi, don magance matsalolin da suka daɗe ana niyyar magance su. <ref name="CH4faqs">{{Cite web |title=Q&A: city academies |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/education/qa+city+academies/1071547.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504222839/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/education/qa+city+academies/1071547.html |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Channel 4 News website |publisher=Channel 4}}</ref> Da farko dukkan makarantun da aka tallafa wa tallafin karatu dole ne su sami ƙwarewa a fannin manhaja a cikin Shirin Makarantun Ƙwararru na Turanci (SSP) . <ref name="Standards Site">{{Cite web |title=Specialist Schools |url=http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/specialistschools/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218220436/http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/specialistschools/ |archive-date=18 December 2008 |access-date=15 December 2008 |website=The Standards Site |publisher=[[Department for Children, Schools and Families]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, an cire wannan buƙatar a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Specialist schools programme: Michael Gove announces changes |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185028/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Zuwa watan Mayu na 2010 akwai Makarantun da aka tallafa wa tallafin karatu guda 203 a Ingila. === Makarantun masu sauya fasalin === Dokar Makarantun da aka kafa ta 2010 ta nemi ƙara yawan makarantun. Ta ba dukkan makarantun da ake kula da su damar komawa matsayin makarantar, wanda aka sani da Converter Academies kuma ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar sabbin makarantu ta hanyar Shirin Makaranta Kyauta . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A lokaci guda sabuwar gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ke jagoranta ta sanar da cewa za su mayar da kuɗaɗen tallafin karatu ga makarantun musamman [watau Matsayin Kwalejin Fasaha ] zuwa manyan kuɗaɗen tallafi. <ref name="SpecialismChanges">{{Cite web |title=Specialist schools programme: Michael Gove announces changes |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185028/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa makarantun sakandare ba za su ƙara karɓar kuɗaɗen fan miliyan 130 daga gwamnati kai tsaye ga kowace ƙwarewarsu ba. Hanya ɗaya ta sake samun iko kai tsaye kan kuɗaɗensu da kuma riƙe kuɗaɗen ƙwararru ita ce zama Kwalejin Canja wurin kuma a sami duk kuɗaɗen tallafin kai tsaye daga Gwamnati, tare da yuwuwar siyan ayyuka a farashi mai rahusa. <ref name="BBCFAQ">{{Cite web |title=Q&A: Academies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13274090 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212192613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13274090 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=BBC News website |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Wannan, tare da wasu makarantu da ke son ƙarin 'yanci daga ikon [[Ƙaramar hukuma|hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi]], yana nufin cewa makarantun sakandare da yawa na jihohi a Ingila sun koma matsayin jami'a a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. <ref>"Huge increase in academies takes total to more than 2300", Dept. for Education Press Notice, 7 Sept. 2012. ({{Cite web |title=Huge increase in academies takes total to more than 2,300 |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/inthenews/a00213703/huge-increase-in-academies-takes-total-to-more-than-2300 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405040951/http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/inthenews/a00213703/huge-increase-in-academies-takes-total-to-more-than-2300 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |access-date=2013-02-13}})</ref> Zuwa watan Afrilun 2011, adadin makarantun ya karu zuwa 629, kuma zuwa watan Agustan 2011, ya kai 1,070. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Open academies and academy projects in development – The Department for Education |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/a0069811/schools-submitting-applications-and-academies-that-have-opened-in-201011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831194526/http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/a0069811/schools-submitting-applications-and-academies-that-have-opened-in-201011 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Education.gov.uk}}</ref> Zuwa watan Yulin 2012, wannan adadin ya kai 1,957, wanda ya ninka na shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="education.gov.uk">{{Cite web |title=Open academies, free schools, studio schools and UTCs |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/b00208569/open-academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223002024/http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/b00208569/open-academies |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref> kuma, a ranar 1 ga Nuwamban 2013, ya tsaya a 3,444. <ref name="education.gov.uk" /> === Alhaki kan kuɗi === Hukumar Ba da Tallafin Ilimi tana sa ido kan harkokin kuɗi da kuma tafiyar da makarantun gaba da sakandare. A watan Maris na 2016, an gano cewa Perry Beeches, wata cibiyar ilimi mai zaman kanta, ta share bayanan kuɗi na fam miliyan 2.5 na tallafin abinci kyauta ga makarantu, kuma ƙananan 'yan kwangila ne ke biyan babban jami'in gudanarwa. Ana sa ran sabuwar cibiyar za ta karɓe makarantunta. A watan Agusta na 2016, an sami tsohon shugaban makarantar kuma wanda ya kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kings, tsohon darektan kuɗi, da kuma wani tsohon malami wanda 'yar'uwar wanda ya kafa makarantar ta aikata laifin zamba da kuɗaɗen jama'a na fam 150,000. A watan Oktoban 2017, Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Wakefield City ta ruguje, kuma ''Jaridar The Observer'' ta ruwaito cewa "Wakefield City Academies Trust yanzu ana tuhumarta da 'kwace kadarorinta' bayan ta mayar da miliyoyin fam na ajiyar makarantun zuwa asusunta kafin ta ruguje. A ranar 8 ga Satumba ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kanta da makarantunta 21 saboda ba za ta iya aiwatar da 'ingancin gaggawa da makarantunmu ke bukata ba'." A watan Maris na 2022, wani rahoto da Kwamitin Kula da Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar ya fitar ya gano cewa asusun makarantar da ke biyan ma'aikaci sama da £100,000 ya karu daga 1,875 zuwa 2,245 a shekarar kuɗi ta 2020–2021 daga shekarar kuɗi da ta gabata. Ba a buga wani bita da aka yi alƙawarin yi game da babban albashi da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta yi ba. Kwamitin ya kammala da cewa rashin bayyana gaskiya game da kuɗi ya lalata ikon iyaye na riƙe shugabannin makarantu da hukumomin ba da tallafi. == Tsarin canza kaya (2018) == Ana shawo kan gwamnonin makaranta su yi la'akari da matsayin makarantar, wataƙila a matsayin martani ga wata hanyar da wata hukumar ilimi mai yawa (MAT) ta bi. Suna da zaɓi biyu: su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da [[Ƙaramar hukuma|hukumar yankinsu]] ta yanzu, ko kuma su shiga wata hukumar ilimi mai yawa; canza matsayinsu zuwa wata hukumar ilimi mai zaman kanta ba ta zama zaɓi ba kafin 2018. Idan aka ba su ƙimar Ofsted 'gamsuwa' (wanda yanzu ake kira 'buƙatar ingantawa'), ba su da ikon yanke shawara. Gwamnonin suna tantance MATs da ake da su kuma suna son ɗaukar su. Ɗabi'u da dabi'u, gaurayen yankuna na makarantu da aiki, yadda makarantu daban-daban suka yi nasarar riƙe asalinsu, darajar kuɗi, da kuma ƙarfin amintaccen don tallafawa ci gaban makarantu da ma'aikata duk abubuwan da ake kwatantawa ne. Sannan gwamnonin za su zaɓi amintaccen abokin tarayya. <ref name="Lancaster">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting |url=https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents}}</ref> {{Rp|3}} Sai su yi rijistar sha'awa da DfE sannan su sanar da Hukumar Makarantun Yankin. Gwamnoni za su fara tattaunawa da iyaye da ma'aikata, kuma da wannan bayanin za su yanke shawara ko za su ci gaba. Idan sun yi haka, [[Amincewa da kwaleji da yawa|Kwamishinan Makarantun Yankin]] ya amince da shawarar shiga amintaccen da aka zaɓa kuma Sakataren Jiha ya ba da umarnin makarantar. Ana canja wurin ma'aikatan makarantar zuwa MAT bisa ga ƙa'idodin TUPE, kuma ana canja wurin filaye da kadarorin kasuwanci daga hukumar yankin. Makarantar za ta iya canza ra'ayinta har sai an aika takardu zuwa Sakataren Jiha don a sanya hannu; wannan yawanci yana kusan makonni uku kafin ranar da aka amince da canza makarantar. <ref name="Lancaster">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting |url=https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf "Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents''. 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> {{Rp|9}} Akwai kuɗaɗen shari'a da ake kashewa, kuma ana ba wa wata makarantar koyon aikin gyaran makarantu £25,000 don biyan waɗannan kuɗaɗen. Dole ne hukumar yankin ta ba da hayar shekaru 125 ga amintaccen makarantar don filin. Filayen makaranta da filayen wasa suna ƙarƙashin Sashe na 77 na Dokar Ma'aunin Makaranta da Tsarin Tsarin 1998. Makarantar tana biyan wani kaso na babban kuɗinta ga MAT don ayyukan da aka raba amma a ka'ida za ta iya ɗaukar matakai mafi kyau don tabbatar da mafi kyawun ƙima. <ref name="Lancaster">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting |url=https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf "Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents''. 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> {{Rp|8}} == Tallafi == Duk da cewa har yanzu suna cikin matakin farko na ci gaba, masu goyon bayan sun nuna bayanai masu tasowa da ke nuna ci gaba mai ban mamaki a sakamakon GCSE ga makarantun gaba da sakandare idan aka kwatanta da na baya, tare da sakamakon farko da ke nuna cewa "sakamakon GCSE yana inganta sau biyu cikin sauri a makarantun gaba da sakandare kamar na makarantun jiha". A cikin wani labarin da aka wallafa a ''jaridar The Observer'', wanda ya yi la'akari da yawancin ikirarin Gwamnati na makarantun da ke da shakku, 'yar jarida Geraldine Bedell ta yarda cewa: : Da alama, zuwa yanzu, suna aiki - ba duka sun yi kyau kamar Mossbourne ba, amma sun fi yawancin makarantun cikin gari da suka maye gurbinsu da wahala. Labarin ya ware makarantar da aka ambata, Mossbourne Community Academy da ke Hackney, a matsayin "makarantar da ta fi shahara a Birtaniya - aƙalla tare da 'yan siyasa" da kuma "makarantar da ta fi kowacce daraja a ƙasar". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rz46r4vrdcxrnq362gum70l2m3d7xks 878967 878966 2026-07-08T13:38:08Z Arcdanumma047 38699 878967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Ingila]], '''makarantar kimiyya''' (ko '''makarantar kimiyya''' ) makaranta ce da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta, wacce Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke daukar nauyinta kai tsaye, kuma ba ta da ikon kula da kananan hukumomi . Sharuɗɗan shirye-shiryen an tsara su ne a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tallafin Makarantu. <ref name="IndividualFundingAgreements">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2011 |title=What is a Funding Agreement? {{!}} a can of worms |url=http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192422/http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/241 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=davidwolfe.org.uk}}</ref> Kashi 80% na makarantun sakandare, Kashi 40% na makarantun firamare da Kashi 44% na makarantun musamman makarantu ne {{As of|2023|10}} <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_(English_school)&action=edit &#x5B; &#x5D;]</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Department for Education]] |date=October 2023 |title=Explore Education Statistics: Schools, Pupils and their Characteristics |url=https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/school-pupils-and-their-characteristics |website=GOV.UK: Explore Education Statistics}}</ref> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2023]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] Makarantun ilimi amintattu ne na agaji waɗanda ba na riba ba, kuma suna iya samun ƙarin tallafi daga masu tallafawa na mutum ɗaya ko na kamfani, ko dai ta hanyar kuɗi ko ta hanyar kayan aiki. <ref name="CharityCommission">{{Cite web |title=Charities and charity trustees: an introduction for school governors |url=http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Charity_requirements_guidance/Specialist_guidance/Education/introduction_for_school_governors.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221103330/https://www.gov.uk/topic/running-charity |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Charity Commission website |publisher=Charity Commission}}</ref> Ana duba makarantu kuma ana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kan shiga, buƙatun ilimi na musamman da keɓancewa kamar yadda sauran makarantun jiha da ɗalibai ke yin jarrabawar ƙasa iri ɗaya. Suna da ƙarin 'yancin kai tare da Manhajar Ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of school – Academies |url=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316211956/https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/academies |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> amma dole ne su tabbatar da cewa manhajar karatunsu ta kasance mai faɗi da daidaito, <ref name="AcademiesAct2010Section1">{{Cite web |title=Academies Act 2010, Section 1 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/32/section/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305211742/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/32/section/1 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=18 March 2016 |publisher=Gov.uk}}</ref> kuma ta haɗa da manyan darussan Turanci, lissafi da kimiyya. Dole ne kuma su koyar da dangantaka da ilimin jima'i, da ilimin addini. <ref name="AcademyFundingAgreement">{{Cite web |title=Academy and Free School Master Funding Agreement |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010032820/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=18 March 2016 |publisher=Gov.uk}}</ref> Suna da 'yancin zaɓar fannoni na musamman . == Nau'o'i == Ga dukkan nau'ikan makarantun ilimi masu zuwa: <ref name="AcademyTypes">{{Cite web |title=Types of academy |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185240/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=www.ssatuk.co.uk |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}</ref> * '''Makarantar da aka tallafa''' : Makarantar da aka daɗe ana kula da ita wadda aka mayar da ita matsayin makarantar sakandare a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun shiga tsakani na gwamnati. Saboda haka, mai tallafawa da gwamnati ta amince da shi ne ke gudanar da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy sponsorship |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-sponsorship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185227/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-sponsorship |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana kiranta da '''makarantun gargajiya''' . <ref name="schoolTypes">{{Cite web |title=Comparison of Different School Type |url=http://www.newschoolsnetwork.org/sites/default/files/files/pdf/Differences%20across%20school%20types.pdf |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=NSN website |publisher=New Schools Network}}</ref> * '''Makarantar Koyar da Makaranta''' : Makarantar da aka daɗe ana kula da ita wadda ta koma matsayin makarantar ''da son rai'' . Ba lallai ba ne makarantar koyar da Makaranta ta sami mai tallafawa. <ref name="conversionProcess">{{Cite web |title=Academy conversion process |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-conversion-process |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185031/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/academy-conversion-process |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> * '''Makaranta Kyauta''' : Makarantu kyauta sabbin makarantu ne da aka kafa tun 2011 ta hanyar Shirin Makaranta Kyauta. <ref name="FreeSchoolDefn">{{Cite web |title=Education Terms: Free Schools |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/vocabularies/educationtermsandtags/7123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503170022/http://www.education.gov.uk/vocabularies/educationtermsandtags/7123 |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=DfE Website |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Daga watan Mayu 2015, an kuma fadada amfani da kalmar zuwa sabbin makarantun da aka kafa ta hanyar gasar Hukumar Kula da Ƙananan Hukumomi. <ref name="FreeSchoolPresumption">{{Cite web |title=The free school presumption |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/451377/Academy_and_free_school_presumption_departmental_advice_2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111142835/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/451377/Academy_and_free_school_presumption_departmental_advice_2.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2016 |access-date=16 August 2015 |website=Gov.uk}}</ref> Yawancin makarantun kyauta suna da kama da girma da siffa da sauran nau'ikan makarantun. Duk da haka, waɗannan ƙananan nau'ikan makarantun kyauta ne daban-daban: <ref name="AcademyTypes">{{Cite web |title=Types of academy |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185240/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/ssat/support/academies/about-academies/types-of-academy/ |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=www.ssatuk.co.uk |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}</ref> ** '''[[Makarantar studio|Makarantar Studio]]''' : Ƙaramin makaranta kyauta, yawanci tana ɗauke da ɗalibai kusan 300, tana amfani da ilmantarwa bisa ga ayyuka <ref name="GovTypesOfSchool">{{Cite web |title=Types of school |url=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/free-schools |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219225058/https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/free-schools |archive-date=19 February 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> ** '''Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jami'a''' : Makaranta kyauta ga rukunin shekaru 14-18, wacce ta ƙware a fannoni na aiki, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan aiki, waɗanda jami'a, ma'aikaci ko kwalejin ilimi ta gaba ke ɗaukar nauyinsu. <ref name="GovTypesOfSchool" /> <ref name="UTCColleges">{{Cite web |title=UTC Colleges Overview |url=http://www.utcolleges.org/about/overview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716153058/http://www.utcolleges.org/about/overview/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=16 July 2015 |website=UTC Colleges |publisher=Baker Dearing Educational Trust}}</ref> ** '''[[Makarantar lissafi|Makarantar Lissafi]]''' : Makaranta kyauta ta aji shida ga waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin lissafi, waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin lissafi. Jami'ar lissafi mai zaɓe ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to open a maths school |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to apply to set up a maths school for 16 to 19 year olds |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-open-a-maths-school/how-to-apply-to-set-up-a-maths-school-for-16-to-19-year-olds |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Downs |first=Janet |date=2018-05-12 |title=The chancellor can't make maths schools add up |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/the-chancellor-cant-make-maths-schools-add-up/ |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> * '''Kwalejin Imani''' : Kwalejin da ke da takardar shaidar addini a hukumance. * '''Kwalejin haɗin gwiwa''' : Kwalejin da ke amfani da yarjejeniyar makarantar haɗin gwiwa ta madadin. Asusun ilimi na makarantar da ke gudanar da fiye da makaranta ɗaya ana kiransa '''[[Amincewa da kwaleji da yawa|amintaccen ilimi mai yawa]]''', kodayake a wasu lokutan ana amfani da kalmomin '''ƙungiyar makarantar''' ko '''ƙungiyar makarantar''' . Sarkar makarantar rukuni ne na amintattu waɗanda ke aiki tare a ƙarƙashin tsarin gudanarwa na gama gari. <ref name="SSATChains">{{Cite web |title=Academy Chains |url=http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504105416/http://www.ssatuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Academy-Chains-and-Groups.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=SSAT UK website |publisher=Specialist Schools and Academies Trust}}</ref> <ref name="BecomeAcademyDfe">{{Cite web |title=Become an academy: information for schools |url=https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504104002/https://www.gov.uk/become-an-academy-information-for-schools |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> == Siffofi == Makarantar sakandare makaranta ce mai zaman kanta ta jiha da ke ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kwalejin da ta yi da Ma'aikatar Ilimi, kuma a wannan lokacin tana yanke alaƙa da hukumar ilimi ta gida. Rubutun shawara na yanzu shine ''Kwalejin da yarjejeniyar bayar da kuɗaɗen karatu kyauta: yarjejeniyar bayar da kuɗaɗen karatu ta farko'' da aka sanya wa hannu a watan Maris na 2018. <ref name="Agreement">{{Cite web |title=Academy and free school-master funding agreement |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425083310/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=www.gov.uk}}</ref> <ref name="ws">{{Cite web |title=Changes to DfE funding agreements for academies |url=https://www.wrigleys.co.uk/news/education/changes-to-dfe-funding-agreements-for-academies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192327/https://www.wrigleys.co.uk/news/education/changes-to-dfe-funding-agreements-for-academies/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=Wrigleys Solicitors}}</ref> Gwamnonin makarantar suna da alhakin buga rahoto da asusun shekara-shekara, waɗanda za a iya bincikawa da dubawa. <ref name="AReport">{{Cite web |title=Academy and free school-master funding agreement- 4.23 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425083310/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/388471/Academy_and_free_school_-_master_funding_agreement.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=www.gov.uk}}</ref> Ana sa ran dukkan makarantun gaba da sakandare su bi manhaja mai faɗi da daidaito, amma da yawa suna da fifiko kan, ko ƙwarewa ta musamman a fannoni ɗaya ko fiye kamar kimiyya; fasaha; kasuwanci da kasuwanci; kwamfuta; injiniyanci; lissafi; harsunan ƙasashen waje na zamani; fasahar wasan kwaikwayo; wasanni; ko fasaha. Duk da cewa ana buƙatar makarantu su bi wasu fannoni na Manhajar Ƙasa, in ba haka ba suna da 'yancin ƙirƙira abubuwa; duk da haka, yayin da suke shiga cikin jarrabawar Maɓallin Mataki na 3 da GCSE iri ɗaya kamar sauran makarantun Turanci, suna koyar da manhaja mai kama da sauran makarantu, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How much do academies use their legal 'freedoms' in practice {{!}} a can of worms |url=http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/1418 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104194015/http://davidwolfe.org.uk/wordpress/archives/1418 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=davidwolfe.org.uk}}</ref> Kamar sauran makarantun jiha, ana buƙatar makarantun su bi Dokar Shiga Ƙasa, kodayake sabbin makarantun da aka kafa waɗanda aka sanya wa suna da alaƙa da addini suna ƙarƙashin Dokar 50% da ta buƙaci su ware aƙalla rabin guraben su ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. <ref name="admissionsCode">{{Cite web |title=School admissions code |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-admissions-code |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421084106/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-admissions-code |archive-date=21 April 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Dangane da shugabancinsu, makarantun an kafa su a matsayin kamfanoni waɗanda aka iyakance su ta hanyar garanti tare da kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ke aiki a matsayin Amintacce. Cibiyar Academy ta keɓe matsayin agaji, wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ke tsarawa. <ref name="CharityCommission">{{Cite web |title=Charities and charity trustees: an introduction for school governors |url=http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Charity_requirements_guidance/Specialist_guidance/Education/introduction_for_school_governors.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221103330/https://www.gov.uk/topic/running-charity |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Charity Commission website |publisher=Charity Commission}}</ref> Amintattun suna da alhakin gudanar da makarantar bisa doka, amma ba ta kuɗi ba. Amintaccen yana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar shari'a wadda makarantar take ɓangare. Amintaccen yana kula da gudanar da makarantar, wani lokacin yana ba da alhakin ga hukumar gudanarwa ta gida da suka naɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunton |first=Cloe |date=28 April 2015 |title=The role of the local governing body |url=https://academytoday.co.uk/Article/the-role-of-the-local-governing-body |access-date=8 December 2018 |website=Academy Today}}</ref> Shugaban makarantar na yau da kullun, kamar yadda yake a yawancin makarantu, babban malami ne da ƙungiyar manyan jami'an gudanarwa ke gudanarwa. A cikin Kwalejin da aka Tallafa, mai tallafawa yana iya yin tasiri ga tsarin kafa makarantar, gami da manhajarta, ɗabi'a, ƙwarewa da gini (idan an gina sabuwa). Mai tallafawa kuma yana da ikon naɗa gwamnoni a cikin hukumar gudanarwa ta makarantar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tarihi == [[File:Academy_(English_school)_logo.svg|thumb|222x222px|Tambarin Makarantu daga shekarun 2000 da 2010]] Gwamnatin Labour a ƙarƙashin Tony Blair ta kafa makarantu ta hanyar Dokar Koyo da Ƙwarewa ta 2000, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Learning and Skills Act 2000 (c. 21) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00021--i.htm#130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075842/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00021--i.htm#130 |archive-date=21 November 2008 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> wanda ya yi wa sashe na Dokar Ilimi ta 1996 da ta shafi Kwalejojin Fasaha ta Birni kwaskwarima. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Education Act 1996 (c. 56) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/96056-cc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416093050/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/96056-cc.htm |archive-date=16 April 2007 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> An fara sanar da su a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Fara Aiki na Farko <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-03-15 |title=Anger at scheme for failing schools |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/677996.stm |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Baker (journalist) |date=2000-03-15 |title=City academy, US-style |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/678793.stm |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education social policy: part 5 - New Labour 1997-2010: The Blair/Brown years |url=https://www.sociologystuff.com/download/0051eb63-4102-11e9-8b3a-2302c61d4837/ |access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref> a cikin wani jawabi da David Blunkett, Sakataren Harkokin Ilimi da Ƙwarewa na lokacin, ya yi a 2000. Ya ce manufarsu ita ce "inganta aikin ɗalibai da kuma karya tsarin ƙarancin tsammani." Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, makarantu da yawa suna fama da ƙarancin kuɗi da rashin aiki. Babban mai tsara manufofin shine Andrew Adonis (wanda yanzu shine Lord Adonis, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje a Ma'aikatar Sufuri ) a matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan harkokin ilimi ga Firayim Minista a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. An san makarantun da makarantun birni a shekarun farko, amma an canza kalmar zuwa makarantun gaba da sakandare ta hanyar [[Doka|gyara]] a cikin Dokar Ilimi ta 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2011 |title=Education Act 2002 (c. 32) |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20032--j.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180256/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/20032--j.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> An yi amfani da kalmar Tallafawa Makarantun Sakandare a baya ga wannan nau'in makarantar, don bambanta ta da sauran nau'ikan makarantar da aka kunna daga baya. Zuwa shekarar 2024, kusan kashi 80% na makarantun sakandare da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinsu makarantu ne ko kuma makarantu kyauta, kuma kusan kashi 40% na makarantun firamare makarantu ne. === Makarantun da aka tallafa === Da farko makarantun da aka tallafa wa ɗalibai sun buƙaci mai tallafawa ''mai zaman kansa'' wanda zai iya zama mutum ɗaya (kamar Sir David Garrard, wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Bexley ), ƙungiyoyi kamar United Learning Trust, kasuwanci masu manufa kamar The Co-operative Group ko kuma kasuwancin da ke ba da riba kamar Amey plc ). Ana sa ran waɗannan masu tallafawa za su kawo "mafi kyawun ayyuka masu zaman kansu da gudanarwa mai ƙirƙira" ga makarantun, "sau da yawa yana da bambanci da rashin jagoranci da makarantun da suka gaza suka fuskanta" (wanda aka sani da makarantun da suka gabata). <ref name="PYB2008">{{Cite web |title=BSF – HOW TO SPONSOR AN ACADEMY OR A SPECIALIST SCHOOL. A GUIDE FOR SPONSORS |url=http://www.parliamentaryyearbook2008.co.uk/CP/how-to-sponsor-an-academy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018113652/http://www.parliamentaryyearbook2008.co.uk/CP/how-to-sponsor-an-academy.html |archive-date=18 October 2012 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Parliamentary Year Book 2008 |publisher=Blakes}}</ref> Da farko an buƙaci su ba da gudummawar kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen jari na makarantar (har zuwa matsakaicin £2m). Sauran kuɗaɗen jari da gudanarwa an biya su ta hanyar da aka saba wa makarantun jihar Burtaniya ta hanyar tallafin da hukumomin yankin suka ba da kuɗi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Daga baya Gwamnati ta cire buƙatar saka hannun jari na kuɗi daga wani mai tallafawa mai zaman kansa a wani mataki na ƙarfafa makarantu da ƙungiyoyin agaji masu nasara da ke akwai su zama masu tallafawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Makarantun da aka tallafa yawanci suna maye gurbin makarantu ɗaya ko fiye da da ake da su, amma wasu an kafa su sababbi. An yi nufin magance matsalar gazawar da ta yi katutu a cikin makarantun Ingilishi waɗanda ke da ƙarancin nasarar ilimi, ko makarantu da ke cikin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin burin ilimi. Sau da yawa ana sanya waɗannan makarantu a cikin " matakai na musamman " bayan binciken Ofsted, kamar yadda ya faru ga makarantu a cikin Co-op Academies Trust (ɗaya daga cikin manyan amintattun da kasuwanci ke tallafawa). <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CO-OPERATIVE ACADEMIES TRUST - GOV.UK |url=https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Groups/Group/Details/2777#list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063504/https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Groups/Group/Details/2777#list |archive-date=6 January 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |website=get-information-schools.service.gov.uk}}</ref> Ana sa ran su zama masu ƙirƙira da kirkire-kirkire saboda 'yancinsu na kuɗi da na ilimi, don magance matsalolin da suka daɗe ana niyyar magance su. <ref name="CH4faqs">{{Cite web |title=Q&A: city academies |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/education/qa+city+academies/1071547.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504222839/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/society/education/qa+city+academies/1071547.html |archive-date=4 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Channel 4 News website |publisher=Channel 4}}</ref> Da farko dukkan makarantun da aka tallafa wa tallafin karatu dole ne su sami ƙwarewa a fannin manhaja a cikin Shirin Makarantun Ƙwararru na Turanci (SSP) . <ref name="Standards Site">{{Cite web |title=Specialist Schools |url=http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/specialistschools/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218220436/http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/specialistschools/ |archive-date=18 December 2008 |access-date=15 December 2008 |website=The Standards Site |publisher=[[Department for Children, Schools and Families]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, an cire wannan buƙatar a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Specialist schools programme: Michael Gove announces changes |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185028/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Zuwa watan Mayu na 2010 akwai Makarantun da aka tallafa wa tallafin karatu guda 203 a Ingila. === Makarantun masu sauya fasalin === Dokar Makarantun da aka kafa ta 2010 ta nemi ƙara yawan makarantun. Ta ba dukkan makarantun da ake kula da su damar komawa matsayin makarantar, wanda aka sani da Converter Academies kuma ta ba da damar ƙirƙirar sabbin makarantu ta hanyar Shirin Makaranta Kyauta . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A lokaci guda sabuwar gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ke jagoranta ta sanar da cewa za su mayar da kuɗaɗen tallafin karatu ga makarantun musamman [watau Matsayin Kwalejin Fasaha ] zuwa manyan kuɗaɗen tallafi. <ref name="SpecialismChanges">{{Cite web |title=Specialist schools programme: Michael Gove announces changes |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503185028/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/specialist-schools-programme-michael-gove-announces-changes |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=Department for Education}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa makarantun sakandare ba za su ƙara karɓar kuɗaɗen fan miliyan 130 daga gwamnati kai tsaye ga kowace ƙwarewarsu ba. Hanya ɗaya ta sake samun iko kai tsaye kan kuɗaɗensu da kuma riƙe kuɗaɗen ƙwararru ita ce zama Kwalejin Canja wurin kuma a sami duk kuɗaɗen tallafin kai tsaye daga Gwamnati, tare da yuwuwar siyan ayyuka a farashi mai rahusa. <ref name="BBCFAQ">{{Cite web |title=Q&A: Academies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13274090 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212192613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13274090 |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=4 May 2014 |website=BBC News website |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Wannan, tare da wasu makarantu da ke son ƙarin 'yanci daga ikon [[Ƙaramar hukuma|hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi]], yana nufin cewa makarantun sakandare da yawa na jihohi a Ingila sun koma matsayin jami'a a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. <ref>"Huge increase in academies takes total to more than 2300", Dept. for Education Press Notice, 7 Sept. 2012. ({{Cite web |title=Huge increase in academies takes total to more than 2,300 |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/inthenews/a00213703/huge-increase-in-academies-takes-total-to-more-than-2300 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405040951/http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/inthenews/a00213703/huge-increase-in-academies-takes-total-to-more-than-2300 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |access-date=2013-02-13}})</ref> Zuwa watan Afrilun 2011, adadin makarantun ya karu zuwa 629, kuma zuwa watan Agustan 2011, ya kai 1,070. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Open academies and academy projects in development – The Department for Education |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/a0069811/schools-submitting-applications-and-academies-that-have-opened-in-201011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831194526/http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/a0069811/schools-submitting-applications-and-academies-that-have-opened-in-201011 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Education.gov.uk}}</ref> Zuwa watan Yulin 2012, wannan adadin ya kai 1,957, wanda ya ninka na shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="education.gov.uk">{{Cite web |title=Open academies, free schools, studio schools and UTCs |url=http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/b00208569/open-academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223002024/http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/leadership/typesofschools/academies/b00208569/open-academies |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref> kuma, a ranar 1 ga Nuwamban 2013, ya tsaya a 3,444. <ref name="education.gov.uk" /> === Alhaki kan kuɗi === Hukumar Ba da Tallafin Ilimi tana sa ido kan harkokin kuɗi da kuma tafiyar da makarantun gaba da sakandare. A watan Maris na 2016, an gano cewa Perry Beeches, wata cibiyar ilimi mai zaman kanta, ta share bayanan kuɗi na fam miliyan 2.5 na tallafin abinci kyauta ga makarantu, kuma ƙananan 'yan kwangila ne ke biyan babban jami'in gudanarwa. Ana sa ran sabuwar cibiyar za ta karɓe makarantunta. A watan Agusta na 2016, an sami tsohon shugaban makarantar kuma wanda ya kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kings, tsohon darektan kuɗi, da kuma wani tsohon malami wanda 'yar'uwar wanda ya kafa makarantar ta aikata laifin zamba da kuɗaɗen jama'a na fam 150,000. A watan Oktoban 2017, Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Wakefield City ta ruguje, kuma ''Jaridar The Observer'' ta ruwaito cewa "Wakefield City Academies Trust yanzu ana tuhumarta da 'kwace kadarorinta' bayan ta mayar da miliyoyin fam na ajiyar makarantun zuwa asusunta kafin ta ruguje. A ranar 8 ga Satumba ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kanta da makarantunta 21 saboda ba za ta iya aiwatar da 'ingancin gaggawa da makarantunmu ke bukata ba'." A watan Maris na 2022, wani rahoto da Kwamitin Kula da Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar ya fitar ya gano cewa asusun makarantar da ke biyan ma'aikaci sama da £100,000 ya karu daga 1,875 zuwa 2,245 a shekarar kuɗi ta 2020–2021 daga shekarar kuɗi da ta gabata. Ba a buga wani bita da aka yi alƙawarin yi game da babban albashi da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta yi ba. Kwamitin ya kammala da cewa rashin bayyana gaskiya game da kuɗi ya lalata ikon iyaye na riƙe shugabannin makarantu da hukumomin ba da tallafi. == Tsarin canza kaya (2018) == Ana shawo kan gwamnonin makaranta su yi la'akari da matsayin makarantar, wataƙila a matsayin martani ga wata hanyar da wata hukumar ilimi mai yawa (MAT) ta bi. Suna da zaɓi biyu: su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da [[Ƙaramar hukuma|hukumar yankinsu]] ta yanzu, ko kuma su shiga wata hukumar ilimi mai yawa; canza matsayinsu zuwa wata hukumar ilimi mai zaman kanta ba ta zama zaɓi ba kafin 2018. Idan aka ba su ƙimar Ofsted 'gamsuwa' (wanda yanzu ake kira 'buƙatar ingantawa'), ba su da ikon yanke shawara. Gwamnonin suna tantance MATs da ake da su kuma suna son ɗaukar su. Ɗabi'u da dabi'u, gaurayen yankuna na makarantu da aiki, yadda makarantu daban-daban suka yi nasarar riƙe asalinsu, darajar kuɗi, da kuma ƙarfin amintaccen don tallafawa ci gaban makarantu da ma'aikata duk abubuwan da ake kwatantawa ne. Sannan gwamnonin za su zaɓi amintaccen abokin tarayya. <ref name="Lancaster">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting |url=https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents}}</ref> {{Rp|3}} Sai su yi rijistar sha'awa da DfE sannan su sanar da Hukumar Makarantun Yankin. Gwamnoni za su fara tattaunawa da iyaye da ma'aikata, kuma da wannan bayanin za su yanke shawara ko za su ci gaba. Idan sun yi haka, [[Amincewa da kwaleji da yawa|Kwamishinan Makarantun Yankin]] ya amince da shawarar shiga amintaccen da aka zaɓa kuma Sakataren Jiha ya ba da umarnin makarantar. Ana canja wurin ma'aikatan makarantar zuwa MAT bisa ga ƙa'idodin TUPE, kuma ana canja wurin filaye da kadarorin kasuwanci daga hukumar yankin. Makarantar za ta iya canza ra'ayinta har sai an aika takardu zuwa Sakataren Jiha don a sanya hannu; wannan yawanci yana kusan makonni uku kafin ranar da aka amince da canza makarantar. <ref name="Lancaster">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting |url=https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf "Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents''. 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> {{Rp|9}} Akwai kuɗaɗen shari'a da ake kashewa, kuma ana ba wa wata makarantar koyon aikin gyaran makarantu £25,000 don biyan waɗannan kuɗaɗen. Dole ne hukumar yankin ta ba da hayar shekaru 125 ga amintaccen makarantar don filin. Filayen makaranta da filayen wasa suna ƙarƙashin Sashe na 77 na Dokar Ma'aunin Makaranta da Tsarin Tsarin 1998. Makarantar tana biyan wani kaso na babban kuɗinta ga MAT don ayyukan da aka raba amma a ka'ida za ta iya ɗaukar matakai mafi kyau don tabbatar da mafi kyawun ƙima. <ref name="Lancaster">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting |url=https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents/Parent_Consultation_Meeting_Powerpoint_Slides.pdf "Central Lancaster High School- parent Consultation Meeting"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''files.schudio.com/central-lancaster-high-school/files/documents''. 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> {{Rp|8}} == Tallafi == Duk da cewa har yanzu suna cikin matakin farko na ci gaba, masu goyon bayan sun nuna bayanai masu tasowa da ke nuna ci gaba mai ban mamaki a sakamakon GCSE ga makarantun gaba da sakandare idan aka kwatanta da na baya, tare da sakamakon farko da ke nuna cewa "sakamakon GCSE yana inganta sau biyu cikin sauri a makarantun gaba da sakandare kamar na makarantun jiha". A cikin wani labarin da aka wallafa a ''jaridar The Observer'', wanda ya yi la'akari da yawancin ikirarin Gwamnati na makarantun da ke da shakku, 'yar jarida Geraldine Bedell ta yarda cewa: : Da alama, zuwa yanzu, suna aiki - ba duka sun yi kyau kamar Mossbourne ba, amma sun fi yawancin makarantun cikin gari da suka maye gurbinsu da wahala. Labarin ya ware makarantar da aka ambata, Mossbourne Community Academy da ke Hackney, a matsayin "makarantar da ta fi shahara a Birtaniya - aƙalla tare da 'yan siyasa" da kuma "makarantar da ta fi kowacce daraja a ƙasar". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ueepzyrr2e84pnyyd4vhkdsmt9mkx0 0 161094 878970 2026-07-08T14:24:27Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 878970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frank Archibong''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne daga [[Jihar Akwa Ibom]]. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Ma’aikatar Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Sarauta ta Jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Hon. Frank Archibong - Akwa Ibom State Government |url=https://akwaibomstate.gov.ng/executive-council/hon-frank-archibong/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Odey |first=Patrick |date=2025-02-11 |title=A'Ibom gov submits 27 commissioner, SA nominees to assembly |url=https://punchng.com/aibom-gov-submits-27-commissioner-sa-nominees-to-assembly/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |newspaper=The Punch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency of |date=2025-02-19 |title=Akwa Ibom assembly confirms 20 of 27 Gov Eno's political nominees |url=https://gazettengr.com/akwa-ibom-assembly-confirms-20-of-27-gov-enos-political-nominees/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria |access-date=2025-08-27 |newspaper=Peoples Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Lovina |date=2025-02-12 |title=Three former Federal lawmakers, 24 others make Gov Eno's Commissioners, Special Advisers' list |url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/12/three-former-federal-lawmakers-24-others-make-gov-enos-commissioners-special-advisers-list/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-08-27 |newspaper=Daily Post |language=en-US}}</ref> == Asali == Frank Archibong ya fito ne daga ƙauyen '''Ikot Ibiok''' da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Eket]] a [[Jihar Akwa Ibom]].<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Archibong ya fara karatunsa na boko a '''Community Primary School, Rumuoamasi''' da ke [[Port Harcourt]], [[Jihar Rivers]], inda ya samu Takardar Kammala Makarantar Firamare (First School Leaving Certificate). Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Methodist Boys' High School, Oron|Methodist Boys High School]], Oron, a Jihar Akwa Ibom, inda ya samu Takardar Kammala Sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka ([[West African Senior School Certificate Examination|WASSCE]]).<ref name=":0" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Uyo]], inda ya samu digirin '''Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.)''' a fannin Kasuwanci da Tallace-tallace (Marketing).<ref name=":0" /> == Aiki == Frank Archibong ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a harkokin siyasa da gudanar da gwamnati. Ya kasance Shugaban Ƙaramar Hukumar Eket, Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga gwamnati, da kuma Shugaban Reshen [[Association of Local Governments of Nigeria]] (ALGON) na Jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref name=":0" /> Daga baya aka naɗa shi Kwamishinan Ma’aikatar Kananan Hukumomi da Harkokin Sarauta ta Jihar Akwa Ibom, inda yake kula da harkokin gudanar da ƙananan hukumomi da al’amuran sarakunan gargajiya a jihar.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == 1texlu6osbh6x9hrbeoqba3cpc5lxm6 0 161095 878972 2026-07-08T14:37:19Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Friday Ossai Osanebi | image = | image_size = 220 | alt = | caption = Friday Ossai Osanebi at [[Home]] | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|10|07|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Delta State]], [[Federal Republic of Nigeria|Nigeria]] | death... 878972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Friday Ossai Osanebi | image = | image_size = 220 | alt = | caption = Friday Ossai Osanebi at [[Home]] | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|10|07|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Delta State]], [[Federal Republic of Nigeria|Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | medium = | party = | alma_mater = Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu. <br>[[Metallurgical Engineering]] | website = | footnotes = | module = }} '''Friday Ossai Osanebi''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1980) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne wanda ya taɓa zama ɗan Majalisar Dokokin [[Jihar Delta]] mai wakiltar mazabar [[Ndokwa East]] a majalisar dokokin jihar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/10/osanebi-lauds-president-jonathans-tour-to-flood-victims-camps/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |title=Osanebi lauds President Jonathan's tour to flood victims camps |date=2012-10-12 |author=Vanguard Newspaper |access-date=2012-10-12 |newspaper=Vanguard}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama Mataimakin Gwamnan [[Jihar Delta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/delta-2023-omo-agege-picks-osanebi-as-running-mate/ |title=Delta 2023: Omo-Agege picks Osanebi as running mate |website=Vanguard |access-date=2025-07-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Friday Osanebi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1980. Ya taso tare da iyayensa, Cif da Misis Ossai Osanebi, a unguwar Umuedem da ke garin Beneku a [[Ndokwa East]] Local Government Area na [[Jihar Delta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=25309 |title=Osanebi Pledges More Robust Representation For Ndokwa East |date=2013-10-14 |work=The Pointer |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na firamare a '''Eke Model Primary School''' da ke Kwale a [[Ndokwa West]] Local Government Area na Jihar Delta. Daga nan ya halarci '''Orogun Grammar School''' domin karatunsa na sakandare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=18687 |title=Hon Osanebi Gets Kudos For Constituency Projects |date=2013-10-14 |work=The Pointer |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology]] (ESUT), inda ya karanci Injiniyan Kayayyaki da Karafa (Materials and Metallurgical Engineering). An kuma ruwaito cewa ya yi karatun shari'a a wata jami'a da ke Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=18687 |title=Hon Osanebi Gets Kudos For Constituency Projects |date=2013-10-14 |work=The Pointer |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> == Aiki == Osanebi ya shiga harkokin siyasa kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Dokokin [[Jihar Delta]] mai wakiltar mazabar [[Ndokwa East]]. A lokacin da aka zaɓe shi, an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin shekaru a cikin ’yan majalisar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=18687 |title=Hon Osanebi Gets Kudos For Constituency Projects |date=2013-10-14 |work=The Pointer |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya tallafa wa shirye-shiryen raya mazabarsa tare da aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba da suka shafi ilimi, matasa da ci gaban al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elombah.com/index.php/reports/18190-hon-friday-osanebi-sponsors-50-delta-youths-abroad-for-training-on-oil-and-gas |title=Hon. Friday Osanebi Sponsors 50 Delta Youths Abroad for Training on Oil and Gas |date=2013-10-13 |work=Elombah |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref> Daga baya, ya zama Mataimakin Gwamnan [[Jihar Delta]], inda ya ci gaba da taka rawa a harkokin mulki da ci gaban jihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/delta-2023-omo-agege-picks-osanebi-as-running-mate/ |title=Delta 2023: Omo-Agege picks Osanebi as running mate |website=Vanguard |access-date=2025-07-08}}</ref> == Manazarta == 46t1tbgjv40btwwbjjp2wk6952x23hr 0 161096 878973 2026-07-08T14:45:28Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 878973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = | office = Federal Director of Public Prosecutions | image = Barrister GC Nonyelu QC.jpg | term_end = 1964 | term_start = 1960 | birth_date = 3 September 1914 | death_date = {{death date and age|1972|||1914|9|3|df=y}} | spouse = Emilia Aguta | alma_mater = [[Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn]] }} '''Gilbert Chukwudike Nonyelu''' '''QC''' (1914–1972) lauya ne ɗan [[Najeriya]] wanda ya kasance Daraktan Gurfanar da Ƙara na Tarayya na farko (Director of Public Prosecutions – DPP) a Najeriya daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1964, kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa [[Nigerian Bar Association]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Nigeria's Legal Giant: The First Federal Director of Public Prosecutions, G.C. Nonyelu QC|publisher=Anna Stone Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9780995787605|location=England|pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://nbaph.org.ng/history.php|title=Nigerian Bar Association Port Harcourt Branch}}</ref> A shekarar 1961, an ba shi muƙamin [[Queen's Counsel]] (QC), wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan karramawa ga lauyoyi a tsarin shari'ar Birtaniya.<ref name=":0" /> A matsayinsa na Daraktan Gurfanar da Ƙara na Tarayya, yana da alhakin fara shari'o'in manyan laifuka, gudanar da su, ko kuma dakatar da su idan ya ga ya dace. Haka kuma yana tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da shari'a cikin adalci bisa ga dokokin ƙasa da ka'idar mulkin doka. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Nonyelu a [[Aba, Najeriya|Aba]], a yankin da yanzu yake cikin [[Jihar Abia]]. Shi ne ɗan fari ga Josiah Ezidinma Nonyelu, wanda ma'aikacin jinya ne, da Zipporah Nonyelu. Ya fara karatu a '''St. Michael's Primary School''' da ke Aba, inda ƙwarewarsa a karatu ta sa aka ba shi damar shiga [[Hope Waddell Training Institution]] da ke [[Calabar]]. Daga baya ya samu gurbin karatu a [[Igbobi College]] da ke [[Legas]], inda ya fara nuna sha'awarsa ga harkar lauya.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1944, Nonyelu ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila tare da Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]] da Cif [[Akintola Williams]]. A can ya karanci shari'a a [[Lincoln's Inn|Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn]] da kuma Inns of Court. A ranar 26 ga Janairu 1948 aka kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingila da Wales a matsayin cikakken lauya.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1961 an naɗa shi '''Queen's Counsel (QC)'''.<ref name=":0" /> == Aikin shari'a da siyasa == Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya daga Birtaniya, Nonyelu ya kafa ofishin lauyoyi mai suna '''Nwezidunma Chambers''' a [[Port Harcourt]].<ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 1952, Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[Action Group (Nigeria)|Action Group]], ya gayyace shi ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga jam'iyyar. Ya wakilci ƙungiyar a babban taron tsara [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya]] da aka gudanar a London a shekarar 1953 a '''10 Carlton House Terrace'''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1953/jul/27/nigeria-constitution-london-conference|work=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)|date=27 July 1953|title=Hansard UK parliament record}}</ref> Babban manufar taron ita ce tattauna batun bai wa Najeriya ikon mulkin kanta, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos|Oliver Lyttelton]].<ref name=":4" /> Bayan sauye-sauyen siyasa da suka biyo bayan taron, Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an naɗa Nonyelu a matsayin Daraktan Gurfanar da Ƙara na Tarayya na farko a Najeriya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Africa, political, social and cultural series|journal=Africa Research Bulletin|year=1964|volume=1|pages=32}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ayyukansa sun haɗa da gudanar da shari'o'in gwamnati, taimakawa binciken manyan al'amura, ba da shawarwari ga jami'an bincike, da tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da shari'a cikin adalci. An ɗauke shi a matsayin jami'in da ke kare gaskiya da tabbatar da bin doka a tsarin shari'ar ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1964, gwamnatin Najeriya ta soke cikakken 'yancin ofishin Daraktan Gurfanar da Ƙara, ta mai da shi ƙarƙashin Ministan Shari'a da Babban Lauyan Tarayya. Nonyelu ya yi imanin cewa wannan mataki zai ba siyasa damar tsoma baki a harkokin shari'a kuma zai iya raunana tsarin mulkin doka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Saboda haka, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa domin nuna rashin amincewa da wannan sauyi.<ref name=":2" /> Rahoton ''The Nigerian Bar Journal'' na shekarar 1980 ya nuna cewa murabus ɗinsa ya kuma kasance wata alama ta adawa da yadda gwamnati ta kama wasu manyan 'yan siyasa, ciki har da [[Obafemi Awolowo]], bisa zargin cin amanar ƙasa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|journal=The Nigerian Bar Journal|volume=16|pages=115}}</ref> Bayan ya yi murabus, ya rage shiga harkokin siyasa kuma ya mayar da hankali ga aikin lauya har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1972.<ref name=":0" /> Nonyelu ya kasance cikin tawagar lauyoyin da suka shiga binciken shari'ar kisan ma'aikatan hakar kwal da aka sani da '''[[Iva Valley]] massacre''', tare da manyan lauyoyi irin su [[Frederick Rotimi Williams|Rotimi Williams]], H.O. Davies, Jaja Nwachukwu da wasu da dama.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The trade union movement in Nigeria|last=Ananaba|first=Wogu|publisher=Africana Pub. Corp|date=1 April 1970|pages=110, 333}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Disorders in the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria, November 1949|journal=H.M. Stationery Office|year=1950|volume=1|pages=115}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Nonyelu ya auri Emily (Emilia) Aguta, wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ƙungiyar '''Christian Missionary Society (CMS)''' ta horar. Emily ta fito ne daga [[Mbieri]] a [[Jihar Imo]], kuma jikanyar Cif Abraham Aguta ce, wanda ya kasance sarkin gargajiya na Ubaku Mbieri da ke Ikeduru. Ma'auratan sun haifi yara biyar, mata uku da maza biyu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyukan alheri == Nonyelu da matarsa sun kafa '''Iruka Clinic'', asibitin da ke kula da mata masu juna biyu da kuma kula da uwa da jariri bayan haihuwa. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban yankin Gabashin Najeriya ta hanyar tallafa wa ilimin yara, ba da kayan kiɗa ga coci-coci, musamman '''St. Peter's Church''' da ke Port Harcourt, da kuma bayar da shawarwarin shari'a kyauta ga mutanen da ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba.<ref name=":0" /> == Lambobin yabo == A shekarar 2017, ƙungiyar '''Amawbia Town Union''' ta karrama Nonyelu bayan rasuwarsa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban Amawbia da Najeriya baki ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar 9 ga Maris 2022, Gwamnan [[Jihar Anambra]], Cif [[Willie Obiano]], ya sake karrama shi bayan rasuwa tare da ba iyalansa lambar yabo domin girmama nasarorinsa da gudummawar da ya bayar a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> == Mutuwa == Nonyelu ya rasu a shekarar 1972, shekaru biyu bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya]]. An binne shi a harabar gidansu da ke Amawbia.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == n47no81bihlhsy1zor5u1cuby0wc0jf 0 161097 878976 2026-07-08T15:19:29Z M Bash Ne 12403 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361910775|Otoabasi Akpan]]" 878976 wikitext text/x-wiki Otoabasi Etim Akpan masanin tarihin Najeriya ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma mai gudanar da harkokin ilimi, yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom]] na huɗu . Kwamitin gudanarwa na makarantar ne ya nayda shi don ya gaji Nse Essien . Har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi, Akpan ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban ma'aikatar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ma'aikatun (Administration). An tabbatar da naɗin sa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2026 ta gwamnatin jihar ta hanyar sanarwar manema labarai.<ref name="Otoabasi Akpan">{{Cite web |title=Otoabasi Akpan |url=https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/otoabasi-akpan/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=African books collective |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Otoabasi Akpan a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1964 a garin [[Ikot Obio Ata|Ikot Obio Atai]], Itam, Yankin Ƙaramar Hukumar Itu na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyayensa malamai ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati ta Moniya a tsohuwar Yankin Yamma (yanzu [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]]) kuma ya kammala karatun firamare a shekara ta 1974. A shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare (SSCE) daga makarantar sakandare ta Lutheran, Obot Idim, Jihar Akwa Ibom. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin [[Tarihi]] daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] a shekarar 1984. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Akpan ya shiga shirin National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai a Ƙaramar Hukumar[[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], Kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], a cikin shekarar 1984-1985. Bayan kammala aikinsa, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] don digiri na biyu a Tarihin Ideas . <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya ya sami difloma na digiri a fannin ilimi (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] a cikin shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 1989, ya sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin alakar ƙasa da ƙasa da nazarin dabarun a [[Jami'ar Jos]], inda ya kammala shirin a ƙarƙashin shekara guda. Daga baya ya sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a Nazarin diflomasiyya daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] a shekara ta 2003. <ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Muƙamin sa na farko Akpan shine a matsayin mataimakin bincike ga Jan George a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS) , inda ya yi aiki daga Agustan shekarar 1986 zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 1987. Bayan ya dawo Najeriya, ya zama Dean na Nazarin a Kwalejin Akpur da ke Ikyurav-Shange Tiev, [[Gboko|Gboku]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin watan Janairun shekarar 1994 da watan Afrilun shekarar 1996, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da bincike a Brains-Trust Research Consultants Incorporated a jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":2" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1997, Akpan ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin [[Malamin Jami'a|Mataimakin Malami]] a [[Jami'ar Uyo]] . <ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1998, ya shiga cikin ci gaban tsarin karatun lokacin da aka ƙara Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa a cikin shirin sashen. Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a cikin shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kuma daga baya ya zama Dean na Faculty of Arts . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Otoabasi Akpan Emerges Akwa Ibom Varsity Acting VC |url=https://boldscholarnews.com/prof-otoabasi-akpan-emerges-akwa-ibom-varsity-acting-vc |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Boldscholar News |language=en}}</ref> Akpan shine na farko da ya jagoranci Darakta na Haɗin Kai da Haɗin Kai na Duniya, inda ya daidaita haɗin gwiwar ilimi tare da cibiyoyin kamar [[Jami'ar Innsbruck]] a Austria (2018), Jami'ar Haikali a Pennsylvania, Amurka (2018), da Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Kudancin China a Guangzhou, China (2019). Ya yi aiki a matsayin Dean na Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences . Ayyukansa na gudanarwa sun kai ga shugabancin Kwamitin Darussan Majalisar Dattijai da Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi. Daga baya ya ɗauki ofishin Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na huɗu (Academic) kuma ya zauna a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan wadannan alkawura, Akpan ya gudanar da wata zumunci ta sabbatical a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa a Abuja kuma ya gudanar da farfesa mai ziyara a Cibiyar Jagorancin Jami'ar Abuja . Akpan a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasa na Kwalejin Farfesa a Najeriya (COPiN). Har ila yau, shi ne Dean na Ibibio Academics Roundtable, kuma Shugaban Cibiyar Mary Slessor don Manufofin Afirka inda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Nazarin Afirka. {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] illgcspowjqmqw0shpmd33blpbuskf7 878977 878976 2026-07-08T15:20:35Z M Bash Ne 12403 878977 wikitext text/x-wiki Otoabasi Etim Akpan masanin tarihin Najeriya ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma mai gudanar da harkokin ilimi, yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom]] na huɗu . Kwamitin gudanarwa na makarantar ne ya nayda shi don ya gaji Nse Essien . Har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi, Akpan ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban ma'aikatar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ma'aikatun (Administration). An tabbatar da naɗin sa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2026 ta gwamnatin jihar ta hanyar sanarwar manema labarai.<ref name="Otoabasi Akpan">{{Cite web |title=Otoabasi Akpan |url=https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/otoabasi-akpan/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=African books collective |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Otoabasi Akpan a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1964 a garin [[Ikot Obio Ata|Ikot Obio Atai]], Itam, Yankin Ƙaramar Hukumar Itu na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyayensa malamai ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati ta Moniya a tsohuwar Yankin Yamma (yanzu [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]]) kuma ya kammala karatun firamare a shekara ta 1974. A shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare (SSCE) daga makarantar sakandare ta Lutheran, Obot Idim, Jihar Akwa Ibom. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin [[Tarihi]] daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] a shekarar 1984. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Akpan ya shiga shirin National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai a Ƙaramar Hukumar[[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], Kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], a cikin shekarar 1984-1985. Bayan kammala aikinsa, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] don digiri na biyu a Tarihin Ideas . <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya ya sami difloma na digiri a fannin ilimi (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] a cikin shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 1989, ya sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin alakar ƙasa da ƙasa da nazarin dabarun a [[Jami'ar Jos]], inda ya kammala shirin a ƙarƙashin shekara guda. Daga baya ya sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a Nazarin diflomasiyya daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] a shekara ta 2003. <ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Muƙamin sa na farko Akpan shine a matsayin mataimakin bincike ga Jan George a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS) , inda ya yi aiki daga Agustan shekarar 1986 zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 1987. Bayan ya dawo Najeriya, ya zama Dean na Nazarin a Kwalejin Akpur da ke Ikyurav-Shange Tiev, [[Gboko|Gboku]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin watan Janairun shekarar 1994 da watan Afrilun shekarar 1996, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da bincike a Brains-Trust Research Consultants Incorporated a jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":2" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1997, Akpan ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin [[Malamin Jami'a|Mataimakin Malami]] a [[Jami'ar Uyo]] . <ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1998, ya shiga cikin ci gaban tsarin karatun lokacin da aka ƙara Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa a cikin shirin sashen. Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a cikin shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kuma daga baya ya zama Dean na Faculty of Arts . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Otoabasi Akpan Emerges Akwa Ibom Varsity Acting VC |url=https://boldscholarnews.com/prof-otoabasi-akpan-emerges-akwa-ibom-varsity-acting-vc |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Boldscholar News |language=en}}</ref> Akpan shine na farko da ya jagoranci Darakta na Haɗin Kai da Haɗin Kai na Duniya, inda ya daidaita haɗin gwiwar ilimi tare da cibiyoyin kamar [[Jami'ar Innsbruck]] a Austria (2018), Jami'ar Haikali a Pennsylvania, Amurka (2018), da Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Kudancin China a Guangzhou, China (2019). Ya yi aiki a matsayin Dean na Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences . Ayyukansa na gudanarwa sun kai ga shugabancin Kwamitin Darussan Majalisar Dattijai da Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi. Daga baya ya ɗauki ofishin Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na huɗu (Academic) kuma ya zauna a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan wadannan alkawura, Akpan ya gudanar da wata zumunci ta sabbatical a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa a Abuja kuma ya gudanar da farfesa mai ziyara a Cibiyar Jagorancin Jami'ar Abuja . Akpan a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasa na Kwalejin Farfesa a Najeriya (COPiN). Har ila yau, shi ne Dean na Ibibio Academics Roundtable, kuma Shugaban Cibiyar Mary Slessor don Manufofin Afirka inda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Nazarin Afirka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] glfki1ub8ta9v0fguommajfdjq9fk0f 878978 878977 2026-07-08T15:21:23Z M Bash Ne 12403 878978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Otoabasi Etim Akpan masanin tarihin Najeriya ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma mai gudanar da harkokin ilimi, yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom]] na huɗu . Kwamitin gudanarwa na makarantar ne ya nayda shi don ya gaji Nse Essien . Har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi, Akpan ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban ma'aikatar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ma'aikatun (Administration). An tabbatar da naɗin sa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2026 ta gwamnatin jihar ta hanyar sanarwar manema labarai.<ref name="Otoabasi Akpan">{{Cite web |title=Otoabasi Akpan |url=https://africanbookscollective.com/contributor/otoabasi-akpan/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=African books collective |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Otoabasi Akpan a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1964 a garin [[Ikot Obio Ata|Ikot Obio Atai]], Itam, Yankin Ƙaramar Hukumar Itu na [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyayensa malamai ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati ta Moniya a tsohuwar Yankin Yamma (yanzu [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]]) kuma ya kammala karatun firamare a shekara ta 1974. A shekara ta 1979, ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare (SSCE) daga makarantar sakandare ta Lutheran, Obot Idim, Jihar Akwa Ibom. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin [[Tarihi]] daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] a shekarar 1984. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Akpan ya shiga shirin National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai a Ƙaramar Hukumar[[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], Kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], a cikin shekarar 1984-1985. Bayan kammala aikinsa, ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] don digiri na biyu a Tarihin Ideas . <ref name=":2" /> Daga baya ya sami difloma na digiri a fannin ilimi (PhD) daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]] a cikin shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 1989, ya sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a fannin alakar ƙasa da ƙasa da nazarin dabarun a [[Jami'ar Jos]], inda ya kammala shirin a ƙarƙashin shekara guda. Daga baya ya sami takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a Nazarin diflomasiyya daga [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] a shekara ta 2003. <ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Muƙamin sa na farko Akpan shine a matsayin mataimakin bincike ga Jan George a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS) , inda ya yi aiki daga Agustan shekarar 1986 zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 1987. Bayan ya dawo Najeriya, ya zama Dean na Nazarin a Kwalejin Akpur da ke Ikyurav-Shange Tiev, [[Gboko|Gboku]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]]. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsakanin watan Janairun shekarar 1994 da watan Afrilun shekarar 1996, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da bincike a Brains-Trust Research Consultants Incorporated a jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":2" /> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1997, Akpan ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a matsayin [[Malamin Jami'a|Mataimakin Malami]] a [[Jami'ar Uyo]] . <ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1998, ya shiga cikin ci gaban tsarin karatun lokacin da aka ƙara Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa a cikin shirin sashen. Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom]] a cikin shekarar 2013 a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kuma daga baya ya zama Dean na Faculty of Arts . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Otoabasi Akpan Emerges Akwa Ibom Varsity Acting VC |url=https://boldscholarnews.com/prof-otoabasi-akpan-emerges-akwa-ibom-varsity-acting-vc |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Boldscholar News |language=en}}</ref> Akpan shine na farko da ya jagoranci Darakta na Haɗin Kai da Haɗin Kai na Duniya, inda ya daidaita haɗin gwiwar ilimi tare da cibiyoyin kamar [[Jami'ar Innsbruck]] a Austria (2018), Jami'ar Haikali a Pennsylvania, Amurka (2018), da Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Kudancin China a Guangzhou, China (2019). Ya yi aiki a matsayin Dean na Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences . Ayyukansa na gudanarwa sun kai ga shugabancin Kwamitin Darussan Majalisar Dattijai da Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi. Daga baya ya ɗauki ofishin Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na huɗu (Academic) kuma ya zauna a Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Jihar Akwa Ibom . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor – Akwa Ibom State University |url=https://aksu.edu.ng/newsite/vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan wadannan alkawura, Akpan ya gudanar da wata zumunci ta sabbatical a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa a Abuja kuma ya gudanar da farfesa mai ziyara a Cibiyar Jagorancin Jami'ar Abuja . Akpan a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kasa na Kwalejin Farfesa a Najeriya (COPiN). Har ila yau, shi ne Dean na Ibibio Academics Roundtable, kuma Shugaban Cibiyar Mary Slessor don Manufofin Afirka inda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Nazarin Afirka. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] hxsl8glx3w31j40na0ja9c6v6q8sgvr 0 161098 878979 2026-07-08T15:22:39Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 878979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gabe Okoye | state_house = Georgia | district = [[Georgia's 102nd House of Representatives district|102nd]] | term_start = January 9, 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = ''Constituency established'' | successor = | citizenship = {{hlist|United States|[[Nigeria]]}} | country = United States | image = Member of the Georgia House of Representatives Gabe Okoye.jpg }} '''Gabe Okoye''' ɗan siyasa ne kuma injiniyan gine-gine ɗan asalin [[Najeriya]] wanda ke zaune a Amurka. Ya taɓa zama shugaban jam'iyya kuma kwamishinan tsare-tsare (Planning Commissioner) a [[Gwinnett County, Georgia|Gundumar Gwinnett]] da ke jihar [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Amurka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=tvcnewsng |date=2022-11-10 |title=Buhari congratulates Nigerian-Americans on election victory |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2022/11/buhari-congratulates-nigerian-americans-on-election-victory/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=TVC News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2020-08-01 |title=Nigerian-born politician, Okoye blazes trail in U.S. politics |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/nigerian-born-politician-okoye-blazes-trail-in-u-s-politics/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2022-11-10 |newspaper=Vanguard}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2022, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar [[Georgia House of Representatives]] mai wakiltar mazabar '''Georgia House District 102''' a zaɓen shekarar 2022. Ya fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gabe Okoye |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gabe_Okoye |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Ballotpedia}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=[biodunbusari@vanguardngr.com](mailto:biodunbusari@vanguardngr.com) |date=2022-11-09 |title=Meet eight Nigerian-Americans who won legislative seats in US midterm elections |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/11/meet-eight-nigerian-americans-who-won-legislative-seats-in-us-midterm-elections/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2022-11-10 |newspaper=Vanguard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Olaniyi |first=Muideen |date=2022-11-09 |title=US midterm polls: Buhari congratulates Nigerian-Americans on election victory |url=https://dailytrust.com/us-midterm-polls-buhari-congratulates-nigerian-americans-on-election-victory |access-date=2022-11-10 |newspaper=Daily Trust}}</ref> == Tarihi == Gabe Okoye ɗan asalin [[Enugwu-Agidi]] ne a [[Jihar Anambra]], Najeriya. Ya koma [[Amurka]] a shekarar 1981 domin neman ingantacciyar rayuwa da damar ci gaba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Nigeria |first=News Agency Of |date=2020-08-01 |title=Nigerian-born politician, Okoye blazes trail in US politics |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/gabe-okoye-nigerian-born-politician-blazes-trail-in-us-politics/5zekbwh |access-date=2022-11-10 |newspaper=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> Da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro. Daga baya ya shiga jami'a inda ya karanci aikin injiniyan gine-gine (Civil Engineering). Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya kafa kamfanin injiniya mai suna '''Essex Geoscientist'''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Okoye ya yi aure kuma yana da yara huɗu. Tun daga shekarar 1992 yake zaune a birnin [[Atlanta]], jihar Georgia.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Aikin siyasa == Okoye mamba ne na [[Democratic Party (United States)|Jam'iyyar Democrat]] ta Amurka. A shekarar 2016, ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat a Gundumar Gwinnett.<ref name=":2" /> A zaɓen shekarar 2018, ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, jam'iyyar Democrat ta samu gagarumar nasara a Gwinnett County inda ta lashe kujeru 13 daga cikin kujeru 25 da ake takara a kansu. Wannan nasara ta zama tarihi a siyasar yankin.<ref name=":2" /> Sakamakon gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa siyasa da shugabanci a jihar Georgia, Majalisar Dokokin Georgia ta amince da '''Resolution 313''' a shekarar 2019, wanda ya ayyana ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2019 a matsayin '''Gabe Okoye Leadership Day''' domin karrama shi.<ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 2022, an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilan Jihar Georgia, inda ya wakilci mazabar District 102, lamarin da ya sanya shi cikin jerin fitattun 'yan asalin Najeriya da suka samu manyan muƙaman siyasa a Amurka.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == r5sxz7alxku68prkvhfzql71rv9ychu 0 161099 878980 2026-07-08T15:32:40Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359367954|Buffalo Seminary]]" 878980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Koyon Buffalo''' (SEM) makarantar kwana ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, wacce ake shiryawa a kwaleji da kuma makarantar kwana ga 'yan mata a Buffalo, [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . == Takardun shaida da zama memba == SEM memba ce mai izini ta Ƙungiyar Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu ta Jihar New York, Ƙungiyar Makarantun Allo, Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Makarantun Allo, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Makarantun 'Yan Mata, da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Intanet . A matsayinta na makaranta mai zaman kanta, SEM ba ta takaita ta bisa ga ƙa'idodin da Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Jihar New York ta kafa ba. SEM Makaranta ce ta Zaɓin Steinway da aka amince da ita. == Tarihi == An kafa makarantar SEM a shekarar 1851, ita ce makaranta ta shida mafi tsufa ga 'yan mata a Amurka kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a jihar New York. Asalin sunan makarantar shine Buffalo Female Academy kuma tana kula da ɗaliban mata gaba ɗaya. Manufarta ta asali ita ce samar da ilimi na musamman ga 'yan mata matasa, don shirya su don yin mu'amala da duniya cikin nasara. Da farko, tana ba da ilimi ga ƙananan 'yan mata daga [[Makarantar jariri|makarantar renon yara]] har zuwa shekarar karatu ta biyu a kwaleji kuma tana da masaukin baƙi. A shekarar 1889, makarantar ta ɗauki sunan ta na yanzu, Buffalo Seminary. Wadanda suka kammala karatun digiri na SEM sun kafa kungiyar karni na ashirin a karshen shekarun 1800. daya daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin mata masu zaman kansu a Amurka, wanda ke cikin rajistar wuraren tarihi na kasa . Makarantar ta canza manufofinta a shekarar 1899 don koyar da aji 9 zuwa 12 kawai bayan ta haɗu da Makarantar Elmwood. A shekarar 1908, makarantar ta koma daga adireshin farko da ta kafa a Johnson Park zuwa adireshin da ke Bidwell Parkway, kuma an sanya ta a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a shekarar 2011. <ref name="NRHP listing">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2011 |title=National Register of Historic Places listings for May 20, 2011 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2011-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |access-date=May 21, 2011 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, SEM ta sake kafa tsarin kula da yara wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa harabar gidaje biyar na tarihi da aka gyara kusa da ginin makarantar. Tun bayan ƙara shirin zama, 'yan mata da 'yan mata 'yan Amurka daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun rayu kuma sun koya a SEM. == Kayan aiki == Ginin makarantar SEM yana nan a 205 Bidwell Parkway. Mai ginin Boston [[George F. Newton]] ne ya tsara shi kuma aka gina shi a shekarar 1908 a salon Tudor Revival . Harabar makarantar SEM ta ƙunshi gidaje biyar na tarihi da aka gyara don gidajen malamai da ɗalibai, da kuma Larkin Field inda Red-Tailed Hawks na SEM ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa, lacrosse, da kuma wasan hockey. SEM ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na jari mai taken "Damar da Aka Samu - Yaƙin Neman Ilimi na SEM" a bazara na 2015 wanda lokacin da aka rufe shi a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2016, tare da alƙawarin bayar da kyaututtuka na dala miliyan 9.2, wanda ya zarce burinsa na dala miliyan 8.5. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kamfen ɗin shine gina Magavern-Sutton Courtyard don haɗa ɗakunan ɗalibai da malamai guda biyar na SEM da ginin makarantar. An buɗe farfajiyar sirri don shekarar makaranta ta 2016-17. Tana cikin gundumar tarihi ta Elmwood-Gabas . == Wasanni == Ƙungiyoyi 14 a Buffalo Seminary - ''Red-Tailed Hawks'' - suna cikin Ƙungiyar Wasannin Mosignor Martin High School (MMHSA) don wasanni da dama, NYSAIS (hockey), ISSA (jirgi), BSRA da US Squash (squash). Ɗaliban suna fafatawa da sauran makarantu a MMHSAA da kuma sauran makarantun sakandare na gida da na yanki a wasanni daban-daban. Makarantar tana ba da yanayi uku na wasanni inda 'yan mata za su iya shiga a matakin ƙungiyar Varsity : ma'aikata, cross country, basketball, bowling (varsity da junior varsity), fencing, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, track indoor, swing, iyo, squash, squash, da tennis. Ana sanya wa ƙungiyoyin suna Red-Tailed Hawks saboda tsuntsun da aka saba gani a Yammacin New York, kuma yana shawagi a filin makarantar. == Al'adu == Kowane ɗalibi, malami da ma'aikaci yana sanya hannu kan lambar girmamawa a farkon shekarar makaranta. "Ina alƙawarin girmamawata cewa ban bayar ko kuma na sami taimako ba," ɗalibai ne ke rubutawa kuma suka sanya hannu a kan duk jarrabawar aji, takardu, jarrabawa, da sauran ayyukan da wani malami ya keɓe a matsayin aikin girmamawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Koyon Harkness: SEM tana da azuzuwan Harkness guda shida waɗanda sassan Turanci da tarihi ke amfani da su. Waɗannan azuzuwan suna kan teburin Harkness - babban teburi mai katako, mai siffar oval inda ɗalibai ke taruwa don koyo tare. A teburin Harkness malamai suna sauƙaƙe da kuma shiga tsakani kan batutuwa da tattaunawa, ba a ganin wani ɗalibi, kuma kowa yana da alhakin da kuma damar yin magana. Taron Safiya: Kowace safiya dukkan makarantar tana taruwa don "taron safe." Yayin da sauran makarantun sakandare za su iya fara ranarsu da ɗakin kwana na ɗalibai, a SEM, duk ɗalibai suna taruwa a cikin cocin da farko. Shugaban Ƙungiyar Gwamnatin Makaranta ne ke jagorantar taron safe. A duk tsawon shekara, ɗaliban manyan aji suna gabatar da gabatarwa a taron safe. Shirye-shiryen Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na 'Yan Mata: 'Yan mata suna taka rawa a cikin manyan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu na SEM (kaka da bazara) kuma suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan shiryawa, fitilu, da kuma kayan sawa. Yaye Karatu: SEM ta kammala karatunta na farko a Cocin Westminster Presbyterian. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Isabella Bannerman, mai zane mai ban dariya * Lauren Belfer, marubuciya * Elizabeth Coatsworth, mawakiya * Barbara Culliton, 'yar jarida kuma edita * Marian de Forest, 'yar jarida * [[Virginia Horvath]], 1975, shugabar jami'ar SUNY Fredonia * Amy Holden Jones, marubuciyar fina-finai kuma darakta * Nicole C. Lee, 1994, lauya * Elizabeth Swados, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo * Helen Tretbar, marubuciya kuma edita * Tara Vanderveer, mai horar da ƙwallon kwando * Nan Watson, mai zane * Kimberly L. Wehle, farfesa a fannin shari'a * Jane Meade Welch, 'yar jarida kuma malama == Duba kuma == * Makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta mata * Makarantar Nichols * Kwalejin Nardin * Makarantar Park ta Buffalo == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Buffalo_Seminary_Nov_10.JPG|alt=Buffalo Seminary, November 2010| Makarantar Koyon Buffalo, Nuwamba 2010 Fayil:Buffalo_Seminary_Entry_Nov_10.JPG|alt=Entry details, November 2010| Cikakkun bayanai game da shiga, Nuwamba 2010 Fayil:Snowy_residential_girls.jpg|alt=On the path between the student residences and the school| A kan hanyar da ke tsakanin gidajen ɗalibai da makarantar </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren tarihi na ƙasa a Buffalo, New York == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3mf9pyj2vbkfosjvgply4v2i253t8q2 878981 878980 2026-07-08T15:33:05Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 878981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Koyon Buffalo''' (SEM) makarantar kwana ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, wacce ake shiryawa a kwaleji da kuma makarantar kwana ga 'yan mata a Buffalo, [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . == Takardun shaida da zama memba == SEM memba ce mai izini ta Ƙungiyar Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu ta Jihar New York, Ƙungiyar Makarantun Allo, Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Makarantun Allo, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Makarantun 'Yan Mata, da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Intanet . A matsayinta na makaranta mai zaman kanta, SEM ba ta takaita ta bisa ga ƙa'idodin da Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Jihar New York ta kafa ba. SEM Makaranta ce ta Zaɓin Steinway da aka amince da ita. == Tarihi == An kafa makarantar SEM a shekarar 1851, ita ce makaranta ta shida mafi tsufa ga 'yan mata a Amurka kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a jihar New York. Asalin sunan makarantar shine Buffalo Female Academy kuma tana kula da ɗaliban mata gaba ɗaya. Manufarta ta asali ita ce samar da ilimi na musamman ga 'yan mata matasa, don shirya su don yin mu'amala da duniya cikin nasara. Da farko, tana ba da ilimi ga ƙananan 'yan mata daga [[Makarantar jariri|makarantar renon yara]] har zuwa shekarar karatu ta biyu a kwaleji kuma tana da masaukin baƙi. A shekarar 1889, makarantar ta ɗauki sunan ta na yanzu, Buffalo Seminary. Wadanda suka kammala karatun digiri na SEM sun kafa kungiyar karni na ashirin a karshen shekarun 1800. daya daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin mata masu zaman kansu a Amurka, wanda ke cikin rajistar wuraren tarihi na kasa . Makarantar ta canza manufofinta a shekarar 1899 don koyar da aji 9 zuwa 12 kawai bayan ta haɗu da Makarantar Elmwood. A shekarar 1908, makarantar ta koma daga adireshin farko da ta kafa a Johnson Park zuwa adireshin da ke Bidwell Parkway, kuma an sanya ta a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a shekarar 2011. <ref name="NRHP listing">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2011 |title=National Register of Historic Places listings for May 20, 2011 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2011-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |access-date=May 21, 2011 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, SEM ta sake kafa tsarin kula da yara wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa harabar gidaje biyar na tarihi da aka gyara kusa da ginin makarantar. Tun bayan ƙara shirin zama, 'yan mata da 'yan mata 'yan Amurka daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun rayu kuma sun koya a SEM. == Kayan aiki == Ginin makarantar SEM yana nan a 205 Bidwell Parkway. Mai ginin Boston [[George F. Newton]] ne ya tsara shi kuma aka gina shi a shekarar 1908 a salon Tudor Revival . Harabar makarantar SEM ta ƙunshi gidaje biyar na tarihi da aka gyara don gidajen malamai da ɗalibai, da kuma Larkin Field inda Red-Tailed Hawks na SEM ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa, lacrosse, da kuma wasan hockey. SEM ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na jari mai taken "Damar da Aka Samu - Yaƙin Neman Ilimi na SEM" a bazara na 2015 wanda lokacin da aka rufe shi a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2016, tare da alƙawarin bayar da kyaututtuka na dala miliyan 9.2, wanda ya zarce burinsa na dala miliyan 8.5. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kamfen ɗin shine gina Magavern-Sutton Courtyard don haɗa ɗakunan ɗalibai da malamai guda biyar na SEM da ginin makarantar. An buɗe farfajiyar sirri don shekarar makaranta ta 2016-17. Tana cikin gundumar tarihi ta Elmwood-Gabas . == Wasanni == Ƙungiyoyi 14 a Buffalo Seminary - ''Red-Tailed Hawks'' - suna cikin Ƙungiyar Wasannin Mosignor Martin High School (MMHSA) don wasanni da dama, NYSAIS (hockey), ISSA (jirgi), BSRA da US Squash (squash). Ɗaliban suna fafatawa da sauran makarantu a MMHSAA da kuma sauran makarantun sakandare na gida da na yanki a wasanni daban-daban. Makarantar tana ba da yanayi uku na wasanni inda 'yan mata za su iya shiga a matakin ƙungiyar Varsity : ma'aikata, cross country, basketball, bowling (varsity da junior varsity), fencing, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, track indoor, swing, iyo, squash, squash, da tennis. Ana sanya wa ƙungiyoyin suna Red-Tailed Hawks saboda tsuntsun da aka saba gani a Yammacin New York, kuma yana shawagi a filin makarantar. == Al'adu == Kowane ɗalibi, malami da ma'aikaci yana sanya hannu kan lambar girmamawa a farkon shekarar makaranta. "Ina alƙawarin girmamawata cewa ban bayar ko kuma na sami taimako ba," ɗalibai ne ke rubutawa kuma suka sanya hannu a kan duk jarrabawar aji, takardu, jarrabawa, da sauran ayyukan da wani malami ya keɓe a matsayin aikin girmamawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Koyon Harkness: SEM tana da azuzuwan Harkness guda shida waɗanda sassan Turanci da tarihi ke amfani da su. Waɗannan azuzuwan suna kan teburin Harkness - babban teburi mai katako, mai siffar oval inda ɗalibai ke taruwa don koyo tare. A teburin Harkness malamai suna sauƙaƙe da kuma shiga tsakani kan batutuwa da tattaunawa, ba a ganin wani ɗalibi, kuma kowa yana da alhakin da kuma damar yin magana. Taron Safiya: Kowace safiya dukkan makarantar tana taruwa don "taron safe." Yayin da sauran makarantun sakandare za su iya fara ranarsu da ɗakin kwana na ɗalibai, a SEM, duk ɗalibai suna taruwa a cikin cocin da farko. Shugaban Ƙungiyar Gwamnatin Makaranta ne ke jagorantar taron safe. A duk tsawon shekara, ɗaliban manyan aji suna gabatar da gabatarwa a taron safe. Shirye-shiryen Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na 'Yan Mata: 'Yan mata suna taka rawa a cikin manyan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu na SEM (kaka da bazara) kuma suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan shiryawa, fitilu, da kuma kayan sawa. Yaye Karatu: SEM ta kammala karatunta na farko a Cocin Westminster Presbyterian. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Isabella Bannerman, mai zane mai ban dariya * Lauren Belfer, marubuciya * Elizabeth Coatsworth, mawakiya * Barbara Culliton, 'yar jarida kuma edita * Marian de Forest, 'yar jarida * [[Virginia Horvath]], 1975, shugabar jami'ar SUNY Fredonia * Amy Holden Jones, marubuciyar fina-finai kuma darakta * Nicole C. Lee, 1994, lauya * Elizabeth Swados, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo * Helen Tretbar, marubuciya kuma edita * Tara Vanderveer, mai horar da ƙwallon kwando * Nan Watson, mai zane * Kimberly L. Wehle, farfesa a fannin shari'a * Jane Meade Welch, 'yar jarida kuma malama == Duba kuma == * Makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta mata * Makarantar Nichols * Kwalejin Nardin * Makarantar Park ta Buffalo == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Buffalo_Seminary_Nov_10.JPG|alt=Buffalo Seminary, November 2010| Makarantar Koyon Buffalo, Nuwamba 2010 Fayil:Buffalo_Seminary_Entry_Nov_10.JPG|alt=Entry details, November 2010| Cikakkun bayanai game da shiga, Nuwamba 2010 Fayil:Snowy_residential_girls.jpg|alt=On the path between the student residences and the school| A kan hanyar da ke tsakanin gidajen ɗalibai da makarantar </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren tarihi na ƙasa a Buffalo, New York == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6i7syhb0a1xai21ftebkvjk7vei6e1o 879033 878981 2026-07-08T16:37:41Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Tarihi */ 879033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Makarantar Koyon Buffalo''' (SEM) makarantar kwana ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, wacce ake shiryawa a kwaleji da kuma makarantar kwana ga 'yan mata a Buffalo, [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . == Takardun shaida da zama memba == SEM memba ce mai izini ta Ƙungiyar Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu ta Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu ta Jihar New York, Ƙungiyar Makarantun Allo, Ƙungiyar Ƙananan Makarantun Allo, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Makarantun 'Yan Mata, da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Intanet . A matsayinta na makaranta mai zaman kanta, SEM ba ta takaita ta bisa ga ƙa'idodin da Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Jihar New York ta kafa ba. SEM Makaranta ce ta Zaɓin Steinway da aka amince da ita. == Tarihi == An kafa makarantar SEM a shekarar 1851, ita ce makaranta ta shida mafi tsufa ga 'yan mata a Amurka kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a jihar New York. Asalin sunan makarantar shine Buffalo Female Academy kuma tana kula da ɗaliban mata gaba ɗaya. Manufarta ta asali ita ce samar da ilimi na musamman ga 'yan mata matasa, don shirya su don yin mu'amala da duniya cikin nasara. Da farko, tana ba da ilimi ga ƙananan 'yan mata daga [[Makarantar jariri|makarantar renon yara]] har zuwa shekarar karatu ta biyu a kwaleji kuma tana da masaukin baƙi. A shekarar 1889, makarantar ta ɗauki sunan ta na yanzu, Buffalo Seminary.<ref>[http://www.buffaloah.com/a/del/595/hist/hist.html History - Twentieth Century Club, Buffalo as an Architectural Museum website]</ref> Wadanda suka kammala karatun digiri na SEM sun kafa kungiyar karni na ashirin a karshen shekarun 1800. daya daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin mata masu zaman kansu a Amurka, wanda ke cikin rajistar wuraren tarihi na kasa . Makarantar ta canza manufofinta a shekarar 1899 don koyar da aji 9 zuwa 12 kawai bayan ta haɗu da Makarantar Elmwood. A shekarar 1908, makarantar ta koma daga adireshin farko da ta kafa a Johnson Park zuwa adireshin da ke Bidwell Parkway, kuma an sanya ta a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a shekarar 2011. <ref name="NRHP listing">{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2011 |title=National Register of Historic Places listings for May 20, 2011 |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2011-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf |access-date=May 21, 2011 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, SEM ta sake kafa tsarin kula da yara wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa harabar gidaje biyar na tarihi da aka gyara kusa da ginin makarantar. Tun bayan ƙara shirin zama, 'yan mata da 'yan mata 'yan Amurka daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun rayu kuma sun koya a SEM. == Kayan aiki == Ginin makarantar SEM yana nan a 205 Bidwell Parkway. Mai ginin Boston [[George F. Newton]] ne ya tsara shi kuma aka gina shi a shekarar 1908 a salon Tudor Revival . Harabar makarantar SEM ta ƙunshi gidaje biyar na tarihi da aka gyara don gidajen malamai da ɗalibai, da kuma Larkin Field inda Red-Tailed Hawks na SEM ke buga ƙwallon ƙafa, lacrosse, da kuma wasan hockey. SEM ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na jari mai taken "Damar da Aka Samu - Yaƙin Neman Ilimi na SEM" a bazara na 2015 wanda lokacin da aka rufe shi a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2016, tare da alƙawarin bayar da kyaututtuka na dala miliyan 9.2, wanda ya zarce burinsa na dala miliyan 8.5. Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kamfen ɗin shine gina Magavern-Sutton Courtyard don haɗa ɗakunan ɗalibai da malamai guda biyar na SEM da ginin makarantar. An buɗe farfajiyar sirri don shekarar makaranta ta 2016-17. Tana cikin gundumar tarihi ta Elmwood-Gabas . == Wasanni == Ƙungiyoyi 14 a Buffalo Seminary - ''Red-Tailed Hawks'' - suna cikin Ƙungiyar Wasannin Mosignor Martin High School (MMHSA) don wasanni da dama, NYSAIS (hockey), ISSA (jirgi), BSRA da US Squash (squash). Ɗaliban suna fafatawa da sauran makarantu a MMHSAA da kuma sauran makarantun sakandare na gida da na yanki a wasanni daban-daban. Makarantar tana ba da yanayi uku na wasanni inda 'yan mata za su iya shiga a matakin ƙungiyar Varsity : ma'aikata, cross country, basketball, bowling (varsity da junior varsity), fencing, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, track indoor, swing, iyo, squash, squash, da tennis. Ana sanya wa ƙungiyoyin suna Red-Tailed Hawks saboda tsuntsun da aka saba gani a Yammacin New York, kuma yana shawagi a filin makarantar. == Al'adu == Kowane ɗalibi, malami da ma'aikaci yana sanya hannu kan lambar girmamawa a farkon shekarar makaranta. "Ina alƙawarin girmamawata cewa ban bayar ko kuma na sami taimako ba," ɗalibai ne ke rubutawa kuma suka sanya hannu a kan duk jarrabawar aji, takardu, jarrabawa, da sauran ayyukan da wani malami ya keɓe a matsayin aikin girmamawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Koyon Harkness: SEM tana da azuzuwan Harkness guda shida waɗanda sassan Turanci da tarihi ke amfani da su. Waɗannan azuzuwan suna kan teburin Harkness - babban teburi mai katako, mai siffar oval inda ɗalibai ke taruwa don koyo tare. A teburin Harkness malamai suna sauƙaƙe da kuma shiga tsakani kan batutuwa da tattaunawa, ba a ganin wani ɗalibi, kuma kowa yana da alhakin da kuma damar yin magana. Taron Safiya: Kowace safiya dukkan makarantar tana taruwa don "taron safe." Yayin da sauran makarantun sakandare za su iya fara ranarsu da ɗakin kwana na ɗalibai, a SEM, duk ɗalibai suna taruwa a cikin cocin da farko. Shugaban Ƙungiyar Gwamnatin Makaranta ne ke jagorantar taron safe. A duk tsawon shekara, ɗaliban manyan aji suna gabatar da gabatarwa a taron safe. Shirye-shiryen Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na 'Yan Mata: 'Yan mata suna taka rawa a cikin manyan shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu na SEM (kaka da bazara) kuma suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan shiryawa, fitilu, da kuma kayan sawa. Yaye Karatu: SEM ta kammala karatunta na farko a Cocin Westminster Presbyterian. == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Isabella Bannerman, mai zane mai ban dariya * Lauren Belfer, marubuciya * Elizabeth Coatsworth, mawakiya * Barbara Culliton, 'yar jarida kuma edita * Marian de Forest, 'yar jarida * [[Virginia Horvath]], 1975, shugabar jami'ar SUNY Fredonia * Amy Holden Jones, marubuciyar fina-finai kuma darakta * Nicole C. Lee, 1994, lauya * Elizabeth Swados, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo * Helen Tretbar, marubuciya kuma edita * Tara Vanderveer, mai horar da ƙwallon kwando * Nan Watson, mai zane * Kimberly L. Wehle, farfesa a fannin shari'a * Jane Meade Welch, 'yar jarida kuma malama == Duba kuma == * Makarantar koyon aikin likitanci ta mata * Makarantar Nichols * Kwalejin Nardin * Makarantar Park ta Buffalo == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Buffalo_Seminary_Nov_10.JPG|alt=Buffalo Seminary, November 2010| Makarantar Koyon Buffalo, Nuwamba 2010 Fayil:Buffalo_Seminary_Entry_Nov_10.JPG|alt=Entry details, November 2010| Cikakkun bayanai game da shiga, Nuwamba 2010 Fayil:Snowy_residential_girls.jpg|alt=On the path between the student residences and the school| A kan hanyar da ke tsakanin gidajen ɗalibai da makarantar </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren tarihi na ƙasa a Buffalo, New York == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9fpcgyob1z1xlmhkou6jvgu4e9crvxh 0 161100 878982 2026-07-08T15:37:17Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 878982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[Chieftain|Chief]] | name = Gani Adams | image = Aare Ona Kakanfo.jpg | caption = Aare Ona Kakanfo | birth_name = Ganiyu Adams | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|4|30}} | birth_place = Arigidi-Akoko, [[Akoko North-West]], [[Ondo State]] | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | alma_mater = [[Lagos State University]] | occupation = [[Activism|Social activist]], [[politician]] | years_active = 1992&ndash;present | party = | movement = [[Oodua Peoples Congress]] | organization = Olokun Festival Foundation }} '''Cif Ganiyu Adams''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Gani Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1970), ɗan gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙi ne, ɗan siyasa kuma basaraken gargajiya ɗan [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne na 15 a jerin masu sarautar [[Oyo Empire#Are Ona Kakanfo|Aare Ona Kakanfo]] na ƙasar Yarbawa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-16 |title=No comparison between Alaafin, Aare Onakakanfo chiefs ―Gani Adams |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/between-alaafins-chiefs-and-that-of-aare-onakakanfo-―gani-adams/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2022-03-14 |newspaper=Vanguard |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gani Adams a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1970 a garin '''Arigidi-Akoko''', wanda yanzu yake cikin ƙaramar hukumar '''Akoko North-West''' ta [[Jihar Ondo]]. == Ilimi == Gani Adams ya fara karatunsa a '''Army Children's School''' da ke Otukpo a [[Jihar Benue]]. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinsa, iyalinsu suka koma [[Legas]], inda ya kammala karatun firamare a '''Municipal Primary School''' da ke yankin [[Surulere]] a shekarar 1980. Bayan kammala makarantar firamare, ya shiga '''Ansar-Ud-Deen Secondary School''' da ke Randle Avenue, Surulere. Bayan karatun sakandare, ya samu horo a fannin ƙera kayan ɗaki da ƙawata cikin gida (Furniture Making and Interior Decoration), wanda ya kammala a shekarar 1987.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-17|title=PROFILE: From OPC leader to generalissimo of Yorubaland, the transformation of Gani Adams|url=https://www.thecable.ng/from-opc-leader-to-generalissimo-of-the-yoruba-nation-the-transformation-of-gani-adams|access-date=2021-01-28|newspaper=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala horonsa, Adams ya fara aiki da kamfanin gine-gine na Italiya mai suna '''Stabilini Visinoni Limited''' da ke Apapa a Legas a matsayin mai ƙawata cikin gida. Daga baya ya yi murabus daga aikin sannan ya kafa nasa kamfani mai suna '''Gadson Interiors'''. Shigarsa cikin harkokin gwagwarmayar dimokuraɗiyya ta fara tun yana matashi. A shekarar 1992 ya shiga fafutukar neman dimokuraɗiyya da adawa da mulkin soja a Najeriya tare da ƙarfafa shigar jama'a cikin harkokin mulki. A shekarar 1993 an naɗa shi jami'in hulɗa da jama'a (Public Relations Officer) na reshen ƙaramar hukumar Mushin na ƙungiyar '''Civil Liberties Organization (CLO)''', wata ƙungiya mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Haka kuma ya kasance mamba a '''Oodua Youth Movement (OYM)''' kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa '''Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC)''' a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/178158-sack-jega-now-gani-adams-tells-jonathan.html|title=Sack Jega now, Gani Adams tells Jonathan|last=Abimboye|first=Micheal|date=8 March 2015|access-date=2 December 2015|newspaper=Premium Times}}</ref> Ya fara zama Mataimakin Mai Kula na Ƙasa na OPC kafin daga baya ya zama Mai Kula na Ƙasa (National Coordinator) na ƙungiyar. Adams ya shugabanci wani ɓangare na OPC, ƙungiyar kishin al'ummar Yarbawa da ke fafutukar kare muradun Yarbawa da al'adunsu.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnicity & democracy in Africa |last=Berman |first=Bruce |author2=Dickson Eyoh |author3=Will Kymlicka |page=163 |year=2004 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-860-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJsuAQAAIAAJ|title=Urban violence, ethnic militias, and the challenge of democratic consolidation in Nigeria|author=Tunde Babawale|publisher=Institute for Media and Society (Malthouse Press)|year=2003|isbn=978-978-023-160-6}}</ref> An kafa OPC a shekarar 1994 a matsayin ƙungiyar al'adu da zamantakewa domin bunƙasa al'ummar Yarbawa da al'adunsu.<ref>{{cite book|author=Johannes Harnischfeger|title=Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftfXThvfQHkC&pg=PA117|year=2008|publisher=Campus Verlag|isbn=978-3-593-38256-2|page=117}}</ref> A shekarar 2000, Babban Sufeto Janar na 'Yan Sanda, [[Musiliu Smith]], ya ayyana Adams a matsayin wanda ake nema ruwa a jallo tare da saka ladan naira 100,000 saboda zargin hannu a rikice-rikicen da suka shafi OPC.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.allafrica.com/stories/200108230446.html |title=Nigeria: Wanted OPC Leader, Gani Adams, Arrested |work=ThisDay Newspaper |last1=Suleiman |first1=Toba |last2=Adeyeye |first2=Joseph |date=16 January 2001 |access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2001, an kama shi kuma aka tsare shi a gidajen yari na [[Legas]], [[Abeokuta]] da [[Abuja]], kafin daga baya a sake shi.<ref>{{cite book|title=West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X04OAQAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Afrimedia International}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/185751-nigeria-police-made-me-famous-gani-adams.html|title=Nigeria Police made me famous – Gani Adams|last=Kayode-Adedeji|first=Dimeji|date=27 June 2015|access-date=2 December 2015|newspaper=Premium Times}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2017, Oba [[Lamidi Adeyemi|Lamidi Adeyemi III]], '''Alaafin na Oyo''', ya ayyana Adams a matsayin Aare Ona Kakanfo na 15 na ƙasar Yarbawa. Wanda ya riƙe sarautar kafin shi shi ne Cif [[Moshood Abiola]], wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/alaafin-picks-gani-adams-as-new-aare-ona-kakanfo/|title=Alaafin picks Gani Adams as new Aare Ona Kakanfo|newspaper=The Punch|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Adams ya halarci bikin '''Elegbara Festival''' inda ya gabatar da jawabi kan haɗin gwiwar yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/GaniAdams5/status/1204043607973539840|title=Gani Adams at the Elegbara Festival 2019|work=Twitter Updates}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2l2na5zek1rlq6b9wqg7xggt2o5zvxu 0 161101 879178 2026-07-08T19:54:28Z Jidda3711 14843 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347054315|Efe Money]]" 879178 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Michael Efe Ejeba''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu 1993), wanda aka fi sani da '''Efe''' ko '''Efe Money''', ɗan Najeriya ne mai rap, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, kuma mai shirya waƙoƙi. Ya lashe gasar <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Big Brother Naija</i></nowiki> ta 2, inda ya sami kyautar kuɗi ta Naira Miliyan ₦25 da sabuwar mota kirar SUV bayan ya shafe kwanaki 78 a gida yana fafatawa da sauran abokan zamansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-09 |title=Efe Emerges Winner Of Big Brother Nigeria, 2017 |url=https://thenativemag.com/efe-emerges-winner-big-brother-nigeria-2017/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=BBNAIJA: Here Are All The Past Winners & Where They Are Now |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/bbnaija-here-are-all-the-past-winners-where-they-are-now/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801173042/https://www.ghgossip.com/bbnaija-here-are-all-the-past-winners-where-they-are-now/ |archive-date=2021-08-01 |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=GhGossip |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Michael Efe Ejeba, ɗan asalin [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, 1993 a [[Jos]], [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Filato]]. Ya halarci Makarantar private ta Dafwaho domin karatun firamare da kuma [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Jos]], don karatun sakandare. Ya kammala karatunsa a [[Jami'ar Jos]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Top 10 Facts You Never Knew About Efe - Based On Logistics {{!}} BBNaija Winner - ONLINE DAILYS |url=https://www.onlinedailys.com/top-10-facts-you-never-knew-about-efe-based-on-logistics-bbnaija-winner/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801173033/https://www.onlinedailys.com/top-10-facts-you-never-knew-about-efe-based-on-logistics-bbnaija-winner/ |archive-date=2021-08-01 |access-date=2021-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == An fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta hukuma mai suna "Based on Logistics" a shekarar 2017, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-04-28 |title=#BBNaija's Winner Efe Releases New Music “Based On Logistics” {{!}} Listen on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/04/bbnaijas-winner-efe-releases-new-music-based-on-logistics-listen-on-bn/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya ya fitar da waƙar da ta ƙunshi Olamide, mai suna "Warri". Efe Money yana haɗa waƙar rap da [[pidgin]] don ya haɗu da ɗanɗanon waƙar da masu sauraro ke so a faɗin Najeriya. Tasirin waƙar sa sun haɗa da [[Eminem]], [[Dr dre|Dr. Dre]], Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, [[50 Cent]], [[M.I Abaga|MI Abaga]], da Naeto C. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 2023, Efe Money ya kasance babban jarumi a Amurka a wasan dambe tsakanin Efe Ajagba da Joseph Goodall, inda ya yi waƙarsa ta waƙa, "Money Talk". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2itggk65Obghpuk6P5CAJ5?si=s5JLLck1Skmag_0Iu7Q2Dg |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da mawakan Najeriya kamar [[Ice Prince]], Illbliss, [[Vector (mawakin rafa)|Vector]], Oritse Femi, Jaywon, da Victor Thompson. == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2017, [[Ma'aikatar Matasa da Wasanni ta Najeriya]] ta naɗa shi jakadan nishaɗi, masana'antar ƙirƙira, da kuma jakadan matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-04-12 |title=#BBNaija's Efe to Receive Plateau State's Honour as Ambassador in the Entertainment & Creative Industry |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/04/bbnaijas-efe-to-receive-plateau-states-honour-as-ambassador-in-the-entertainment-creative-industry/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plateau State appoints Efe Entertainment Ambassador {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/big-brother-naija-plateau-state-appoints-efe-entertainment-ambassador/xgbs9d7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801173033/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/big-brother-naija-plateau-state-appoints-efe-entertainment-ambassador/xgbs9d7 |archive-date=2021-08-01 |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=www.pulse.ng}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya zama jakadan Afirka na Jami'ar Kalinga, Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BB Naija Efe becomes African Ambassador for Indian varsity – The Africa Signal News Magazine |url=https://theafricasignal.com/2018/08/bb-naija-efe-becomes-african-ambassador-for-indian-varsity/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yakubu-hammer |first=Collins |date=2018-08-07 |title=BB Naija Efe becomes African Ambassador for Indian varsity |url=https://nnn.ng/bb-naija-efe-becomes-african-ambassador-for-indian-varsity/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=NNN |language=en}}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Tapes ɗin Mix === * ''Mafi Kyawun Efe (Jerin Waƙoƙin)'' (2020) === EPs === * ''An Sorry Am Winning'' (2018) * ''Nonstop'' (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/59nxw6ZCvS1LbFAcMmqbus?si=_jc5VUnCRhS3pWbGlWV3qw |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''No Boundaries'' (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3FBS0PEcAM3Gu6TOSxKqkY?si=H3lOP8L5QY-l0ng37UL_Mg |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''Against All Odds'' (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5kZrNLXE00HqEH0p8PShm6?si=RJs3sAAjRBWes-iSog_bQw |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''Stubborn Boy'' (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6IfNC74Wlnfr6I5NnDblmr?si=9Q7CHE5KS5u8HRcq8rZovg |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''Une Bounce'' (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Une Bounce |url=https://onerpm.link/unebounce |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=onerpm.link |language=en}}</ref> == Fim == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Bayanan kula |- | 2017 | ''Big Brother kakar wasa ta 2'' | kansa | Nunin gaskiya |} == {{Authority control}}Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 55w069ne63ep69gu8xb94k28g9oori4 879179 879178 2026-07-08T19:58:12Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka databox 879179 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Databox}} '''Michael Efe Ejeba''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu 1993), wanda aka fi sani da '''Efe''' ko '''Efe Money''', ɗan Najeriya ne mai rap, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, kuma mai shirya waƙoƙi. Ya lashe gasar [[Big Brother Naija]] ta 2, inda ya sami kyautar kuɗi ta Naira Miliyan ₦25 da sabuwar mota kirar SUV bayan ya shafe kwanaki 78 a gida yana fafatawa da sauran abokan zamansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-09 |title=Efe Emerges Winner Of Big Brother Nigeria, 2017 |url=https://thenativemag.com/efe-emerges-winner-big-brother-nigeria-2017/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title=BBNAIJA: Here Are All The Past Winners & Where They Are Now |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/bbnaija-here-are-all-the-past-winners-where-they-are-now/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801173042/https://www.ghgossip.com/bbnaija-here-are-all-the-past-winners-where-they-are-now/ |archive-date=2021-08-01 |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=GhGossip |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Michael Efe Ejeba, ɗan asalin [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, 1993 a [[Jos]], [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Filato]]. Ya halarci Makarantar private ta Dafwaho domin karatun firamare da kuma [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Jos]], don karatun sakandare. Ya kammala karatunsa a [[Jami'ar Jos]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Top 10 Facts You Never Knew About Efe - Based On Logistics {{!}} BBNaija Winner - ONLINE DAILYS |url=https://www.onlinedailys.com/top-10-facts-you-never-knew-about-efe-based-on-logistics-bbnaija-winner/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801173033/https://www.onlinedailys.com/top-10-facts-you-never-knew-about-efe-based-on-logistics-bbnaija-winner/ |archive-date=2021-08-01 |access-date=2021-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == An fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta hukuma mai suna "Based on Logistics" a shekarar 2017, inda aka samu ra'ayoyi masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-04-28 |title=#BBNaija's Winner Efe Releases New Music “Based On Logistics” {{!}} Listen on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/04/bbnaijas-winner-efe-releases-new-music-based-on-logistics-listen-on-bn/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya ya fitar da waƙar da ta ƙunshi Olamide, mai suna "Warri". Efe Money yana haɗa waƙar rap da [[pidgin]] don ya haɗu da ɗanɗanon waƙar da masu sauraro ke so a faɗin Najeriya. Tasirin waƙar sa sun haɗa da [[Eminem]], [[Dr dre|Dr. Dre]], Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, [[50 Cent]], [[M.I Abaga|MI Abaga]], da Naeto C. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, 2023, Efe Money ya kasance babban jarumi a Amurka a wasan dambe tsakanin Efe Ajagba da Joseph Goodall, inda ya yi waƙarsa ta waƙa, "Money Talk". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2itggk65Obghpuk6P5CAJ5?si=s5JLLck1Skmag_0Iu7Q2Dg |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> Ya yi aiki tare da mawakan Najeriya kamar [[Ice Prince]], Illbliss, [[Vector (mawakin rafa)|Vector]], Oritse Femi, Jaywon, da Victor Thompson. == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2017, [[Ma'aikatar Matasa da Wasanni ta Najeriya]] ta naɗa shi jakadan nishaɗi, masana'antar ƙirƙira, da kuma jakadan matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2017-04-12 |title=#BBNaija's Efe to Receive Plateau State's Honour as Ambassador in the Entertainment & Creative Industry |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/04/bbnaijas-efe-to-receive-plateau-states-honour-as-ambassador-in-the-entertainment-creative-industry/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plateau State appoints Efe Entertainment Ambassador {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/big-brother-naija-plateau-state-appoints-efe-entertainment-ambassador/xgbs9d7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801173033/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/big-brother-naija-plateau-state-appoints-efe-entertainment-ambassador/xgbs9d7 |archive-date=2021-08-01 |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=www.pulse.ng}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya zama jakadan Afirka na Jami'ar Kalinga, Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BB Naija Efe becomes African Ambassador for Indian varsity – The Africa Signal News Magazine |url=https://theafricasignal.com/2018/08/bb-naija-efe-becomes-african-ambassador-for-indian-varsity/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yakubu-hammer |first=Collins |date=2018-08-07 |title=BB Naija Efe becomes African Ambassador for Indian varsity |url=https://nnn.ng/bb-naija-efe-becomes-african-ambassador-for-indian-varsity/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=NNN |language=en}}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Tapes ɗin Mix === * ''Mafi Kyawun Efe (Jerin Waƙoƙin)'' (2020) === EPs === * ''An Sorry Am Winning'' (2018) * ''Nonstop'' (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/59nxw6ZCvS1LbFAcMmqbus?si=_jc5VUnCRhS3pWbGlWV3qw |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''No Boundaries'' (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3FBS0PEcAM3Gu6TOSxKqkY?si=H3lOP8L5QY-l0ng37UL_Mg |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''Against All Odds'' (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5kZrNLXE00HqEH0p8PShm6?si=RJs3sAAjRBWes-iSog_bQw |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''Stubborn Boy'' (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6IfNC74Wlnfr6I5NnDblmr?si=9Q7CHE5KS5u8HRcq8rZovg |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> * ''Une Bounce'' (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Une Bounce |url=https://onerpm.link/unebounce |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=onerpm.link |language=en}}</ref> == Fim == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin ! Bayanan kula |- | 2017 | ''Big Brother kakar wasa ta 2'' | kansa | Nunin gaskiya |} == {{Authority control}}Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t0h6ichpzpa9gcvs4zzejow55x8ag8p 0 161102 879184 2026-07-08T20:39:25Z M Bash Ne 12403 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357264956|NTA Jos]]" 879184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NTA [[Jos]]''' wani ɓangare ne na [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] da ke zaune da reshen ta a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau . An kafa ta ne a matsayin Benue-Plateau Television (BPTV) a cikin shekarar 1974, jim kaɗan kafin a haɗa ta cikin sabon cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA a cikin shekarar 1977. NTA Jos kuma tana gudanar da Kwalejin Talabijin ta NTA. == Tarihi == Jos ta kasance a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]] wanda aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, kuma ta karɓi sigina daga Rediyo Kaduna Television a Kaduna, wanda shine babban birnin yankin. Bayan ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi, an fara aiki don tashar talabijin a Jos a cikin shekarar 1973, wanda shine na gidan talabijin na Benue Plateau mai zuwa. Ginin kayan aikin ya fara ne a rabi na biyu na shekara.<ref name="BPTV">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE |url=https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}</ref> Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shirye a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1974 a tashar 7, inda ta maye gurbin RKTV. An ƙirƙiro Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Benue Plateau a shekara mai zuwa don kula da BPTV da sabis na rediyo, an ƙaddamar da BPTV a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1975. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30<!--date from page source--> |title=Nigeria |url=https://broadwcast.org/index.php/Nigeria |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=BroaDWcast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1975, a ranar cika shekaru goma sha biyar da ƴancin Najeriya, BPTV ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen launi. Ita ce ta farko irin wannan sabis na yau da kullun a Afirka, ta amfani da tsarin PAL. Karɓar Najeriya ta sabuwar Gwamnatin Sojojin Tarayya a cikin shekarar 1977 ta sake tsara duk tashoshin talabijin da ke akwai kuma ta haɗa su da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ta yanzu.<ref name="BPTV">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE |url=https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ "JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE"]. ''Viewpoint Nigeria''. 27 October 2021. Archived from [https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ the original] on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> An haɗa Jos a cikin Yankin D, wanda ya ƙunshi tsakiyar arewacin Najeriya, wanda ya haɗa da Kano da Kaduna.<ref name="UNT1983">{{Cite web |date=August 1983 |title=THE ROLE OF TELEVISION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504126/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775653-Onwumere.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106141854/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504126/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775653-Onwumere.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=University of North Texas}}</ref> NTA Jos kuma ta aika da shirye-shiryenta zuwa tashoshin da ke kusa, NTA Yola da [[NTA Makurdi]]. An halicci NTA Makurdi ne daga tsohon mai ba da labari na BPTV.<ref name="UNT1983" /> A cikin shekarar 1980, NTA ta kafa kwalejin talabijin a Jos . A farkon shekarun 1980s, NTA Jos tana da nasa aiki "aiki, ci gaba, da kuma bugawa" a cikin ɗakunan karatu, kuma shirye-shiryen gida sun kasance "da kyau". A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, an ba da sanarwar cewa an shirya NTA Jos don zama Cibiyar sadarwar Zonal, tare da ikon samar da shirye-shirye a duk fadin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2008 |title=Nigeria: NTA’s Jos station becomes a zonal network centres |url=https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast-en/11269/nigeria-ntas-jos-station-becomes-a-zonal-network-centres |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814181445/https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast-en/11269/nigeria-ntas-jos-station-becomes-a-zonal-network-centres |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, wasu sassan ginin NTA Jos sun sha wuta a karfe 3 na yamma. An ƙuntata wutar a cikin minti talatin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2015 |title=Nigeria: NTA Jos Station, Kano GSM Market Gutted By Fire |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/20151020151431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020151431/http://allafrica.com/stories/201502050721.html |archive-date=20 October 2015 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * NTA Network Centre Josa kanFacebook [[Rukuni:Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rediyoyin Nijeriya]] l02p9h0it3udv3dj4zim21l8qxi1217 879185 879184 2026-07-08T20:39:51Z M Bash Ne 12403 /* Manazarta */ 879185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NTA [[Jos]]''' wani ɓangare ne na [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] da ke zaune da reshen ta a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau . An kafa ta ne a matsayin Benue-Plateau Television (BPTV) a cikin shekarar 1974, jim kaɗan kafin a haɗa ta cikin sabon cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA a cikin shekarar 1977. NTA Jos kuma tana gudanar da Kwalejin Talabijin ta NTA. == Tarihi == Jos ta kasance a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]] wanda aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, kuma ta karɓi sigina daga Rediyo Kaduna Television a Kaduna, wanda shine babban birnin yankin. Bayan ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi, an fara aiki don tashar talabijin a Jos a cikin shekarar 1973, wanda shine na gidan talabijin na Benue Plateau mai zuwa. Ginin kayan aikin ya fara ne a rabi na biyu na shekara.<ref name="BPTV">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE |url=https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}</ref> Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shirye a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1974 a tashar 7, inda ta maye gurbin RKTV. An ƙirƙiro Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Benue Plateau a shekara mai zuwa don kula da BPTV da sabis na rediyo, an ƙaddamar da BPTV a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1975. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30<!--date from page source--> |title=Nigeria |url=https://broadwcast.org/index.php/Nigeria |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=BroaDWcast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1975, a ranar cika shekaru goma sha biyar da ƴancin Najeriya, BPTV ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen launi. Ita ce ta farko irin wannan sabis na yau da kullun a Afirka, ta amfani da tsarin PAL. Karɓar Najeriya ta sabuwar Gwamnatin Sojojin Tarayya a cikin shekarar 1977 ta sake tsara duk tashoshin talabijin da ke akwai kuma ta haɗa su da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ta yanzu.<ref name="BPTV">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE |url=https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ "JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE"]. ''Viewpoint Nigeria''. 27 October 2021. Archived from [https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ the original] on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> An haɗa Jos a cikin Yankin D, wanda ya ƙunshi tsakiyar arewacin Najeriya, wanda ya haɗa da Kano da Kaduna.<ref name="UNT1983">{{Cite web |date=August 1983 |title=THE ROLE OF TELEVISION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504126/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775653-Onwumere.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106141854/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504126/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775653-Onwumere.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=University of North Texas}}</ref> NTA Jos kuma ta aika da shirye-shiryenta zuwa tashoshin da ke kusa, NTA Yola da [[NTA Makurdi]]. An halicci NTA Makurdi ne daga tsohon mai ba da labari na BPTV.<ref name="UNT1983" /> A cikin shekarar 1980, NTA ta kafa kwalejin talabijin a Jos . A farkon shekarun 1980s, NTA Jos tana da nasa aiki "aiki, ci gaba, da kuma bugawa" a cikin ɗakunan karatu, kuma shirye-shiryen gida sun kasance "da kyau". A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, an ba da sanarwar cewa an shirya NTA Jos don zama Cibiyar sadarwar Zonal, tare da ikon samar da shirye-shirye a duk fadin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2008 |title=Nigeria: NTA’s Jos station becomes a zonal network centres |url=https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast-en/11269/nigeria-ntas-jos-station-becomes-a-zonal-network-centres |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814181445/https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast-en/11269/nigeria-ntas-jos-station-becomes-a-zonal-network-centres |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, wasu sassan ginin NTA Jos sun sha wuta a karfe 3 na yamma. An ƙuntata wutar a cikin minti talatin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2015 |title=Nigeria: NTA Jos Station, Kano GSM Market Gutted By Fire |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/20151020151431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020151431/http://allafrica.com/stories/201502050721.html |archive-date=20 October 2015 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * NTA Network Centre Josa kanFacebook [[Rukuni:Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rediyoyin Nijeriya]] pgkd0knrqc0matolez1a99ycnxk8yq5 879186 879185 2026-07-08T20:40:18Z M Bash Ne 12403 879186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''NTA [[Jos]]''' wani ɓangare ne na [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] da ke zaune da reshen ta a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau . An kafa ta ne a matsayin Benue-Plateau Television (BPTV) a cikin shekarar 1974, jim kaɗan kafin a haɗa ta cikin sabon cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA a cikin shekarar 1977. NTA Jos kuma tana gudanar da Kwalejin Talabijin ta NTA. == Tarihi == Jos ta kasance a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Yankin Arewa]] wanda aka gada daga mulkin mallaka, kuma ta karɓi sigina daga Rediyo Kaduna Television a Kaduna, wanda shine babban birnin yankin. Bayan ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi, an fara aiki don tashar talabijin a Jos a cikin shekarar 1973, wanda shine na gidan talabijin na Benue Plateau mai zuwa. Ginin kayan aikin ya fara ne a rabi na biyu na shekara.<ref name="BPTV">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE |url=https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}</ref> Tashar ta fara watsa shirye-shirye a ranar 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1974 a tashar 7, inda ta maye gurbin RKTV. An ƙirƙiro Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Benue Plateau a shekara mai zuwa don kula da BPTV da sabis na rediyo, an ƙaddamar da BPTV a hukumance a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1975. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30<!--date from page source--> |title=Nigeria |url=https://broadwcast.org/index.php/Nigeria |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=BroaDWcast}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1975, a ranar cika shekaru goma sha biyar da ƴancin Najeriya, BPTV ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen launi. Ita ce ta farko irin wannan sabis na yau da kullun a Afirka, ta amfani da tsarin PAL. Karɓar Najeriya ta sabuwar Gwamnatin Sojojin Tarayya a cikin shekarar 1977 ta sake tsara duk tashoshin talabijin da ke akwai kuma ta haɗa su da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ta yanzu.<ref name="BPTV">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE |url=https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211205211708/https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ "JOS, JOURNALISM AND THE PRIMACY OF A BEFITTING PRESS CENTRE"]. ''Viewpoint Nigeria''. 27 October 2021. Archived from [https://viewpointnigeria.org/jos-journalism-and-the-primacy-of-a-befitting-press-centre/ the original] on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> An haɗa Jos a cikin Yankin D, wanda ya ƙunshi tsakiyar arewacin Najeriya, wanda ya haɗa da Kano da Kaduna.<ref name="UNT1983">{{Cite web |date=August 1983 |title=THE ROLE OF TELEVISION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504126/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775653-Onwumere.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106141854/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504126/m2/1/high_res_d/1002775653-Onwumere.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=University of North Texas}}</ref> NTA Jos kuma ta aika da shirye-shiryenta zuwa tashoshin da ke kusa, NTA Yola da [[NTA Makurdi]]. An halicci NTA Makurdi ne daga tsohon mai ba da labari na BPTV.<ref name="UNT1983" /> A cikin shekarar 1980, NTA ta kafa kwalejin talabijin a Jos . A farkon shekarun 1980s, NTA Jos tana da nasa aiki "aiki, ci gaba, da kuma bugawa" a cikin ɗakunan karatu, kuma shirye-shiryen gida sun kasance "da kyau". A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, an ba da sanarwar cewa an shirya NTA Jos don zama Cibiyar sadarwar Zonal, tare da ikon samar da shirye-shirye a duk fadin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2008 |title=Nigeria: NTA’s Jos station becomes a zonal network centres |url=https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast-en/11269/nigeria-ntas-jos-station-becomes-a-zonal-network-centres |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814181445/https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/broadcast-en/11269/nigeria-ntas-jos-station-becomes-a-zonal-network-centres |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=Viewpoint Nigeria}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, wasu sassan ginin NTA Jos sun sha wuta a karfe 3 na yamma. An ƙuntata wutar a cikin minti talatin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2015 |title=Nigeria: NTA Jos Station, Kano GSM Market Gutted By Fire |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/20151020151431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020151431/http://allafrica.com/stories/201502050721.html |archive-date=20 October 2015 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * NTA Network Centre Josa kanFacebook [[Rukuni:Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rediyoyin Nijeriya]] 5ied9c0j3z3yozgp65r3qx00aepi637 3 161103 879197 2026-07-08T21:23:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879197 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JohnnyRayder! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JohnnyRayder|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bqw71zq059jwvkexbebpduo2qg4tkma 3 161104 879198 2026-07-08T21:23:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879198 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kingyoav! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kingyoav|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7sg7q7y9btv4p4y2c35pjqyylai68po 3 161105 879199 2026-07-08T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879199 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, L'Éclipse! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/L'Éclipse|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) puwbvhbuw1loxh08zvcn9oq3wr7sl29 3 161106 879200 2026-07-08T21:23:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879200 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lenin18700422! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lenin18700422|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7cz9xciqn3db9dnt37lyd7wudewuyvj 3 161107 879201 2026-07-08T21:23:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879201 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sbossax! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sbossax|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 71ldy33l60nucyo5q2j7jkw81azchrw 3 161108 879202 2026-07-08T21:24:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879202 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Edyyyyyy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Edyyyyyy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 8zuptvz7n2yrj5rznh107p0g51kdcpn 3 161109 879203 2026-07-08T21:24:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879203 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anarchyak! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anarchyak|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) dwjee0ur8g2ueejtdqjsnjznzuelani 3 161110 879204 2026-07-08T21:24:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879204 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Heyitsmrwiki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Heyitsmrwiki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) qezkd7on0mocbfk97x9sgagsdhwcfr2 3 161111 879205 2026-07-08T21:24:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879205 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Knowzzz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Knowzzz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) enk14fioa5r5m016llyiwq3khijpnxx 3 161112 879206 2026-07-08T21:24:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879206 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Midnightpartners! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Midnightpartners|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pya70s6uf0xkdz4mpj0phpvyga22see 3 161113 879207 2026-07-08T21:24:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879207 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Atkoli! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Atkoli|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) s595yrf1o5cr4svfqz9j8sb5413p68h 3 161114 879208 2026-07-08T21:25:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879208 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hajjorh4900! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hajjorh4900|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) srl76uz6wsv0oxvqime07qat9yage1c 3 161115 879209 2026-07-08T21:25:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879209 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ninda dosras! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ninda dosras|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) py05ogfhpmsqs66lsla0jacx85w0bt7 3 161116 879210 2026-07-08T21:25:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879210 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Նազարյան Քրիստինե! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Նազարյան Քրիստինե|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9grhle53x3oss47wwfi5c1j9jbe7rep 3 161117 879211 2026-07-08T21:25:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879211 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Դավիթ Տոնոյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Դավիթ Տոնոյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) nnl250xcgfcmt7zzfao7xd092ygso1j 3 161118 879212 2026-07-08T21:25:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879212 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibrahim yahaya salaman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim yahaya salaman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) pkjyfwjukbvoj1znr831axqtvq7dsls 3 161119 879213 2026-07-08T21:25:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 879213 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DiophantineEquation! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DiophantineEquation|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 7sxf0my3nq0sl34kdmvw3hmrfl3dl29 0 161120 879276 2026-07-09T04:34:03Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352610881|Numazu Military Academy]]" 879276 wikitext text/x-wiki Numazu Military Academy (沼津兵学校, Numazu heigakkō) was one of the first schools organized along western lines in Japan, and was located in [[Numazu, Shizuoka]]. Although the academy operated only from December 1868 to 1871, it made a major contribution to the development of [[public education]] in Japan. It was later merged into the [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]. == Tarihi == A lokacin Bakumatsu, ƙungiyar sojojin Tokugawa ta yi ƙoƙarin sabunta rundunar sojojinta da taimakon masu ba da shawara kan sojojin Faransa . Wannan yunƙurin bai yi nasara ba, kuma bayan Yaƙin Boshin na dawo da Meiji, ƙabilar Tokugawa, waɗanda a da suka mallaki ƙasar da kuɗin shiga sama da ''koku miliyan takwas,'' sun ragu zuwa ''koku'' 700,000, waɗanda suka bazu a lardunan Suruga, Tōtōmi da Mikawa, tare da shugaban ƙabilar, Tokugawa Iesato, suka ƙaura zuwa Numazu. A wannan lokacin, wata ƙungiyar ''hatamoto ,'' ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ebara Soroku, Abe Kuninosuke da Yatabori Keizō sun dawo daga karatu a Netherlands, suka yanke shawarar kafa makarantar sojoji a kan layin yamma a cikin harabar Gidan Numazu a watan Disamba na 1868. Manhajar makarantar ta haɗa da harsunan Turanci da Faransanci da tattaunawa, kimiyyar lissafi da sinadarai, ilimin ƙasa, ilmin taurari, tarihin duniya da ka'idar tattalin arziki. An kuma auna manhajar zuwa lissafi, musamman lissafi da trigonometry, inda aka ɗauke ta a matsayin muhimman darussan soja saboda amfani da su a fannin kewayawa, harba manyan bindigogi da kuma binciken ƙasa. Shugaban farko na makarantar shine Nishi Amane, wanda shine babban mai jagoranci a ƙirƙirar makarantar firamare da ke da alaƙa da makarantar sojoji, wadda yanzu ake ɗaukarta a matsayin makarantar firamare ta farko ta yammacin Japan. A shekarar 1869, Kwalejin Soja ta Numazu ta buga littafin farko na Japan kan injiniyan soja . A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1871, makarantar ta zo ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Yaƙi kai tsaye, kuma a shekarar 1872, an rufe ta, aka ƙaura zuwa Tokyo, inda aka haɗa ta da sabuwar Kwalejin Sojojin Japan ta Daular Japan . Duk da cewa ta kasance tsawon shekaru huɗu kacal, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare 210 da suka kammala karatun firamare 150 sun haɗa da da yawa waɗanda suka ci gaba da aiki a matsayin janar-janar a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Japan ta Daular Japan, admirals a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Daular Japan ko kuma a matsayin fitattun malamai ko 'yan siyasa. Makarantar firamare ta yi aiki a matsayin abin koyi ga sauran makarantun firamare waɗanda aka kafa ba da daɗewa ba a duk faɗin Japan. Kwalejin Soja ta Numazu ita ma ta kasance batun fim ɗin darakta Tadashi Imai na farko a shekarar 1939. <ref>[http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1939/bo000810.htm] Japanese movie database {{In lang|ja}}</ref> == Manazarta == lwdty3eovsfngi94k85mghy5vjhn789 879277 879276 2026-07-09T04:34:28Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Numazu Military Academy (沼津兵学校, Numazu heigakkō) was one of the first schools organized along western lines in Japan, and was located in [[Numazu, Shizuoka]]. Although the academy operated only from December 1868 to 1871, it made a major contribution to the development of [[public education]] in Japan. It was later merged into the [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]]. == Tarihi == A lokacin Bakumatsu, ƙungiyar sojojin Tokugawa ta yi ƙoƙarin sabunta rundunar sojojinta da taimakon masu ba da shawara kan sojojin Faransa . Wannan yunƙurin bai yi nasara ba, kuma bayan Yaƙin Boshin na dawo da Meiji, ƙabilar Tokugawa, waɗanda a da suka mallaki ƙasar da kuɗin shiga sama da ''koku miliyan takwas,'' sun ragu zuwa ''koku'' 700,000, waɗanda suka bazu a lardunan Suruga, Tōtōmi da Mikawa, tare da shugaban ƙabilar, Tokugawa Iesato, suka ƙaura zuwa Numazu. A wannan lokacin, wata ƙungiyar ''hatamoto ,'' ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ebara Soroku, Abe Kuninosuke da Yatabori Keizō sun dawo daga karatu a Netherlands, suka yanke shawarar kafa makarantar sojoji a kan layin yamma a cikin harabar Gidan Numazu a watan Disamba na 1868. Manhajar makarantar ta haɗa da harsunan Turanci da Faransanci da tattaunawa, kimiyyar lissafi da sinadarai, ilimin ƙasa, ilmin taurari, tarihin duniya da ka'idar tattalin arziki. An kuma auna manhajar zuwa lissafi, musamman lissafi da trigonometry, inda aka ɗauke ta a matsayin muhimman darussan soja saboda amfani da su a fannin kewayawa, harba manyan bindigogi da kuma binciken ƙasa. Shugaban farko na makarantar shine Nishi Amane, wanda shine babban mai jagoranci a ƙirƙirar makarantar firamare da ke da alaƙa da makarantar sojoji, wadda yanzu ake ɗaukarta a matsayin makarantar firamare ta farko ta yammacin Japan. A shekarar 1869, Kwalejin Soja ta Numazu ta buga littafin farko na Japan kan injiniyan soja . A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1871, makarantar ta zo ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Yaƙi kai tsaye, kuma a shekarar 1872, an rufe ta, aka ƙaura zuwa Tokyo, inda aka haɗa ta da sabuwar Kwalejin Sojojin Japan ta Daular Japan . Duk da cewa ta kasance tsawon shekaru huɗu kacal, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare 210 da suka kammala karatun firamare 150 sun haɗa da da yawa waɗanda suka ci gaba da aiki a matsayin janar-janar a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Japan ta Daular Japan, admirals a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Daular Japan ko kuma a matsayin fitattun malamai ko 'yan siyasa. Makarantar firamare ta yi aiki a matsayin abin koyi ga sauran makarantun firamare waɗanda aka kafa ba da daɗewa ba a duk faɗin Japan. Kwalejin Soja ta Numazu ita ma ta kasance batun fim ɗin darakta Tadashi Imai na farko a shekarar 1939. <ref>[http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1939/bo000810.htm] Japanese movie database {{In lang|ja}}</ref> == Manazarta == 03gelbxku3j6bfzmdpu9tsxjpnjya5z 0 161121 879278 2026-07-09T04:35:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361277167|Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation]]" 879278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidauniyar Hazelden Betty Ford''' ƙungiya ce ta maganin jaraba da kuma kare haƙƙin yara da aka kafa a shekarar 2014 tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Hazelden da ke Minnesota da Cibiyar Betty Ford da ke Rancho Mirage, [[California]], a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazelden Betty Ford Drug and Alcohol Addiction Treatment Centers |url=https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125222203/https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/ |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=www.hazeldenbettyford.org |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyoyin biyu suna da dogon tarihi tare. An kafa Hazelden a shekarar 1949, kuma Betty Ford ta ziyarci hedikwatar ta ta Minnesota a shekarar 1982 lokacin da take shirin bude cibiyar a Rancho Mirage. Gidauniyar ta kuma hada da babbar cibiyar buga littattafai ta kasar, makarantar koyon jaraba da kuma murmurewa, cibiyar bincike kan jaraba, horar da rigakafi, bangaren ilimi ga kwararrun likitoci, 'yan uwa, da sauran masoya, da kuma shirin yara. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2014, ta hade da Cibiyar Betty Ford don kafa Gidauniyar Hazelden Betty Ford da ke da hedikwata a Minnesota. == Gidauniyar Hazelden == Gidauniyar Hazelden wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka da ke da hedikwata a Center City, Minnesota, wacce ke gudanar da cibiyoyin kula da barasa da miyagun ƙwayoyi a [[Minnesota]], [[Oregon]], [[Illinois]], [[Florida]], [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]], da [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . Bayan haɗakar, ta ci gaba da bayar da kimantawa da kuma maganin farko na jarabar [[Addiction|shan barasa]] ga manya da matasa, gami da kulawa ta dogon lokaci da kulawa ta matsakaici, da kuma magani na waje, ayyukan kulawa bayan haihuwa da kuma shirin iyali. === Tarihin Gidauniyar Hazelden === Hazelden ya fara ne a shekarar 1949 a matsayin wurin shakatawa mai sauƙi na gidan gona wanda ake kira Old Lodge kuma yana hidimar [[Shaye-shaye|masu shan giya]] maza ne kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=LibGuides: Hazelden: Alcohol & Drug Addiction Treatment Center: Overview |url=https://libguides.mnhs.org/hazelden/ov |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=libguides.mnhs.org |language=en}}</ref> An sayi gidan gonar daga wata mata mai suna Hazel, kuma an ba shi laƙabi da "Hazel's Den". <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-19 |title=Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation Celebrates 75 Years In Minnesota |url=https://patch.com/minnesota/across-mn/hazelden-betty-ford-foundation-celebrates-75-years-minnesota |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Patch |language=en}}</ref> Shirin farko da Lynne Carroll ta tsara ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin Alcoholics Anonymous, musamman Matakai Goma Sha Biyu . A cikin watanni 18 na farko, an taimaka wa maza 156. A shekarar 1953, an kafa Ƙungiyar Fellowship a matsayin gida mai zaman kansa don samar da ƙarin taimako ga marasa lafiya bayan halartar shirin Cibiyar City. Daga baya an mayar da wurin Dellwood zuwa harabar Cibiyar City. Dan Anderson shine mataimakin shugaban Hazelden daga 1961 kuma shugaban ƙasa tsakanin 1971 da 1986. An naɗa Mark G. Misek a matsayin Shugaba kuma Shugaba na Hazelden a watan Agusta 2008, wanda ya gaji Ellen Breyer. Mishek ya zo Hazelden daga Allina Hospitals &amp;amp; Clinics, inda ya kasance Shugaban Asibitin United na St. Paul . A shekarar 1999, an buɗe Makarantar Digiri ta Hazelden ta Nazarin Addiction a Cibiyar City, Minnesota. == Cibiyar Betty Ford == Cibiyar Betty Ford wata [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|cibiyar kula da marasa lafiya]] ce mai zaman kanta a Rancho Mirage, California, ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi . Tun lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na Gidauniyar Hazelden, tana ba da magani na kwana ɗaya ga marasa lafiya a asibiti, marasa lafiya a waje, da kuma na kwana ɗaya ga masu shan barasa da sauran miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma shirye-shiryen rigakafi da ilimi ga iyali da yara. === Tarihin Cibiyar Betty Ford === Tsohuwar [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa]] Betty Ford, Leonard Firestone da Dr. James West ne suka kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1982. West ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan lafiya na farko na Cibiyar Betty Ford daga 1982 zuwa 1989. Ya bar wannan mukamin ya zama darektan kula da marasa lafiya na Cibiyar Betty Ford. Shawarar Ford ta yin irin wannan aikin ta biyo bayan gwagwarmayarta da shan barasa da kuma [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|shan]] diazepam bayan da Fords ta bar Fadar White House, da kuma sakinta daga Asibitin Sojojin Ruwa na Long Beach. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Betty Ford Biography |url=http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/bbfbiop.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227015736/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/bbfbiop.asp |archive-date=2012-02-27 |access-date=November 28, 2014 |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, bayan hadewa da Gidauniyar Hazelden, Cibiyar Betty Ford ta bude wani asibitin kula da masu shan barasa na marasa lafiya a Yammacin Los Angeles . == Duba kuma == * [[Rogers Behavioral Health|Lafiyar Halayyar Rogers]] == Manazarta == j7dh44i07upyqjd8pvkilxabaa4fsjz 879279 879278 2026-07-09T04:36:14Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidauniyar Hazelden Betty Ford''' ƙungiya ce ta maganin jaraba da kuma kare haƙƙin yara da aka kafa a shekarar 2014 tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Hazelden da ke Minnesota da Cibiyar Betty Ford da ke Rancho Mirage, [[California]], a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazelden Betty Ford Drug and Alcohol Addiction Treatment Centers |url=https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125222203/https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/ |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=www.hazeldenbettyford.org |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyoyin biyu suna da dogon tarihi tare. An kafa Hazelden a shekarar 1949, kuma Betty Ford ta ziyarci hedikwatar ta ta Minnesota a shekarar 1982 lokacin da take shirin bude cibiyar a Rancho Mirage. Gidauniyar ta kuma hada da babbar cibiyar buga littattafai ta kasar, makarantar koyon jaraba da kuma murmurewa, cibiyar bincike kan jaraba, horar da rigakafi, bangaren ilimi ga kwararrun likitoci, 'yan uwa, da sauran masoya, da kuma shirin yara. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2014, ta hade da Cibiyar Betty Ford don kafa Gidauniyar Hazelden Betty Ford da ke da hedikwata a Minnesota. == Gidauniyar Hazelden == Gidauniyar Hazelden wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka da ke da hedikwata a Center City, Minnesota, wacce ke gudanar da cibiyoyin kula da barasa da miyagun ƙwayoyi a [[Minnesota]], [[Oregon]], [[Illinois]], [[Florida]], [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]], da [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . Bayan haɗakar, ta ci gaba da bayar da kimantawa da kuma maganin farko na jarabar [[Addiction|shan barasa]] ga manya da matasa, gami da kulawa ta dogon lokaci da kulawa ta matsakaici, da kuma magani na waje, ayyukan kulawa bayan haihuwa da kuma shirin iyali. === Tarihin Gidauniyar Hazelden === Hazelden ya fara ne a shekarar 1949 a matsayin wurin shakatawa mai sauƙi na gidan gona wanda ake kira Old Lodge kuma yana hidimar [[Shaye-shaye|masu shan giya]] maza ne kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=LibGuides: Hazelden: Alcohol & Drug Addiction Treatment Center: Overview |url=https://libguides.mnhs.org/hazelden/ov |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=libguides.mnhs.org |language=en}}</ref> An sayi gidan gonar daga wata mata mai suna Hazel, kuma an ba shi laƙabi da "Hazel's Den". <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-19 |title=Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation Celebrates 75 Years In Minnesota |url=https://patch.com/minnesota/across-mn/hazelden-betty-ford-foundation-celebrates-75-years-minnesota |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Patch |language=en}}</ref> Shirin farko da Lynne Carroll ta tsara ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin Alcoholics Anonymous, musamman Matakai Goma Sha Biyu . A cikin watanni 18 na farko, an taimaka wa maza 156. A shekarar 1953, an kafa Ƙungiyar Fellowship a matsayin gida mai zaman kansa don samar da ƙarin taimako ga marasa lafiya bayan halartar shirin Cibiyar City. Daga baya an mayar da wurin Dellwood zuwa harabar Cibiyar City. Dan Anderson shine mataimakin shugaban Hazelden daga 1961 kuma shugaban ƙasa tsakanin 1971 da 1986. An naɗa Mark G. Misek a matsayin Shugaba kuma Shugaba na Hazelden a watan Agusta 2008, wanda ya gaji Ellen Breyer. Mishek ya zo Hazelden daga Allina Hospitals &amp;amp; Clinics, inda ya kasance Shugaban Asibitin United na St. Paul . A shekarar 1999, an buɗe Makarantar Digiri ta Hazelden ta Nazarin Addiction a Cibiyar City, Minnesota. == Cibiyar Betty Ford == Cibiyar Betty Ford wata [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|cibiyar kula da marasa lafiya]] ce mai zaman kanta a Rancho Mirage, California, ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi . Tun lokacin da ta zama wani ɓangare na Gidauniyar Hazelden, tana ba da magani na kwana ɗaya ga marasa lafiya a asibiti, marasa lafiya a waje, da kuma na kwana ɗaya ga masu shan barasa da sauran miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma shirye-shiryen rigakafi da ilimi ga iyali da yara. === Tarihin Cibiyar Betty Ford === Tsohuwar [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa]] Betty Ford, Leonard Firestone da Dr. James West ne suka kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1982. West ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan lafiya na farko na Cibiyar Betty Ford daga 1982 zuwa 1989. Ya bar wannan mukamin ya zama darektan kula da marasa lafiya na Cibiyar Betty Ford. Shawarar Ford ta yin irin wannan aikin ta biyo bayan gwagwarmayarta da shan barasa da kuma [[Rashin amfani da kwayoyi|shan]] diazepam bayan da Fords ta bar Fadar White House, da kuma sakinta daga Asibitin Sojojin Ruwa na Long Beach. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2012 |title=Betty Ford Biography |url=http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/bbfbiop.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227015736/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/bbfbiop.asp |archive-date=2012-02-27 |access-date=November 28, 2014 |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, bayan hadewa da Gidauniyar Hazelden, Cibiyar Betty Ford ta bude wani asibitin kula da masu shan barasa na marasa lafiya a Yammacin Los Angeles . == Duba kuma == * [[Rogers Behavioral Health|Lafiyar Halayyar Rogers]] == Manazarta == iqgqvwaggtjt7qnkpnnuwyffqll6brj 0 161122 879280 2026-07-09T04:37:46Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352763601|Bible college]]" 879280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki''', wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki''' ko '''cibiyar tauhidi''' ko '''makarantar tauhidi''', cibiyar Kirista ce ta Ikklesiyoyin bishara ko Ƙungiyar Maidowa ta [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] wadda ke shirya ɗalibai don hidimar Kirista tare da ilimin tauhidi, nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma horar da ma'aikata a aikace . Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi suna ba da digiri na farko, amma kuma suna iya bayar da digiri na biyu, digiri na haɗin gwiwa na ƙananan matakai, takaddun shaida ko difloma a fannoni na musamman na horon Kirista inda ba a buƙatar cikakken digiri. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Former_Falkland_Park,_South_Norwood_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1777086.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Spurgeon, [[Landan|London]]]] Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki sun bambanta da sauran cibiyoyin tauhidi a mahangarsu ta mishan . A Turai, makarantu na farko da za a iya rarraba su a wannan rukuni sune {{Interlanguage link|St. Chrischona Theological Seminary|de|Theologisches Seminar St. Chrischona}} wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1840 ta hannun {{Interlanguage link|Christian Friedrich Spittler|de}} a Bettenen, [[Switzerland]], da Kwalejin Fastoci (wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Baptist ta Burtaniya ) wanda Fasto Charles Spurgeon ya kafa a shekarar 1856 a [[Landan]] da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . A Amurka da Kanada, asalin motsi na kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki yana cikin ƙungiyar cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Fasto AB Simpson [[Kanada|na Kanada]] ( Kwalejin Nyack a 1882) na ƙungiyar Kiristoci da Mishan, da DL Moody ( Cibiyar Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Moody a 1887) ne suka kafa makarantun Littafi Mai Tsarki na farko a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] . An kafa da yawa a matsayin martani ga kwalejojin tauhidi da makarantun addini da aka kafa, waɗanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka yi imanin cewa suna ƙara zama masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma raunana koyarwar Kirista ta gargajiya ta Evangelical, kamar rashin kuskuren Littafi Mai Tsarki . Ƙungiyar kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Amurka ta samo asali ne sakamakon mayar da hankali kan mayar da ilimin addini zuwa na duniya ga manyan makarantu na Amurka. An bayyana "ƙungiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki/kwaleji" a matsayin "zanga-zangar adawa da shigar da addini zuwa na ilimi mafi girma da kuma tushen ilimin ma'aikata marasa addini da malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki na cikakken lokaci, masu wa'azin bishara, da fastoci". Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi ya faɗa, "Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa ƙungiyar cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta girma a lokacin da falsafar dabi'a ta zama ruwan dare a ilimin Amurka". Tsakanin 1882 da 1920, an kafa makarantu 39 na Littafi Mai Tsarki a Amurka. A shekarar 1995, an kafa harabar makarantar tauhidi ta Baptist ta New Orleans a Amurka a gidan yarin Jihar Louisiana bayan gayyatar da mai gadin gidan yarin, Burl Cain, ya yi masa. Makarantar ta taimaka wajen rage yawan tashin hankali a gidan yarin. A shekarar 2016, Cain ya kafa Gidauniyar Makarantar Fursunoni, wata kungiya da ke da makarantun tauhidi daban-daban a gidajen yarin Amurka. == Shirye-shirye == Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi suna ba da digiri na farko, galibi a cikin nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da sassa daban-daban na hidimar Kirista, hidimar fastoci da hidimar ibada ko kiɗan coci . Wasu kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki suna ba da shirye-shiryen digiri a fannoni masu alaƙa da hidima waɗanda kuma suna da amfani na duniya, kamar ilimin Kirista . Bayan matakin digiri na farko, wasu kuma sun kafa makarantun seminary da sassan digiri na biyu . A wasu kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki, ana samun digiri na abokan aiki, difloma, ko takaddun shaida. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi an tsara su ne ga mutane masu zaman kansu (kamar malaman makarantar Lahadi ) waɗanda ba sa son kuma ba sa buƙatar digiri na farko don yin hidimarsu ta Kirista, amma waɗanda ke son ƙarin horo a fannoni kamar nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki ko koyarwa da ayyukan ƙungiyarsu. Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki da yawa suna ba da wasiƙu ko horo ta yanar gizo. Yawancin kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki a Amurka da Kanada waɗanda ke ba da shirye-shiryen wasanni tsakanin kwalejoji membobi ne na Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwalejojin Kirista ta Ƙasa ko Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwalejojin Kirista . == Amincewa == An kafa Majalisar Duniya don Ilimin Tauhidi ta Evangelical a shekarar 1980 ta Hukumar Tauhidi ta Duniya ta Ƙungiyar Masu Alfarma ta Evangelical . A shekarar 2015, za ta sami makarantu 1,000 na membobi a ƙasashe 113. == Alaƙa == Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu wa'azin bishara, [[Conservatism|masu ra'ayin mazan jiya]], da kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Kirista . {{NoteTag|''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' lists the largest affiliated denominations as [[Mennonites]], [[Pentecostals]], [[Holiness movement]] churches, [[Baptists]], [[Churches of Christ]], [[Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)|Church of God]], the [[Missionary Church]], and the [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]].<ref name="TCEpage3" />}} Babban manufarsu ita ce shirya mutane don matsayi a cikin hidimar Kirista . Manhajar da ke kan Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi ana ƙara ta da tsare-tsare na hidimar Kirista. == Albashin Farfesa da rabon malamai da ɗalibai == A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], matsakaicin albashin cikakken farfesa a wata cibiyar nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya kai kusan dala 49,000 a shekarar 2012. Adadin ɗalibai da malamai ya kai kusan ɗalibai 13 ga malami ɗaya. == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar Ilimi Mai Girma ta Littafi Mai Tsarki, wadda a da ita ce Ƙungiyar Amincewa ta Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki, wata hukumar amincewa da ke ba da izini ga kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki da yawa * Makarantar Kirista * Jerin makarantun tauhidi na cocin evangelical da kwalejojin tauhidi * Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantun Kirista ta Ƙasashen Duniya, wata ƙungiyar masu ba da izini wadda ta amince da kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki da yawa * Yeshiva == Bayanan kula ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0g5nstzx1w9o8vjm4culmhv8cdnc7q6 879281 879280 2026-07-09T04:38:12Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki''', wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki''' ko '''cibiyar tauhidi''' ko '''makarantar tauhidi''', cibiyar Kirista ce ta Ikklesiyoyin bishara ko Ƙungiyar Maidowa ta [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] wadda ke shirya ɗalibai don hidimar Kirista tare da ilimin tauhidi, nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma horar da ma'aikata a aikace . Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi suna ba da digiri na farko, amma kuma suna iya bayar da digiri na biyu, digiri na haɗin gwiwa na ƙananan matakai, takaddun shaida ko difloma a fannoni na musamman na horon Kirista inda ba a buƙatar cikakken digiri. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Former_Falkland_Park,_South_Norwood_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1777086.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Spurgeon, [[Landan|London]]]] Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki sun bambanta da sauran cibiyoyin tauhidi a mahangarsu ta mishan . A Turai, makarantu na farko da za a iya rarraba su a wannan rukuni sune {{Interlanguage link|St. Chrischona Theological Seminary|de|Theologisches Seminar St. Chrischona}} wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1840 ta hannun {{Interlanguage link|Christian Friedrich Spittler|de}} a Bettenen, [[Switzerland]], da Kwalejin Fastoci (wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Baptist ta Burtaniya ) wanda Fasto Charles Spurgeon ya kafa a shekarar 1856 a [[Landan]] da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . A Amurka da Kanada, asalin motsi na kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki yana cikin ƙungiyar cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Fasto AB Simpson [[Kanada|na Kanada]] ( Kwalejin Nyack a 1882) na ƙungiyar Kiristoci da Mishan, da DL Moody ( Cibiyar Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Moody a 1887) ne suka kafa makarantun Littafi Mai Tsarki na farko a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] . An kafa da yawa a matsayin martani ga kwalejojin tauhidi da makarantun addini da aka kafa, waɗanda masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka yi imanin cewa suna ƙara zama masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma raunana koyarwar Kirista ta gargajiya ta Evangelical, kamar rashin kuskuren Littafi Mai Tsarki . Ƙungiyar kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Amurka ta samo asali ne sakamakon mayar da hankali kan mayar da ilimin addini zuwa na duniya ga manyan makarantu na Amurka. An bayyana "ƙungiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki/kwaleji" a matsayin "zanga-zangar adawa da shigar da addini zuwa na ilimi mafi girma da kuma tushen ilimin ma'aikata marasa addini da malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki na cikakken lokaci, masu wa'azin bishara, da fastoci". Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi ya faɗa, "Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa ƙungiyar cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta girma a lokacin da falsafar dabi'a ta zama ruwan dare a ilimin Amurka". Tsakanin 1882 da 1920, an kafa makarantu 39 na Littafi Mai Tsarki a Amurka. A shekarar 1995, an kafa harabar makarantar tauhidi ta Baptist ta New Orleans a Amurka a gidan yarin Jihar Louisiana bayan gayyatar da mai gadin gidan yarin, Burl Cain, ya yi masa. Makarantar ta taimaka wajen rage yawan tashin hankali a gidan yarin. A shekarar 2016, Cain ya kafa Gidauniyar Makarantar Fursunoni, wata kungiya da ke da makarantun tauhidi daban-daban a gidajen yarin Amurka. == Shirye-shirye == Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi suna ba da digiri na farko, galibi a cikin nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da sassa daban-daban na hidimar Kirista, hidimar fastoci da hidimar ibada ko kiɗan coci . Wasu kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki suna ba da shirye-shiryen digiri a fannoni masu alaƙa da hidima waɗanda kuma suna da amfani na duniya, kamar ilimin Kirista . Bayan matakin digiri na farko, wasu kuma sun kafa makarantun seminary da sassan digiri na biyu . A wasu kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki, ana samun digiri na abokan aiki, difloma, ko takaddun shaida. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi an tsara su ne ga mutane masu zaman kansu (kamar malaman makarantar Lahadi ) waɗanda ba sa son kuma ba sa buƙatar digiri na farko don yin hidimarsu ta Kirista, amma waɗanda ke son ƙarin horo a fannoni kamar nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki ko koyarwa da ayyukan ƙungiyarsu. Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki da yawa suna ba da wasiƙu ko horo ta yanar gizo. Yawancin kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki a Amurka da Kanada waɗanda ke ba da shirye-shiryen wasanni tsakanin kwalejoji membobi ne na Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwalejojin Kirista ta Ƙasa ko Ƙungiyar Wasannin Kwalejojin Kirista . == Amincewa == An kafa Majalisar Duniya don Ilimin Tauhidi ta Evangelical a shekarar 1980 ta Hukumar Tauhidi ta Duniya ta Ƙungiyar Masu Alfarma ta Evangelical . A shekarar 2015, za ta sami makarantu 1,000 na membobi a ƙasashe 113. == Alaƙa == Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu wa'azin bishara, [[Conservatism|masu ra'ayin mazan jiya]], da kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Kirista . {{NoteTag|''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' lists the largest affiliated denominations as [[Mennonites]], [[Pentecostals]], [[Holiness movement]] churches, [[Baptists]], [[Churches of Christ]], [[Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)|Church of God]], the [[Missionary Church]], and the [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]].<ref name="TCEpage3" />}} Babban manufarsu ita ce shirya mutane don matsayi a cikin hidimar Kirista . Manhajar da ke kan Littafi Mai Tsarki galibi ana ƙara ta da tsare-tsare na hidimar Kirista. == Albashin Farfesa da rabon malamai da ɗalibai == A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], matsakaicin albashin cikakken farfesa a wata cibiyar nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki ya kai kusan dala 49,000 a shekarar 2012. Adadin ɗalibai da malamai ya kai kusan ɗalibai 13 ga malami ɗaya. == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar Ilimi Mai Girma ta Littafi Mai Tsarki, wadda a da ita ce Ƙungiyar Amincewa ta Kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki, wata hukumar amincewa da ke ba da izini ga kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki da yawa * Makarantar Kirista * Jerin makarantun tauhidi na cocin evangelical da kwalejojin tauhidi * Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantun Kirista ta Ƙasashen Duniya, wata ƙungiyar masu ba da izini wadda ta amince da kwalejojin Littafi Mai Tsarki da yawa * Yeshiva == Bayanan kula ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ltu6qolpz4boidiwvujo69fe0a4kp2p 0 161123 879282 2026-07-09T04:38:45Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359188194|PROUD Academy (Connecticut)]]" 879282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''PROUD Academy Inc,''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2021. Manufar ita ce buɗe da gudanar da makarantar da aka tsara wa ɗaliban LGBTQ+ da abokan hulɗarsu a Connecticut. Ƙungiyar agaji tana bin wani shiri na makarantar haya kuma za ta nemi matsayin makarantar haya a CT. Sunan ''"PROUD"'' Academy yana nufin ''"Proudly Respecting Our Unique Differences"'' . Makarantar za ta mayar da hankali kan zama wuri mai aminci wanda ba shi da cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga mutanen da suka saba fuskantar wariya da cin zarafi. Makarantar za ta tallafa wa ɗaliban da suka haɗa kai da juna, waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗalibai daban-daban na sha'awar jima'i, asalinsu/bayyana jinsi, asali, da kuma imani. Za a buɗe makarantar PRUD a Ansonia bayan ƙaura daga New Haven saboda tsadar kuɗi da kuma rashin kuɗi. Makarantar tana da niyyar ɗaukar aƙalla ɗalibai 20 kuma ta sami sha'awa sosai daga iyalai da malamai. Masu goyon bayanta sun ce za ta samar da wuri mai aminci da haɗin kai ga ɗalibai don bunƙasa. == Duba kuma == * Makarantar Magnet ta Betsy Ross Arts * Cibiyar Ilimi ta ACES don Fasaha == Manazarta == dc6pex9o6jv5sim2v48vj1b87wvo48c 879283 879282 2026-07-09T04:39:15Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''PROUD Academy Inc,''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2021. Manufar ita ce buɗe da gudanar da makarantar da aka tsara wa ɗaliban LGBTQ+ da abokan hulɗarsu a Connecticut. Ƙungiyar agaji tana bin wani shiri na makarantar haya kuma za ta nemi matsayin makarantar haya a CT. Sunan ''"PROUD"'' Academy yana nufin ''"Proudly Respecting Our Unique Differences"'' . Makarantar za ta mayar da hankali kan zama wuri mai aminci wanda ba shi da cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga mutanen da suka saba fuskantar wariya da cin zarafi. Makarantar za ta tallafa wa ɗaliban da suka haɗa kai da juna, waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗalibai daban-daban na sha'awar jima'i, asalinsu/bayyana jinsi, asali, da kuma imani. Za a buɗe makarantar PRUD a Ansonia bayan ƙaura daga New Haven saboda tsadar kuɗi da kuma rashin kuɗi. Makarantar tana da niyyar ɗaukar aƙalla ɗalibai 20 kuma ta sami sha'awa sosai daga iyalai da malamai. Masu goyon bayanta sun ce za ta samar da wuri mai aminci da haɗin kai ga ɗalibai don bunƙasa. == Duba kuma == * Makarantar Magnet ta Betsy Ross Arts * Cibiyar Ilimi ta ACES don Fasaha == Manazarta == 9coc2iinelshf163xip0kqk012quzsa 0 161124 879284 2026-07-09T04:41:07Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362268565|Online university]]" 879284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jami'a ta intanet''' (ko '''jami'a ta intanet''' ) tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi mafi girma ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki, galibi [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] . Wasu cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da koyo ta intanet a matsayin wani ɓangare na darussan jami'o'insu masu tsawo yayin da wasu kuma ke ba da darussan ta intanet kawai. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'i na ilimin nesa . Manufar jami'o'in intanet ita ce samar da damar shiga ga ɓangaren jama'a waɗanda ba za su iya halartar harabar jami'a ba, saboda dalilai kamar nesa - inda ɗalibai ke zaune nesa da harabar jami'a don halartar azuzuwan yau da kullun; da kuma buƙatar sassauci - wasu ɗalibai suna buƙatar sassauci don yin karatu a gida duk lokacin da ya dace da su. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna wanzuwa ne kawai a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na jami'o'i, cibiyoyi ko sassan da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda ke ba da darussa da dama ta Intanet, talabijin ko wasu kafofin watsa labarai, waɗanda suka bambanta da shirye-shiryen da cibiya ɗaya ke bayarwa a wajen haɗin gwiwa. Wasu ƙungiyoyi ne daban-daban waɗanda ke da tsarin shari'a, amma ana kiransu "na kama-da-wane" saboda suna bayyana ne kawai a Intanet, ba tare da wani wuri na zahiri ba banda sassan gudanarwarsu. Duk da haka, sauran jami'o'in kama-da-wane za a iya tsara su ta hanyoyi na musamman ko na zahiri, tare da ko ba tare da harabar jami'o'i na ainihi don karɓar isar da shirye-shirye ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na fasaha waɗanda ake watsawa daga wani wuri inda farfesoshi ke ba da laccoci a talabijin. Ana gudanar da isar da shirye-shirye a jami'a ta hanyar amfani da fasahar sadarwa da bayanai kamar shafukan yanar gizo, imel da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Ganin cewa jami'o'in kama-da-wane sababbi ne kuma sun bambanta sosai, har yanzu akwai tambayoyi game da amincewa da takardun shaida da ingancin tantancewa . == Tarihi == Babban siffa ta dukkan nau'o'i da tsararrakin ilimi na nesa ita ce rabuwar ɗalibi da malami a lokaci da sarari. Ana iya ganin ilimin nesa a matsayin abin da ya fi gaban koyo ta yanar gizo. Kafin zuwan jami'o'i na kama-da-wane, cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa suna ba da wasu ilimin nesa ta hanyar kwasa-kwasan wasiƙa bisa ga bugawa. Sau da yawa ana kiran waɗannan darussa da "kwas a cikin akwati". <ref>{{Cite web |title=USF College of Education Home Page |url=http://www.coedu.usf.edu |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Coedu.usf.edu}}</ref> An haɓaka waɗannan don ɗalibai su sami ra'ayoyi kusan nan take daga farfesoshi da masu koyarwa ta yanar gizo ta hanyar imel ko tattaunawa ta yanar gizo. Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar "virtual" a ma'anar lissafi, yana aiki ne ga abubuwan da kwamfuta ta kwaikwayi, kamar ƙwaƙwalwar kama-da-wane . A tsawon lokaci, ana amfani da siffa ga abubuwan da ke wanzuwa a zahiri kuma kwamfutoci ke ƙirƙira ko aiwatarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Can We Talk About "Virtual" English? « f/k/a archives . . . real opinions & real haiku |url=https://archive.blogs.harvard.edu/ethicalesq/2004/02/06/can-we-talk-about-virtual-english/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=archive.blogs.harvard.edu}}</ref> Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ita ce jami'ar koyarwa ta nesa ta farko a duniya da ta yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2008 |title=Open to Change: An Interview with Leaders of the Open University |url=http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/open-change-interview-leaders-open-university |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=[[Educause]]}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarun 1960 bisa ga imanin cewa fasahar sadarwa za ta iya kawo ingantaccen ilimi na digiri ga mutanen da ba su sami damar halartar jami'o'in harabar jami'a ba. <ref name="open.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=Distance Learning Courses and Adult Education - The Open University |url=http://www.open.ac.uk |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Open.ac.uk}}</ref> Masanin ilimi kuma masanin tarihi JC Stobbart ne ya fara tattaunawa kan ra'ayin "jami'a mara waya" a [[BBC]] (British Broadcasting Corporation). Tun daga farkon wannan lokacin, ƙarin ra'ayoyi sun fito har sai da Jam'iyyar Labour a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Harold Wilson ta kafa kwamitin ba da shawara don kafa Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya. Da nufin samar da ilimi mai zurfi ga duk waɗanda ke son shiga, kwamitin ya fito da yanayi daban-daban kafin ya amince da sunan ''Open University'' . Tunani na farko da aka fara samu a Burtaniya shine a sami "teleuniversity" wanda zai haɗa laccoci da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa da ziyara zuwa jami'o'i na yau da kullun. A cikin yanayin "teleuniversity" ana koyar da darussan a rediyo da talabijin kuma a zahiri jami'o'i da yawa sun rungumi amfani da wannan fasaha don darussan ilimin nesa. Sunan "teleuniversity" ya canza zuwa "Jami'ar Air" wanda har yanzu yana da irin wannan burin na isa ga ƙungiyoyin masu ƙarancin kuɗi waɗanda ba su da damar shiga manyan makarantu. Sunan "Jami'ar Air" bai tsaya ba kuma lokacin da aka shigar da ɗaliban farko a watan Janairun 1971 sunan ya zama abin da ake kira "Open University". OU ta tabbatar da cewa yana yiwuwa a koyar da darussan matakin jami'a ga ɗalibai daga nesa. Zuwa shekarar 1980, jimillar ɗaliban da ke karatu a OU sun kai 70,000 kuma kimanin mutane 6,000 ne ke kammala karatunsu kowace shekara. Shekarun 1980 sun ga ƙaruwar faɗaɗa yayin da aka gabatar da ƙarin darussa da fannoni daban-daban; yayin da mahimmancin haɓaka aiki ke ƙaruwa, don haka jami'ar ta fara ba da darussan horo na ƙwararru tare da shirye-shiryenta na ilimi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, OU tana amfani da intanet. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, sama da ɗalibai 180,000 suna mu'amala da OU ta yanar gizo daga gida. An fara buga ra'ayin jami'a ta kama-da-wane a matsayin wata cibiya da ke amfani da kwamfutoci da sadarwa maimakon gine-gine da sufuri don haɗa ɗalibai da malamai don darussan jami'a a cikin ayyukan kamar "Ƙungiyar Kare Makaranta" na Ivan Illich wanda ya gabatar da manufar amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta a matsayin allon sauyawa don koyo, a cikin 1971. A cikin 1971 George Kasey, ƙwararren masanin ɗabi'ar kafofin watsa labarai (mai fafutuka), ya gabatar da jerin laccoci kan "Falsafancin Kare Sadarwa" a ƙarƙashin tallafin Phil Jacklin PhD, farfesa a Jami'ar California San Jose, memba na "Kwamitin Yankin (San Francisco)Bay don Buɗe Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Samun Dama ga Jama'a." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasey |first=George |title=De-Design and the Ethics of Information Architecture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366876963_De-Design_and_the_Ethics_of_Information_Architecture}}</ref> Laccocin sun ƙunshi ka'idojin amfani da sadarwa da kafofin watsa labarai don rage makaranta da kuma rage ƙira na ilimi na yau da kullun da kuma wani tsarin Jami'ar Kyauta ta Kama-da-wane. A shekarar 1972, George Kasey ya kafa "Media Free Times - Multimedia Random Sampling of Anarchic Communications Art" wani samfuri don koyo daga nesa tare da amfani da "mujallu da yawa na kafofin watsa labarai," waɗanda yanzu ake kira "shafukan yanar gizo". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1995, John Tiffin da Lalita Rajasingham sun tattauna waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin littafinsu mai suna "In Search of the Virtual Class: Education in an Information Society" (London da New York, Routledge). An gina shi ne bisa wani aikin bincike na haɗin gwiwa a Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington wanda ya gudana daga 1986-1996. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana kiransa da Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ajin Kama-da-wane, yana amfani da tsarin sadarwa na musamman don bai wa ɗalibai damar halartar aji ta hanyar kwamfuta ko ta jiki kuma da farko ƙungiyoyin sadarwa da dama sun tallafa masa. Manufarsa ita ce neman muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da amfani da ICT don ilimin jami'a. A shekarar 1992, dakin gwaje-gwajen ajin kama-da-wane ya koma Intanet. Wasu jami'o'i da dama sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, kuma an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tsakanin Jami'ar Victoria da ke New Zealand, Jami'ar Hawaii, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio da Jami'ar Waseda don gwada gudanar da darussa da darussa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar sadarwa. Wannan ya haifar da manufar Jami'ar Duniya ta Kama-karya. == Aikin kwas == Samar da damar samun ilimi mai zurfi ga dukkan ɗalibai, musamman manya masu koyo, ya sauƙaƙa ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yawancin jami'o'in kama-da-wane ba su da buƙatun shiga don darussan digiri na farko. <ref name="open.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=Distance Learning Courses and Adult Education - The Open University |url=http://www.open.ac.uk |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Open.ac.uk}}</ref> Ana buƙatar buƙatun shiga don darussan da aka yi niyya ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri ko waɗanda ke aiki a takamaiman ayyuka. Karatu a jami'a ta kama-da-wane yana da muhimman bambance-bambance da karatu a jami'ar da ba ta da tsari . Babu gine-gine ko harabar jami'a da za a je domin ɗalibai suna karɓar kayan koyo ta Intanet. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana buƙatar kwamfuta ta mutum da haɗin Intanet kawai waɗanda a al'ada ake buƙatar kasancewar ɗalibai a cikin aji. Kayan karatun na iya haɗawa da littattafai, littattafai, kaset ɗin sauti da bidiyo, shirye-shiryen TV, CD-ROM/software, da shafukan yanar gizo. Ana ba da tallafi ga ɗalibai daga farfesa ko malami ta yanar gizo ta imel idan suna fuskantar matsala da kwas ɗin. Yin kwasa-kwasan ta yanar gizo yana nufin ɗalibai za su koya a lokacinsu ta hanyar karanta kayan kwas, yin aiki a kan ayyukan kwas, rubuta ayyukan da aka ba su, da kuma yin aiki tare da wasu ɗalibai ta hanyar tattaunawa ta wayar tarho. Koyon ta yanar gizo na iya zama abin da ke ware kansu domin ɗalibi yana amfani da mafi yawan lokacinsa yana aiki da kansa. Wasu ɗalibai ba sa damuwa da wannan nau'in koyo shi kaɗai, amma wasu suna ganin babban cikas ne ga kammala kwasa-kwasan cikin nasara. Saboda yuwuwar wahalar kiyaye jadawalin da ake buƙata don samun nasara yayin koyo ta yanar gizo, wasu jami'o'i na kama-da-wane suna amfani da irin wannan tsarin sarrafa lokaci kamar makarantun gargajiya. Darussa da yawa suna aiki bisa ga jadawalin lokaci, wanda ɗalibi ke karɓa tare da kayan kwas ɗin. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da ayyukan da aka tsara don kowane mako na kwas ɗin da kuma kwanakin da za a ɗauka don ayyukan. Idan kwas ɗin yana da jarrabawa, za a sanar da ɗaliban inda za su je don rubuta shi. Misalin jami'a da ke da tsari mai tsauri shine Jami'ar Duniya ta Virtual (VGU) a Jamus. VGU tana ba da shirin digiri na biyu "International Master of Business Informatics " (MBI) - babban shiri a fannin fasahar bayanai da gudanarwa wanda ke ɗaukar matsakaicin zangon karatu huɗu don kammalawa (ga ɗaliban cikakken lokaci). Kowane darasi yana da lacca ko taron aji ta intanet kowane mako. Bayan haka, ɗalibai suna samun aikin gida; misali, dole ne su magance wani darasi, su yi bayani dalla-dalla kan wata matsala, su tattauna nazarin shari'a, ko kuma su yi jarrabawa. Malamai suna ba su ra'ayoyi nan take, kuma bayan mako guda, haka ma ya sake faruwa. Aikin kwas ɗin na iya zama iri ɗaya ga Jami'ar Virtual kamar Jami'ar On-campus a wasu lokuta. Misali, NYU Tandon Online tana ba da aikin kwas iri ɗaya ga ɗalibanta na kan layi kamar ɗaliban da ke kan harabar jami'ar a Makarantar Injiniya ta NYU Tandon . Ana yin wannan ta amfani da fasahohin zamani. == Yanayin koyarwa == Lokacin da aka fara darussa ta yanar gizo, babban hanyar isar da sako ita ce ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta sauti da gani ta hanyoyi biyu. A da, da kuma yanzu, yawancin shirye-shiryen karatun ta yanar gizo galibi sun dogara ne akan takardu na rubutu, amma fasahar multimedia ta ƙara shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin isar da sako ta yanar gizo don faɗaɗa damar shiga shirye-shirye da ayyuka waɗanda za a iya bayarwa a kowane lokaci da kuma ko'ina. Tsarin hanyoyin koyarwa a cikin ilimin kama-da-wane ya haɗa da darussa bisa ga hypertext, bidiyo, sauti, imel, da taron bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanford |first=Michael Ellis |last2=Peters |first2=Sophia |title=On Teaching Modalities Of Virtual Universities & Online Course Providers |url=http://takemyonlineclass.us/taking-online-courses-modalities-universities/ |access-date=25 November 2014 |publisher=Class Consultants}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da koyarwa a yanar gizo ta hanyar kayan aiki kamar WebCT da Blackboard . Duba ilimin kama-da-wane . == Inganci == Ɗaliban da ke ɗaukar darussan "na kama-da-wane" suna yin aiki na gaske don samun digirinsu, kuma masu ilimi suna shirya da koyar da waɗannan darussa suna ɓatar da lokaci a zahiri wajen yin hakan. Wato, ɗalibai suna cika irin wannan matakin na sakamakon koyo na ilimi kuma ana tantance su ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da aka gina bisa ga ƙa'idodin jami'a na yau da kullun. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Can it be asserted that this applies to all virtual universities? (October 2010)">ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ko da yake bai kamata a ɗauka ba, jami'o'in kama-da-wane na iya samun amincewa kamar yadda jami'o'in gargajiya ke samu kuma suna aiki bisa ga irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ilimi. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai tambayoyi game da amincewa da kuma ingancin kimantawa. Ana buƙatar amincewa don tabbatar wa ɗalibai cewa cibiyar yanar gizo tana da ƙwararrun malamai na kan layi waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa da cancantar ilimi don tsarawa da aiwatar da manhajar. Ya kamata a sa ido sosai kan ƙa'idodin kimantawa a jami'o'in kama-da-wane. Misali, waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi game da ra'ayoyinsu game da digiri na kan layi za su kimanta digiri na kan layi daga Stanford daidai da digiri na kan harabar jami'a, saboda an san sunan cibiyar bayar da tallafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=http://www.onlineuc.net/oucarticle.html |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Online UC}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ilimin nesa * Digiri na kan layi * Yanayin ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo * [[Makarantar kan layi|Makarantar kama-da-wane]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ofulh2d6cfjoozlkmp9rtveo3h5hc40 879285 879284 2026-07-09T04:41:33Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jami'a ta intanet''' (ko '''jami'a ta intanet''' ) tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi mafi girma ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki, galibi [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] . Wasu cibiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da koyo ta intanet a matsayin wani ɓangare na darussan jami'o'insu masu tsawo yayin da wasu kuma ke ba da darussan ta intanet kawai. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin nau'i na ilimin nesa . Manufar jami'o'in intanet ita ce samar da damar shiga ga ɓangaren jama'a waɗanda ba za su iya halartar harabar jami'a ba, saboda dalilai kamar nesa - inda ɗalibai ke zaune nesa da harabar jami'a don halartar azuzuwan yau da kullun; da kuma buƙatar sassauci - wasu ɗalibai suna buƙatar sassauci don yin karatu a gida duk lokacin da ya dace da su. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna wanzuwa ne kawai a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na jami'o'i, cibiyoyi ko sassan da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda ke ba da darussa da dama ta Intanet, talabijin ko wasu kafofin watsa labarai, waɗanda suka bambanta da shirye-shiryen da cibiya ɗaya ke bayarwa a wajen haɗin gwiwa. Wasu ƙungiyoyi ne daban-daban waɗanda ke da tsarin shari'a, amma ana kiransu "na kama-da-wane" saboda suna bayyana ne kawai a Intanet, ba tare da wani wuri na zahiri ba banda sassan gudanarwarsu. Duk da haka, sauran jami'o'in kama-da-wane za a iya tsara su ta hanyoyi na musamman ko na zahiri, tare da ko ba tare da harabar jami'o'i na ainihi don karɓar isar da shirye-shirye ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na fasaha waɗanda ake watsawa daga wani wuri inda farfesoshi ke ba da laccoci a talabijin. Ana gudanar da isar da shirye-shirye a jami'a ta hanyar amfani da fasahar sadarwa da bayanai kamar shafukan yanar gizo, imel da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Ganin cewa jami'o'in kama-da-wane sababbi ne kuma sun bambanta sosai, har yanzu akwai tambayoyi game da amincewa da takardun shaida da ingancin tantancewa . == Tarihi == Babban siffa ta dukkan nau'o'i da tsararrakin ilimi na nesa ita ce rabuwar ɗalibi da malami a lokaci da sarari. Ana iya ganin ilimin nesa a matsayin abin da ya fi gaban koyo ta yanar gizo. Kafin zuwan jami'o'i na kama-da-wane, cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa suna ba da wasu ilimin nesa ta hanyar kwasa-kwasan wasiƙa bisa ga bugawa. Sau da yawa ana kiran waɗannan darussa da "kwas a cikin akwati". <ref>{{Cite web |title=USF College of Education Home Page |url=http://www.coedu.usf.edu |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Coedu.usf.edu}}</ref> An haɓaka waɗannan don ɗalibai su sami ra'ayoyi kusan nan take daga farfesoshi da masu koyarwa ta yanar gizo ta hanyar imel ko tattaunawa ta yanar gizo. Lokacin da aka fara amfani da kalmar "virtual" a ma'anar lissafi, yana aiki ne ga abubuwan da kwamfuta ta kwaikwayi, kamar ƙwaƙwalwar kama-da-wane . A tsawon lokaci, ana amfani da siffa ga abubuwan da ke wanzuwa a zahiri kuma kwamfutoci ke ƙirƙira ko aiwatarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Can We Talk About "Virtual" English? « f/k/a archives . . . real opinions & real haiku |url=https://archive.blogs.harvard.edu/ethicalesq/2004/02/06/can-we-talk-about-virtual-english/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=archive.blogs.harvard.edu}}</ref> Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ita ce jami'ar koyarwa ta nesa ta farko a duniya da ta yi nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2008 |title=Open to Change: An Interview with Leaders of the Open University |url=http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/open-change-interview-leaders-open-university |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=[[Educause]]}}</ref> An kafa ta a shekarun 1960 bisa ga imanin cewa fasahar sadarwa za ta iya kawo ingantaccen ilimi na digiri ga mutanen da ba su sami damar halartar jami'o'in harabar jami'a ba. <ref name="open.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=Distance Learning Courses and Adult Education - The Open University |url=http://www.open.ac.uk |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Open.ac.uk}}</ref> Masanin ilimi kuma masanin tarihi JC Stobbart ne ya fara tattaunawa kan ra'ayin "jami'a mara waya" a [[BBC]] (British Broadcasting Corporation). Tun daga farkon wannan lokacin, ƙarin ra'ayoyi sun fito har sai da Jam'iyyar Labour a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Harold Wilson ta kafa kwamitin ba da shawara don kafa Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya. Da nufin samar da ilimi mai zurfi ga duk waɗanda ke son shiga, kwamitin ya fito da yanayi daban-daban kafin ya amince da sunan ''Open University'' . Tunani na farko da aka fara samu a Burtaniya shine a sami "teleuniversity" wanda zai haɗa laccoci da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa da ziyara zuwa jami'o'i na yau da kullun. A cikin yanayin "teleuniversity" ana koyar da darussan a rediyo da talabijin kuma a zahiri jami'o'i da yawa sun rungumi amfani da wannan fasaha don darussan ilimin nesa. Sunan "teleuniversity" ya canza zuwa "Jami'ar Air" wanda har yanzu yana da irin wannan burin na isa ga ƙungiyoyin masu ƙarancin kuɗi waɗanda ba su da damar shiga manyan makarantu. Sunan "Jami'ar Air" bai tsaya ba kuma lokacin da aka shigar da ɗaliban farko a watan Janairun 1971 sunan ya zama abin da ake kira "Open University". OU ta tabbatar da cewa yana yiwuwa a koyar da darussan matakin jami'a ga ɗalibai daga nesa. Zuwa shekarar 1980, jimillar ɗaliban da ke karatu a OU sun kai 70,000 kuma kimanin mutane 6,000 ne ke kammala karatunsu kowace shekara. Shekarun 1980 sun ga ƙaruwar faɗaɗa yayin da aka gabatar da ƙarin darussa da fannoni daban-daban; yayin da mahimmancin haɓaka aiki ke ƙaruwa, don haka jami'ar ta fara ba da darussan horo na ƙwararru tare da shirye-shiryenta na ilimi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, OU tana amfani da intanet. Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, sama da ɗalibai 180,000 suna mu'amala da OU ta yanar gizo daga gida. An fara buga ra'ayin jami'a ta kama-da-wane a matsayin wata cibiya da ke amfani da kwamfutoci da sadarwa maimakon gine-gine da sufuri don haɗa ɗalibai da malamai don darussan jami'a a cikin ayyukan kamar "Ƙungiyar Kare Makaranta" na Ivan Illich wanda ya gabatar da manufar amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta a matsayin allon sauyawa don koyo, a cikin 1971. A cikin 1971 George Kasey, ƙwararren masanin ɗabi'ar kafofin watsa labarai (mai fafutuka), ya gabatar da jerin laccoci kan "Falsafancin Kare Sadarwa" a ƙarƙashin tallafin Phil Jacklin PhD, farfesa a Jami'ar California San Jose, memba na "Kwamitin Yankin (San Francisco)Bay don Buɗe Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Samun Dama ga Jama'a." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasey |first=George |title=De-Design and the Ethics of Information Architecture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366876963_De-Design_and_the_Ethics_of_Information_Architecture}}</ref> Laccocin sun ƙunshi ka'idojin amfani da sadarwa da kafofin watsa labarai don rage makaranta da kuma rage ƙira na ilimi na yau da kullun da kuma wani tsarin Jami'ar Kyauta ta Kama-da-wane. A shekarar 1972, George Kasey ya kafa "Media Free Times - Multimedia Random Sampling of Anarchic Communications Art" wani samfuri don koyo daga nesa tare da amfani da "mujallu da yawa na kafofin watsa labarai," waɗanda yanzu ake kira "shafukan yanar gizo". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 1995, John Tiffin da Lalita Rajasingham sun tattauna waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin littafinsu mai suna "In Search of the Virtual Class: Education in an Information Society" (London da New York, Routledge). An gina shi ne bisa wani aikin bincike na haɗin gwiwa a Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington wanda ya gudana daga 1986-1996. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana kiransa da Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ajin Kama-da-wane, yana amfani da tsarin sadarwa na musamman don bai wa ɗalibai damar halartar aji ta hanyar kwamfuta ko ta jiki kuma da farko ƙungiyoyin sadarwa da dama sun tallafa masa. Manufarsa ita ce neman muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da amfani da ICT don ilimin jami'a. A shekarar 1992, dakin gwaje-gwajen ajin kama-da-wane ya koma Intanet. Wasu jami'o'i da dama sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, kuma an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tsakanin Jami'ar Victoria da ke New Zealand, Jami'ar Hawaii, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio da Jami'ar Waseda don gwada gudanar da darussa da darussa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar sadarwa. Wannan ya haifar da manufar Jami'ar Duniya ta Kama-karya. == Aikin kwas == Samar da damar samun ilimi mai zurfi ga dukkan ɗalibai, musamman manya masu koyo, ya sauƙaƙa ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yawancin jami'o'in kama-da-wane ba su da buƙatun shiga don darussan digiri na farko. <ref name="open.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=Distance Learning Courses and Adult Education - The Open University |url=http://www.open.ac.uk |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Open.ac.uk}}</ref> Ana buƙatar buƙatun shiga don darussan da aka yi niyya ga waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri ko waɗanda ke aiki a takamaiman ayyuka. Karatu a jami'a ta kama-da-wane yana da muhimman bambance-bambance da karatu a jami'ar da ba ta da tsari . Babu gine-gine ko harabar jami'a da za a je domin ɗalibai suna karɓar kayan koyo ta Intanet. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana buƙatar kwamfuta ta mutum da haɗin Intanet kawai waɗanda a al'ada ake buƙatar kasancewar ɗalibai a cikin aji. Kayan karatun na iya haɗawa da littattafai, littattafai, kaset ɗin sauti da bidiyo, shirye-shiryen TV, CD-ROM/software, da shafukan yanar gizo. Ana ba da tallafi ga ɗalibai daga farfesa ko malami ta yanar gizo ta imel idan suna fuskantar matsala da kwas ɗin. Yin kwasa-kwasan ta yanar gizo yana nufin ɗalibai za su koya a lokacinsu ta hanyar karanta kayan kwas, yin aiki a kan ayyukan kwas, rubuta ayyukan da aka ba su, da kuma yin aiki tare da wasu ɗalibai ta hanyar tattaunawa ta wayar tarho. Koyon ta yanar gizo na iya zama abin da ke ware kansu domin ɗalibi yana amfani da mafi yawan lokacinsa yana aiki da kansa. Wasu ɗalibai ba sa damuwa da wannan nau'in koyo shi kaɗai, amma wasu suna ganin babban cikas ne ga kammala kwasa-kwasan cikin nasara. Saboda yuwuwar wahalar kiyaye jadawalin da ake buƙata don samun nasara yayin koyo ta yanar gizo, wasu jami'o'i na kama-da-wane suna amfani da irin wannan tsarin sarrafa lokaci kamar makarantun gargajiya. Darussa da yawa suna aiki bisa ga jadawalin lokaci, wanda ɗalibi ke karɓa tare da kayan kwas ɗin. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da ayyukan da aka tsara don kowane mako na kwas ɗin da kuma kwanakin da za a ɗauka don ayyukan. Idan kwas ɗin yana da jarrabawa, za a sanar da ɗaliban inda za su je don rubuta shi. Misalin jami'a da ke da tsari mai tsauri shine Jami'ar Duniya ta Virtual (VGU) a Jamus. VGU tana ba da shirin digiri na biyu "International Master of Business Informatics " (MBI) - babban shiri a fannin fasahar bayanai da gudanarwa wanda ke ɗaukar matsakaicin zangon karatu huɗu don kammalawa (ga ɗaliban cikakken lokaci). Kowane darasi yana da lacca ko taron aji ta intanet kowane mako. Bayan haka, ɗalibai suna samun aikin gida; misali, dole ne su magance wani darasi, su yi bayani dalla-dalla kan wata matsala, su tattauna nazarin shari'a, ko kuma su yi jarrabawa. Malamai suna ba su ra'ayoyi nan take, kuma bayan mako guda, haka ma ya sake faruwa. Aikin kwas ɗin na iya zama iri ɗaya ga Jami'ar Virtual kamar Jami'ar On-campus a wasu lokuta. Misali, NYU Tandon Online tana ba da aikin kwas iri ɗaya ga ɗalibanta na kan layi kamar ɗaliban da ke kan harabar jami'ar a Makarantar Injiniya ta NYU Tandon . Ana yin wannan ta amfani da fasahohin zamani. == Yanayin koyarwa == Lokacin da aka fara darussa ta yanar gizo, babban hanyar isar da sako ita ce ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta sauti da gani ta hanyoyi biyu. A da, da kuma yanzu, yawancin shirye-shiryen karatun ta yanar gizo galibi sun dogara ne akan takardu na rubutu, amma fasahar multimedia ta ƙara shahara. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin isar da sako ta yanar gizo don faɗaɗa damar shiga shirye-shirye da ayyuka waɗanda za a iya bayarwa a kowane lokaci da kuma ko'ina. Tsarin hanyoyin koyarwa a cikin ilimin kama-da-wane ya haɗa da darussa bisa ga hypertext, bidiyo, sauti, imel, da taron bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanford |first=Michael Ellis |last2=Peters |first2=Sophia |title=On Teaching Modalities Of Virtual Universities & Online Course Providers |url=http://takemyonlineclass.us/taking-online-courses-modalities-universities/ |access-date=25 November 2014 |publisher=Class Consultants}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da koyarwa a yanar gizo ta hanyar kayan aiki kamar WebCT da Blackboard . Duba ilimin kama-da-wane . == Inganci == Ɗaliban da ke ɗaukar darussan "na kama-da-wane" suna yin aiki na gaske don samun digirinsu, kuma masu ilimi suna shirya da koyar da waɗannan darussa suna ɓatar da lokaci a zahiri wajen yin hakan. Wato, ɗalibai suna cika irin wannan matakin na sakamakon koyo na ilimi kuma ana tantance su ta hanyar shirye-shiryen da aka gina bisa ga ƙa'idodin jami'a na yau da kullun. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Can it be asserted that this applies to all virtual universities? (October 2010)">ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ko da yake bai kamata a ɗauka ba, jami'o'in kama-da-wane na iya samun amincewa kamar yadda jami'o'in gargajiya ke samu kuma suna aiki bisa ga irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ilimi. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai tambayoyi game da amincewa da kuma ingancin kimantawa. Ana buƙatar amincewa don tabbatar wa ɗalibai cewa cibiyar yanar gizo tana da ƙwararrun malamai na kan layi waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa da cancantar ilimi don tsarawa da aiwatar da manhajar. Ya kamata a sa ido sosai kan ƙa'idodin kimantawa a jami'o'in kama-da-wane. Misali, waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi game da ra'ayoyinsu game da digiri na kan layi za su kimanta digiri na kan layi daga Stanford daidai da digiri na kan harabar jami'a, saboda an san sunan cibiyar bayar da tallafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=http://www.onlineuc.net/oucarticle.html |access-date=2010-06-24 |publisher=Online UC}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Ilimin nesa * Digiri na kan layi * Yanayin ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo * [[Makarantar kan layi|Makarantar kama-da-wane]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rsf8ok34pqup08vfy05dc7mv6t854rw 0 161125 879288 2026-07-09T04:44:22Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354112381|Nurse education]]" 879288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilimin ma'aikatan jinya''' ya ƙunshi horo na nazari da aiki da ake bayarwa ga ma'aikatan jinya da nufin shirya su don ayyukansu a matsayin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan [[Ungozoma|jinya]] . Ana ba da wannan ilimin ga '''ɗaliban ma'aikatan jinya''' ta hanyar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya da sauran ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda suka cancanta ko suka ƙware don ayyukan ilimi, a al'adance a cikin wani nau'in makarantar ƙwararru da aka sani da '''makarantar jinya''' ko '''kwalejin jinya''' . Ilimin kafin samun cancanta yawanci yana kan digiri ko digiri na farko, wanda zai iya kasancewa a fannin aikin jinya na gabaɗaya ko kuma fannoni na musamman kamar aikin jinya [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|na lafiyar kwakwalwa]] ko aikin jinya na yara, ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Ilimin aikin jinya yawanci yana ci gaba bayan kammala karatunsa tare da darussan bayan samun cancanta a fannoni na musamman kamar kulawar bayan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Student Nurse |url=https://www.medilexicon.com/dictionary/61891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419004731/https://www.medilexicon.com/dictionary/61891 |archive-date=2019-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=MediLexicon International Ltd}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=the definition of student nurse |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/student-nurse |publisher=dictionary.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Baya == [[Fayil:Okinawa_Central_Hospital_Nursing_School.JPG|thumb|Ma'aikatan jinya a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jinya ta Babban Asibitin Okinawa a shekarar 1946]] [[Fayil:Karanda_Nursing_School.jpg|thumb|Makarantar koyon aikin jinya a Asibitin Karanda Mission, Zimbabwe]] A al'adance ana koyar da ma'aikatan jinya ta hanyar koyon aiki, wanda galibi matasa mata ke yi a cibiyoyin addini kamar su gidajen ibada (kodayake akwai adadin ma'aikatan jinya maza koyaushe, musamman a ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa). A tsawon lokaci, fifita ayyukan da suka dogara da shaida ya maye gurbin tsarin horo na aiki na al'ada da hanyar ilimi mafi girma. === Ci gaban farko === A shekarar 1859, Valérie de Gasparin da mijinta Agénor de Gasparin suka buɗe makarantar koyon aikin jinya ta farko a duniya a Lausanne, [[Switzerland]] . [[Florence Nightingale]] tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara kafa ra'ayin makarantun jinya daga sansaninta a Asibitin St Thomas, [[Landan]] a shekarar 1860 lokacin da ta buɗe ' Makarantar Horar da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Nightingale ', wacce yanzu take ɓangare na Kwalejin King's London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/nursing/About-the-Faculty/index.aspx |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=King's College London}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce horar da ma'aikatan jinya zuwa matakin ƙwararru kuma na musamman, tare da babban manufar koyon haɓaka ƙwarewar lura da kuma kula da buƙatun marasa lafiya, sannan a ba su damar yin aiki a ofisoshin asibiti a faɗin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Florence Nightingale Museum |title=Florence Nightingale |url=http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/flo2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125120531/http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/flo2.htm |archive-date=2007-01-25 |access-date=2007-02-02}}</ref> Tasirinta ya bunƙasa kuma aikin jinya yanzu kwas ne da ake koyarwa a wasu jami'o'in Burtaniya. A shekarar 1873, aka kafa Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Bellevue, ta birnin New York. Ita ce makarantar jinya ta farko a Amurka da aka kafa bisa ka'idojin aikin jinya da Florence Nightingale ta kafa. Makarantar tana aiki a Asibitin Bellevue har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta a shekarar 1969. Wasu ma'aikatan jinya a wancan lokacin, musamman Ethel Gordon Fenwick, sun goyi bayan yin rijistar aikin jinya da manhajoji na musamman waɗanda aka kafa a matsayin manyan makarantu ba a cikin iyakokin asibitoci ba. Rebecca Strong OBE (1843–1944) ta fara Makarantar Horarwa ta Farko ga Ma'aikatan Jinya a Asibitin Royal na Glasgow a 1893. Ta kasance tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da marasa lafiya a can tun 1879. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Glasgow - University events - Glasgow Science Festival - Schools & Community Engagement - Monumental - Rebecca Strong |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/events/sciencefestival/community/monumental/rebeccastrong/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.gla.ac.uk}}</ref> Wannan shirin 'koyar da aiki' yana da koyarwa daban-daban bisa ga aji da lokutan aiki a cikin sassan. An shirya darussa biyu tare da Farfesoshin Kwalejin St. Mungo - kwas na watanni uku wanda ya ƙunshi ilimin halittar jiki na farko, ilimin halittar jiki da tsafta. Idan an ci waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, an ba da kwas na biyu wanda ya ƙunshi Magunguna, Tiyata da Kula da Jinya na Aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patrick |first=John |date=July 1944 |title=Mrs. Rebecca Strong (née Thorogood), O.B.E. |journal=Glasgow Medical Journal |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=8–11 |issn=0367-4800 |pmc=5955648}}</ref> Daga nan sai ma'aikaciyar jinya mai zuwa ta sami damar shiga asibiti da wannan ilimin ka'ida. Strong ya sami goyon bayan likitan tiyata mai tasowa Sir William Macewen . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1924 |title=Nurses of Note. Mrs Rebecca Strong". The British Journal of Nursing (January) |journal=The British Journal of Nursing |volume=3}}</ref> [[Florence Nightingale]] ce ta jagorance ta Eva Luckes, Matron na Asibitin London (1880–1919), kuma abokiyar aikinta ce kuma almajiriyarta. Eva Luckes wata mai kirkire-kirkire ce a fannin horar da ma'aikatan jinya da ilimi kuma ta gabatar da manufar Makarantar Horarwa ta Farko zuwa Ingila a 1895. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> An amince da wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin horo na tilas bayan Dokar Rijistar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta 1919. Eva Luckes ta samar da ma'aikatan jinya sama da 470 waɗanda suka cike guraben aiki a gida da waje, ciki har da uku waɗanda suka cike guraben aiki a fannin Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya na Sojoji, [[Ethel Becher]], [[Sarah Oram]] da [[Maud McCarthy]] . <ref name=":2" /> Sauran ma'aikatan jinya na Luckes kuma sun bazu salon "Ningingale reno" zuwa asibitoci da asibitoci na sa kai a larduna da London. Sun haɗa da Annie McIntosh, Matron na Asibitin St Bartholomew, 1910–1927. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == b41vbepqgvqfkilxf4yxvfeg3lof8s0 879289 879288 2026-07-09T04:44:50Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin ma'aikatan jinya''' ya ƙunshi horo na nazari da aiki da ake bayarwa ga ma'aikatan jinya da nufin shirya su don ayyukansu a matsayin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan [[Ungozoma|jinya]] . Ana ba da wannan ilimin ga '''ɗaliban ma'aikatan jinya''' ta hanyar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya da sauran ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda suka cancanta ko suka ƙware don ayyukan ilimi, a al'adance a cikin wani nau'in makarantar ƙwararru da aka sani da '''makarantar jinya''' ko '''kwalejin jinya''' . Ilimin kafin samun cancanta yawanci yana kan digiri ko digiri na farko, wanda zai iya kasancewa a fannin aikin jinya na gabaɗaya ko kuma fannoni na musamman kamar aikin jinya [[Lafiyar kwakwalwa|na lafiyar kwakwalwa]] ko aikin jinya na yara, ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Ilimin aikin jinya yawanci yana ci gaba bayan kammala karatunsa tare da darussan bayan samun cancanta a fannoni na musamman kamar kulawar bayan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Student Nurse |url=https://www.medilexicon.com/dictionary/61891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419004731/https://www.medilexicon.com/dictionary/61891 |archive-date=2019-04-19 |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=MediLexicon International Ltd}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=the definition of student nurse |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/student-nurse |publisher=dictionary.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Baya == [[Fayil:Okinawa_Central_Hospital_Nursing_School.JPG|thumb|Ma'aikatan jinya a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Jinya ta Babban Asibitin Okinawa a shekarar 1946]] [[Fayil:Karanda_Nursing_School.jpg|thumb|Makarantar koyon aikin jinya a Asibitin Karanda Mission, Zimbabwe]] A al'adance ana koyar da ma'aikatan jinya ta hanyar koyon aiki, wanda galibi matasa mata ke yi a cibiyoyin addini kamar su gidajen ibada (kodayake akwai adadin ma'aikatan jinya maza koyaushe, musamman a ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa). A tsawon lokaci, fifita ayyukan da suka dogara da shaida ya maye gurbin tsarin horo na aiki na al'ada da hanyar ilimi mafi girma. === Ci gaban farko === A shekarar 1859, Valérie de Gasparin da mijinta Agénor de Gasparin suka buɗe makarantar koyon aikin jinya ta farko a duniya a Lausanne, [[Switzerland]] . [[Florence Nightingale]] tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara kafa ra'ayin makarantun jinya daga sansaninta a Asibitin St Thomas, [[Landan]] a shekarar 1860 lokacin da ta buɗe ' Makarantar Horar da Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Nightingale ', wacce yanzu take ɓangare na Kwalejin King's London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/nursing/About-the-Faculty/index.aspx |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=King's College London}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce horar da ma'aikatan jinya zuwa matakin ƙwararru kuma na musamman, tare da babban manufar koyon haɓaka ƙwarewar lura da kuma kula da buƙatun marasa lafiya, sannan a ba su damar yin aiki a ofisoshin asibiti a faɗin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Florence Nightingale Museum |title=Florence Nightingale |url=http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/flo2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125120531/http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/flo2.htm |archive-date=2007-01-25 |access-date=2007-02-02}}</ref> Tasirinta ya bunƙasa kuma aikin jinya yanzu kwas ne da ake koyarwa a wasu jami'o'in Burtaniya. A shekarar 1873, aka kafa Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Bellevue, ta birnin New York. Ita ce makarantar jinya ta farko a Amurka da aka kafa bisa ka'idojin aikin jinya da Florence Nightingale ta kafa. Makarantar tana aiki a Asibitin Bellevue har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta a shekarar 1969. Wasu ma'aikatan jinya a wancan lokacin, musamman Ethel Gordon Fenwick, sun goyi bayan yin rijistar aikin jinya da manhajoji na musamman waɗanda aka kafa a matsayin manyan makarantu ba a cikin iyakokin asibitoci ba. Rebecca Strong OBE (1843–1944) ta fara Makarantar Horarwa ta Farko ga Ma'aikatan Jinya a Asibitin Royal na Glasgow a 1893. Ta kasance tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da marasa lafiya a can tun 1879. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Glasgow - University events - Glasgow Science Festival - Schools & Community Engagement - Monumental - Rebecca Strong |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/events/sciencefestival/community/monumental/rebeccastrong/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.gla.ac.uk}}</ref> Wannan shirin 'koyar da aiki' yana da koyarwa daban-daban bisa ga aji da lokutan aiki a cikin sassan. An shirya darussa biyu tare da Farfesoshin Kwalejin St. Mungo - kwas na watanni uku wanda ya ƙunshi ilimin halittar jiki na farko, ilimin halittar jiki da tsafta. Idan an ci waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, an ba da kwas na biyu wanda ya ƙunshi Magunguna, Tiyata da Kula da Jinya na Aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patrick |first=John |date=July 1944 |title=Mrs. Rebecca Strong (née Thorogood), O.B.E. |journal=Glasgow Medical Journal |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=8–11 |issn=0367-4800 |pmc=5955648}}</ref> Daga nan sai ma'aikaciyar jinya mai zuwa ta sami damar shiga asibiti da wannan ilimin ka'ida. Strong ya sami goyon bayan likitan tiyata mai tasowa Sir William Macewen . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1924 |title=Nurses of Note. Mrs Rebecca Strong". The British Journal of Nursing (January) |journal=The British Journal of Nursing |volume=3}}</ref> [[Florence Nightingale]] ce ta jagorance ta Eva Luckes, Matron na Asibitin London (1880–1919), kuma abokiyar aikinta ce kuma almajiriyarta. Eva Luckes wata mai kirkire-kirkire ce a fannin horar da ma'aikatan jinya da ilimi kuma ta gabatar da manufar Makarantar Horarwa ta Farko zuwa Ingila a 1895. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> An amince da wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin horo na tilas bayan Dokar Rijistar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta 1919. Eva Luckes ta samar da ma'aikatan jinya sama da 470 waɗanda suka cike guraben aiki a gida da waje, ciki har da uku waɗanda suka cike guraben aiki a fannin Kula da Ma'aikatan Jinya na Sojoji, [[Ethel Becher]], [[Sarah Oram]] da [[Maud McCarthy]] . <ref name=":2" /> Sauran ma'aikatan jinya na Luckes kuma sun bazu salon "Ningingale reno" zuwa asibitoci da asibitoci na sa kai a larduna da London. Sun haɗa da Annie McIntosh, Matron na Asibitin St Bartholomew, 1910–1927. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == gfw2frnv4jb4fh3bh6k9p73crd5h4y6 0 161126 879290 2026-07-09T04:45:58Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1164686364|Kingsway College School]]" 879290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Kwalejin Kingsway''' (KCS) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1989 a matsayin JK zuwa Grade 12. Makarantar Junior tana kan titin Dundas West a yankin Kingsway na Etobicoke kuma Makarantar Senior tana kan Lake Shore Boulevard West a yammacin Toronto, Ontario, Kanada. == Manazarta == 59uhtqlrr0dpozor2qy5jdam24lvr0a 879291 879290 2026-07-09T04:46:31Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Kwalejin Kingsway''' (KCS) makaranta ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1989 a matsayin JK zuwa Grade 12. Makarantar Junior tana kan titin Dundas West a yankin Kingsway na Etobicoke kuma Makarantar Senior tana kan Lake Shore Boulevard West a yammacin Toronto, Ontario, Kanada. == Manazarta == l3b1sjlvxt5agyg2gce3xppkxim9bbd 0 161127 879292 2026-07-09T04:47:42Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1187753634|Men's college]]" 879292 wikitext text/x-wiki A manyan makarantu, '''kwalejin maza''' cibiya ce ta bayar da tallafin digiri na farko wacce ɗalibanta maza ne kawai. Da yawa daga cikinsu kwalejojin fasaha ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi . == A duk faɗin duniya == === A Arewacin Amurka === ==== Amurka ==== A Amurka, ilimin haɗin gwiwa bai zama ruwan dare ba har sai a shekarar 1900. Kafin haka, yawancin kwalejoji da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu an raba su da jinsi . Akwai ƙananan kwalejojin maza da suka rage a Amurka a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Deep Springs, one of the nation's last all-male colleges, goes co-ed |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/college-game-plan/deep-springs-one-last-all-male-colleges-goes-co-ed-n797061 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan cibiyoyin addini ne, na sana'o'i. ==== Manyan shari'o'i ==== ''Amurka da Virginia'', 518 Amurka 515 (1996) == Duba kuma == * Kwalejin mata * Ilimin jinsi daban-daban * Ilimin jinsi ɗaya == Manazarta == hraabhchu5m2juc3jygxfanai2kc6lz 879293 879292 2026-07-09T04:48:07Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A manyan makarantu, '''kwalejin maza''' cibiya ce ta bayar da tallafin digiri na farko wacce ɗalibanta maza ne kawai. Da yawa daga cikinsu kwalejojin fasaha ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi . == A duk faɗin duniya == === A Arewacin Amurka === ==== Amurka ==== A Amurka, ilimin haɗin gwiwa bai zama ruwan dare ba har sai a shekarar 1900. Kafin haka, yawancin kwalejoji da jami'o'i masu zaman kansu an raba su da jinsi . Akwai ƙananan kwalejojin maza da suka rage a Amurka a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Deep Springs, one of the nation's last all-male colleges, goes co-ed |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/college-game-plan/deep-springs-one-last-all-male-colleges-goes-co-ed-n797061 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan cibiyoyin addini ne, na sana'o'i. ==== Manyan shari'o'i ==== ''Amurka da Virginia'', 518 Amurka 515 (1996) == Duba kuma == * Kwalejin mata * Ilimin jinsi daban-daban * Ilimin jinsi ɗaya == Manazarta == 6g9h2dx3e41rfq0k5bsjkj49szj459g 0 161128 879294 2026-07-09T04:55:31Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362324119|Mare Winningham]]" 879294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Megan "Mare" Winningham''' ( /m ɛər / MAIR ; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1959) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winningham, Mare 1959– |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/winningham-mare-1959 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |publisher=[[Cengage]]}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma mawaƙiya kuma marubuciya. Ita ce ta lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda biyu kuma an zaɓe ta don lambar yabo ta Academy Award, kyaututtukan Golden Globe guda biyu, da kyaututtukan Tony guda biyu. Ta lashe kyautar [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] sau takwas, ta lashe kyautar Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries ko Movie for ''Amber Waves'' a 1980 da kuma ''George Wallace'' a 1998. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin kyautar Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film of 1995 ''Georgia'' . Sauran rawar da Winningham ta taka a fina-finai da talabijin sun hada da ''The Thorn Birds'' (1983), ''St. Elmo's Fire'' (1985), ''Miracle Mile'' (1988), ''Turner &amp;amp; Hooch'' (1989), ''The War'' (1994), ''Dandelion'' (2004), ''Swing Vote'' (2008), ''Brothers'' (2009), ''Mildred Pierce'' (2011), ''Hatfields &amp;amp; McCoys'' (2012), kuma sun fito a cikin ''American Horror Story'' na tsawon yanayi hudu: ''Coven'' (2013), ''Freak Show'' (2014), ''Hotel'' (2015–16), da ''Cult'' (2017). An jefa ta a matsayin uwar Meredith Grey Susan Grey a cikin ''Grey's Anatomy'' (2006–2007) da kuma Cherry Lockhart, mahaifiyar Cole Lockhart a kakar wasa ta 1–2 da 4 na ''The Affair'' (2014–2016; 2018). Winningham ta fara fitowa a New York a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]]" id="mwTA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway na 2007 10 Million Miles, wanda ta sami Kyautar Drama Desk Award. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a cikin farfadowar ''Picnic'' ta 2013. A shekara ta 2014, an zabi ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan kwaikwayo don samar da Broadway na Casa Valentina . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Winningham a [[Phoenix|Phoenix, Arizona]], kuma ya girma a Northridge, California . <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}</ref> Ita 'yar Marilyn Jean (née Maloney) ce da Sam Neal Winningham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 1996 |title=Elusive Break |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/08/22/elusive-break/ |website=tribunedigital-chicagotribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward-J-Maloney-Papillion – User Trees |url=http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/a/l/Edward-J-Maloney-Papillion/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0013.html |website=Genealogy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mare-winningham/bio/163846}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa maza uku da wata 'yar'uwa. Mahaifinta ya kasance kocin kwallon kafa, darektan wasanni kuma daga baya shugaban Sashen Ilimi na Jiki a Jami'ar Jihar California, Northridge (CSUN), kuma mahaifiyarta malamin Ingilishi ce kuma mai ba da shawara a kwaleji a Monroe High School da Grant High School. Ta yaba da sha'awarta ta farko a yin wasan kwaikwayo don ganin hira da Kym Karath (wanda ya buga Gretl a cikin The Sound of Music) a gidan talabijin na Art Linkletter lokacin da take da shekaru biyar ko shida. Winningham ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Andasol Avenue, inda ayyukan da ta fi so suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo da kunna guitar da drum. Ta ɗauki zaɓi na wasan kwaikwayo mai tsawo a makarantar sakandare ta Patrick Henry Junior kuma ta ci gaba da karatu a lokacin hutun bazara a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasan kwaikwayo ta CSUN. A wannan lokacin ne ta karbi laƙabi "Mare". Mahaifiyarta ta shirya ta je Makarantar Sakandare ta Chatsworth. A aji na 12, Winningham ta fito a cikin samar da The Sound of Music, tana taka rawar Maria, a gaban abokin aji Kevin Spacey a matsayin Kyaftin Von Trapp . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Joanne |date=January 9, 2013 |title=They Call Her 'Mama' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323374504578221681462124140 |access-date=November 29, 2016 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Saurayinta na makarantar sakandare shi ne Val Kilmer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2020 |title=From 'Top Gun' to '10 Commandments,' Val Kilmer's New Book Details Highs and Lows |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/features/from-top-gun-to-10-commandments-val-kilmers-new-book-1234591950/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun sakandare (tare da Spacey) na ajin makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Conversation with Kevin Spacey |url=http://www.cinequest.org/events/159568/conversation-kevin-spacey |website=cinequest.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === Winningham ta fara aikinta a matsayin mawaƙa-mai rubuta waƙa. A cikin 1976 da 1977, ta sami hutu ta raira waƙar [[The Beatles|Beatles]] "A nan, A can da Kowace Wuri" a kan The Gong Show . <ref>{{YouTube|EvkkPCj5utU}}</ref> Kodayake Winningham ba ta sami kwangilar rikodin ba sakamakon bayyanar, wakilin Hollywood Meyer Mishkin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami katin Screen Actor's Guild don yin layi uku a cikin wani labari na James a 15. A wannan shekarar an ba ta rawar da ta taka a kan Young Pioneers da Young Pioneors Kirsimeti, matukan jirgi don ɗan gajeren wasan kwaikwayo na 1978 The Young Pioneurs . Kodayake jerin sun ƙare tare da aukuwa uku kawai da aka watsa, ayyukan talabijin da yawa sun biyo baya, gami da sassa a kan 'yan sanda a 1978 da ''Starsky da Hutch'' a 1979. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta taka rawar yarinya Jenny Flowers a fim din da aka yi don talabijin The Death of Ocean View Park . A shekara ta 1980, Winningham ta fito a cikin Off the Minnesota Strip tana wasa da budurwa karuwa. Daga nan sai ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don ''Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin miniseries ko fim'' saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin ''Amber Waves'', fim din talabijin game da wani manomi mai tsanani (Dennis Weaver) wanda ya gano yana mutuwa daga ciwon daji.<ref name="emmys">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham |website=Television Academy}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma shiga fina-finai tare da One Trick Pony, tare da Paul Simon . A shekara ta 1983, an zabi Winningham don Kyautar Genie ta Kanada don aikinta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba na 1981 Threshold, kuma ta bayyana a cikin miniseries na 1983 The Thorn Birds, inda ta buga Justine O'Neill . A shekara ta 1984, ta fito a matsayin [[Helen Keller]] a Helen Keller: The Miracle Continues . <ref name="yahoo" /> Winningham ya sami babban suna tare da St. Elmo's Fire (1985), tare da sauran tsoffin ɗalibai na asali.<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Duk da nasarar fim din, ta zaɓi kada ta yi kudi a kan matsayin gunkin yarinta, kuma nan da nan ta koma talabijin a cikin fim din Hallmark Hall of Fame, Love Is Never Silent, wanda ta sami gabatarwa ta Emmy. Wani sanannen wasan kwaikwayon da aka karɓa shi ne a matsayin wata budurwa marar gida a fim din talabijin God Bless the Child . Winningham ta gama shekarun 1980 tare da fina-finai biyu na Hollywood: wasan kwaikwayo na bala'in nukiliya, Miracle Mile (1988), wanda ta sami kyautar Independent Spirit Award a shekarar 1989, da kuma motar Tom Hanks ''Turner &amp;amp; Hooch'' a shekarar 1989. A shekara ta 1988, Winningham ya kuma fito a cikin shirin Los Angeles na ''Hurlyburly'' tare da Sean Penn da Danny Aiello . A farkon shekarun 1990, ta koma yin fim a fim ɗin ''Wyatt Earp'' na 1994 da kuma fim ɗin iyali mai ''suna The War'', wanda dukkansu suka fito a fim ɗin Kevin Costner . A shekarar 1995, ''an'' yi wani bincike mai zurfi kan halayen wasu 'yan'uwa mata biyu (Winningham da [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]] ), wanda ya ba su damar shiga gasar Winningham Screen Actors Guild da kuma kyautar Academy Award . <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta fito a fim tare da Gary Sinise a cikin fim ɗin ''George Wallace'', wanda hakan ya sa ta sami damar shiga gasar Golden Globe Award. kuma ya lashe [[Emmy Awards|kyautar Emmy Award]] . <ref name="emmys">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham |website=Television Academy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Winningham ta sake haɗuwa da Sinise shekaru goma sha biyu bayan haka a CSI: NY a cikin shirin kakar wasa ta 5 na ''Greater Good'' . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 0m9igg6mh8mj299xiwvklvuesj00gxz 879295 879294 2026-07-09T04:56:10Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Megan "Mare" Winningham''' ( /m ɛər / MAIR ; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1959) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winningham, Mare 1959– |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/winningham-mare-1959 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |publisher=[[Cengage]]}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma mawaƙiya kuma marubuciya. Ita ce ta lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda biyu kuma an zaɓe ta don lambar yabo ta Academy Award, kyaututtukan Golden Globe guda biyu, da kyaututtukan Tony guda biyu. Ta lashe kyautar [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] sau takwas, ta lashe kyautar Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries ko Movie for ''Amber Waves'' a 1980 da kuma ''George Wallace'' a 1998. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin kyautar Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film of 1995 ''Georgia'' . Sauran rawar da Winningham ta taka a fina-finai da talabijin sun hada da ''The Thorn Birds'' (1983), ''St. Elmo's Fire'' (1985), ''Miracle Mile'' (1988), ''Turner &amp;amp; Hooch'' (1989), ''The War'' (1994), ''Dandelion'' (2004), ''Swing Vote'' (2008), ''Brothers'' (2009), ''Mildred Pierce'' (2011), ''Hatfields &amp;amp; McCoys'' (2012), kuma sun fito a cikin ''American Horror Story'' na tsawon yanayi hudu: ''Coven'' (2013), ''Freak Show'' (2014), ''Hotel'' (2015–16), da ''Cult'' (2017). An jefa ta a matsayin uwar Meredith Grey Susan Grey a cikin ''Grey's Anatomy'' (2006–2007) da kuma Cherry Lockhart, mahaifiyar Cole Lockhart a kakar wasa ta 1–2 da 4 na ''The Affair'' (2014–2016; 2018). Winningham ta fara fitowa a New York a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]]" id="mwTA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway na 2007 10 Million Miles, wanda ta sami Kyautar Drama Desk Award. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a cikin farfadowar ''Picnic'' ta 2013. A shekara ta 2014, an zabi ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan kwaikwayo don samar da Broadway na Casa Valentina . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Winningham a [[Phoenix|Phoenix, Arizona]], kuma ya girma a Northridge, California . <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}</ref> Ita 'yar Marilyn Jean (née Maloney) ce da Sam Neal Winningham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 1996 |title=Elusive Break |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/08/22/elusive-break/ |website=tribunedigital-chicagotribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward-J-Maloney-Papillion – User Trees |url=http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/a/l/Edward-J-Maloney-Papillion/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0013.html |website=Genealogy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mare-winningham/bio/163846}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa maza uku da wata 'yar'uwa. Mahaifinta ya kasance kocin kwallon kafa, darektan wasanni kuma daga baya shugaban Sashen Ilimi na Jiki a Jami'ar Jihar California, Northridge (CSUN), kuma mahaifiyarta malamin Ingilishi ce kuma mai ba da shawara a kwaleji a Monroe High School da Grant High School. Ta yaba da sha'awarta ta farko a yin wasan kwaikwayo don ganin hira da Kym Karath (wanda ya buga Gretl a cikin The Sound of Music) a gidan talabijin na Art Linkletter lokacin da take da shekaru biyar ko shida. Winningham ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Andasol Avenue, inda ayyukan da ta fi so suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo da kunna guitar da drum. Ta ɗauki zaɓi na wasan kwaikwayo mai tsawo a makarantar sakandare ta Patrick Henry Junior kuma ta ci gaba da karatu a lokacin hutun bazara a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasan kwaikwayo ta CSUN. A wannan lokacin ne ta karbi laƙabi "Mare". Mahaifiyarta ta shirya ta je Makarantar Sakandare ta Chatsworth. A aji na 12, Winningham ta fito a cikin samar da The Sound of Music, tana taka rawar Maria, a gaban abokin aji Kevin Spacey a matsayin Kyaftin Von Trapp . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Joanne |date=January 9, 2013 |title=They Call Her 'Mama' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323374504578221681462124140 |access-date=November 29, 2016 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Saurayinta na makarantar sakandare shi ne Val Kilmer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2020 |title=From 'Top Gun' to '10 Commandments,' Val Kilmer's New Book Details Highs and Lows |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/features/from-top-gun-to-10-commandments-val-kilmers-new-book-1234591950/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun sakandare (tare da Spacey) na ajin makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Conversation with Kevin Spacey |url=http://www.cinequest.org/events/159568/conversation-kevin-spacey |website=cinequest.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === Winningham ta fara aikinta a matsayin mawaƙa-mai rubuta waƙa. A cikin 1976 da 1977, ta sami hutu ta raira waƙar [[The Beatles|Beatles]] "A nan, A can da Kowace Wuri" a kan The Gong Show . <ref>{{YouTube|EvkkPCj5utU}}</ref> Kodayake Winningham ba ta sami kwangilar rikodin ba sakamakon bayyanar, wakilin Hollywood Meyer Mishkin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami katin Screen Actor's Guild don yin layi uku a cikin wani labari na James a 15. A wannan shekarar an ba ta rawar da ta taka a kan Young Pioneers da Young Pioneors Kirsimeti, matukan jirgi don ɗan gajeren wasan kwaikwayo na 1978 The Young Pioneurs . Kodayake jerin sun ƙare tare da aukuwa uku kawai da aka watsa, ayyukan talabijin da yawa sun biyo baya, gami da sassa a kan 'yan sanda a 1978 da ''Starsky da Hutch'' a 1979. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta taka rawar yarinya Jenny Flowers a fim din da aka yi don talabijin The Death of Ocean View Park . A shekara ta 1980, Winningham ta fito a cikin Off the Minnesota Strip tana wasa da budurwa karuwa. Daga nan sai ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don ''Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin miniseries ko fim'' saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin ''Amber Waves'', fim din talabijin game da wani manomi mai tsanani (Dennis Weaver) wanda ya gano yana mutuwa daga ciwon daji.<ref name="emmys">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham |website=Television Academy}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma shiga fina-finai tare da One Trick Pony, tare da Paul Simon . A shekara ta 1983, an zabi Winningham don Kyautar Genie ta Kanada don aikinta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba na 1981 Threshold, kuma ta bayyana a cikin miniseries na 1983 The Thorn Birds, inda ta buga Justine O'Neill . A shekara ta 1984, ta fito a matsayin [[Helen Keller]] a Helen Keller: The Miracle Continues . <ref name="yahoo" /> Winningham ya sami babban suna tare da St. Elmo's Fire (1985), tare da sauran tsoffin ɗalibai na asali.<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Duk da nasarar fim din, ta zaɓi kada ta yi kudi a kan matsayin gunkin yarinta, kuma nan da nan ta koma talabijin a cikin fim din Hallmark Hall of Fame, Love Is Never Silent, wanda ta sami gabatarwa ta Emmy. Wani sanannen wasan kwaikwayon da aka karɓa shi ne a matsayin wata budurwa marar gida a fim din talabijin God Bless the Child . Winningham ta gama shekarun 1980 tare da fina-finai biyu na Hollywood: wasan kwaikwayo na bala'in nukiliya, Miracle Mile (1988), wanda ta sami kyautar Independent Spirit Award a shekarar 1989, da kuma motar Tom Hanks ''Turner &amp;amp; Hooch'' a shekarar 1989. A shekara ta 1988, Winningham ya kuma fito a cikin shirin Los Angeles na ''Hurlyburly'' tare da Sean Penn da Danny Aiello . A farkon shekarun 1990, ta koma yin fim a fim ɗin ''Wyatt Earp'' na 1994 da kuma fim ɗin iyali mai ''suna The War'', wanda dukkansu suka fito a fim ɗin Kevin Costner . A shekarar 1995, ''an'' yi wani bincike mai zurfi kan halayen wasu 'yan'uwa mata biyu (Winningham da [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]] ), wanda ya ba su damar shiga gasar Winningham Screen Actors Guild da kuma kyautar Academy Award . <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta fito a fim tare da Gary Sinise a cikin fim ɗin ''George Wallace'', wanda hakan ya sa ta sami damar shiga gasar Golden Globe Award. kuma ya lashe [[Emmy Awards|kyautar Emmy Award]] . <ref name="emmys">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham |website=Television Academy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Winningham ta sake haɗuwa da Sinise shekaru goma sha biyu bayan haka a CSI: NY a cikin shirin kakar wasa ta 5 na ''Greater Good'' . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] oj11917f9fp4h7a7mijskh59ldk8cui 879296 879295 2026-07-09T04:56:31Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Megan "Mare" Winningham''' ( /m ɛər / MAIR ; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1959) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winningham, Mare 1959– |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/winningham-mare-1959 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |publisher=[[Cengage]]}}</ref> 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka kuma mawaƙiya kuma marubuciya. Ita ce ta lashe kyaututtukan Primetime Emmy guda biyu kuma an zaɓe ta don lambar yabo ta Academy Award, kyaututtukan Golden Globe guda biyu, da kyaututtukan Tony guda biyu. Ta lashe kyautar [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] sau takwas, ta lashe kyautar Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries ko Movie for ''Amber Waves'' a 1980 da kuma ''George Wallace'' a 1998. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin kyautar Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film of 1995 ''Georgia'' . Sauran rawar da Winningham ta taka a fina-finai da talabijin sun hada da ''The Thorn Birds'' (1983), ''St. Elmo's Fire'' (1985), ''Miracle Mile'' (1988), ''Turner &amp;amp; Hooch'' (1989), ''The War'' (1994), ''Dandelion'' (2004), ''Swing Vote'' (2008), ''Brothers'' (2009), ''Mildred Pierce'' (2011), ''Hatfields &amp;amp; McCoys'' (2012), kuma sun fito a cikin ''American Horror Story'' na tsawon yanayi hudu: ''Coven'' (2013), ''Freak Show'' (2014), ''Hotel'' (2015–16), da ''Cult'' (2017). An jefa ta a matsayin uwar Meredith Grey Susan Grey a cikin ''Grey's Anatomy'' (2006–2007) da kuma Cherry Lockhart, mahaifiyar Cole Lockhart a kakar wasa ta 1–2 da 4 na ''The Affair'' (2014–2016; 2018). Winningham ta fara fitowa a New York a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]]" id="mwTA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway na 2007 10 Million Miles, wanda ta sami Kyautar Drama Desk Award. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a cikin farfadowar ''Picnic'' ta 2013. A shekara ta 2014, an zabi ta don kyautar Tony don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a cikin wasan kwaikwayo don samar da Broadway na Casa Valentina . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Winningham a [[Phoenix|Phoenix, Arizona]], kuma ya girma a Northridge, California . <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}</ref> Ita 'yar Marilyn Jean (née Maloney) ce da Sam Neal Winningham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 1996 |title=Elusive Break |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/08/22/elusive-break/ |website=tribunedigital-chicagotribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward-J-Maloney-Papillion – User Trees |url=http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/a/l/Edward-J-Maloney-Papillion/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0013.html |website=Genealogy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mare-winningham/bio/163846}}</ref> Tana da 'yan'uwa maza uku da wata 'yar'uwa. Mahaifinta ya kasance kocin kwallon kafa, darektan wasanni kuma daga baya shugaban Sashen Ilimi na Jiki a Jami'ar Jihar California, Northridge (CSUN), kuma mahaifiyarta malamin Ingilishi ce kuma mai ba da shawara a kwaleji a Monroe High School da Grant High School. Ta yaba da sha'awarta ta farko a yin wasan kwaikwayo don ganin hira da Kym Karath (wanda ya buga Gretl a cikin The Sound of Music) a gidan talabijin na Art Linkletter lokacin da take da shekaru biyar ko shida. Winningham ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Andasol Avenue, inda ayyukan da ta fi so suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo da kunna guitar da drum. Ta ɗauki zaɓi na wasan kwaikwayo mai tsawo a makarantar sakandare ta Patrick Henry Junior kuma ta ci gaba da karatu a lokacin hutun bazara a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasan kwaikwayo ta CSUN. A wannan lokacin ne ta karbi laƙabi "Mare". Mahaifiyarta ta shirya ta je Makarantar Sakandare ta Chatsworth. A aji na 12, Winningham ta fito a cikin samar da The Sound of Music, tana taka rawar Maria, a gaban abokin aji Kevin Spacey a matsayin Kyaftin Von Trapp . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Joanne |date=January 9, 2013 |title=They Call Her 'Mama' |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323374504578221681462124140 |access-date=November 29, 2016 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Saurayinta na makarantar sakandare shi ne Val Kilmer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2020 |title=From 'Top Gun' to '10 Commandments,' Val Kilmer's New Book Details Highs and Lows |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/features/from-top-gun-to-10-commandments-val-kilmers-new-book-1234591950/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Ta kammala karatun sakandare (tare da Spacey) na ajin makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Conversation with Kevin Spacey |url=http://www.cinequest.org/events/159568/conversation-kevin-spacey |website=cinequest.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === Winningham ta fara aikinta a matsayin mawaƙa-mai rubuta waƙa. A cikin 1976 da 1977, ta sami hutu ta raira waƙar [[The Beatles|Beatles]] "A nan, A can da Kowace Wuri" a kan The Gong Show . <ref>{{YouTube|EvkkPCj5utU}}</ref> Kodayake Winningham ba ta sami kwangilar rikodin ba sakamakon bayyanar, wakilin Hollywood Meyer Mishkin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami katin Screen Actor's Guild don yin layi uku a cikin wani labari na James a 15. A wannan shekarar an ba ta rawar da ta taka a kan Young Pioneers da Young Pioneors Kirsimeti, matukan jirgi don ɗan gajeren wasan kwaikwayo na 1978 The Young Pioneurs . Kodayake jerin sun ƙare tare da aukuwa uku kawai da aka watsa, ayyukan talabijin da yawa sun biyo baya, gami da sassa a kan 'yan sanda a 1978 da ''Starsky da Hutch'' a 1979. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta taka rawar yarinya Jenny Flowers a fim din da aka yi don talabijin The Death of Ocean View Park . A shekara ta 1980, Winningham ta fito a cikin Off the Minnesota Strip tana wasa da budurwa karuwa. Daga nan sai ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy don ''Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin miniseries ko fim'' saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin ''Amber Waves'', fim din talabijin game da wani manomi mai tsanani (Dennis Weaver) wanda ya gano yana mutuwa daga ciwon daji.<ref name="emmys">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham |website=Television Academy}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma shiga fina-finai tare da One Trick Pony, tare da Paul Simon . A shekara ta 1983, an zabi Winningham don Kyautar Genie ta Kanada don aikinta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba na 1981 Threshold, kuma ta bayyana a cikin miniseries na 1983 The Thorn Birds, inda ta buga Justine O'Neill . A shekara ta 1984, ta fito a matsayin [[Helen Keller]] a Helen Keller: The Miracle Continues . <ref name="yahoo" /> Winningham ya sami babban suna tare da St. Elmo's Fire (1985), tare da sauran tsoffin ɗalibai na asali.<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Duk da nasarar fim din, ta zaɓi kada ta yi kudi a kan matsayin gunkin yarinta, kuma nan da nan ta koma talabijin a cikin fim din Hallmark Hall of Fame, Love Is Never Silent, wanda ta sami gabatarwa ta Emmy. Wani sanannen wasan kwaikwayon da aka karɓa shi ne a matsayin wata budurwa marar gida a fim din talabijin God Bless the Child . Winningham ta gama shekarun 1980 tare da fina-finai biyu na Hollywood: wasan kwaikwayo na bala'in nukiliya, Miracle Mile (1988), wanda ta sami kyautar Independent Spirit Award a shekarar 1989, da kuma motar Tom Hanks ''Turner &amp;amp; Hooch'' a shekarar 1989. A shekara ta 1988, Winningham ya kuma fito a cikin shirin Los Angeles na ''Hurlyburly'' tare da Sean Penn da Danny Aiello . A farkon shekarun 1990, ta koma yin fim a fim ɗin ''Wyatt Earp'' na 1994 da kuma fim ɗin iyali mai ''suna The War'', wanda dukkansu suka fito a fim ɗin Kevin Costner . A shekarar 1995, ''an'' yi wani bincike mai zurfi kan halayen wasu 'yan'uwa mata biyu (Winningham da [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]] ), wanda ya ba su damar shiga gasar Winningham Screen Actors Guild da kuma kyautar Academy Award . <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |website=Yahoo Movies}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204054019/http://movies.yahoo.com/person/mare-winningham/biography.html "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta fito a fim tare da Gary Sinise a cikin fim ɗin ''George Wallace'', wanda hakan ya sa ta sami damar shiga gasar Golden Globe Award. kuma ya lashe [[Emmy Awards|kyautar Emmy Award]] . <ref name="emmys">{{Cite web |title=Mare Winningham |url=http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham |website=Television Academy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.emmys.com/celebrities/mare-winningham "Mare Winningham"]. </cite></ref> Winningham ta sake haɗuwa da Sinise shekaru goma sha biyu bayan haka a CSI: NY a cikin shirin kakar wasa ta 5 na ''Greater Good'' . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] ==manazarta== tt7gfxr71w82073kokxw0z0in9u616z 0 161129 879299 2026-07-09T05:00:06Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352843537|Alexander Yelagin]]" 879299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexander Viktorovich Masalov''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Alexander Yelagin''' ( {{Lang-rus|Александр Викторович Масалов (Елагин)}} ; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1953), ƙwararren mai sharhi ne kan wasanni na Rasha, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Shahararren Mawakin Rasha a shekarar 2004. <ref name="339-2004">{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 10 March 2004 г. № 339 «О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации» |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/20635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801010528/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/20635 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masalov a shekara ta 1953. Ya ɗauki sunan Yelagin, sunan budurwar mahaifiyarsa, don aikinsa a kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="sportsa">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a 1975 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na MOST , sannan Roman Viktyuk ya ba da umarni. A shekara ta 1976, Viktyuk ya gayyace shi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin My Friend Mozart, tare da Margarita Terekhova, Leonid Markov, Alexander Lenkov da sauransu. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Mark Rozovsky na ''Triptych'' tare da Alexander Filippenko . Yelagin ta kammala karatu daga sashen kasa da kasa na Kwalejin Jarida ta MSU a shekarar 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Наш дом на Моховой |url=http://fjmgu.typecat.ru/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033710/http://fjmgu.typecat.ru/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aiki a Goznak da kuma a Czechoslovakia ta hanyar Soviet Society for Friendship with Foreign Countries . A Jami'ar Jihar Moscow ya kasance abokin aji na Vladislav Listyev . <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}</ref> Bayan ya dawo daga Czechoslovakia, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo "U Nikitskikh vorot" , inda ya yi aiki, tare da katsewa, tun 1989. <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan watsa shirye-shirye == A cikin shekarun 1990s, Yelagin ya yi aiki a tashar talabijin ta Rasha 2x2 a matsayin edita da mai gabatar da labarai na wasanni. <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma rubuta kwafin talla don Echo na Moscow, inda ya sadu da mai gabatar da wasanni Yevgeny Lyubimov, wanda ya gayyace shi ya shiga sabuwar REN TV.<ref name="elagtro">{{Cite web |last=Gleb Chernyavsky |date=10 February 2022 |title=ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Daga 1996 zuwa 2003, Yelagin ya yi aiki a sashen wasanni na REN TV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2002 |title=Ren TV – это не только «Сатурн» |url=https://www.sovsport.ru/football/articles/77701-ren-tv-eto-ne-tolko-saturn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184011/https://www.sovsport.ru/football/articles/77701-ren-tv-eto-ne-tolko-saturn |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=15 September 2013 |publisher=[[Sovetsky Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Александр Елагин |url=http://sport-efir.ru/index/0-122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205153826/http://sport-efir.ru/index/0-122 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=СпортЭфир}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a shirye-shiryen Football Courier da Gillette Sport, kuma ya yi sharhi game da wasannin Premier League da Gasar kwallon kafa ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2001 |title=Перейдет ли количество в качество? |url=http://old.redstar.ru/2001/02/27_02/sport.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228221444/http://old.redstar.ru/2001/02/27_02/sport.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=[[Krasnaya Zvezda]]}}</ref><ref name="elagtro">{{Cite web |last=Gleb Chernyavsky |date=10 February 2022 |title=ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGleb_Chernyavsky2022">Gleb Chernyavsky (10 February 2022). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw "ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ"]. [[YouTube]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw Archived] from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Matsayinsa na karshe a tashar shine shugaban shirin nazarin kwallon kafa na Saturn-REN TV . ''Labaran kwallon kafa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2003 |title=«Сатурн-REN TV». Новости футбола |url=http://www.ren-tv.com/Article.asp?ID=16527 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030624132107/http://www.ren-tv.com/Article.asp?ID=16527 |archive-date=24 June 2003 |publisher=[[REN TV]]}}</ref> A lokaci guda, daga 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi sharhi game da labarai na wasanni don TV Tsentr a ƙarƙashin sunan Alexander Masalov . <ref name="sportsa">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html "АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер"]. ''[[Sports.ru]]''. 16 January 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html Archived] from the original on 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1999, ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Microphone a matsayin mai sharhi mafi kyau na talabijin na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Ren TV - футбольный канал? |url=http://www.nettv.ru/tv/article/032000/spartak.shtml |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010425063938/http://www.nettv.ru/tv/article/032000/spartak.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2001 |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Телеобъектив}}</ref> Daga 2002 zuwa 2009, Yelagin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi game da wasanni ga 7TV, inda ya yi sharhi game le watsa shirye-shiryen Premier League da FA Cup . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2003 |title=Вопрос-ответ |url=http://telesport.ru/vopros-0038.shtml |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030313011228/http://telesport.ru/vopros-0038.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2003 |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=Телеспорт}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2009 |title=Грустно... |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/barcaman/42516.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122232243/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/barcaman/42516.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=25 June 2019 |publisher=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004-2005, ya kuma bayyana a wasu lokuta a watsa shirye-shiryen kwallon kafa na Channel One Russia, galibi a matsayin mai sharhi na ajiya lokacin da ba a samun babban abincin sharhi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Трагедия британика. За что мы любим Елагина |url=https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/article/192028/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215717/https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/article/192028/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=Business Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2019 |title=Мы в эфире. Как показывали сборную России по футболу на ТВ. Часть 7 |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/watcher/2396420.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170309/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/watcher/2396420.html |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ya dauki bakuncin Letopis Spor a kan tashar Sport. A watan Satumbar 2009, bayan 7TV ta dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni, Yelagin ta koma [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]]_Plus" id="mwew" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus a gayyatar Anna Dmitrieva da Vasily Utkin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2013 |title=Комментаторская будка. Александр Елагин: «Футбольный комментарий должен звучать как саундтрек» |url=http://www.footballtop.ru/news/kommentatorskaya-budka-aleksandr-elagin-futbolnyy-kommentariy-dolzhen-zvuchat-kak-saundtrek |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202205353/http://www.footballtop.ru/news/kommentatorskaya-budka-aleksandr-elagin-futbolnyy-kommentariy-dolzhen-zvuchat-kak-saundtrek |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=FootballTop}}</ref><ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Daga 2009 zuwa 2015, ya yi sharhi game da kwallon kafa don tashoshin wasanni na kamfanin kuma ya bayyana a kai a kai a shirye-shiryen nazarin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai a kan NTV .<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2012 |title=Комментатор «НТВ плюс»: я рад за Армению, которая плодит таких нападающих |url=http://armfootball.com/rus/news/23004/kommentator-ntv-plyus-ya-rad-za-armeniyu-kotoraya-plodit-takikh-napadayushchikh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108221233/http://www.armfootball.com/rus/news/23004/kommentator-ntv-plyus-ya-rad-za-armeniyu-kotoraya-plodit-takikh-napadayushchikh.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=Armfootball}}</ref> Yelagin shine marubucin littafin bincike The History of the UEFA European Football Championship: 1960-2004, wanda Olympia-Press ta buga. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, ya shiga gidan talabijin na Match a matsayin mai sharhi kan kwallon kafa. A watan Janairun 2016, shi da wasu masu sharhi da yawa, ciki har da Vasily Utkin, Kirill Dementyev da {{Interlanguage link|Aleksey Andronov|ru|Андронов, Алексей Александрович}} , an motsa su daga mukaman ma'aikata zuwa kwangila mai zaman kansa, amma Yelagin ya ci gaba da aiki tare da tashar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2016 |title=За что мы ненавидим «Матч-ТВ». Шесть главных претензий к спортивному телеканалу |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2016/02/02/za-chto-my-nenavidim-match-tv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601180444/https://meduza.io/feature/2016/02/02/za-chto-my-nenavidim-match-tv |archive-date=1 June 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=[[Meduza]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2016 |title=Александр Елагин: "Меня вывели из штата «Матч ТВ». Без обид – бизнес есть бизнес" |url=https://www.sovsport.ru/articles/877451-aleksandr-elagin-menja-vyveli-iz-shtata-match-tv-bez-obid-biznes-est-biznes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225241/https://www.sovsport.ru/articles/877451-aleksandr-elagin-menja-vyveli-iz-shtata-match-tv-bez-obid-biznes-est-biznes |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018 |publisher=[[Sovetsky Sport]]}}</ref> Ya bar tashar a takaice a cikin 2017 a matsayin wani ɓangare na rage ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=Комментатор Александр Елагин покинет «Матч ТВ» по сокращению |url=https://www.championat.com/football/news-2803790-kommentator-aleksandr-elagin-pokinet-match-tv-po-sokrascheniju.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731204132/https://www.championat.com/football/news-2803790-kommentator-aleksandr-elagin-pokinet-match-tv-po-sokrascheniju.html |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=[[Championat.com]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eklnqapho3ncx85n0du9bm1dvrid445 879300 879299 2026-07-09T05:00:22Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Viktorovich Masalov''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Alexander Yelagin''' ( {{Lang-rus|Александр Викторович Масалов (Елагин)}} ; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1953), ƙwararren mai sharhi ne kan wasanni na Rasha, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Shahararren Mawakin Rasha a shekarar 2004. <ref name="339-2004">{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 10 March 2004 г. № 339 «О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации» |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/20635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801010528/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/20635 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masalov a shekara ta 1953. Ya ɗauki sunan Yelagin, sunan budurwar mahaifiyarsa, don aikinsa a kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="sportsa">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a 1975 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na MOST , sannan Roman Viktyuk ya ba da umarni. A shekara ta 1976, Viktyuk ya gayyace shi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin My Friend Mozart, tare da Margarita Terekhova, Leonid Markov, Alexander Lenkov da sauransu. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Mark Rozovsky na ''Triptych'' tare da Alexander Filippenko . Yelagin ta kammala karatu daga sashen kasa da kasa na Kwalejin Jarida ta MSU a shekarar 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Наш дом на Моховой |url=http://fjmgu.typecat.ru/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033710/http://fjmgu.typecat.ru/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aiki a Goznak da kuma a Czechoslovakia ta hanyar Soviet Society for Friendship with Foreign Countries . A Jami'ar Jihar Moscow ya kasance abokin aji na Vladislav Listyev . <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}</ref> Bayan ya dawo daga Czechoslovakia, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo "U Nikitskikh vorot" , inda ya yi aiki, tare da katsewa, tun 1989. <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan watsa shirye-shirye == A cikin shekarun 1990s, Yelagin ya yi aiki a tashar talabijin ta Rasha 2x2 a matsayin edita da mai gabatar da labarai na wasanni. <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma rubuta kwafin talla don Echo na Moscow, inda ya sadu da mai gabatar da wasanni Yevgeny Lyubimov, wanda ya gayyace shi ya shiga sabuwar REN TV.<ref name="elagtro">{{Cite web |last=Gleb Chernyavsky |date=10 February 2022 |title=ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Daga 1996 zuwa 2003, Yelagin ya yi aiki a sashen wasanni na REN TV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2002 |title=Ren TV – это не только «Сатурн» |url=https://www.sovsport.ru/football/articles/77701-ren-tv-eto-ne-tolko-saturn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184011/https://www.sovsport.ru/football/articles/77701-ren-tv-eto-ne-tolko-saturn |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=15 September 2013 |publisher=[[Sovetsky Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Александр Елагин |url=http://sport-efir.ru/index/0-122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205153826/http://sport-efir.ru/index/0-122 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=СпортЭфир}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a shirye-shiryen Football Courier da Gillette Sport, kuma ya yi sharhi game da wasannin Premier League da Gasar kwallon kafa ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2001 |title=Перейдет ли количество в качество? |url=http://old.redstar.ru/2001/02/27_02/sport.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228221444/http://old.redstar.ru/2001/02/27_02/sport.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=[[Krasnaya Zvezda]]}}</ref><ref name="elagtro">{{Cite web |last=Gleb Chernyavsky |date=10 February 2022 |title=ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGleb_Chernyavsky2022">Gleb Chernyavsky (10 February 2022). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw "ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ"]. [[YouTube]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw Archived] from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Matsayinsa na karshe a tashar shine shugaban shirin nazarin kwallon kafa na Saturn-REN TV . ''Labaran kwallon kafa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2003 |title=«Сатурн-REN TV». Новости футбола |url=http://www.ren-tv.com/Article.asp?ID=16527 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030624132107/http://www.ren-tv.com/Article.asp?ID=16527 |archive-date=24 June 2003 |publisher=[[REN TV]]}}</ref> A lokaci guda, daga 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi sharhi game da labarai na wasanni don TV Tsentr a ƙarƙashin sunan Alexander Masalov . <ref name="sportsa">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html "АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер"]. ''[[Sports.ru]]''. 16 January 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html Archived] from the original on 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1999, ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Microphone a matsayin mai sharhi mafi kyau na talabijin na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Ren TV - футбольный канал? |url=http://www.nettv.ru/tv/article/032000/spartak.shtml |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010425063938/http://www.nettv.ru/tv/article/032000/spartak.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2001 |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Телеобъектив}}</ref> Daga 2002 zuwa 2009, Yelagin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi game da wasanni ga 7TV, inda ya yi sharhi game le watsa shirye-shiryen Premier League da FA Cup . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2003 |title=Вопрос-ответ |url=http://telesport.ru/vopros-0038.shtml |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030313011228/http://telesport.ru/vopros-0038.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2003 |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=Телеспорт}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2009 |title=Грустно... |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/barcaman/42516.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122232243/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/barcaman/42516.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=25 June 2019 |publisher=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004-2005, ya kuma bayyana a wasu lokuta a watsa shirye-shiryen kwallon kafa na Channel One Russia, galibi a matsayin mai sharhi na ajiya lokacin da ba a samun babban abincin sharhi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Трагедия британика. За что мы любим Елагина |url=https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/article/192028/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215717/https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/article/192028/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=Business Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2019 |title=Мы в эфире. Как показывали сборную России по футболу на ТВ. Часть 7 |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/watcher/2396420.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170309/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/watcher/2396420.html |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ya dauki bakuncin Letopis Spor a kan tashar Sport. A watan Satumbar 2009, bayan 7TV ta dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni, Yelagin ta koma [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]]_Plus" id="mwew" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus a gayyatar Anna Dmitrieva da Vasily Utkin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2013 |title=Комментаторская будка. Александр Елагин: «Футбольный комментарий должен звучать как саундтрек» |url=http://www.footballtop.ru/news/kommentatorskaya-budka-aleksandr-elagin-futbolnyy-kommentariy-dolzhen-zvuchat-kak-saundtrek |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202205353/http://www.footballtop.ru/news/kommentatorskaya-budka-aleksandr-elagin-futbolnyy-kommentariy-dolzhen-zvuchat-kak-saundtrek |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=FootballTop}}</ref><ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Daga 2009 zuwa 2015, ya yi sharhi game da kwallon kafa don tashoshin wasanni na kamfanin kuma ya bayyana a kai a kai a shirye-shiryen nazarin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai a kan NTV .<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2012 |title=Комментатор «НТВ плюс»: я рад за Армению, которая плодит таких нападающих |url=http://armfootball.com/rus/news/23004/kommentator-ntv-plyus-ya-rad-za-armeniyu-kotoraya-plodit-takikh-napadayushchikh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108221233/http://www.armfootball.com/rus/news/23004/kommentator-ntv-plyus-ya-rad-za-armeniyu-kotoraya-plodit-takikh-napadayushchikh.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=Armfootball}}</ref> Yelagin shine marubucin littafin bincike The History of the UEFA European Football Championship: 1960-2004, wanda Olympia-Press ta buga. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, ya shiga gidan talabijin na Match a matsayin mai sharhi kan kwallon kafa. A watan Janairun 2016, shi da wasu masu sharhi da yawa, ciki har da Vasily Utkin, Kirill Dementyev da {{Interlanguage link|Aleksey Andronov|ru|Андронов, Алексей Александрович}} , an motsa su daga mukaman ma'aikata zuwa kwangila mai zaman kansa, amma Yelagin ya ci gaba da aiki tare da tashar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2016 |title=За что мы ненавидим «Матч-ТВ». Шесть главных претензий к спортивному телеканалу |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2016/02/02/za-chto-my-nenavidim-match-tv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601180444/https://meduza.io/feature/2016/02/02/za-chto-my-nenavidim-match-tv |archive-date=1 June 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=[[Meduza]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2016 |title=Александр Елагин: "Меня вывели из штата «Матч ТВ». Без обид – бизнес есть бизнес" |url=https://www.sovsport.ru/articles/877451-aleksandr-elagin-menja-vyveli-iz-shtata-match-tv-bez-obid-biznes-est-biznes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225241/https://www.sovsport.ru/articles/877451-aleksandr-elagin-menja-vyveli-iz-shtata-match-tv-bez-obid-biznes-est-biznes |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018 |publisher=[[Sovetsky Sport]]}}</ref> Ya bar tashar a takaice a cikin 2017 a matsayin wani ɓangare na rage ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=Комментатор Александр Елагин покинет «Матч ТВ» по сокращению |url=https://www.championat.com/football/news-2803790-kommentator-aleksandr-elagin-pokinet-match-tv-po-sokrascheniju.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731204132/https://www.championat.com/football/news-2803790-kommentator-aleksandr-elagin-pokinet-match-tv-po-sokrascheniju.html |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=[[Championat.com]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9o4drfbk7kcra5gwsohzm1vnplxylbe 879301 879300 2026-07-09T05:00:45Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Viktorovich Masalov''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Alexander Yelagin''' ( {{Lang-rus|Александр Викторович Масалов (Елагин)}} ; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1953), ƙwararren mai sharhi ne kan wasanni na Rasha, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Shahararren Mawakin Rasha a shekarar 2004. <ref name="339-2004">{{Cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 10 March 2004 г. № 339 «О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации» |url=http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/20635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801010528/http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/20635 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masalov a shekara ta 1953. Ya ɗauki sunan Yelagin, sunan budurwar mahaifiyarsa, don aikinsa a kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="sportsa">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a 1975 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na MOST , sannan Roman Viktyuk ya ba da umarni. A shekara ta 1976, Viktyuk ya gayyace shi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin My Friend Mozart, tare da Margarita Terekhova, Leonid Markov, Alexander Lenkov da sauransu. A shekara ta 1983, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Mark Rozovsky na ''Triptych'' tare da Alexander Filippenko . Yelagin ta kammala karatu daga sashen kasa da kasa na Kwalejin Jarida ta MSU a shekarar 1982. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Наш дом на Моховой |url=http://fjmgu.typecat.ru/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033710/http://fjmgu.typecat.ru/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aiki a Goznak da kuma a Czechoslovakia ta hanyar Soviet Society for Friendship with Foreign Countries . A Jami'ar Jihar Moscow ya kasance abokin aji na Vladislav Listyev . <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}</ref> Bayan ya dawo daga Czechoslovakia, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo "U Nikitskikh vorot" , inda ya yi aiki, tare da katsewa, tun 1989. <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan watsa shirye-shirye == A cikin shekarun 1990s, Yelagin ya yi aiki a tashar talabijin ta Rasha 2x2 a matsayin edita da mai gabatar da labarai na wasanni. <ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma rubuta kwafin talla don Echo na Moscow, inda ya sadu da mai gabatar da wasanni Yevgeny Lyubimov, wanda ya gayyace shi ya shiga sabuwar REN TV.<ref name="elagtro">{{Cite web |last=Gleb Chernyavsky |date=10 February 2022 |title=ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Daga 1996 zuwa 2003, Yelagin ya yi aiki a sashen wasanni na REN TV.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2002 |title=Ren TV – это не только «Сатурн» |url=https://www.sovsport.ru/football/articles/77701-ren-tv-eto-ne-tolko-saturn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184011/https://www.sovsport.ru/football/articles/77701-ren-tv-eto-ne-tolko-saturn |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=15 September 2013 |publisher=[[Sovetsky Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Александр Елагин |url=http://sport-efir.ru/index/0-122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205153826/http://sport-efir.ru/index/0-122 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=СпортЭфир}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a shirye-shiryen Football Courier da Gillette Sport, kuma ya yi sharhi game da wasannin Premier League da Gasar kwallon kafa ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2001 |title=Перейдет ли количество в качество? |url=http://old.redstar.ru/2001/02/27_02/sport.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228221444/http://old.redstar.ru/2001/02/27_02/sport.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=[[Krasnaya Zvezda]]}}</ref><ref name="elagtro">{{Cite web |last=Gleb Chernyavsky |date=10 February 2022 |title=ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGleb_Chernyavsky2022">Gleb Chernyavsky (10 February 2022). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw "ЕЛАГИН – тормозил КАРПИНА, вербовали в КГБ, оторвался тромб, ПАКИСТАНЦЫ не пускали на УЭМБЛИ"]. [[YouTube]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220212175144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AtvlHdRZAw Archived] from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Matsayinsa na karshe a tashar shine shugaban shirin nazarin kwallon kafa na Saturn-REN TV . ''Labaran kwallon kafa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2003 |title=«Сатурн-REN TV». Новости футбола |url=http://www.ren-tv.com/Article.asp?ID=16527 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030624132107/http://www.ren-tv.com/Article.asp?ID=16527 |archive-date=24 June 2003 |publisher=[[REN TV]]}}</ref> A lokaci guda, daga 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi sharhi game da labarai na wasanni don TV Tsentr a ƙarƙashin sunan Alexander Masalov . <ref name="sportsa">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2019 |title=АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html "АПЛ на «Рен ТВ» – это наше детство. 90-е, молодые Елагин, Бекхэм и Сульшер"]. ''[[Sports.ru]]''. 16 January 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121118/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/innuendo/2311263.html Archived] from the original on 19 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 1999, ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Microphone a matsayin mai sharhi mafi kyau na talabijin na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Ren TV - футбольный канал? |url=http://www.nettv.ru/tv/article/032000/spartak.shtml |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010425063938/http://www.nettv.ru/tv/article/032000/spartak.shtml |archive-date=25 April 2001 |access-date=5 May 2019 |publisher=Телеобъектив}}</ref> Daga 2002 zuwa 2009, Yelagin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi game da wasanni ga 7TV, inda ya yi sharhi game le watsa shirye-shiryen Premier League da FA Cup . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2003 |title=Вопрос-ответ |url=http://telesport.ru/vopros-0038.shtml |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030313011228/http://telesport.ru/vopros-0038.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2003 |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=Телеспорт}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2009 |title=Грустно... |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/barcaman/42516.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122232243/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/barcaman/42516.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=25 June 2019 |publisher=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004-2005, ya kuma bayyana a wasu lokuta a watsa shirye-shiryen kwallon kafa na Channel One Russia, galibi a matsayin mai sharhi na ajiya lokacin da ba a samun babban abincin sharhi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=Трагедия британика. За что мы любим Елагина |url=https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/article/192028/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215717/https://sport.business-gazeta.ru/article/192028/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=Business Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2019 |title=Мы в эфире. Как показывали сборную России по футболу на ТВ. Часть 7 |url=https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/watcher/2396420.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170309/https://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/watcher/2396420.html |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=[[Sports.ru]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ya dauki bakuncin Letopis Spor a kan tashar Sport. A watan Satumbar 2009, bayan 7TV ta dakatar da watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni, Yelagin ta koma [[NTV (Russia)|NTV]]_Plus" id="mwew" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="NTV Plus">NTV Plus a gayyatar Anna Dmitrieva da Vasily Utkin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2013 |title=Комментаторская будка. Александр Елагин: «Футбольный комментарий должен звучать как саундтрек» |url=http://www.footballtop.ru/news/kommentatorskaya-budka-aleksandr-elagin-futbolnyy-kommentariy-dolzhen-zvuchat-kak-saundtrek |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202205353/http://www.footballtop.ru/news/kommentatorskaya-budka-aleksandr-elagin-futbolnyy-kommentariy-dolzhen-zvuchat-kak-saundtrek |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=FootballTop}}</ref><ref name="sportsf">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева" |url=https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |publisher=[[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ "Александр Елагин: "Когда-нибудь Безруков сыграет Романцева""]. [[Sport Express (Russia)|Sport Express]]. 22 March 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190322074250/https://www.sport-express.ru/fridays/reviews/razgovor-po-pyatnicam-s-aleksandrom-elaginym-kogda-nibud-bezrukov-sygraet-romanceva-1525742/ Archived] from the original on 22 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Daga 2009 zuwa 2015, ya yi sharhi game da kwallon kafa don tashoshin wasanni na kamfanin kuma ya bayyana a kai a kai a shirye-shiryen nazarin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai a kan NTV .<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2012 |title=Комментатор «НТВ плюс»: я рад за Армению, которая плодит таких нападающих |url=http://armfootball.com/rus/news/23004/kommentator-ntv-plyus-ya-rad-za-armeniyu-kotoraya-plodit-takikh-napadayushchikh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108221233/http://www.armfootball.com/rus/news/23004/kommentator-ntv-plyus-ya-rad-za-armeniyu-kotoraya-plodit-takikh-napadayushchikh.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=Armfootball}}</ref> Yelagin shine marubucin littafin bincike The History of the UEFA European Football Championship: 1960-2004, wanda Olympia-Press ta buga. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, ya shiga gidan talabijin na Match a matsayin mai sharhi kan kwallon kafa. A watan Janairun 2016, shi da wasu masu sharhi da yawa, ciki har da Vasily Utkin, Kirill Dementyev da {{Interlanguage link|Aleksey Andronov|ru|Андронов, Алексей Александрович}} , an motsa su daga mukaman ma'aikata zuwa kwangila mai zaman kansa, amma Yelagin ya ci gaba da aiki tare da tashar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2016 |title=За что мы ненавидим «Матч-ТВ». Шесть главных претензий к спортивному телеканалу |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2016/02/02/za-chto-my-nenavidim-match-tv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601180444/https://meduza.io/feature/2016/02/02/za-chto-my-nenavidim-match-tv |archive-date=1 June 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |publisher=[[Meduza]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2016 |title=Александр Елагин: "Меня вывели из штата «Матч ТВ». Без обид – бизнес есть бизнес" |url=https://www.sovsport.ru/articles/877451-aleksandr-elagin-menja-vyveli-iz-shtata-match-tv-bez-obid-biznes-est-biznes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225241/https://www.sovsport.ru/articles/877451-aleksandr-elagin-menja-vyveli-iz-shtata-match-tv-bez-obid-biznes-est-biznes |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018 |publisher=[[Sovetsky Sport]]}}</ref> Ya bar tashar a takaice a cikin 2017 a matsayin wani ɓangare na rage ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=Комментатор Александр Елагин покинет «Матч ТВ» по сокращению |url=https://www.championat.com/football/news-2803790-kommentator-aleksandr-elagin-pokinet-match-tv-po-sokrascheniju.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731204132/https://www.championat.com/football/news-2803790-kommentator-aleksandr-elagin-pokinet-match-tv-po-sokrascheniju.html |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=31 July 2017 |publisher=[[Championat.com]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 75043olui1zgqayjyel2stlsrb83ng2 0 161130 879302 2026-07-09T05:01:32Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332909779|HMS Annan]]" 879302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''HMS ''Annan''''' ya kasance {{Sclass2|River|frigate}}An gina don Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal, amma an mayar da shi ga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Canadian kafin a tura shi aiki . Ta yi aiki tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Canadian a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma ta kasance tana aiki a matsayin mai rakiya a Yaƙin Tekun Atlantika . An mayar da ita [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] bayan yaƙin kuma aka sayar da ita ga [[Denmark]] cikin sauri, wanda ya sake mata suna ''Niels Ebbesen'' . An fi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin horo har zuwa 1963 lokacin da aka raba ta da [[Odense]] . An sanya mata suna saboda Kogin Annan da ke [[Scotland]] a Burtaniya da Kanada, yayin da Niels Ebbesen ke aikin soja a Denmark. == Bayani da Bayani == Tsarin jirgin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin jirgin ruwa na aji na Kogin ya kasance ingantaccen sigar aji na {{Sclass2|Flower|corvette}}, {{Sfn|Brown|2007}} yana magance matsalolin aji na Fure a matsayin mai rakiya a teku. An gina jiragen ruwa na farko don Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal kuma an sanya musu suna don koguna, duk da haka, a Kanada, an sanya musu suna don birane. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} An sanar da Kanada game da haɓaka ƙirar a watan Disamba na 1940, amma ba a isar da shirye-shiryen ba har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu 1941. Tsarin ya yi girma da ba zai iya shiga ta cikin magudanar ruwa a Kogin St. Lawrence ba, wanda ya takaita gina jiragen ruwa na aji na Kogin zuwa wurare uku na jiragen ruwa, duk suna da damar shiga teku kai tsaye. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2002}} Jiragen ruwan Kanada guda goma sha biyar na farko sun bi tsarin Burtaniya na yau da kullun. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Jirgin ruwan ya kai {{Convert|301|ft|4|in}} tsayi gabaɗaya kuma {{Cvt|283|ft|0|in}} tsakanin perpendiculars tare da katako na {{Cvt|36|ft|7|in}} da kuma zane na {{Cvt|9|ft|0|in}} . {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Suna da matsakaicin mizani na {{Convert|1445|LT|MT}} masu tsayi kuma yana da ƙarin walƙiya da kuma ci gaba mai kyau don inganta bushewar jirgin a teku. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Sun kasance a tsakiyar jiragen ruwa masu murabba'i tare da manyan jiragen ruwa don rage birgima a cikin manyan tekuna. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Suna da ƙarin jami'ai 10 da ƙimar 135. {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} An samar da ƙarfin rukunin Kogin ta hanyar tururi da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar tukunyar jirgi guda biyu na Admiralty mai ganga uku waɗanda aka tura zuwa injin faɗaɗa uku a tsaye suna juya shafts biyu na propeller . Tsarin da ya samar da {{Convert|5500|ihp}} yana ba jiragen ruwa matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|20|kn}} . {{Sfn|Campbell|1980}} Jiragen ruwan yaƙin suna ɗauke da {{Cvt|440|LT|t}} na man fetur {{Sfn|Campbell|1980}} kuma suna da nisan {{Convert|7200|nmi}} na ruwa a {{Convert|12|kn}} . {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} Jiragen ruwan Kanada 15 na farko da suka bi tsarin Birtaniya sun hau jirgi ɗaya <nowiki><span about="#mwt89" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Convert&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Convert&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;in&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwdQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">4-inch (102</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt89" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt89" data-ve-ignore="">mm)</span></nowiki> bindiga a gaba da ɗaya a baya. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Sauran jiragen ruwan Kanada sun hau bindigogi biyu masu inci 4 a gaba da kuma bindiga ɗaya mai nauyin fam 12 a baya. {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} Jiragen ruwan Kanada suna da guda takwas <nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cvt&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Cvt&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwgA" typeof="mw:Transclusion">20</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="">mm (0.79)</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="">a)</span></nowiki> bindigogi a cikin madaukai guda huɗu masu ƙarfi don kare jiragen sama . Sun kuma sanya manyan bindigogi guda huɗu. Biyu daga cikin 20&nbsp;mm mounts suna fuskantar gaba da kuma biyu a kudu maso gabas, biyu suna kan fikafikan gadar da kuma biyu a lokacin da aka fara hasashen . {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Don yaƙin da ke yaƙi da ƙarƙashin ruwa (ASW), jiragen ruwan suna ɗauke da turmi na Hedgehog ASW a gaba kuma jiragen ruwan ruwan sun fara ɗaukar ƙarfin zurfin 100, daga baya suka tashi zuwa 145, don a harba su daga masu jefa guda huɗu da layukan dogo biyu masu ƙarfi. Biyu daga cikin masu jefa guda suna gefen tashar jiragen ruwa na jirgin, sauran biyu kuma suna gefen jirgin sama. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} An ajiye caji 30 don layin dogo da rack da kuma 32 don masu jefa guda. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} A lokacin yaƙin, an sake sanya dukkan jiragen ruwa na farko da suka hau bindigogi guda ɗaya masu inci 4 gaba don ɗaukar dutsen biyu maimakon. Bugu da ƙari, an maye gurbin bindigogi masu nauyin kilo 12 da tagwaye <nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cvt&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Cvt&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;40&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwmg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">40</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="">mm (1.6)</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="">a)</span></nowiki> bindiga . {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} An sanya jiragen ruwa na rukuni na River-class suna ɗauke da sonar takobi na Type 147B da ASDIC waɗanda aka yi amfani da su tare don nemo jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin saman. Haɗin biyun ya ba wa jiragen ruwa damar ci gaba da bin diddigin abubuwan da ake nufi koda lokacin da ake harba su. Don bin diddigin jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu, an sanya HFDF . HFDF ta nemi siginar sadarwa na jiragen ruwa masu adawa da juna, waɗanda dole ne su fito fili don sadarwa. {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} == Gine-gine da hidima == An ba ''Annan'' umarnin zama jakadan rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy kuma aka kwantar da shi a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1943 ta hannun Hall, Russell &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. a tashar jiragen ruwansu da ke Aberdeen, Scotland. An ƙaddamar da jirgin a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1943 a matsayin ''Annan'', wanda aka sanya wa suna don wani kogi a Scotland. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} A shekarar 1944, jirgin yana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa bakwai da aka tura zuwa Kanada kuma aka miƙa shi ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Canadian don yin aiki a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1944 a Aberdeen, inda ta ci gaba da riƙe sunanta na Birtaniya. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} Bayan ta yi aiki a Tobermory, ''Annan'' ta shiga ƙungiyar rakiya ta EG 6 a Londonderry . {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} Ƙungiyar rakiya ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa na Kanada gaba ɗaya kuma ana kula da su tare da rakiyar ayarin motoci a cikin ruwan gabar teku a faɗin Burtaniya. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} An tura ƙungiyar rakiya zuwa Operation Neptune kuma an ba ta ƙarin horo a cikin hanyoyin Yamma don yaƙi da jiragen ruwa na Jamus. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} Yayin da ƙawancen ke sauka a Normandy, an tura EG 6 zuwa Operation CA, inda ƙungiyar masu rakiya ke cikin waɗanda aka tura su yi sintiri a gefen Land's End don hana duk wani kutse a Tashar Ingila ta hanyar sojojin saman Jamus ko na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin mamayar, tun daga ranar 5 ga Yuni. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} A ranar 9/10 ga Yuni, yayin da suke aiki a kudu maso yammacin Tsibirin Scilly, wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya kai hari kan EG 6 wanda ya lalata HMCS sosai. Teme . {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1944, aka fara aikin Operation SJ, inda aka tura ƙungiyoyin rakiya zuwa hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Norway da Tekun Atlantika a kusa da Iceland, Tsibirin Faroe, da Tsibirin Shetland . An tura jiragen ne sakamakon amfani da jiragen ruwa na Jamus masu saukar ungulu don shiga [[Tekun Atalanta|Arewacin Atlantika]] yayin da suke aiki daga Norway. An sake tura jiragen ruwa na EG 6 daga Yammacin Hanyar zuwa gaɓar Faroes-Shetlands, kuma an yi aiki tare da jiragen ruwa masu rakiya . A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1944, yayin da suke sintiri, EG 6 ta haɗu da German submarine U-1006 a kudancin Faroes. {{Sfn|Rohwer|2005}} Tare da haɗin gwiwar HMCS A Loch Achanalt, jiragen ruwa biyu sun tilasta wa jirgin ruwan U-boat ya fito daga sama, sannan bayan musayar wuta, ''Annan'' ya nutsar da jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa ta hanyar zurfin bincike. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} ''Annan'' ta ceci mutane arba'in da shida da suka tsira daga jirgin ruwan U-boat. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} An ɓoye ainihin yanayin nutsewar kuma an ƙirƙiro wata dabara da ta shafi sabbin wuraren hakar ma'adinai ta hanyar leƙen asirin Burtaniya don shawo kan Jamusawa cewa gibin ba shi da aminci ga tafiyar jirgin ruwa. An buga ainihin bayanan nutsewar jirgin ''U-1006'' {{'}} guda bayan haka. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} A watan Afrilun 1945, an mayar da jirgin EG 6 zuwa Halifax, Nova Scotia . Duk da haka, a watan da ya biyo baya, ''Annan'' ta koma Burtaniya kuma aka mayar da ita ga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal a Sheerness a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1945. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} Saboda hidimarta a lokacin yaƙin, an ba ''Annan'' lambar yabo ta yaƙi "Atlantic 1944" da "Tekun Arewa 1944". {{Sfn|Thomas|1998}} === Sabis bayan yaƙi === An sayar da ''Annan'' ga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Danish a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1945 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu masu daraja a Kogi. An sake sanya wa jiragen ruwa biyu suna ''Holger Danske'' class. An sake wa ''Annan'' suna ''Niels Ebbesen'' don jirgin ruwa na Denmark Niels Ebbesen kuma an ba shi lambar sirri F 339. {{Sfn|Balsved|2005b}} An yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin horo ga sojoji na sojan ruwa, tana ɗauke da masu horo har zuwa 90. {{Sfn|Balsved|2005a}} ''Niels Ebbesen'' ta fuskanci gyare-gyare da dama a lokacin aikinta a Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Danish, inda aka sake haɗa ta da jiragen ruwa {{Cvt|127|mm|0}} manyan bindigogi a shekarar 1948 da kuma ƙara bindigogi {{Cvt|457|mm|0}} guda biyu bututun torpedo don dalilai na horo tsakanin 1946 da 1952. {{Sfn|Balsved|2005a}} An dakatar da aikinta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1963 kuma aka wargaza ta a wannan shekarar a [[Odense]], Denmark. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Balsved|2005a}} == Manazarta == drl5myop7nauc5q10vkwkohtcnr7bt1 879304 879302 2026-07-09T05:02:06Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''HMS ''Annan''''' ya kasance {{Sclass2|River|frigate}}An gina don Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal, amma an mayar da shi ga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Canadian kafin a tura shi aiki . Ta yi aiki tare da Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Canadian a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma ta kasance tana aiki a matsayin mai rakiya a Yaƙin Tekun Atlantika . An mayar da ita [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] bayan yaƙin kuma aka sayar da ita ga [[Denmark]] cikin sauri, wanda ya sake mata suna ''Niels Ebbesen'' . An fi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin horo har zuwa 1963 lokacin da aka raba ta da [[Odense]] . An sanya mata suna saboda Kogin Annan da ke [[Scotland]] a Burtaniya da Kanada, yayin da Niels Ebbesen ke aikin soja a Denmark. == Bayani da Bayani == Tsarin jirgin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin jirgin ruwa na aji na Kogin ya kasance ingantaccen sigar aji na {{Sclass2|Flower|corvette}}, {{Sfn|Brown|2007}} yana magance matsalolin aji na Fure a matsayin mai rakiya a teku. An gina jiragen ruwa na farko don Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal kuma an sanya musu suna don koguna, duk da haka, a Kanada, an sanya musu suna don birane. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} An sanar da Kanada game da haɓaka ƙirar a watan Disamba na 1940, amma ba a isar da shirye-shiryen ba har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu 1941. Tsarin ya yi girma da ba zai iya shiga ta cikin magudanar ruwa a Kogin St. Lawrence ba, wanda ya takaita gina jiragen ruwa na aji na Kogin zuwa wurare uku na jiragen ruwa, duk suna da damar shiga teku kai tsaye. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2002}} Jiragen ruwan Kanada guda goma sha biyar na farko sun bi tsarin Burtaniya na yau da kullun. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Jirgin ruwan ya kai {{Convert|301|ft|4|in}} tsayi gabaɗaya kuma {{Cvt|283|ft|0|in}} tsakanin perpendiculars tare da katako na {{Cvt|36|ft|7|in}} da kuma zane na {{Cvt|9|ft|0|in}} . {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Suna da matsakaicin mizani na {{Convert|1445|LT|MT}} masu tsayi kuma yana da ƙarin walƙiya da kuma ci gaba mai kyau don inganta bushewar jirgin a teku. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Sun kasance a tsakiyar jiragen ruwa masu murabba'i tare da manyan jiragen ruwa don rage birgima a cikin manyan tekuna. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Suna da ƙarin jami'ai 10 da ƙimar 135. {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} An samar da ƙarfin rukunin Kogin ta hanyar tururi da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar tukunyar jirgi guda biyu na Admiralty mai ganga uku waɗanda aka tura zuwa injin faɗaɗa uku a tsaye suna juya shafts biyu na propeller . Tsarin da ya samar da {{Convert|5500|ihp}} yana ba jiragen ruwa matsakaicin gudu na {{Convert|20|kn}} . {{Sfn|Campbell|1980}} Jiragen ruwan yaƙin suna ɗauke da {{Cvt|440|LT|t}} na man fetur {{Sfn|Campbell|1980}} kuma suna da nisan {{Convert|7200|nmi}} na ruwa a {{Convert|12|kn}} . {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} Jiragen ruwan Kanada 15 na farko da suka bi tsarin Birtaniya sun hau jirgi ɗaya <nowiki><span about="#mwt89" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Convert&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Convert&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;in&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwdQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">4-inch (102</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt89" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt89" data-ve-ignore="">mm)</span></nowiki> bindiga a gaba da ɗaya a baya. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Sauran jiragen ruwan Kanada sun hau bindigogi biyu masu inci 4 a gaba da kuma bindiga ɗaya mai nauyin fam 12 a baya. {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} Jiragen ruwan Kanada suna da guda takwas <nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cvt&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Cvt&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwgA" typeof="mw:Transclusion">20</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="">mm (0.79)</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt90" data-ve-ignore="">a)</span></nowiki> bindigogi a cikin madaukai guda huɗu masu ƙarfi don kare jiragen sama . Sun kuma sanya manyan bindigogi guda huɗu. Biyu daga cikin 20&nbsp;mm mounts suna fuskantar gaba da kuma biyu a kudu maso gabas, biyu suna kan fikafikan gadar da kuma biyu a lokacin da aka fara hasashen . {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} Don yaƙin da ke yaƙi da ƙarƙashin ruwa (ASW), jiragen ruwan suna ɗauke da turmi na Hedgehog ASW a gaba kuma jiragen ruwan ruwan sun fara ɗaukar ƙarfin zurfin 100, daga baya suka tashi zuwa 145, don a harba su daga masu jefa guda huɗu da layukan dogo biyu masu ƙarfi. Biyu daga cikin masu jefa guda suna gefen tashar jiragen ruwa na jirgin, sauran biyu kuma suna gefen jirgin sama. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} An ajiye caji 30 don layin dogo da rack da kuma 32 don masu jefa guda. {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} A lokacin yaƙin, an sake sanya dukkan jiragen ruwa na farko da suka hau bindigogi guda ɗaya masu inci 4 gaba don ɗaukar dutsen biyu maimakon. Bugu da ƙari, an maye gurbin bindigogi masu nauyin kilo 12 da tagwaye <nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cvt&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Cvt&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;40&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;mm&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwmg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">40</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="">mm (1.6)</span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="" typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span about="#mwt91" data-ve-ignore="">a)</span></nowiki> bindiga . {{Sfn|Friedman|2006}} An sanya jiragen ruwa na rukuni na River-class suna ɗauke da sonar takobi na Type 147B da ASDIC waɗanda aka yi amfani da su tare don nemo jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin saman. Haɗin biyun ya ba wa jiragen ruwa damar ci gaba da bin diddigin abubuwan da ake nufi koda lokacin da ake harba su. Don bin diddigin jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu, an sanya HFDF . HFDF ta nemi siginar sadarwa na jiragen ruwa masu adawa da juna, waɗanda dole ne su fito fili don sadarwa. {{Sfn|Vrandenburg|2013}} == Gine-gine da hidima == An ba ''Annan'' umarnin zama jakadan rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy kuma aka kwantar da shi a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1943 ta hannun Hall, Russell &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. a tashar jiragen ruwansu da ke Aberdeen, Scotland. An ƙaddamar da jirgin a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1943 a matsayin ''Annan'', wanda aka sanya wa suna don wani kogi a Scotland. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} A shekarar 1944, jirgin yana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa bakwai da aka tura zuwa Kanada kuma aka miƙa shi ga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Canadian don yin aiki a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1944 a Aberdeen, inda ta ci gaba da riƙe sunanta na Birtaniya. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} Bayan ta yi aiki a Tobermory, ''Annan'' ta shiga ƙungiyar rakiya ta EG 6 a Londonderry . {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} Ƙungiyar rakiya ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa na Kanada gaba ɗaya kuma ana kula da su tare da rakiyar ayarin motoci a cikin ruwan gabar teku a faɗin Burtaniya. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} An tura ƙungiyar rakiya zuwa Operation Neptune kuma an ba ta ƙarin horo a cikin hanyoyin Yamma don yaƙi da jiragen ruwa na Jamus. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} Yayin da ƙawancen ke sauka a Normandy, an tura EG 6 zuwa Operation CA, inda ƙungiyar masu rakiya ke cikin waɗanda aka tura su yi sintiri a gefen Land's End don hana duk wani kutse a Tashar Ingila ta hanyar sojojin saman Jamus ko na ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin mamayar, tun daga ranar 5 ga Yuni. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} A ranar 9/10 ga Yuni, yayin da suke aiki a kudu maso yammacin Tsibirin Scilly, wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus ya kai hari kan EG 6 wanda ya lalata HMCS sosai. Teme . {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} A watan Satumba na shekarar 1944, aka fara aikin Operation SJ, inda aka tura ƙungiyoyin rakiya zuwa hanyoyin da ke tsakanin Norway da Tekun Atlantika a kusa da Iceland, Tsibirin Faroe, da Tsibirin Shetland . An tura jiragen ne sakamakon amfani da jiragen ruwa na Jamus masu saukar ungulu don shiga [[Tekun Atalanta|Arewacin Atlantika]] yayin da suke aiki daga Norway. An sake tura jiragen ruwa na EG 6 daga Yammacin Hanyar zuwa gaɓar Faroes-Shetlands, kuma an yi aiki tare da jiragen ruwa masu rakiya . A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1944, yayin da suke sintiri, EG 6 ta haɗu da German submarine U-1006 a kudancin Faroes. {{Sfn|Rohwer|2005}} Tare da haɗin gwiwar HMCS A Loch Achanalt, jiragen ruwa biyu sun tilasta wa jirgin ruwan U-boat ya fito daga sama, sannan bayan musayar wuta, ''Annan'' ya nutsar da jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa ta hanyar zurfin bincike. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} ''Annan'' ta ceci mutane arba'in da shida da suka tsira daga jirgin ruwan U-boat. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} An ɓoye ainihin yanayin nutsewar kuma an ƙirƙiro wata dabara da ta shafi sabbin wuraren hakar ma'adinai ta hanyar leƙen asirin Burtaniya don shawo kan Jamusawa cewa gibin ba shi da aminci ga tafiyar jirgin ruwa. An buga ainihin bayanan nutsewar jirgin ''U-1006'' {{'}} guda bayan haka. {{Sfn|Douglas|Sarty|Whitby|2007}} A watan Afrilun 1945, an mayar da jirgin EG 6 zuwa Halifax, Nova Scotia . Duk da haka, a watan da ya biyo baya, ''Annan'' ta koma Burtaniya kuma aka mayar da ita ga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal a Sheerness a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1945. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} Saboda hidimarta a lokacin yaƙin, an ba ''Annan'' lambar yabo ta yaƙi "Atlantic 1944" da "Tekun Arewa 1944". {{Sfn|Thomas|1998}} === Sabis bayan yaƙi === An sayar da ''Annan'' ga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Danish a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1945 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu masu daraja a Kogi. An sake sanya wa jiragen ruwa biyu suna ''Holger Danske'' class. An sake wa ''Annan'' suna ''Niels Ebbesen'' don jirgin ruwa na Denmark Niels Ebbesen kuma an ba shi lambar sirri F 339. {{Sfn|Balsved|2005b}} An yi amfani da ita a matsayin jirgin horo ga sojoji na sojan ruwa, tana ɗauke da masu horo har zuwa 90. {{Sfn|Balsved|2005a}} ''Niels Ebbesen'' ta fuskanci gyare-gyare da dama a lokacin aikinta a Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Danish, inda aka sake haɗa ta da jiragen ruwa {{Cvt|127|mm|0}} manyan bindigogi a shekarar 1948 da kuma ƙara bindigogi {{Cvt|457|mm|0}} guda biyu bututun torpedo don dalilai na horo tsakanin 1946 da 1952. {{Sfn|Balsved|2005a}} An dakatar da aikinta a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1963 kuma aka wargaza ta a wannan shekarar a [[Odense]], Denmark. {{Sfn|Macpherson|Barrie|2002}} {{Sfn|Balsved|2005a}} == Manazarta == oekmqef8051ktghlyjfn04cly2ag5zv 0 161131 879307 2026-07-09T05:02:59Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326737248|Danmark (ship, 1932)]]" 879307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Denmark''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai cike da kayan aiki mallakar Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Denmark kuma yana da hedikwata a {{Interlanguage link|Maritime Training and Education Centre|da}} in Frederikshavn, [[Denmark]] . <ref name="DMA.about">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.dma.dk/AboutUs/Sider/Mainpage.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214010805/http://www.dma.dk/AboutUs/Sider/Mainpage.aspx |archive-date=2011-02-14 |access-date=2011-03-24 |publisher=Danish Maritime Authority}}</ref> <ref name="baltoSail">{{Cite web |title=2005 Ships |url=http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413204414/http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Sail Baltimore}}</ref> <ref name="DFM">{{Cite web |title=Three-mastered full-rigged sailing vessel Danmark to arrive in St. Petersburg |url=http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229054316/http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |archive-date=2010-12-29 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Denmark'' tana da {{Convert|252|ft|m}} tsawonsa gaba ɗaya tare da katako mai {{Convert|32|ft|m}} da zurfin {{Convert|17|ft|m}}, kuma tare da jimlar tan na tan 790. <ref name="baltoSail">{{Cite web |title=2005 Ships |url=http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413204414/http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Sail Baltimore}}</ref> <ref name="Chapman" /> An ƙera ta ne don ƙarin ma'aikata na tan 120, amma a cikin sake fasalin 1959 an rage wannan zuwa 80. <ref name="Braynard" /> Duk da cewa tana da injin dizal mai ƙarfin hp 486 wanda zai iya ɗaukar {{Convert|9|knot|km/h}}, a wasu fannoni tana da siffofi da yawa na asali: misali, kayan sitiyarin ba su da wani taimako na injiniya, kuma [[Anchor|angarorin jirgin]] suna ɗaga su da capstan maimakon gilashin iska mai ƙarfi. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> Ma'aikatan jirgin na dindindin suna da wurin zama, amma masu horarwa suna kwana a cikin hammocks. == Tarihi == ''Denmark'' ta gaji ''København'', wani jirgin ruwa mai mastic biyar wanda aka rasa a cikin teku a ƙarshen 1928, a matsayin babban jirgin horo na Denmark. An ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1932 a Filin Jirgin Ruwa na Nakskov da ke Lolland kuma an gyara shi a shekara mai zuwa, <ref name="DFM" /> an gina ta ne don horar da jami'an jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa na Denmark. A shekarar 1939 ta ziyarci Amurka don halartar bikin baje kolin duniya na 1939 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], amma a lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] an umarce ta da ta zauna a cikin ruwan Amurka don guje wa kama Jamusawa. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> A lokacin tana zaune a Jacksonville, Florida, kuma ana kula da ita tare da taimakon al'ummar 'yan asalin Denmark da ke can. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> Bayan harin da aka kai wa Pearl Harbor, kyaftin Knud L. Hansen, ya miƙa jirgin ga gwamnatin Amurka a matsayin jirgin horo. An karɓi wannan tayin, kuma ''Denmark'' ta ƙaura zuwa New London, Connecticut, don horar da kadet a Kwalejin Tsaron Tekun Amurka a can. <ref name="baltoSail">{{Cite web |title=2005 Ships |url=http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413204414/http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Sail Baltimore}}</ref> An horar da kimanin kadet dubu biyar kafin a mayar da jirgin zuwa Denmark a 1945. An naɗa ta a cikin Rundunar Tsaron Tekun Amurka USCGC ''Denmark'' (WIX-283). Ta ci gaba da aikinta na horarwa a shekara mai zuwa. Don girmama aikinta na lokacin yaƙi, an sanya allon tagulla a kan babban tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma an ba ''Denmark'' girmamawa ta jagoranci faretin jiragen ruwa a bikin baje kolin duniya na 1964 a New York. <ref name="Braynard" /> Kwarewa da ''Denmark'' ta yi ya haifar da sayen jirgin USCGC <nowiki><i id="mwkw">Eagle</i></nowiki> daga Jamus a ƙarshen yaƙin a matsayin jirgin horo. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> Ana ci gaba da bayar da tafiye-tafiyen horo, ba ga 'yan Denmark kawai ba, har ma ga waɗanda ke da sha'awar koyon muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tukin jirgin ruwa a babban jirgin ruwa. <ref name="DFM">{{Cite web |title=Three-mastered full-rigged sailing vessel Danmark to arrive in St. Petersburg |url=http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229054316/http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |archive-date=2010-12-29 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark}}</ref> Jirgin yana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa bakwai da aka yi amfani da su wajen ɗaukar fim ɗin Onedin Line na shirin talabijin na BBC na Burtaniya (1971-1980). Jirgin ya yi karo da jirgin ruwan USS <nowiki><i id="mwpg">Minneapolis-Saint Paul</i></nowiki> a watan Satumba na 2022. An ja ''jirgin Denmark'' da wani jirgin ruwa mai jan kaya a lokacin. == Manazarta == 0vhl4dy7dwghm4xb1awugl3ps36f3j8 879308 879307 2026-07-09T05:03:27Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Denmark''''' wani jirgin ruwa ne mai cike da kayan aiki mallakar Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Denmark kuma yana da hedikwata a {{Interlanguage link|Maritime Training and Education Centre|da}} in Frederikshavn, [[Denmark]] . <ref name="DMA.about">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.dma.dk/AboutUs/Sider/Mainpage.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214010805/http://www.dma.dk/AboutUs/Sider/Mainpage.aspx |archive-date=2011-02-14 |access-date=2011-03-24 |publisher=Danish Maritime Authority}}</ref> <ref name="baltoSail">{{Cite web |title=2005 Ships |url=http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413204414/http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Sail Baltimore}}</ref> <ref name="DFM">{{Cite web |title=Three-mastered full-rigged sailing vessel Danmark to arrive in St. Petersburg |url=http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229054316/http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |archive-date=2010-12-29 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark}}</ref> == Bayani == ''Denmark'' tana da {{Convert|252|ft|m}} tsawonsa gaba ɗaya tare da katako mai {{Convert|32|ft|m}} da zurfin {{Convert|17|ft|m}}, kuma tare da jimlar tan na tan 790. <ref name="baltoSail">{{Cite web |title=2005 Ships |url=http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413204414/http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Sail Baltimore}}</ref> <ref name="Chapman" /> An ƙera ta ne don ƙarin ma'aikata na tan 120, amma a cikin sake fasalin 1959 an rage wannan zuwa 80. <ref name="Braynard" /> Duk da cewa tana da injin dizal mai ƙarfin hp 486 wanda zai iya ɗaukar {{Convert|9|knot|km/h}}, a wasu fannoni tana da siffofi da yawa na asali: misali, kayan sitiyarin ba su da wani taimako na injiniya, kuma [[Anchor|angarorin jirgin]] suna ɗaga su da capstan maimakon gilashin iska mai ƙarfi. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> Ma'aikatan jirgin na dindindin suna da wurin zama, amma masu horarwa suna kwana a cikin hammocks. == Tarihi == ''Denmark'' ta gaji ''København'', wani jirgin ruwa mai mastic biyar wanda aka rasa a cikin teku a ƙarshen 1928, a matsayin babban jirgin horo na Denmark. An ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1932 a Filin Jirgin Ruwa na Nakskov da ke Lolland kuma an gyara shi a shekara mai zuwa, <ref name="DFM" /> an gina ta ne don horar da jami'an jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa na Denmark. A shekarar 1939 ta ziyarci Amurka don halartar bikin baje kolin duniya na 1939 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], amma a lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] an umarce ta da ta zauna a cikin ruwan Amurka don guje wa kama Jamusawa. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> A lokacin tana zaune a Jacksonville, Florida, kuma ana kula da ita tare da taimakon al'ummar 'yan asalin Denmark da ke can. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> Bayan harin da aka kai wa Pearl Harbor, kyaftin Knud L. Hansen, ya miƙa jirgin ga gwamnatin Amurka a matsayin jirgin horo. An karɓi wannan tayin, kuma ''Denmark'' ta ƙaura zuwa New London, Connecticut, don horar da kadet a Kwalejin Tsaron Tekun Amurka a can. <ref name="baltoSail">{{Cite web |title=2005 Ships |url=http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413204414/http://www.sailbaltimore.org/05ships.htm |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Sail Baltimore}}</ref> An horar da kimanin kadet dubu biyar kafin a mayar da jirgin zuwa Denmark a 1945. An naɗa ta a cikin Rundunar Tsaron Tekun Amurka USCGC ''Denmark'' (WIX-283). Ta ci gaba da aikinta na horarwa a shekara mai zuwa. Don girmama aikinta na lokacin yaƙi, an sanya allon tagulla a kan babban tashar jiragen ruwa, kuma an ba ''Denmark'' girmamawa ta jagoranci faretin jiragen ruwa a bikin baje kolin duniya na 1964 a New York. <ref name="Braynard" /> Kwarewa da ''Denmark'' ta yi ya haifar da sayen jirgin USCGC <nowiki><i id="mwkw">Eagle</i></nowiki> daga Jamus a ƙarshen yaƙin a matsayin jirgin horo. <ref name="Braynard" /> <ref name="Chapman" /> Ana ci gaba da bayar da tafiye-tafiyen horo, ba ga 'yan Denmark kawai ba, har ma ga waɗanda ke da sha'awar koyon muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tukin jirgin ruwa a babban jirgin ruwa. <ref name="DFM">{{Cite web |title=Three-mastered full-rigged sailing vessel Danmark to arrive in St. Petersburg |url=http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229054316/http://www.ambmoskva.um.dk/en/menu/Embassy/News/Three-masteredfull-riggedsailingvesselDanmarktoarriveinSt.Petersburg.htm |archive-date=2010-12-29 |access-date=2011-03-21 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark}}</ref> Jirgin yana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen ruwa bakwai da aka yi amfani da su wajen ɗaukar fim ɗin Onedin Line na shirin talabijin na BBC na Burtaniya (1971-1980). Jirgin ya yi karo da jirgin ruwan USS <nowiki><i id="mwpg">Minneapolis-Saint Paul</i></nowiki> a watan Satumba na 2022. An ja ''jirgin Denmark'' da wani jirgin ruwa mai jan kaya a lokacin. == Manazarta == c2h8ax8eyj5vmxlr98zymw9ojhq89dm 0 161132 879309 2026-07-09T05:03:53Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322443117|Raz Zehavi]]" 879309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raz Zehavi''' ( Hebrew ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Isra'ila wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron raga]] na Hapoel Hadera a mataki na biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Isra'ila. Yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai sharhi akai-akai a tashar talabijin ta Isra'ila Sport 5. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] jzf6or6y8ssw05oonfxcsun9nm0yx56 879311 879309 2026-07-09T05:04:11Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Raz Zehavi''' ( Hebrew ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Isra'ila wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron raga]] na Hapoel Hadera a mataki na biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Isra'ila. Yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai sharhi akai-akai a tashar talabijin ta Isra'ila Sport 5. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] annavwsaye5vsrawg4z03cplpl8l53n 879312 879311 2026-07-09T05:04:39Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Raz Zehavi''' ( Hebrew ; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1971) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Isra'ila wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron raga]] na Hapoel Hadera a mataki na biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Isra'ila. Yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai sharhi akai-akai a tashar talabijin ta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 0xryg8142ggaeojq1y8w1ju77d2w4an 0 161133 879310 2026-07-09T05:04:07Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356153158|Rickmer Rickmers]]" 879310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Rickmer Rickmers''''' jirgi ne mai shawagi ( barque guda uku) wanda aka daure shi har abada a matsayin jirgin kayan tarihi a [[Hamburg]], kusa da ''Cap San Diego'' . Rickmer Clasen Rickmers, (1807 &#x2013; 1886) wani mai gina jiragen ruwa ne na Bremerhaven kuma {{Interlanguage link|Willi Rickmer Rickmers|de|Willi Rickmer Rickmers}}, (1873 &#x2013; 1965) ya jagoranci wani balaguron Soviet-Jamus zuwa Pamirs a shekarar 1928. An gina ''Rickmer Rickmers'' a shekarar 1896 ta hanyar [[Rickmers Reederei|tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rickmers]] da ke [[Bremerhaven]], kuma an fara amfani da ita a hanyar [[Hong Kong]] dauke da [[shinkafa]] da bamboo . A shekarar 1912 Carl Christian Krabbenhöft ya saye ta, aka sake mata suna '''''Max''''', aka mayar da ita hanyar [[Hamburg]] - [[Chile]] . A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] gwamnatin [[Portugal]] ta kama ''Max'', a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Horta (Azores) kuma ta ba da rance ga [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] a matsayin taimakon yaƙi. A sauran lokacin yaƙin, jirgin ya yi aiki a matsayin '''''Flores''''' . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, an mayar da ita ga Gwamnatin Portugal, ta zama jirgin horar da Sojojin Ruwa na Portugal kuma aka sake sanya mata suna, '''NRP''' '''''Sagres''''' (na biyu a cikin wannan sunan). A shekarar 1958, ta lashe tseren Jiragen Ruwa Masu Tasowa . A farkon shekarun 1960, ''Sagres'' (II) ya yi ritaya daga hidimar jiragen ruwa na makaranta lokacin da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Portugal ta sayi jirgin ''Guanabara'' daga Brazil (wanda aka fara ƙaddamar da shi a Jamus a 1937 a matsayin ''Albert Leo Schlageter'' ). A shekarar 1962, an ba tsohon ''Guanabara'' aikin jirgin ruwa na makaranta mai suna <nowiki><i id="mwQg">Sagres</i></nowiki> (III) . A lokaci guda, an sake sanya wa ''Sagres'' (II) suna '''''Santo André''''' kuma aka sake sanya shi a matsayin jirgin ruwa na ajiya. Rundunar NRP ''Santo André'' ta ci gaba da kasancewa a sansanin sojojin ruwa na Lisbon, kuma an dakatar da aikin a 1975. An saye ta a shekarar 1983 ta hannun wata ƙungiya mai suna Windjammer für Hamburg eV, wacce aka sake mata suna a karo na ƙarshe, zuwa ''Rickmer Rickmers'', sannan aka mayar da ita jirgin ruwa mai shawagi a gidan tarihi . == Manazarta == p34hl3dpdu7n1k7gzufbvkgl36pwbxt 0 161134 879313 2026-07-09T05:05:47Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287061461|Samuel Alfred Warner]]" 879313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel Alfred Warner''' (c.1793-1853) ɗan Ingila ne mai kirkirar makamai na ruwa, yanzu ana ɗaukarsa Mai yaudara. == Rayuwa == An haifi Warner a Heathfield, Gabashin Sussex, ɗan William Warner wanda masassaƙi ne kuma sanannen mai shigo da kaya na Faversham. Ya san wani likitan London mai suna Garrald, kuma yana aiki tare da shi a cikin 1819 a kan fashewa. Ya yi aiki tare da Pedro I na Brazil a Portugal, kuma a lokacin da ya dawo Ingila ya sami goyon baya daga William IV don da'awarsa na samun makamai na sirri. Sarki ya nada Admiral Richard Goodwin Keats, a lokacin Gwamna na Royal Hospital Greenwich don bincike. Sa'an nan kuma an kira admiral Sir Thomas Hardy don taimakawa. Warner ya mutu a cikin yanayi mara kyau a farkon Disamba 1853, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Brompton, yammacin London, a ranar 10. Ya bar gwauruwa da yara bakwai. == Abubuwan kirkirar da aka ce == Daga 1830 zuwa ranar mutuwarsa Warner ya matsa da'awar abubuwan kirkirar guda biyu. Wadannan sune "harsashi marar ganuwa" (wanda aka sake gina shi azaman nau'in ma'adinai mai fashewa a karkashin ruwa), da kuma "tsawon zango", mai yiwuwa balloon da aka sanya don sauke "harsashin ganuwa' ta atomatik: ya fito a ƙarshe cewa Warner ya kafa gwajin da bai yi nasara ba tare da Charles Green da balloon da ba. Wani zanga-zangar 1841 a kan tafkin a Essex ya ga wani jirgin ruwa ya fashe, wanda wani rukuni ciki har da Sir Robert Peel ke kallo.<ref name="ODNB" /> An nada kananan kwamitoci don bincika da gwaji a kan waɗannan abubuwan kirkirar, amma Warner ya ki nunawa ko ta kowace hanya ya bayyana asirinsa har sai an tabbatar masa da biyan £ 200,000 ga kowannensu. A cikin 1842 kwamitin Sir Thomas Byam Martin da Sir Howard Douglas sun tambayi Warner. Ya bayyana cewa mahaifinsa William Warner ne, wanda a cikin 1812 ya mallaki kuma ya umarci ''Nautilus'', wanda gwamnati ta hayar don aikin leken asiri; cewa shi da kansa ya yi aiki tare da mahaifinsa a cikin ''Nautilus''; kuma, zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, ta hanyar kirkirarsa, ya hallaka biyu daga cikin masu zaman kansu na abokan gaba. Babu tabbacin kuma asusun ya lalace ta hanyar anachronisms. A wannan lokacin Lieutenant-Colonel Chalmer na Royal Artillery, da Kwamandan James Crawford Caffin sun tantance ikirarin Warner. [[Fayil:Samuel_Alfred_Warner_demonstration_1844_ILN.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga Illustrated London News na 1844 da ake zargi da nunawa na "harsashin ganuwa" na Warner]] Wani karin zanga-zangar a cikin Channel Channel daga Brighton a cikin 1844 ya nuna wani jirgin da aka yi niyya da aka ja a teku ya fashe a siginar. An halarta sosai, amma ya bar darajar abin da aka gani ba a warware shi ba. Warner ya yi iƙirarin cewa Keats da Hardy sun rubuta rahoto don tallafawa kirkirar, kuma sun gabatar da kwafin da ake tsammani. An lura a majalisa cewa ba a sami wani kwafin ba. Keats da Hardy sun mutu tun da daɗewa, kuma an lura cewa ya kamata su mutu, kuma ba a sami kwafin ba, kasancewar suna da sanannun cewa dukansu maza ne na kasuwanci kuma ba za su rasa takardun su ba. An kammala cewa babu irin wannan rahoto. An nuna abubuwan kirkirar da ake tsammani a cikin West End Gallery a babban Nunin 1851, har yanzu yana da'awar goyon bayan Keats da Hardy, amma bai ci gaba ba. A shekara ta 1852 an sake gabatar da batun a cikin House of Lords, a ranar 14 ga Mayu, kuma an nada kwamitin don yin bincike a ciki. Bayan mako guda, a ranar 21 ga Mayu, Duke na Wellington ya shiga tsakani, yana nuna cewa binciken yana daya daga cikin yanayin kimiyya, kuma an danƙa masa ga Sashen Ordnance. Tare da wannan batun ya bayyana an sauke shi. Kwamitin bai taba bayar da rahoto ba. sr4vxngjraq7x3xuh4wjw8qsscf2a1o 879314 879313 2026-07-09T05:06:04Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Alfred Warner''' (c.1793-1853) ɗan Ingila ne mai kirkirar makamai na ruwa, yanzu ana ɗaukarsa Mai yaudara. == Rayuwa == An haifi Warner a Heathfield, Gabashin Sussex, ɗan William Warner wanda masassaƙi ne kuma sanannen mai shigo da kaya na Faversham. Ya san wani likitan London mai suna Garrald, kuma yana aiki tare da shi a cikin 1819 a kan fashewa. Ya yi aiki tare da Pedro I na Brazil a Portugal, kuma a lokacin da ya dawo Ingila ya sami goyon baya daga William IV don da'awarsa na samun makamai na sirri. Sarki ya nada Admiral Richard Goodwin Keats, a lokacin Gwamna na Royal Hospital Greenwich don bincike. Sa'an nan kuma an kira admiral Sir Thomas Hardy don taimakawa. Warner ya mutu a cikin yanayi mara kyau a farkon Disamba 1853, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Brompton, yammacin London, a ranar 10. Ya bar gwauruwa da yara bakwai. == Abubuwan kirkirar da aka ce == Daga 1830 zuwa ranar mutuwarsa Warner ya matsa da'awar abubuwan kirkirar guda biyu. Wadannan sune "harsashi marar ganuwa" (wanda aka sake gina shi azaman nau'in ma'adinai mai fashewa a karkashin ruwa), da kuma "tsawon zango", mai yiwuwa balloon da aka sanya don sauke "harsashin ganuwa' ta atomatik: ya fito a ƙarshe cewa Warner ya kafa gwajin da bai yi nasara ba tare da Charles Green da balloon da ba. Wani zanga-zangar 1841 a kan tafkin a Essex ya ga wani jirgin ruwa ya fashe, wanda wani rukuni ciki har da Sir Robert Peel ke kallo.<ref name="ODNB" /> An nada kananan kwamitoci don bincika da gwaji a kan waɗannan abubuwan kirkirar, amma Warner ya ki nunawa ko ta kowace hanya ya bayyana asirinsa har sai an tabbatar masa da biyan £ 200,000 ga kowannensu. A cikin 1842 kwamitin Sir Thomas Byam Martin da Sir Howard Douglas sun tambayi Warner. Ya bayyana cewa mahaifinsa William Warner ne, wanda a cikin 1812 ya mallaki kuma ya umarci ''Nautilus'', wanda gwamnati ta hayar don aikin leken asiri; cewa shi da kansa ya yi aiki tare da mahaifinsa a cikin ''Nautilus''; kuma, zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, ta hanyar kirkirarsa, ya hallaka biyu daga cikin masu zaman kansu na abokan gaba. Babu tabbacin kuma asusun ya lalace ta hanyar anachronisms. A wannan lokacin Lieutenant-Colonel Chalmer na Royal Artillery, da Kwamandan James Crawford Caffin sun tantance ikirarin Warner. [[Fayil:Samuel_Alfred_Warner_demonstration_1844_ILN.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga Illustrated London News na 1844 da ake zargi da nunawa na "harsashin ganuwa" na Warner]] Wani karin zanga-zangar a cikin Channel Channel daga Brighton a cikin 1844 ya nuna wani jirgin da aka yi niyya da aka ja a teku ya fashe a siginar. An halarta sosai, amma ya bar darajar abin da aka gani ba a warware shi ba. Warner ya yi iƙirarin cewa Keats da Hardy sun rubuta rahoto don tallafawa kirkirar, kuma sun gabatar da kwafin da ake tsammani. An lura a majalisa cewa ba a sami wani kwafin ba. Keats da Hardy sun mutu tun da daɗewa, kuma an lura cewa ya kamata su mutu, kuma ba a sami kwafin ba, kasancewar suna da sanannun cewa dukansu maza ne na kasuwanci kuma ba za su rasa takardun su ba. An kammala cewa babu irin wannan rahoto. An nuna abubuwan kirkirar da ake tsammani a cikin West End Gallery a babban Nunin 1851, har yanzu yana da'awar goyon bayan Keats da Hardy, amma bai ci gaba ba. A shekara ta 1852 an sake gabatar da batun a cikin House of Lords, a ranar 14 ga Mayu, kuma an nada kwamitin don yin bincike a ciki. Bayan mako guda, a ranar 21 ga Mayu, Duke na Wellington ya shiga tsakani, yana nuna cewa binciken yana daya daga cikin yanayin kimiyya, kuma an danƙa masa ga Sashen Ordnance. Tare da wannan batun ya bayyana an sauke shi. Kwamitin bai taba bayar da rahoto ba. 3rnekd2fc5kc2hjmurnbud2v7cbpofq 879315 879314 2026-07-09T05:06:21Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 879315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Alfred Warner''' (c.1793-1853) ɗan Ingila ne mai kirkirar makamai na ruwa, yanzu ana ɗaukarsa Mai yaudara. == Rayuwa == An haifi Warner a Heathfield, Gabashin Sussex, ɗan William Warner wanda masassaƙi ne kuma sanannen mai shigo da kaya na Faversham. Ya san wani likitan London mai suna Garrald, kuma yana aiki tare da shi a cikin 1819 a kan fashewa. Ya yi aiki tare da Pedro I na Brazil a Portugal, kuma a lokacin da ya dawo Ingila ya sami goyon baya daga William IV don da'awarsa na samun makamai na sirri. Sarki ya nada Admiral Richard Goodwin Keats, a lokacin Gwamna na Royal Hospital Greenwich don bincike. Sa'an nan kuma an kira admiral Sir Thomas Hardy don taimakawa. Warner ya mutu a cikin yanayi mara kyau a farkon Disamba 1853, kuma an binne shi a makabartar Brompton, yammacin London, a ranar 10. Ya bar gwauruwa da yara bakwai. == Abubuwan kirkirar da aka ce == Daga 1830 zuwa ranar mutuwarsa Warner ya matsa da'awar abubuwan kirkirar guda biyu. Wadannan sune "harsashi marar ganuwa" (wanda aka sake gina shi azaman nau'in ma'adinai mai fashewa a karkashin ruwa), da kuma "tsawon zango", mai yiwuwa balloon da aka sanya don sauke "harsashin ganuwa' ta atomatik: ya fito a ƙarshe cewa Warner ya kafa gwajin da bai yi nasara ba tare da Charles Green da balloon da ba. Wani zanga-zangar 1841 a kan tafkin a Essex ya ga wani jirgin ruwa ya fashe, wanda wani rukuni ciki har da Sir Robert Peel ke kallo.<ref name="ODNB" /> An nada kananan kwamitoci don bincika da gwaji a kan waɗannan abubuwan kirkirar, amma Warner ya ki nunawa ko ta kowace hanya ya bayyana asirinsa har sai an tabbatar masa da biyan £ 200,000 ga kowannensu. A cikin 1842 kwamitin Sir Thomas Byam Martin da Sir Howard Douglas sun tambayi Warner. Ya bayyana cewa mahaifinsa William Warner ne, wanda a cikin 1812 ya mallaki kuma ya umarci ''Nautilus'', wanda gwamnati ta hayar don aikin leken asiri; cewa shi da kansa ya yi aiki tare da mahaifinsa a cikin ''Nautilus''; kuma, zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, ta hanyar kirkirarsa, ya hallaka biyu daga cikin masu zaman kansu na abokan gaba. Babu tabbacin kuma asusun ya lalace ta hanyar anachronisms. A wannan lokacin Lieutenant-Colonel Chalmer na Royal Artillery, da Kwamandan James Crawford Caffin sun tantance ikirarin Warner. [[Fayil:Samuel_Alfred_Warner_demonstration_1844_ILN.jpg|thumb|Hoton daga Illustrated London News na 1844 da ake zargi da nunawa na "harsashin ganuwa" na Warner]] Wani karin zanga-zangar a cikin Channel Channel daga Brighton a cikin 1844 ya nuna wani jirgin da aka yi niyya da aka ja a teku ya fashe a siginar. An halarta sosai, amma ya bar darajar abin da aka gani ba a warware shi ba. Warner ya yi iƙirarin cewa Keats da Hardy sun rubuta rahoto don tallafawa kirkirar, kuma sun gabatar da kwafin da ake tsammani. An lura a majalisa cewa ba a sami wani kwafin ba. Keats da Hardy sun mutu tun da daɗewa, kuma an lura cewa ya kamata su mutu, kuma ba a sami kwafin ba, kasancewar suna da sanannun cewa dukansu maza ne na kasuwanci kuma ba za su rasa takardun su ba. An kammala cewa babu irin wannan rahoto. An nuna abubuwan kirkirar da ake tsammani a cikin West End Gallery a babban Nunin 1851, har yanzu yana da'awar goyon bayan Keats da Hardy, amma bai ci gaba ba. A shekara ta 1852 an sake gabatar da batun a cikin House of Lords, a ranar 14 ga Mayu, kuma an nada kwamitin don yin bincike a ciki. Bayan mako guda, a ranar 21 ga Mayu, Duke na Wellington ya shiga tsakani, yana nuna cewa binciken yana daya daga cikin yanayin kimiyya, kuma an danƙa masa ga Sashen Ordnance. Tare da wannan batun ya bayyana an sauke shi. Kwamitin bai taba bayar da rahoto ba. ==mamazarta== kqjohy35erce4jatv77uayxs90m4bf0 0 161135 879359 2026-07-09T06:13:14Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300963628|Lake Ray Hubbard]]" 879359 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tafkin Ray Hubbard ('''Lake Ray Hubbard)''', wanda a da yake Tafkin Gabas na Dallas ko Tafkin Forney, wani magudanar ruwa ne mai tsafta wanda ke Dallas, Texas a gundumomin Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, da Rockwall, arewacin Birnin Forney.[1] An ƙirƙiro shi ne ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa ta Rockwall-Forney, wadda ta mamaye Kogin East Fork Trinity. == Kifi == Tafkin ya ƙunshi babban yawan hybride striped bass, fararen bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, fararen crappie da baƙar fata crappie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing Lake Ray Hubbard |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fishboat/fish/recreational/lakes/ray_hubbard/ |access-date=2 Apr 2013 |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department}}</ref> 9rt4tvlh5y3021ht2xgbfpssu3bp2sz 879361 879359 2026-07-09T06:14:14Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879361 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tafkin Ray Hubbard ('''Lake Ray Hubbard)''', wanda a da yake Tafkin Gabas na Dallas ko Tafkin Forney, wani magudanar ruwa ne mai tsafta wanda ke Dallas, Texas a gundumomin Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, da Rockwall, arewacin Birnin Forney.[1] An ƙirƙiro shi ne ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa ta Rockwall-Forney, wadda ta mamaye Kogin East Fork Trinity. [[Fayil:Lake Ray Hubbard Dam.jpg|alt=Lake Ray Hubbard Dam Dam|thumb|Dam at Lake Ray Hubbard]] == Kifi == Tafkin ya ƙunshi babban yawan hybride striped bass, fararen bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, fararen crappie da baƙar fata crappie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing Lake Ray Hubbard |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fishboat/fish/recreational/lakes/ray_hubbard/ |access-date=2 Apr 2013 |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department}}</ref> dbtgablor9aqblj1p31s9seix57mril 879363 879361 2026-07-09T06:15:10Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879363 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tafkin Ray Hubbard ('''Lake Ray Hubbard)''', wanda a da yake Tafkin Gabas na Dallas ko Tafkin Forney, wani magudanar ruwa ne mai tsafta wanda ke [[:en:Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] a gundumomin Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, da Rockwall, arewacin Birnin Forney.[1] An ƙirƙiro shi ne ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa ta Rockwall-Forney, wadda ta mamaye Kogin East Fork Trinity. [[Fayil:Lake Ray Hubbard Dam.jpg|alt=Lake Ray Hubbard Dam Dam|thumb|Dam at Lake Ray Hubbard]] == Kifi == Tafkin ya ƙunshi babban yawan hybride striped bass, fararen bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, fararen crappie da baƙar fata crappie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing Lake Ray Hubbard |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fishboat/fish/recreational/lakes/ray_hubbard/ |access-date=2 Apr 2013 |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department}}</ref> bed48kl6b05fkygwcn1n7dbtko4b42m 879365 879363 2026-07-09T06:15:58Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879365 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tafkin Ray Hubbard ('''Lake Ray Hubbard)''', wanda a da yake Tafkin Gabas na Dallas ko Tafkin Forney, wani magudanar ruwa ne mai tsafta wanda ke [[:en:Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] a gundumomin Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, da Rockwall, arewacin Birnin Forney.[1] An ƙirƙiro shi ne ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa ta Rockwall-Forney, wadda ta mamaye Kogin East Fork Trinity. [[Fayil:Lake Ray Hubbard Dam.jpg|alt=Lake Ray Hubbard Dam Dam|thumb|Madatsar ruwa a tafkin Ray Hubbard''Dam at Lake Ray Hubbard'']] == Kifi == Tafkin ya ƙunshi babban yawan hybride striped bass, fararen bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, fararen crappie da baƙar fata crappie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing Lake Ray Hubbard |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fishboat/fish/recreational/lakes/ray_hubbard/ |access-date=2 Apr 2013 |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department}}</ref> exmrj85a2hzgvo5j2wadbra8w96pmuv 879366 879365 2026-07-09T06:16:54Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879366 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tafkin Ray Hubbard ('''Lake Ray Hubbard)''', wanda a da yake Tafkin Gabas na Dallas ko Tafkin Forney, wani magudanar ruwa ne mai tsafta wanda ke [[:en:Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] a gundumomin Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, da Rockwall, arewacin Birnin Forney.[1] An ƙirƙiro shi ne ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa ta Rockwall-Forney, wadda ta mamaye Kogin East Fork Trinity.Ya auna kadada ,745 (92.05 ) a girman tare da damar ajiya na 490,000 acre-ft (600 miliyan m<sup>3</sup>) da matsakaicin zurfin 40 ft (12 m). A halin yanzu madatsar ruwan mallakar [[Dallas|Birnin Dallas]] ce. [[Fayil:Lake Ray Hubbard Dam.jpg|alt=Lake Ray Hubbard Dam Dam|thumb|Madatsar ruwa a tafkin Ray Hubbard''Dam at Lake Ray Hubbard'']] == Kifi == Tafkin ya ƙunshi babban yawan hybride striped bass, fararen bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, fararen crappie da baƙar fata crappie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing Lake Ray Hubbard |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fishboat/fish/recreational/lakes/ray_hubbard/ |access-date=2 Apr 2013 |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department}}</ref> 8opkv6rohxememi6pueiy2v2cis84z3 879368 879366 2026-07-09T06:17:21Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46788 879368 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tafkin Ray Hubbard ('''Lake Ray Hubbard)''', wanda a da yake Tafkin Gabas na Dallas ko Tafkin Forney, wani magudanar ruwa ne mai tsafta wanda ke [[:en:Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] a gundumomin Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, da Rockwall, arewacin Birnin Forney.[1] An ƙirƙiro shi ne ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa ta Rockwall-Forney, wadda ta mamaye Kogin East Fork Trinity.Ya auna kadada ,745 (92.05 ) a girman tare da damar ajiya na 490,000 acre-ft (600 miliyan m<sup>3</sup>) da matsakaicin zurfin 40 ft (12 m). A halin yanzu madatsar ruwan mallakar Birnin Dallas ce. [[Fayil:Lake Ray Hubbard Dam.jpg|alt=Lake Ray Hubbard Dam Dam|thumb|Madatsar ruwa a tafkin Ray Hubbard''Dam at Lake Ray Hubbard'']] == Kifi == Tafkin ya ƙunshi babban yawan hybride striped bass, fararen bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, fararen crappie da baƙar fata crappie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fishing Lake Ray Hubbard |url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fishboat/fish/recreational/lakes/ray_hubbard/ |access-date=2 Apr 2013 |publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department}}</ref> cy94sm1f89i60tiemm0tcud641809rr 0 161136 879376 2026-07-09T07:44:08Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361510435|Day school]]" 879376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makaranta ta kwana za''' ta iya zama ta yara ko manya. Makarantun kwana na yara wani ɓangare ne na iliminsu . Makarantun kwana na manya na iya zama wani ɓangare na ilimin manya ko tarurruka na lokaci-lokaci iri-iri. == Makarantun kwana na yara == Makarantar kwana, wacce wani lokacin ake kira 'makarantar kwana' ko 'makarantun kwana', ga yara tana ba su ilimi yayin da suke zaune a gida. Samar da ilimi ga yara a makarantun kwana ya bambanta da wanda [[Makarantar allo|makarantun kwana]] ke bayarwa, inda yaran ke rayuwa a lokacin zangon karatu, tsakanin lokacin da suke komawa gida. Makarantun kwana na yara suna da dogon tarihi a ƙasashe da dama. Misali, a ƙarni na 19 Cocin (1870) sun tattauna fa'idodi da rashin amfanin makarantun kwana a Ingila {{Sfn|Church|1870}} kuma Beale (1873) sun tattauna makarantun kwana na 'yan mata a [[Ingila]] {{Sfn|Beale|1873}} . A ƙarni na 20, Wilkinson (1905) sun tattauna makarantun kwana a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] {{Sfn|Wilkinson|1905}} kuma Raptis (2016) sun tattauna ilimin yaran Tsimshian a makarantun kwana waɗanda Methodist ke gudanarwa a rabin farko na ƙarni {{Sfn|Raptis|2016}} . A ƙarni na yanzu, Chiapparini ''et al'' (2019) sun tattauna samar da makarantun kwana da ayyukan zamantakewa a [[Switzerland]] {{Sfn|Chiapparini|Scholian|Schuler|Kappler|2019}} kuma Fischer da Klieme (2013) sun tattauna inganci da ingancin makarantun kwana na Jamus {{Sfn|Fischer|Klieme|2013}} . == Makarantun kwana na manya == Ana iya gudanar da makarantar kwana ta manya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin manya ko kuma a matsayin wani taron lokaci ɗaya kuma wata al'umma ko [[jami'a]] za su iya gudanar da ita. Kelly (1919) {{Sfn|Kelly|1919}} da Tieman and Black (2017) {{Sfn|Tieman|Black|2017}} sun tattauna makarantun kwana waɗanda suke ɓangare na ilimin manya. NeCamp (2014) sun tattauna makarantun kwana waɗanda suke tarurruka na lokaci ɗaya. {{Sfn|NeCamp|2014}} Misalan abubuwan da suka faru na lokaci ɗaya sun haɗa da waɗanda ke nazarin wani taron tarihi ko abin da ya faru, ko waɗanda ke tunawa ko girmama wani ko fiye da mutane masu daraja, ko waɗanda ke tunawa da wani taron tarihi . An gudanar da wani misali na makarantar kwana wadda ta tuna da mutane biyu masu daraja a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1997 a Merthyr Tydfil, [[Wales]] don tunawa da [[Masanin tarihi|masana tarihi]] Gwyn A. Williams da DJV Jones, waɗanda suka mutu kwanan nan. {{Sfn|John|1997}} An gudanar da wani misali na makarantar kwana wadda ta girmama wani fitaccen mutum a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2006 a Ystradgynlais, a Wales, don girmama rayuwa da aikin Menna Gallie, marubuciyar Welsh . {{Sfn|Ward|2007}} == Bayanan kula == <references /> == Manazarta == e315bnx4smett75sj4uyjwfkal01t3v 879377 879376 2026-07-09T07:44:52Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Makaranta ta kwana za''' ta iya zama ta yara ko manya. Makarantun kwana na yara wani ɓangare ne na iliminsu . Makarantun kwana na manya na iya zama wani ɓangare na ilimin manya ko tarurruka na lokaci-lokaci iri-iri. == Makarantun kwana na yara == Makarantar kwana, wacce wani lokacin ake kira 'makarantar kwana' ko 'makarantun kwana', ga yara tana ba su ilimi yayin da suke zaune a gida. Samar da ilimi ga yara a makarantun kwana ya bambanta da wanda [[Makarantar allo|makarantun kwana]] ke bayarwa, inda yaran ke rayuwa a lokacin zangon karatu, tsakanin lokacin da suke komawa gida. Makarantun kwana na yara suna da dogon tarihi a ƙasashe da dama. Misali, a ƙarni na 19 Cocin (1870) sun tattauna fa'idodi da rashin amfanin makarantun kwana a Ingila {{Sfn|Church|1870}} kuma Beale (1873) sun tattauna makarantun kwana na 'yan mata a [[Ingila]] {{Sfn|Beale|1873}} . A ƙarni na 20, Wilkinson (1905) sun tattauna makarantun kwana a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] {{Sfn|Wilkinson|1905}} kuma Raptis (2016) sun tattauna ilimin yaran Tsimshian a makarantun kwana waɗanda Methodist ke gudanarwa a rabin farko na ƙarni {{Sfn|Raptis|2016}} . A ƙarni na yanzu, Chiapparini ''et al'' (2019) sun tattauna samar da makarantun kwana da ayyukan zamantakewa a [[Switzerland]] {{Sfn|Chiapparini|Scholian|Schuler|Kappler|2019}} kuma Fischer da Klieme (2013) sun tattauna inganci da ingancin makarantun kwana na Jamus {{Sfn|Fischer|Klieme|2013}} . == Makarantun kwana na manya == Ana iya gudanar da makarantar kwana ta manya a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin manya ko kuma a matsayin wani taron lokaci ɗaya kuma wata al'umma ko [[jami'a]] za su iya gudanar da ita. Kelly (1919) {{Sfn|Kelly|1919}} da Tieman and Black (2017) {{Sfn|Tieman|Black|2017}} sun tattauna makarantun kwana waɗanda suke ɓangare na ilimin manya. NeCamp (2014) sun tattauna makarantun kwana waɗanda suke tarurruka na lokaci ɗaya. {{Sfn|NeCamp|2014}} Misalan abubuwan da suka faru na lokaci ɗaya sun haɗa da waɗanda ke nazarin wani taron tarihi ko abin da ya faru, ko waɗanda ke tunawa ko girmama wani ko fiye da mutane masu daraja, ko waɗanda ke tunawa da wani taron tarihi . An gudanar da wani misali na makarantar kwana wadda ta tuna da mutane biyu masu daraja a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1997 a Merthyr Tydfil, [[Wales]] don tunawa da [[Masanin tarihi|masana tarihi]] Gwyn A. Williams da DJV Jones, waɗanda suka mutu kwanan nan. {{Sfn|John|1997}} An gudanar da wani misali na makarantar kwana wadda ta girmama wani fitaccen mutum a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2006 a Ystradgynlais, a Wales, don girmama rayuwa da aikin Menna Gallie, marubuciyar Welsh . {{Sfn|Ward|2007}} == Bayanan kula == <references /> == Manazarta == 3r1qkqxofd68tjmgeqah1eos9suhdxw 0 161137 879378 2026-07-09T07:47:13Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348966175|Laboratory school]]" 879378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:University_of_Wisconsin_-_Eau_Claire_-_Laboratory_School_-_Park_School_-_One-way_mirrors_for_upper-level_observation_deck_viewing_down_into_classroom.jpg|thumb|Tsohuwar makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Eau Claire, tare da madubai masu hanya ɗaya a cikin bene na sama na lura, wanda ke ba wa farfesoshi damar kallon ajin.]] [[Fayil:University_of_Wisconsin_-_Eau_Claire_-_Laboratory_School_-_Park_School_-_Observation_room_alongside_classroom_with_one-way_mirror.jpg|thumb|Ɗakin ɗaya, yana nuna ɗakin lura da madubi mai hanya ɗaya a gefen dama na ajin]] '''Makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje''', '''makarantar gwaji''', ko '''makarantar gwaji''', makarantar [[Makarantar Firamare|firamare]] ce ko sakandare da ke aiki tare da jami'a, kwaleji, ko wata cibiyar koyar da malamai kuma ana amfani da ita don horar da malamai na gaba, gwaje-gwajen ilimi, binciken ilimi, da haɓaka ƙwarewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=nals.net |url=http://www.nals.net/about+nals/mission.html |website=www.nals.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lab Schools - PrivateSchoolReview.com |url=http://www.privateschoolreview.com/articles/159 |website=PrivateSchoolReview.com}}</ref> Yawancin makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje suna bin tsari{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2012}} na [[Ilimi na gogewa|ilimin gogewa]] bisa ga Makarantar Dakin Gwaji ta asali da John Dewey ke gudanarwa a Jami'ar Chicago . <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Dewey's Laboratory School in Chicago |url=http://mi-knoll.de/122501.html |website=mi-knoll.de}}</ref> Yawancin makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje har yanzu suna aiki a Amurka da kuma a duk faɗin duniya. An san su da sunaye da yawa: makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje, makarantun gwaji, makarantun harabar jami'a, makarantun samfura, makarantun da ke da alaƙa da jami'a, makarantun ci gaban yara, da sauransu, kuma yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da kwaleji ko jami'a. Kowace makaranta da ke da alaƙa da jami'a tana da alaƙa ta musamman da kwaleji ko jami'a da kuma tsarin maki daban-daban. Wasu makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje na yara ne kawai na makarantar renon yara ko na renon yara, wasu kuma na makarantar renon yara har zuwa aji na biyar ko shida, wasu kuma suna ci gaba har zuwa makarantar sakandare. Makarantar Khan Lab da ke [[Silicon Valley]] tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje kaɗan da ba su da alaƙa da kwaleji ko jami'a. Tana da alaƙa da Khan Academy, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a lab school? |url=https://khanlabschool.org/what-lab-school |publisher=Khan Lab School}}</ref> An nuna gwajin makarantar na soke matakan aji a [[Muryan Amurka|Muryar Amurka]] a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Experimental Silicon Valley School Abolishes Grade Levels |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/experimental-silicon-valley-school-abolishes-grade-levels/3629455.html |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> == Lura da aji == Farfesoshin jami'a na iya lura da azuzuwan makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje don tantance ɗalibi-malamin. Yawanci ana yin hakan ba tare da sanin ɗalibai ko malamai ba kai tsaye, don guje wa haifar da abubuwan da ke ɗauke hankali ko kawo cikas ga ayyukan aji. Kafin a rage tsarin kallon kyamara ta lantarki, makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje galibi suna da tsarin lura kai tsaye mai kyau tare da benaye na musamman a saman azuzuwa ko ɗakunan lura tare da azuzuwan. Madubin hanya ɗaya da tsarin lasifika/intercom sun ba farfesa damar kallon azuzuwan a hankali ba tare da ɗalibai ko malamin ɗalibi ya gan su ba. Sabanin haka, makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta zamani tana iya amfani da tsarin ɗakin makaranta na yau da kullun. An sanya wa ɗakunan kyamarorin CCTV ɓoye a cikin baƙaƙen rufin filastik a kan rufin. Na'urorin hangen nesa masu rikitarwa da kyamarori da yawa suna ba da damar kumbo ɗaya mai tsayawa ya kalli digiri 360, ba tare da hayaniya ta injiniya ko sassan motsi ba. Haɗin intanet mai sauri yana ba wa farfesa a kwaleji damar kallo da mu'amala da malamai daga nesa a makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje mai nisa. A kowane hali, ɗalibai da malamai na ɗalibai sun san cewa lura na iya faruwa, amma ba su san lokacin da irin wannan lura ya faru ba. == Manazarta == pnpn7mgsjg2llhlwhcpwv2qjz2jlja1 879379 879378 2026-07-09T07:47:39Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:University_of_Wisconsin_-_Eau_Claire_-_Laboratory_School_-_Park_School_-_One-way_mirrors_for_upper-level_observation_deck_viewing_down_into_classroom.jpg|thumb|Tsohuwar makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Eau Claire, tare da madubai masu hanya ɗaya a cikin bene na sama na lura, wanda ke ba wa farfesoshi damar kallon ajin.]] [[Fayil:University_of_Wisconsin_-_Eau_Claire_-_Laboratory_School_-_Park_School_-_Observation_room_alongside_classroom_with_one-way_mirror.jpg|thumb|Ɗakin ɗaya, yana nuna ɗakin lura da madubi mai hanya ɗaya a gefen dama na ajin]] '''Makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje''', '''makarantar gwaji''', ko '''makarantar gwaji''', makarantar [[Makarantar Firamare|firamare]] ce ko sakandare da ke aiki tare da jami'a, kwaleji, ko wata cibiyar koyar da malamai kuma ana amfani da ita don horar da malamai na gaba, gwaje-gwajen ilimi, binciken ilimi, da haɓaka ƙwarewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=nals.net |url=http://www.nals.net/about+nals/mission.html |website=www.nals.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lab Schools - PrivateSchoolReview.com |url=http://www.privateschoolreview.com/articles/159 |website=PrivateSchoolReview.com}}</ref> Yawancin makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje suna bin tsari{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2012}} na [[Ilimi na gogewa|ilimin gogewa]] bisa ga Makarantar Dakin Gwaji ta asali da John Dewey ke gudanarwa a Jami'ar Chicago . <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Dewey's Laboratory School in Chicago |url=http://mi-knoll.de/122501.html |website=mi-knoll.de}}</ref> Yawancin makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje har yanzu suna aiki a Amurka da kuma a duk faɗin duniya. An san su da sunaye da yawa: makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje, makarantun gwaji, makarantun harabar jami'a, makarantun samfura, makarantun da ke da alaƙa da jami'a, makarantun ci gaban yara, da sauransu, kuma yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da kwaleji ko jami'a. Kowace makaranta da ke da alaƙa da jami'a tana da alaƙa ta musamman da kwaleji ko jami'a da kuma tsarin maki daban-daban. Wasu makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje na yara ne kawai na makarantar renon yara ko na renon yara, wasu kuma na makarantar renon yara har zuwa aji na biyar ko shida, wasu kuma suna ci gaba har zuwa makarantar sakandare. Makarantar Khan Lab da ke [[Silicon Valley]] tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje kaɗan da ba su da alaƙa da kwaleji ko jami'a. Tana da alaƙa da Khan Academy, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a lab school? |url=https://khanlabschool.org/what-lab-school |publisher=Khan Lab School}}</ref> An nuna gwajin makarantar na soke matakan aji a [[Muryan Amurka|Muryar Amurka]] a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Experimental Silicon Valley School Abolishes Grade Levels |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/experimental-silicon-valley-school-abolishes-grade-levels/3629455.html |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> == Lura da aji == Farfesoshin jami'a na iya lura da azuzuwan makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje don tantance ɗalibi-malamin. Yawanci ana yin hakan ba tare da sanin ɗalibai ko malamai ba kai tsaye, don guje wa haifar da abubuwan da ke ɗauke hankali ko kawo cikas ga ayyukan aji. Kafin a rage tsarin kallon kyamara ta lantarki, makarantun dakin gwaje-gwaje galibi suna da tsarin lura kai tsaye mai kyau tare da benaye na musamman a saman azuzuwa ko ɗakunan lura tare da azuzuwan. Madubin hanya ɗaya da tsarin lasifika/intercom sun ba farfesa damar kallon azuzuwan a hankali ba tare da ɗalibai ko malamin ɗalibi ya gan su ba. Sabanin haka, makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje ta zamani tana iya amfani da tsarin ɗakin makaranta na yau da kullun. An sanya wa ɗakunan kyamarorin CCTV ɓoye a cikin baƙaƙen rufin filastik a kan rufin. Na'urorin hangen nesa masu rikitarwa da kyamarori da yawa suna ba da damar kumbo ɗaya mai tsayawa ya kalli digiri 360, ba tare da hayaniya ta injiniya ko sassan motsi ba. Haɗin intanet mai sauri yana ba wa farfesa a kwaleji damar kallo da mu'amala da malamai daga nesa a makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje mai nisa. A kowane hali, ɗalibai da malamai na ɗalibai sun san cewa lura na iya faruwa, amma ba su san lokacin da irin wannan lura ya faru ba. == Manazarta == 141n33i3eig90qb7qkeiyi6s9ogt4a5 0 161138 879380 2026-07-09T07:48:39Z Kaddi123 38060 Sabon shafi: Unguwar gawo nama tana daya daga cikin manya unguwani a cikin birni sokoto,tana cikin manyan unguwani a cikin birni sokoto,inda manya Yan boko da Yan siyasa,ke zama a cikin birni sokoto,nane tsohon gwnana sokoto Aliyu magatakarda wamako ke zaune,nane barista Aminu waziri tambuwal ke zaune,nane Gwana sokoto mai ci yanxu ke zaune yanzu.a wannan unguwar Asibiti koyar ta Dan fodiyo ke zaune. 879380 wikitext text/x-wiki Unguwar gawo nama tana daya daga cikin manya unguwani a cikin birni sokoto,tana cikin manyan unguwani a cikin birni sokoto,inda manya Yan boko da Yan siyasa,ke zama a cikin birni sokoto,nane tsohon gwnana sokoto Aliyu magatakarda wamako ke zaune,nane barista Aminu waziri tambuwal ke zaune,nane Gwana sokoto mai ci yanxu ke zaune yanzu.a wannan unguwar Asibiti koyar ta Dan fodiyo ke zaune. 9m6rtfsumb5l2nvg69ioyk8m3hzwcak 0 161139 879382 2026-07-09T07:50:20Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330175794|All-through school]]" 879382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makaranta ta gaba ɗaya''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''makarantar haɗaka''' ) tana ilmantar da matasa a matakai daban-daban na ilimi, gabaɗaya a lokacin ƙuruciya da [[samartaka]] . == Ma'anar == Kalmar "duka-duka" ana iya amfani da ita bisa doka ga cibiyoyi a cikin yanayi daban-daban, amma wata ma'ana da aka yarda da ita ita ce "makarantu waɗanda suka haɗa da aƙalla matakai biyu na ilimin matashi a cikin wannan cibiya". <ref name="eduscot">{{Cite web |title=Learning Together in All through schools |url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/LearningTogetherinAllthroughschools_tcm4-631050.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923234008/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/LearningTogetherinAllthroughschools_tcm4-631050.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=6 November 2014}}</ref> == Ta ƙasa == === Asiya === ==== Philippines ==== ===== Makarantu masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Philippines ===== [[Fayil:SanBeda-RizalCampus.jpg|right|thumb|Harabar Taytay ta Jami'ar San Beda tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi na asali a cikin jami'a.]] Cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu a [[Filipin|Philippines]] na iya bayar da matakai daban-daban na ilimi . Misalai sun haɗa da Jami'ar De La Salle, Jami'ar Gabas, Kwalejojin Kirista na Gingoog da Jami'ar San Beda, waɗanda ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na asali da na manyan makarantu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Torrevillas |first=Domini |date=4 December 2014 |title=The school that chooses to live |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/12/04/1398801/school-chooses-live |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=The Philippine Star |publisher=MediaQuest Holdings |quote=GiCC has a population of about 1,500, including pupils. Its academic programs are a complete preschool, Grade I, high school education and baccalaureate degrees in physical science and elementary education, and non-degree programs of two-year associate in arts and computer secretarial.}}</ref> Wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu na iya bayar da nau'ikan ilimin sakandare guda biyu, kamar Makarantun APEC, ko duk wani nau'in ilimin asali daga makarantar renon yara zuwa makarantar sakandare ta gaba, kamar Makarantar Ingenium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2012 |title=Why Marikina grade school is topping the NAT |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2012/01/17/768054/why-marikina-grade-school-topping-nat |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=The Philippine Star |publisher=MediaQuest Holdings}}</ref> ===== Makarantun gwamnati da na ƙananan hukumomi a Philippines ===== Gabaɗaya, makarantun jihar Philippines a matakin jami'a an hana su bayar da ilimin firamare saboda rabuwar ayyukan ƙa'ida tsakanin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Hukumar Ilimi Mai Girma . An keɓe ɗan gajeren lokaci, na shekaru da yawa yayin aiwatar da manhajar ilimin K-12 don ɗaukar ɗaliban manyan makarantun sakandare masu zuwa na ɗan lokaci. Jami'ar Philippines tsarin jami'a ne na jiha wanda ke gudanar da harabar makarantun firamare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Makarantar Haɗaka ta UP, [[University of the Philippines High School Iloilo|Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Philippines Iloilo]] da Makarantar Sakandare ta Karkara ta Jami'ar Philippines . ==== Singapore ==== Makarantar Sakandare ta NUS ta Lissafi da Kimiyya makaranta ce ta musamman da ke ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Singapore, wadda ita ce makarantar sakandare ɗaya tilo a [[Singafora|Singapore]] da jami'ar iyaye ke tallafawa. === Turai === ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Duk makarantun da ke cikin makarantar sun haɗa ilimin firamare da sakandare kuma suna iya samar da ilimi a tsawon shekaru daga shekaru uku zuwa goma sha tara. A shekarar 2009, akwai makarantun jiha guda 13 kacal a Ingila, amma shirin makarantun kyauta na gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ta Cameron-Clegg ya ga adadin ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri. <ref name="Indy-1">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2014 |title='All-through' schools: From here to university |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/all-through-schools-from-here-to-university-9047487.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310184630/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/all-through-schools-from-here-to-university-9047487.html |archive-date=2016-03-10 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> Akwai makarantun jiha guda ɗaya a Scotland da Wales. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Level The Playing Field |url=http://leveltheplayingfield.wales/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803173327/http://leveltheplayingfield.wales/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=leveltheplayingfield.wales |quote=All-through schools take children from reception through to GCSEs or sixth form. There are 22 in Wales... These are a relatively new development with several such schools opening in the past two years.}}</ref> Wannan nau'in makaranta kuma ya zama ruwan dare a ɓangaren masu zaman kansu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fa'idodin da ke tattare da wannan tsarin makaranta sun haɗa da bai wa ƙananan yara damar samun ƙarin koyarwa na musamman a wasu fannoni fiye da yadda za su samu a wata makarantar firamare daban, da kuma sanya sauye-sauye daga firamare zuwa sakandare ba su da wani abin mamaki da kuma kawo cikas. An kuma yi jayayya cewa samun ɗalibai suna zuwa makaranta ɗaya a duk lokacin karatunsu yana sauƙaƙa biyan buƙatunsu na mutum ɗaya. Malamai da masu fafutuka da ke da hannu a ƙananan yara sun soki makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar da cewa suna raina bambanci tsakanin ƙaramin yaro da matashi da ya fara girma, haka kuma suna cikin wani yanayi na tilasta wa ƙananan yara ƙanana tsarin makarantu. Duk da haka, wakilan waɗannan makarantu sun bayyana cewa galibi suna samar da wurare daban-daban ga manya da ƙananan yara, yayin da kuma yiwuwar hulɗa tsakanin manya da yara a wurare daban-daban na farkon rayuwarsu an kuma ambaci cewa yana da kyau ga nau'in makaranta. Misalan irin wannan makaranta sune Makarantar Simon Balle, makarantar sakandare mai haɗin gwiwa, aji na shida, kuma kwanan nan, makarantar firamare mai matsayin makarantar da ke Hertford, da Kwalejin Dartmouth, wata makarantar ilimi mai haɗin gwiwa wacce ba ta zaɓe ba a cikin shirin [[Kwalejin (Makarantar Turanci)|Kwalejin]] Turanci, a Dartmouth . == Duba kuma == * Matakin ilimi * K–12 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1eqlt0iz48hk28czpfihshu6yvo9hjl 879383 879382 2026-07-09T07:50:47Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makaranta ta gaba ɗaya''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''makarantar haɗaka''' ) tana ilmantar da matasa a matakai daban-daban na ilimi, gabaɗaya a lokacin ƙuruciya da [[samartaka]] . == Ma'anar == Kalmar "duka-duka" ana iya amfani da ita bisa doka ga cibiyoyi a cikin yanayi daban-daban, amma wata ma'ana da aka yarda da ita ita ce "makarantu waɗanda suka haɗa da aƙalla matakai biyu na ilimin matashi a cikin wannan cibiya". <ref name="eduscot">{{Cite web |title=Learning Together in All through schools |url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/LearningTogetherinAllthroughschools_tcm4-631050.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923234008/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/LearningTogetherinAllthroughschools_tcm4-631050.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=6 November 2014}}</ref> == Ta ƙasa == === Asiya === ==== Philippines ==== ===== Makarantu masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Philippines ===== [[Fayil:SanBeda-RizalCampus.jpg|right|thumb|Harabar Taytay ta Jami'ar San Beda tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi na asali a cikin jami'a.]] Cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu a [[Filipin|Philippines]] na iya bayar da matakai daban-daban na ilimi . Misalai sun haɗa da Jami'ar De La Salle, Jami'ar Gabas, Kwalejojin Kirista na Gingoog da Jami'ar San Beda, waɗanda ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na asali da na manyan makarantu . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Torrevillas |first=Domini |date=4 December 2014 |title=The school that chooses to live |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/12/04/1398801/school-chooses-live |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=The Philippine Star |publisher=MediaQuest Holdings |quote=GiCC has a population of about 1,500, including pupils. Its academic programs are a complete preschool, Grade I, high school education and baccalaureate degrees in physical science and elementary education, and non-degree programs of two-year associate in arts and computer secretarial.}}</ref> Wasu makarantu masu zaman kansu na iya bayar da nau'ikan ilimin sakandare guda biyu, kamar Makarantun APEC, ko duk wani nau'in ilimin asali daga makarantar renon yara zuwa makarantar sakandare ta gaba, kamar Makarantar Ingenium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2012 |title=Why Marikina grade school is topping the NAT |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2012/01/17/768054/why-marikina-grade-school-topping-nat |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=The Philippine Star |publisher=MediaQuest Holdings}}</ref> ===== Makarantun gwamnati da na ƙananan hukumomi a Philippines ===== Gabaɗaya, makarantun jihar Philippines a matakin jami'a an hana su bayar da ilimin firamare saboda rabuwar ayyukan ƙa'ida tsakanin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Hukumar Ilimi Mai Girma . An keɓe ɗan gajeren lokaci, na shekaru da yawa yayin aiwatar da manhajar ilimin K-12 don ɗaukar ɗaliban manyan makarantun sakandare masu zuwa na ɗan lokaci. Jami'ar Philippines tsarin jami'a ne na jiha wanda ke gudanar da harabar makarantun firamare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Makarantar Haɗaka ta UP, [[University of the Philippines High School Iloilo|Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Philippines Iloilo]] da Makarantar Sakandare ta Karkara ta Jami'ar Philippines . ==== Singapore ==== Makarantar Sakandare ta NUS ta Lissafi da Kimiyya makaranta ce ta musamman da ke ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Singapore, wadda ita ce makarantar sakandare ɗaya tilo a [[Singafora|Singapore]] da jami'ar iyaye ke tallafawa. === Turai === ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Duk makarantun da ke cikin makarantar sun haɗa ilimin firamare da sakandare kuma suna iya samar da ilimi a tsawon shekaru daga shekaru uku zuwa goma sha tara. A shekarar 2009, akwai makarantun jiha guda 13 kacal a Ingila, amma shirin makarantun kyauta na gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ta Cameron-Clegg ya ga adadin ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri. <ref name="Indy-1">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2014 |title='All-through' schools: From here to university |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/all-through-schools-from-here-to-university-9047487.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310184630/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/all-through-schools-from-here-to-university-9047487.html |archive-date=2016-03-10 |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> Akwai makarantun jiha guda ɗaya a Scotland da Wales. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Level The Playing Field |url=http://leveltheplayingfield.wales/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803173327/http://leveltheplayingfield.wales/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=leveltheplayingfield.wales |quote=All-through schools take children from reception through to GCSEs or sixth form. There are 22 in Wales... These are a relatively new development with several such schools opening in the past two years.}}</ref> Wannan nau'in makaranta kuma ya zama ruwan dare a ɓangaren masu zaman kansu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fa'idodin da ke tattare da wannan tsarin makaranta sun haɗa da bai wa ƙananan yara damar samun ƙarin koyarwa na musamman a wasu fannoni fiye da yadda za su samu a wata makarantar firamare daban, da kuma sanya sauye-sauye daga firamare zuwa sakandare ba su da wani abin mamaki da kuma kawo cikas. An kuma yi jayayya cewa samun ɗalibai suna zuwa makaranta ɗaya a duk lokacin karatunsu yana sauƙaƙa biyan buƙatunsu na mutum ɗaya. Malamai da masu fafutuka da ke da hannu a ƙananan yara sun soki makarantu a duk faɗin ƙasar da cewa suna raina bambanci tsakanin ƙaramin yaro da matashi da ya fara girma, haka kuma suna cikin wani yanayi na tilasta wa ƙananan yara ƙanana tsarin makarantu. Duk da haka, wakilan waɗannan makarantu sun bayyana cewa galibi suna samar da wurare daban-daban ga manya da ƙananan yara, yayin da kuma yiwuwar hulɗa tsakanin manya da yara a wurare daban-daban na farkon rayuwarsu an kuma ambaci cewa yana da kyau ga nau'in makaranta. Misalan irin wannan makaranta sune Makarantar Simon Balle, makarantar sakandare mai haɗin gwiwa, aji na shida, kuma kwanan nan, makarantar firamare mai matsayin makarantar da ke Hertford, da Kwalejin Dartmouth, wata makarantar ilimi mai haɗin gwiwa wacce ba ta zaɓe ba a cikin shirin [[Kwalejin (Makarantar Turanci)|Kwalejin]] Turanci, a Dartmouth . == Duba kuma == * Matakin ilimi * K–12 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1ghrvtys8jcmgrajoktho2g7bwwo5a0 0 161140 879387 2026-07-09T08:03:41Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303369959|Alingano Maisu]]" 879387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Alingano Maisu''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Maisu''''' / ˈmaɪʃuː / , kwale -kwale ne mai hawa biyu da aka gina a Kawaihae, Hawaii, wanda membobin Na Kalai Wa ʻ Moku o Hawai ʻ da ʻ Wa'a daga ko'ina cikin Tekun Pacific da ƙasashen waje suka gina a matsayin kyauta da girmamawa ga mai tuƙi na Satawala Mau Piailug, wanda ya yi tafiyar jirgin ruwan ''Hōkūle ʻ'' a tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Tahiti a shekarar 1976 kuma tun daga lokacin ya horar da 'yan asalin Hawaii da yawa a cikin fasahar gano hanya . Kalmar ''maisu'' ta fito ne daga kalmar Satawalase ta ' [[Berefut|ya'yan itace mai burodi]] wanda iskar guguwa ta ruguje shi don haka yana samuwa ga kowa ya ɗauka. Ana cewa sunan yana wakiltar ilimin kewayawa wanda aka samar da shi kyauta. Manufar ''Alingano Maisu'' ta samo asali ne a shekara ta 2001 lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Hawaiian Traveling Society da Na Kalai ʻ Moku o ʻ suka haɗu da Piailug. Katanga biyu na {{Convert|56|ft|m}}An ƙera jirgin ruwa ta hannun Abokan ''Hōkūle ʻ'' da ''Hawai ʻ'' a kan ʻ kuma aka jigilar su zuwa Tsibirin Hawai ʻ inda aka kammala gina jirgin ruwan Na Kalai Wa ʻ . Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian ta ba da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen don ɓangaren tafiya na aikin da kuma jirgin ruwan rakiya don taimakawa wajen jigilar jirgin ruwa zuwa Satawal . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kathryn |date=August 2006 |title=Mau's Canoe |url=https://hanahou.com/9.4/maus-canoe |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=Hana Hou!}}</ref> Kwale-kwalen yana nan a tsibirin Yap a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan Piailug, Sesario Sewralur. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TenBruggencate |first=Jan |date=January 20, 2007 |title=Voyage of Friendship |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Jan/20/ln/FP701200320.html |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=the.honoluluadvertiser.com}}</ref> == Tafiya ta budurwa == ''Maisu'' tare da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'', sun bar Kawaihae, Hawaii, a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2007. Bayan sun tsaya a [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]], Pohnpei, da Chuuk, Maisu ya isa Satawal a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2007. A ranar 18 ga Maris, yayin da suke Satawal, an shigar da masu jirgin ruwa na Hawaii guda biyar a cikin jirgin, wani dan uwan 'yan uwan Micronesian mai tsarki na manyan masu jirgin ruwa. ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' da ''Maisu'' duk sun bar Satawal a ranar 20 ga Maris suka tsaya a Woleai, Ulithi da Yap kafin su isa [[Palau]] . Daga nan ''Maisu'' suka koma Yap, yayin da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa [[Japan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2007 Sail Plan |url=http://archive.hokulea.com/2007voyage/2007sailplan.html |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=archive.hokulea.com}}</ref> == Shirin Horar da Kewaya tare da Kwalejin Al'umma ta Palau == A watan Yunin 2008, Kwalejin Al'umma ta Palau ta sanar da cewa za a yi wani shiri na shekara guda a fannin yawo da jiragen ruwa na gargajiya ba tare da kayan aiki ba a kan ''Alingano Maisu'' a ƙarƙashin Sesario Sewralur. <ref> [http://www.palau.edu/mesekiu/jun27issue.htm MESEKIU'S NEWS]{{Dead link|date=February 2019|fix-attempted=yes}} </ref> == Duba kuma == * Hokule ʻ a * Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian == Manazarta == nod1tbkil7e0k5h77bi0cyi48cltgry 879389 879387 2026-07-09T08:04:04Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Alingano Maisu''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''''Maisu''''' / ˈmaɪʃuː / , kwale -kwale ne mai hawa biyu da aka gina a Kawaihae, Hawaii, wanda membobin Na Kalai Wa ʻ Moku o Hawai ʻ da ʻ Wa'a daga ko'ina cikin Tekun Pacific da ƙasashen waje suka gina a matsayin kyauta da girmamawa ga mai tuƙi na Satawala Mau Piailug, wanda ya yi tafiyar jirgin ruwan ''Hōkūle ʻ'' a tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Tahiti a shekarar 1976 kuma tun daga lokacin ya horar da 'yan asalin Hawaii da yawa a cikin fasahar gano hanya . Kalmar ''maisu'' ta fito ne daga kalmar Satawalase ta ' [[Berefut|ya'yan itace mai burodi]] wanda iskar guguwa ta ruguje shi don haka yana samuwa ga kowa ya ɗauka. Ana cewa sunan yana wakiltar ilimin kewayawa wanda aka samar da shi kyauta. Manufar ''Alingano Maisu'' ta samo asali ne a shekara ta 2001 lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu na Hawaiian Traveling Society da Na Kalai ʻ Moku o ʻ suka haɗu da Piailug. Katanga biyu na {{Convert|56|ft|m}}An ƙera jirgin ruwa ta hannun Abokan ''Hōkūle ʻ'' da ''Hawai ʻ'' a kan ʻ kuma aka jigilar su zuwa Tsibirin Hawai ʻ inda aka kammala gina jirgin ruwan Na Kalai Wa ʻ . Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian ta ba da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen don ɓangaren tafiya na aikin da kuma jirgin ruwan rakiya don taimakawa wajen jigilar jirgin ruwa zuwa Satawal . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilder |first=Kathryn |date=August 2006 |title=Mau's Canoe |url=https://hanahou.com/9.4/maus-canoe |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=Hana Hou!}}</ref> Kwale-kwalen yana nan a tsibirin Yap a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan Piailug, Sesario Sewralur. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TenBruggencate |first=Jan |date=January 20, 2007 |title=Voyage of Friendship |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Jan/20/ln/FP701200320.html |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=the.honoluluadvertiser.com}}</ref> == Tafiya ta budurwa == ''Maisu'' tare da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'', sun bar Kawaihae, Hawaii, a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2007. Bayan sun tsaya a [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]], Pohnpei, da Chuuk, Maisu ya isa Satawal a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2007. A ranar 18 ga Maris, yayin da suke Satawal, an shigar da masu jirgin ruwa na Hawaii guda biyar a cikin jirgin, wani dan uwan 'yan uwan Micronesian mai tsarki na manyan masu jirgin ruwa. ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' da ''Maisu'' duk sun bar Satawal a ranar 20 ga Maris suka tsaya a Woleai, Ulithi da Yap kafin su isa [[Palau]] . Daga nan ''Maisu'' suka koma Yap, yayin da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa [[Japan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2007 Sail Plan |url=http://archive.hokulea.com/2007voyage/2007sailplan.html |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=archive.hokulea.com}}</ref> == Shirin Horar da Kewaya tare da Kwalejin Al'umma ta Palau == A watan Yunin 2008, Kwalejin Al'umma ta Palau ta sanar da cewa za a yi wani shiri na shekara guda a fannin yawo da jiragen ruwa na gargajiya ba tare da kayan aiki ba a kan ''Alingano Maisu'' a ƙarƙashin Sesario Sewralur. <ref> [http://www.palau.edu/mesekiu/jun27issue.htm MESEKIU'S NEWS]{{Dead link|date=February 2019|fix-attempted=yes}} </ref> == Duba kuma == * Hokule ʻ a * Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian == Manazarta == 4maz5bspzv358juciexycialr90okou 0 161141 879394 2026-07-09T08:11:27Z Hafsah3639 35826 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362450071|Katy Perry]]" 879394 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin kasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry "''Prism'' by Katy Perry"]. Metacritic. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry Archived] from the original on December 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 318lnqk5f05cjihyqv0cfviy47ocmi6 879396 879394 2026-07-09T08:17:37Z Hafsah3639 35826 879396 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><nowiki> {{</nowiki> {{Databox}} '''Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Katy Perry''', mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mai talbijin. An san ta da tasirin da take da shi a kan kiɗa da kuma salon sansanin ta, <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Vogue</i></nowiki> da Rolling Stone sun kira ta "Queen of Camp". A shekara ta 16, Perry ta fitar da kundin [[Dance music|rawa]]-linkid="187" href="./Gospel_music" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gospel music">bishara mara nasara ''Katy Hudson'' (2001) a karkashin Red Hill Records . Bayan ta koma Los Angeles, ta sanya hannu a Capitol Records kuma ta zama sananne tare da kundin pop rock One of the Boys (2008). Ɗaya daga cikin jagoranta, "Na Kissed a Girl", ya hau kan US <nowiki><i id="mwKg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Perry ta disco-influenced pop rikodin Teenage Dream (2010) ya zama kawai album da wata mace ta faifai da biyar US lambar-ɗaya singles: "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T". da kuma "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) ". Sake fitar da shi, mai taken The Complete Confection (2012), ya samar da lambar daya ta Amurka "Part of Me". ''Prism'' mai wahayi zuwa gare shi (2013) ya samar da waƙoƙi biyu na Amurka, "Roar" da "Dark Horse". Perry ta gaba albums, Witness (2017), Smile (2020) da ''143'' (2024), sun sadu da bambancin m da kasuwanci nasara. Perry yana daya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun kowane lokaci, tare da kimanin tallace-tallace na fiye da miliyan 151 a duk duniya. Shida daga cikin waƙoƙinta sun sami takaddun shaida na lu'u-lu'u daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rubuce-rubuce ta Amurka. Mawakin mata mafi girma a duniya a cikin 2015 da 2018, Billboard ta kira ta daya daga cikin manyan taurari na karni na 21. Kyautarta ta haɗa da 20 Guinness World Records, biyar Billboard Music Awards, biyar American Music Awards (ciki har da Special Achievement Award), Brit Award, Juno Award, da bakwai MTV Video Music Awards (gami da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award). Perry ita ce mai zane na farko da ya sami bidiyo da yawa da suka kai ra'ayoyi biliyan daya a YouTube. Tare da kimanin dala miliyan 360, tana daga cikin mawaƙa masu arziki a duniya. A waje da kiɗa, Perry ta fitar da wani shirin tarihin rayuwa mai taken Katy Perry: Part of Me a cikin 2012, ta bayyana Smurfette a cikin Jerin fina-finai na <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Smurfs</i></nowiki> (2011-2013), ta kaddamar da layin takalmin Katy Perry Collections a cikin 2017 kuma ta tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin Blue Origin NS-31 a cikin 2025. Ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a kan American Idol daga kakar wasa ta goma sha shida a 2018 zuwa kakar wasa ta ashirin da biyu a 2024. Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] da haƙƙin mata, kuma an ba ta suna Jakadan Goodwill na UNICEF a shekarar 2013. Ayyukanta na jin kai da gwagwarmayarta suna mai da hankali kan ilimin yara da wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / AIDS. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1984-1999: Rayuwa ta farko da iyali === An haifi Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1984, a Santa Barbara, California, ga fastocin Pentecostal Mary Christine (née Perry) da Maurice Keith Hudson . {{Sfn|Perry|2012}} Iyayenta biyu sun juya zuwa addini bayan "matashi mara kyau". Perry yana da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Irish, da Portuguese.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cowlin|2014}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, 'yar uwar darektan fim din [[Frank Perry]] ce. Tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai suna David, wanda shi ma mawaƙi ne, da kuma 'yar'uwa mai girma, Angela.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Daga shekaru uku zuwa 11, Perry ta sauya sau da yawa a fadin kasar yayin da iyayenta suka kafa majami'u kafin su sake zama a Santa Barbara. Yayinda take girma, ta halarci makarantun addini da sansanoni, ciki har da Makarantar Kirista ta Paradise Valley a [[Arizona]] da Makarantar Kiristanci ta Santa Barbara a California a lokacin shekarunta na firamare.<ref name="Friedlander 2012 15">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> Iyalin sun yi gwagwarmaya da kudi, wani lokacin ta amfani da hatimi na abinci da cin abinci daga bankin abinci wanda kuma ya ciyar da ikilisiya a cocin iyayenta. Yayinda suke girma, Perry da 'yan uwanta ba a yarda su ci hatsi na Lucky Charms ba kamar yadda kalmar "sa'a" ta tunatar da mahaifiyarsu game da Lucifer, kuma ana buƙatar su kira kwai da aka karkatar da su "ƙwai da aka yi wahayi".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> Perry da farko ya saurari kiɗa na bishara, kamar yadda aka hana kiɗa na duniya a gidan iyali. Ta gano shahararren kiɗa ta hanyar CDs da ta shigo da ita gida daga abokanta. Perry daga baya ta tuna wani labari game da yadda abokiyarta ta buga "You Oughta Know" ta Alanis Morissette, wanda ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta da waka.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} While not strictly identifying as religious, she has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like her sister Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of her parents, who let her take vocal lessons like Angela was doing at the time. She began training at age nine;<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> she was also incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages nine to 17.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday,<ref name="GraffBold" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Her brother David described her as a "[[tomboy]]" during her adolescence, which Perry talks about on her song "One of the Boys".<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry completed her General Educational Development (GED) requirements early at age 15, during her first year of high school, and left Dos Pueblos High School to pursue a music career.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> === 2000–2006: Career beginnings, ''Katy Hudson'', and ''Fingerprints'' === Perry briefly had vocal lessons with a woman named Agatha Danoff<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Katy Perry: I Could Really Use a Better Education |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218233641/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/katy-perry-education-interview-make-roar-happen-212115603.html?guccounter=1 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |publisher=Yahoo! Entertainment}}</ref> in facilities rented from the Music Academy of the West.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Montgomery|2011}}</ref> Her singing caught the attention of rock artists Steve Thomas and Jennifer Knapp from Nashville, Tennessee, who brought her there to improve her writing skills.<ref name="Hudson37">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> In Nashville, she started recording demos and learned how to write songs and play guitar. Perry signed with Red Hill Records and recorded her debut album, a contemporary Christian record titled ''Katy Hudson'', which was released on March 6, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title=Katy Hudson&nbsp;– Katy Hudson |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226133433/http://www.allmusic.com/album/katy-hudson-mw0000017022 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> She also joined Earthsuit and V*Enna that year to perform as part of Phil Joel's Strangely Normal Tour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=David |date=May 6, 2003 |title=The Strangely Normal Tour – Phil Joel, Earthsuit, V*Enna & Katy Hudson |url=http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729081327/http://www.epinions.com/content_929341572?sb=1 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |access-date=December 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Epinions.com]]}}</ref> and embarked on other performances of her own in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy's Tour Info |url=http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010816191358/http://www.katyhudson.com/tourinfo.html |archive-date=August 16, 2001 |website=KatyHudson.com}}</ref> ''Katy Hudson'' received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially unsuccessful, selling an estimated 200 copies before the label ceased operations in December.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Transitioning from gospel music to secular music, Perry started working with producer Glen Ballard,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}}{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. She opted to work with Ballard due to his past work with Alanis Morissette, one of her major inspirations. In 2003, she briefly performed as Katheryn Perry, to avoid confusion with actress [[Kate Hudson]], and later adopted the stage name "Katy Perry", using her mother's maiden name.{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} In 2010, she recalled that "Thinking of You" was one of the first songs she wrote after moving to Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[CBS]] |date=October 3, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Sings Her First Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6oaXe2lw1Q |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/i6oaXe2lw1Q |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Perry would also perform at the Hotel Café, performing new music while she was between record labels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Taylor |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Katy Perry Returns to Hotel Café Where She Got Her Start for Special Performance |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329144548/https://www.iheart.com/content/2020-05-27-katy-perry-gives-special-performance-at-hotel-caf-where-she-got-her-start/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 29, 2022 |quote=Fifteen years ago, this was kind of like my hideout/living room. This is actually Hotel Café in Hollywood. It's where I went to try out my new songs, and when I wanted to know if anyone actually liked them, besides my cat — may she rest in peace. So, it's kind of like my living room. It's my growing up space. |agency=[[iHeartRadio]]}}</ref> In 2004, she signed to Ballard's label, Java Records, which was then affiliated with The Island Def Jam Music Group. Perry began work on a solo record due for release in March 2005, but the record was shelved after Java was dropped. Ballard then introduced her to Tim Devine, an A&amp;amp;R executive at Columbia Records, and she was signed as a solo artist. By November 2006, Perry had finished writing and recording material for her Columbia debut titled ''Fingerprints'' (with some of the material from this time appearing on ''One of the Boys'') which was planned for release in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2012 |title=Katy Perry - Nintendo Wii Launch (Nov 2006) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117154356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j9qiSFoU-Q&t=88s |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Some of the material from ''Fingerprints'' that did not make it on ''One of the Boys'' was given to other artists, such as "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Long Shot" to Kelly Clarkson, and "Rock God" to Selena Gomez &amp;amp; the Scene. Perry worked with songwriters including Desmond Child, Greg Wells, Butch Walker, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven, the Matrix, Kara DioGuardi, Max Martin, and Dr. Luke.<ref name="Anokute Hit Quarters">{{Cite web |last=Blumenrath |first=Jan |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/2010/October18_4_57_7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417201326/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2F2010%2FOctober18_4_57_7.html |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015 |website=[[HitQuarters]]}}</ref> In addition, after Devine suggested that songwriting team the Matrix become a "real group", she recorded an album, ''The Matrix'', with them. This featured her and Adam Longlands as lead vocalists. ''The Matrix'' was planned for release in 2004 but was shelved due to creative differences. Perry was dropped from Columbia in 2006 as ''Fingerprints'' neared completion. After the label dropped her, she worked at an independent A&amp;amp;R company, Taxi Music.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry had minor success prior to her breakthrough. One of the songs she had recorded for her album with Ballard, "Simple", was featured on the soundtrack to the 2005 film ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants''.<ref name="Summers">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> Perry provided backing vocals on Mick Jagger's song "Old Habits Die Hard", which was included on the soundtrack to the 2004 film ''Alfie''.<ref name="allmusicbio">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> In September 2004, ''Blender'' named her "The Next Big Thing".<ref name="Summers" /> She recorded background vocals on P.O.D.'s single "Goodbye for Now", was featured at the end of its music video in 2006, and performed it with them on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. That year, Perry also appeared in the music video for "Learn to Fly" by Carbon Leaf, and she played the love interest of her then-boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy, in the band's music video for "Cupid's Chokehold". === 2007–2009: Breakthrough with ''One of the Boys'' === After Columbia dropped Perry, Angelica Cob-Baehler, then a publicity executive at the label, brought Perry's demos to Virgin Records chairman Jason Flom. Flom was convinced that she could be a breakthrough star and she was signed to Capitol Records in April 2007. The label arranged for her to work with Dr. Luke to add an "undeniable smash" to her existing material.<ref name="hitquarters">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2011 |title=Correction to the interview with Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713071228/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_AnokuteCorrection.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> Perry and Dr. Luke co-wrote the songs "I Kissed a Girl" and "Hot n Cold" for her second album ''One of the Boys''. A campaign was started with the November 2007 release of the video to "Ur So Gay", a song aimed at introducing her to the music market.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> A digital EP of the same name was also released that month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Ur So Gay |url=https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210131/https://www.amazon.com/Ur-Gay-Explicit-Katy-Perry/dp/B000YBJFF6 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2018 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref> [[Madonna]] helped publicize the song by praising it on the ''JohnJay & Rich'' radio show in April 2008,<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> stating "Ur So Gay" was her "favorite song" at the time.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Friedlander|2012}}</ref> In March 2008, Perry made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the ''Wildfire'' episode "Life's Too Short"<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> and appeared as herself during a photo shoot that June on ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' for the show's magazine ''Restless Style''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Summers|2012}}</ref> [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_performing.jpg|alt=Katy Perry performing on the Warped Tour 2008|right|thumb|Perry performing at Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre during the Warped Tour in August 2008]] Perry released her first single with Capitol, "I Kissed a Girl", on April 28, 2008, as the lead single from ''One of the Boys''. The first station to pick up the song was WRVW in Nashville, who were inundated with enthusiastic calls the first three days they played it.<ref name="hitquarters.com2">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2010 |title=Interview With Chris Anokute |url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713070818/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Chris_Anokute_Interview.html |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=HitQuarters}}</ref> The track topped the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAfI">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 on the chart dated July 5, 2008, and remained number one for seven consecutive weeks. "I Kissed a Girl" created controversy among both religious and [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] groups. The former criticized its homosexual theme, while the latter accused her of using bi-curiosity to sell records. In response to speculation that her parents opposed her music and career, Perry told MTV News that they had no problems with her success. ''One of the Boys'', released on June 17, 2008, garnered mixed critical reviews and reached number nine on the U.S. <nowiki><i id="mwAgE">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''One of the Boys'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114151805/http://www.metacritic.com/music/one-of-the-boys/katy-perry |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The album went on to sell seven million copies worldwide. "Hot n Cold" was released the following September and became the album's second successful single, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, while topping charts in Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hot n Cold (Single) |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C+Katy/Hot+n+Cold/single |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190034/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Perry%2C%2BKaty/Hot%2Bn%2BCold/single |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=Musicline}}</ref> Canada, the Netherlands, and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nederlandse Top 40&nbsp;– week 01, 2009 |url=http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728052041/http://www.top40.nl/top40/2009/week-01 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Top 40]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Hot N Cold |url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Hot+n+Cold&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830164113/http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy%20Perry&titel=Hot%20N%20Cold&cat=s |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=July 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]}}</ref> Later singles "Thinking of You" and "Waking Up in Vegas" were released in 2009 and reached the top 30 of the Hot 100.<ref name="Hot100History2" /> From June to August 2008, Perry traveled with McCoy on the Warped Tour.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=22}}</ref> As a symbol of their commitment to one another, he gave her a diamond promise ring before the tour,<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=30}}</ref> and he wore a ring with "Katy" inscribed on it.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine|url-status=88–96}}</ref> That September, a limited-edition Katy Perry doll was produced by Integrity Toys in response to her growing popularity. She hosted the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards in November and won the award for Best New Act. Following their breakup in December 2008, Perry and McCoy reconciled in April 2009<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rollo |first=Sarah |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Perry reunites with Travis McCoy |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828194016/https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a154009/perry-reunites-with-travis-mccoy/ |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> before she ended their relationship again later that year. The Matrix's self-titled album, which Perry had recorded with the band in 2004, was released on iTunes on January 27, 2009, as a result of her solo success.<ref name="allmusicbio2">{{Cite web |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |title=Katy Perry |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093438/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/katy-perry-mn0000859589/biography |archive-date=November 4, 2015 |access-date=February 10, 2016 |publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> At the 2009 Brit Awards the next month, she won the award for International Female Solo Artist.<ref name="Brit20092">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2009 |title=Brit Awards 2009: Full list of winners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712101104/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/4692628/Brit-Awards-2009-Full-list-of-winners.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Perry embarked on her first headlining world tour, the Hello Katy Tour, from January to November 2009 to support ''One of the Boys''.<ref name="Hudson832">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> On August 4, 2009, she performed as opening act for one date of No Doubt's 2009 Summer Tour. Perry also hosted the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards that November, becoming the first person to host two consecutive ceremonies of the European awards. On July 22, 2009, Perry recorded a live album titled ''MTV Unplugged'', which featured acoustic performances of five tracks from ''One of the Boys'' as well as one new song, "Brick by Brick", and a cover of Fountains of Wayne's "Hackensack". It was released on November 17, 2009. Perry also appeared on two singles with other artists; she was featured on a remix of [[Colorado]]-based band 3OH!3's song "Starstrukk" in September 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2009 |title=Starstrukk (feat. Katy Perry) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat-katy-perry-single/330823124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908070213/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/starstrukk-feat.-katy-perry/id330823124 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=July 23, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and on a duet with Timbaland entitled "If We Ever Meet Again", from his album ''Shock Value II'', three months later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2019 |title=If We Ever Meet Again (feat. Katy Perry) |url=http://itunes.apple.com:80/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208055217/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/if-we-ever-meet-again-feat-katy-perry/id340826329 |archive-date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2020 |publisher=iTunes}}</ref> The ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' recognized her in its 2010 edition as the "Best Start on the U.S. Digital Chart by a Female Artist", for digital single sales of over two million copies.<ref name="Guinness2010">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2010}}</ref> Perry met her future husband Russell Brand in mid-2009 while filming a cameo appearance for his film ''Get Him to the Greek''. Her scene, in which the two kiss, does not appear in the film. She began dating Brand after meeting him again that September at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.<ref name="RussellDating">{{Cite web |last=Ziegbe |first=Mawuse |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Katy Perry, Russell Brand's Love Story Began at the VMAs |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502061321/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647232/katy-perry-russell-brands-love-story-began-at-the-vmas/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> The couple became engaged on December 31, 2009, while vacationing in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref name="Engaged">{{Cite web |last=Heldman |first=Breanne L. |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Katy Perry and Russell Brand Engaged in India |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221336/http://www.eonline.com/news/160483/katy-perry-and-russell-brand-engaged-in-india |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |publisher=[[E!]]}}</ref> === 2010–2012: ''Teenage Dream'' and marriage === After serving as a guest judge on ''American Idol'', Perry released "California Gurls" featuring [[Snoop Dogg]] on May 7, 2010. The song was the lead single from her third studio album, ''Teenage Dream'', and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June. She also served as a guest judge on British <nowiki><i id="mwAuM">The X Factor</i></nowiki> later that month<ref name="XFactorJudge">{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2010 |title=Katy Perry Hits Dublin For X Factor Auditions |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017142034/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/x-factor/228776-katy-perry-cheryl-cole-x-factor |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=MTV News}}</ref> before releasing the album's second single, "Teenage Dream", in July. "Teenage Dream" reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in September. Released on August 24, 2010, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200, and received mixed reviews from music critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Teenage Dream'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102220205/http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/katy-perry |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2014 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> It has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jon |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How 'Teenage Dream' Crowned Katy Perry as Pop's Campiest Queen |url=https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826141539/https://www.grammy.com/news/katy-perry-teenage-dream-album-influence-impact |archive-date=August 26, 2025 |access-date=August 29, 2025 |publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]}}</ref> being her highest-selling album to date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Europe 2 Classics: California Gurls, de Katy Perry, est une ode à la côte ouest des États-Unis |url=https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250815200835/https://www.europe2.fr/musique/europe-2-classics-california-gurls-de-katy-perry-est-une-ode-a-la-cote-ouest-des-etats-unis-54375.html |archive-date=August 15, 2025 |access-date=August 5, 2025 |publisher=[[Europe 2]] |language=fr}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' would go on to win the 2011 Juno Award for International Album of the Year.<ref name="Juno2011">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2011 |title=2011 JUNO Gala Dinner & Award Winners |url=https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127131849/https://junoawards.ca/2011-juno-gala-dinner-award-winners/ |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |publisher=Juno Awards}}</ref> In October, "Firework" was released as the album's third single. It became the album's third consecutive number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 on December 8, 2010. "E.T." featuring [[Kanye West]] was released as the fourth single from ''Teenage Dream'' on February 16, 2011. It topped the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for five non-consecutive weeks, making ''Teenage Dream'' the ninth album in history to produce four number one singles on the chart. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" followed as the fifth single in June, and Perry became the first female artist to achieve five number-one ''Billboard'' Hot 100 songs from one album when the single topped that chart on August 17, and the second artist after [[Michael Jackson]] with his album ''Bad''. For this record, she received an honorary American Music Award in November 2011 and another Guinness record.<ref name="Guinness2013">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Glenday|2013}}</ref> On September 7, she set a new record by becoming the first artist to spend 69 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. Following the October release of "The One That Got Away" as its sixth single, ''Teenage Dream'' became the third album to produce six top-five songs on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. It joined [[George Michael]]'s ''Faith'' and [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''Rhythm Nation 1814''; the latter remains the only album to ever achieve seven top-five entries. The song peaked at number three in the U.S. and number two in Canada. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_-_Part_Of_Me_Australian_Premiere_-_June_2012_(3).jpg|alt=Katy Perry looking forward and smiling|left|thumb|Perry attending the Sydney premiere for her 2012 documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'', which grossed $32.7 million]] On January 5, 2012, Perry was named the sixth best-selling digital artist in the United States, with sales of 37.6&nbsp;million units according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loynes |first=Anna |date=January 5, 2012 |title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108044835/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2012 |publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref> That month, she became the first artist to have four songs sell over 5 million digital units when "E.T." reached that mark along with "Firework", "California Gurls", and "Hot n Cold".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Week Ending Jan. 15, 2012. Songs: The Song That Won't Drop |url=https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812191315/https://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-jan-15-2012-songs-song-won-012657212.html |archive-date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |publisher=Yahoo! Music}}</ref> On February 13, Capitol released the lead single from ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'', "Part of Me", which debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and became Perry's seventh single overall to top the chart. ''Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection'' was released on March 23,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-the-complete-confection/716084282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013306/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream-complete-confection/id716084282 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref> and serves as a reissue of ''Teenage Dream''. "Wide Awake" was released on May 22 as the re-release's second single,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 40/M Future Releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507205726/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |publisher=All Access}}</ref> peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one in Canada and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry&nbsp;— Wide Awake |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420153426/http://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Wide+Awake&cat=s |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |publisher=[[Official New Zealand Music Chart|Top 40 Singles]]}}</ref> Perry embarked on her second tour, the California Dreams Tour, in support of ''Teenage Dream''<ref name="Hudson83">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hudson|2012}}</ref> from February 2011 to January 2012. The tour grossed $59.5&nbsp;million globally and won her the award for Best Live Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. On September 23, 2011, she performed on the opening day of the 2011 Rock in Rio festival along with [[Elton John]] and [[Rihanna]]. In September 2010, Perry was scheduled to appear on the 41st-season premiere of ''Sesame Street''. After her scene was uploaded to YouTube, viewers criticized Perry's exposed cleavage. Four days before the scheduled airing, Sesame Workshop announced that the segment would not air on television, but would still be available to watch online. Perry subsequently mocked the controversy on ''Saturday Night Live'', where she was a musical guest and wore an Elmo-themed shirt showing large amounts of cleavage during one skit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry mocks Sesame Street ban |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125415/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/videos/hot-n-cold-sesame-street/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital]]}}</ref> In December 2010, Perry played Moe Szyslak's girlfriend in the live-action segment from a Christmas episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' titled "The Fight Before Christmas". Two months later, she made a guest appearance on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Oh Honey", playing a woman known as Honey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Ken |date=February 7, 2011 |title=How I Met Your Mother: 'Oh Honey' |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815214720/http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry/ |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2011}}</ref> The latter role won her the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Guest Star in January 2012. She made her film debut in the 3D family motion picture ''The Smurfs'' as Smurfette on July 29, 2011. The film was a financial success worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104000300/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2011 |access-date=November 6, 2011 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> while critics gave mostly negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2011 |title=The Smurfs |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111031145/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs/ |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> She hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' on December 10, 2011, with Robyn as the episode's musical guest. Perry's work on the episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised her performance in the episode's digital short featuring her and Andy Samberg. In March 2012, she guest starred as a prison security guard named Rikki on the ''Raising Hope'' episode "Single White Female Role Model".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moraski |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2012 |title=Katy Perry to portray a prison attendant on 'Raising Hope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813222733/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/katy-perry-to-portray-a-prison-attendant-on-raising-hope/ |archive-date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=February 25, 2014 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> On July 5, 2012, Perry's autobiographical documentary ''Katy Perry: Part of Me'' was released to theaters through Paramount Pictures. The film received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2012 |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212433/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/katy_perry_part_of_me/ |archive-date=August 13, 2012 |access-date=August 4, 2012 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and grossed $32.7 million worldwide at the box office.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Katy Perry: Part of Me |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022212/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=katyperry.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Perry began to venture into business when she endorsed the fragrance, Purr, in November 2010. Her second endorsed fragrance, Meow!, was released in December 2011. Both perfumes were released through Nordstrom department stores. Electronic Arts recruited her to promote their new expansion pack for ''The Sims 3: Showtime'', before releasing a separate stuff pack featuring Perry-inspired furniture, outfits, and hairstyles, titled ''The Sims 3: Katy Perry's Sweet Treats'', in June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sims 3 Katy Perry's Sweet Treats |url=http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106040704/http://www.ea.com/the-sims-3-kp-sweet-treats |archive-date=January 6, 2015 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]}}</ref> The following month, she became the spokesperson and ambassador for Popchips and made an investment in the company. ''Billboard'' dubbed her as their "Woman of the Year" for 2012. She married Russell Brand on October 23, 2010, in a traditional Hindu ceremony near the Ranthambhore tiger sanctuary in Rajasthan. On December 30, 2011, Brand announced that they were divorcing after 14 months of marriage. Perry later stated that conflicting career schedules and his desire to have children before she was ready led to the end of their marriage and that he never spoke to her again after sending a text message that he was divorcing her,{{Sfn|Perry|2012}} while Brand asserted that he divorced her due to her commercial success and reluctance to engage in activism. She was initially distraught over their divorce and said that she contemplated suicide. Since they married without a prenuptial agreement, he was eligible to claim half of the estimated $44&nbsp;million she earned during their marriage, but declined. Perry began a relationship with singer John Mayer in August 2012, the year her marriage with Brand had ended. === 2013–2015: ''Prism'' and Super Bowl XLIX halftime show === In November 2012, Perry began work on her fourth album, ''Prism''.<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> She told ''Billboard'', "I know exactly the record I want to make next. I know the artwork, the coloring and the tone" and "I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Katy Perry Won't Rush New Album: "I Know Exactly The Record I Want To Make Next" |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024353/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/katy-perry/news/new-album-ideas/ |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Capital}}</ref> After initially telling ''L'Uomo Vogue'' in June 2012 that she planned to have "darker elements" in ''Prism'' following the end of her marriage, the singer revealed to MTV during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards that she changed the album's direction after periods of self-reflection. Perry commented "I felt very prismatic", which inspired the album's name. "Roar" was released as the lead single from ''Prism'' on August 10, 2013. It was promoted at the MTV Video Music Awards and reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. "Unconditionally" followed as the second single from ''Prism'' on October 16, 2013,<ref name="UnconditionallyRelease">{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=October 16, 2013 |title=Katy Perry Wails on New Single "Unconditionally" |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017063219/http://www.fuse.tv/2013/10/katy-perry-unconditionally |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]}}</ref> and peaked at number 14 in the United States. [[Fayil:Dark_horse_katy_perry.jpg|thumb|Katy Perry performing "Dark Horse" during the Prismatic World Tour in September 2014.]] ''Prism'' was released on October 18, 2013, and has sold over eight million copies worldwide. It received favorable reviews from critics<ref name="PrismMC">{{Cite web |title=''Prism'' by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Metacritic}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry "''Prism'' by Katy Perry"]. Metacritic. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131209172300/http://www.metacritic.com/music/prism/katy-perry Archived] from the original on December 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> and debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart. Four days later, Perry performed the songs from the album at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. "Dark Horse" with Juicy J was released as the album's third single in December, and became her ninth U.S. number-one single the following month. In 2014, "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" respectively followed as the album's fourth and fifth singles,<ref name="ds">{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Lewis |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Katy Perry confirms new single 'This Is How We Do' – watch lyric video |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161656/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a586233/katy-perry-confirms-new-single-this-is-how-we-do-watch-lyric-video.html#~oKZLKy0n2t9T2S |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> and reached the top 25 on the Hot 100. Prior to ending her relationship with Mayer in 2014, she recorded and co-wrote a duet with him titled "Who You Love" for his album ''Paradise Valley''. The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3&nbsp;million worldwide and won Perry the award for "Top Package" at the 2014 <nowiki><i id="mwBNU">Billboard</i></nowiki> Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the National Football League (NFL) announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1, 2015. Lenny Kravitz and [[Missy Elliott]] served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and Guinness announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5&nbsp;million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guinness2016">{{Cite web |last=Angert |first=Alex |date=February 3, 2015 |title=Super Bowl XLIX: How Brady, Belichick and Katy Perry's shark ensured the records tumbled |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117062521/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/2/super-bowl-xlix-how-brady-belichick-and-katy-perrys-shark-ensured-the-records |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top Certified Digital Artist Ever by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for certified sales of 72 million digital singles in the United States.<ref name="TopCertified">{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=RIAA Crowns Katy Perry Top Certified Digital Artist Ever |url=https://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195543/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-crowns-katy-perry-top-certified-digital-artist-ever/ |archive-date=July 13, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> In May 2014, a portrait of Perry by painter Mark Ryden was featured in his exhibition "The Gay 90s", and shown at the Kohn Gallery in Los Angeles. Along with several other artists, she also recorded a cover version of the song "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" on a limited-edition concept album titled ''The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music: Daisy Bell'' to accompany the exhibition. That month, a portrait of Perry by artist Will Cotton was included in the United States National Portrait Gallery. On June 17, 2014, Perry announced that she had founded her own record label under Capitol Records, titled Metamorphosis Music. Ferras was the first artist to get signed to her label, and Perry served as an executive producer on his self-titled EP. She also recorded a duet with him on the EP, titled "Legends Never Die". The label was later renamed Unsub Records. On November 23, 2015, Perry starred in H&amp;amp;M's holiday advertising campaign, for which she wrote and recorded a song titled "Every Day Is a Holiday". Outside of her music career, Perry reprised her role as Smurfette in ''The Smurfs 2'', which was released in theaters on July 31, 2013. Like its predecessor, ''The Smurfs 2'' was a financial success<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Smurfs 2 (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418143328/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=smurfs2.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> that was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The Smurfs 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106053810/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_smurfs_2/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=January 16, 2014 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> In March 2014, she made a guest appearance playing herself in the episode "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" of the ''Kroll Show''. Killer Queen was released as her third fragrance in August 2013 through Coty. In January 2014, she became a guest curator of Madonna's Art for Freedom initiative. In March 2015, she appeared in ''Brand: A Second Coming'', a documentary following her ex-husband Russell Brand's transition from comedy work to activism, and released a concert film titled ''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' through Epix, which took place during her tour of the same name. Perry also made a cameo appearance in the music video for Madonna's song "Bitch I'm Madonna" in June 2015. The following month, she released another fragrance with Coty, entitled Mad Potion. In September 2015, she appeared in the documentaries ''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'', which followed Perry's preparation for her Super Bowl performance,<ref name="SuperBowl">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=September 11, 2015 |title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See |url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> and ''Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer'', which followed the life and career of designer Jeremy Scott. Perry released a mobile app titled ''Katy Perry Pop'' in December 2015 through Glu Mobile where her character helps players become famous musicians. She described it as "the most fun, colorful world that helps guide your musical dreams". === 2016–2019: ''Witness'' and ''American Idol'' === Perry started writing songs for her new album in June 2016, and recorded an anthem for NBC Sports' coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics titled "Rise", which was released the following month. Perry chose to release it as a standalone track rather than save it for her album "because now more than ever, there is a need for our world to unite". NBC also felt its message spoke "to the spirit of the Olympics and its athletes" for its inspirational themes. The song reached number one in Australia and number eleven in the United States. [[Fayil:Katy_Perry_at_Madison_Square_Garden_(37436531092)_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Perry performing during Witness: The Tour in October 2017]] In August 2016, Perry stated that she aspired to create material "that connects and relates and inspires"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Is 'Taking Chances' & 'Not Rushing' Her New Music |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125902/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2016/08/18/katy-perry-new-music-taking-chances/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |publisher=[[KNX-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]]}}</ref> and told Ryan Seacrest that she was "not rushing" her fifth album, adding "I'm just having a lot of fun, but experimenting and trying different producers, and different collaborators, and different styles".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Katy Perry Reveals She's 'Experimenting' With New Album, Talks Forthcoming Shoe Collection |url=http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140320/http://onairwithryan.iheart.com/onair/ryan-seacrest-52241/katy-perry-reveals-shes-experimenting-with-15019828/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=August 19, 2016 |website=[[On Air with Ryan Seacrest]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2017, Perry released the album's lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" featuring Skip Marley.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Katy |title=Chained to the Rhythm (feat. Skip Marley)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214001628/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/chained-to-rhythm-feat.-skip/id1203815492 |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |publisher=iTunes Store}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiello |first=McKenna |last2=Vulpo |first2=Mike |date=March 5, 2017 |title=Katy Perry Opens 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards With a Bunch of Kids and a Dancing Hamster |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306013513/http://www.eonline.com/news/833852/katy-perry-opens-2017-iheartradio-music-awards-with-a-bunch-of-kids-and-a-dancing-hamster |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=E!}}</ref> It reached number one in Hungary<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Rádiós Top 40 slágerlista |trans-title=Radio Top 40 hit list |url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151417/http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/radios-top-40-jatszasi-lista/2017/15 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Association of Hungarian Record Companies|Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége]] |language=hu}}</ref> and number four in the United States. The track was also streamed over three million times on Spotify within 24 hours, breaking the music streaming service's record at the time for the highest first-day streaming for a single track by a female artist. The album's second single, "Bon Appétit" with Migos, was released that April. Its third single, "Swish Swish", featured [[Nicki Minaj]] and followed the next month. They respectively peaked at numbers 59 and 46 in the United States,<ref name="Hot100History" /> and made the top 15 in Canada. The album, titled ''Witness'', was released on June 9, 2017, to mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness by Katy Perry |url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610033604/http://www.metacritic.com/music/witness/katy-perry |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2017 |publisher=Metacritic}}</ref> and debuted at number one in the United States. To accompany the album's release, Perry broadcast herself on YouTube for four days with a live-stream titled Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide, concluding with a live concert on June 12. The live-stream generated over 49 million views from 190 countries. She also embarked on Witness: The Tour, which began in September 2017 and ended in August 2018. On June 15, 2017, Calvin Harris released a song titled "Feels" from his album ''Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1'', which featured Perry, Big Sean, and Pharrell Williams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Findlay |first=Mitch |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris Announces Single With Big Sean, Pharrell, & Katy Perry |url=https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/476043-calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155231/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/calvin-harris-announces-single-with-big-sean-pharrell-and-katy-perry-news.33773.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |publisher=HotNewHipHop}}</ref> The song went on to reach number one in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Jack |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Calvin Harris dethrones Despacito to claim his eighth Number 1 single |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811224622/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/calvin-harris-dethrones-despacito-to-claim-his-eighth-number-1-single__19932/ |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> T{{Reflist}} === Sources === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Official website}} * {{AllMusic}} * Katy Perry discography at Discogs * Katy Perry discography at MusicBrainz * Katy Perry at Rotten Tomatoes {{Katy Perry|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry|Awards for Katy Perry]]|list={{American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist}} {{American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist}} {{Brit International Female}} {{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female Singer}} {{Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Live Act}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Look}} {{MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Best Collaboration}} {{MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Female Artist}} {{People's Choice Award for Favorite Music Video}} {{Teen Choice Award for Choice Music Single}}}}{{Authority control}} ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ivr7tyqng1e5ocau2c8pikzvr8na9y7 3 161142 879443 2026-07-09T09:45:22Z Neriah 13112 Neriah moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Bozqurd77]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Shovgu]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bozqurd77|Bozqurd77]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Shovgu|Shovgu]]" 879443 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Shovgu]] mlkp3nohytggnu54kgdu3akgft7mguv 0 161143 879523 2026-07-09T11:15:12Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303370045|Hawaiʻiloa]]" 879523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawai ʻ iloa''' (alt. '''Hawai ʻ Loa''' ko '''Ke Kowa i Hawai ʻ''' ) wani mai kamun kifi ne kuma mai tafiyar da jirgin ruwa na Hawaii wanda aka ce ya gano tsibirin Hawai ʻ . == Tatsuniya == Hawai ʻ iloa ƙwararre ne a fannin kamun kifi kuma mai tuƙi wanda ya shahara da dogayen balaguron kamun kifi. Yayin da yake cikin dogon tafiya, babban mai tuƙi, Makali ʻ i, ya nemi Hawai ʻ iloa ya ja gabas zuwa Aldebaran (Hoku ʻ ula, ma'ana "tauraro ja") da Pleiades (kusa da ƙungiyar Makali ʻ i ). Bayan ya yi tafiya a wannan hanya, shi da ma'aikatansa suka yi karo da tsibirin Hawai ʻ i, wanda aka sanya wa suna a cikin girmamawar Hawai ʻ iloa. Hawai ʻ iloa ya koma ƙasarsa, ''Ka ʻ āina kai melemele a Kāne'' ("ƙasar teku mai rawaya na Kāne "), don ya dawo da iyalinsa tare da shi zuwa Hawai ʻ i. Sannan ya shirya balaguron mulkin mallaka tare da iyalinsa da wasu ƙwararrun masu tuƙi takwas. Sun sauka a abin da yanzu ake kira Tsibirin Hawai ʻ i, wanda aka sanya wa suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of Hawaii's Names |url=http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195509/http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |archive-date=2006-12-30 |access-date=2007-02-24}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Cited page only mentions a legend with Hawaiiloa, but no other source material. (August 2021)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Tatsuniya ta ƙunshi ambaton 'ya'yansa: Māui (ɗansa na fari), Kaua ʻ (ɗa), da ʻ (ɗiya) waɗanda suka zauna a tsibiran da ke ɗauke da sunayensu. === Daidaiton tarihi === Tatsuniyar Hawai ʻ iloa ta shahara a tsakanin [[Hawaii|'yan Hawaii]] a matsayin labarin asalin Hawaii na gaske wanda ya yi daidai da imani na zamani na ɗan adam da tarihi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu wata shaida da ke tabbatar da daidaiton tarihinsa. Majiyoyin ƙarni na 19 ne kawai suka tabbatar da labarin, kamar su Abraham Fornander da Thomas George Thrum, waɗanda ba su bayar da tushen labarin ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Masana tarihi na Hawaii kamar David Malo ba su ambaci Hawai ʻ iloa ba. Malo ya rubuta labaran asalin Hawaii da yawa, tatsuniyoyi na ƙaura, da tatsuniyoyi na asalin ƙasar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ya</span></nowiki>''</sup> ba da labarin wani labari dabam cewa an halicci mutum na farko ( Kumu-Honua ) da mace ( Lalo-Honua ) akan O ʻ ahu. == Kwale-kwale == [[Fayil:Polynesian_canoe_replica_1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hawai ʻ iloa, Honolulu Harbor]] ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' kuma sunan kwale-kwalen tafiya ne, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1991 da 1994. An sanya wa kwale-kwalen suna ne bayan shahararren mai binciken kwale-kwalen, an gina shi ne don kewaya teku kuma ya yi tafiya a ƙasashen waje. Yanzu haka kwale-kwalen ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' yana tashar jiragen ruwa ta Honolulu . Sau da yawa ana yin tafiya a cikin dogayen tafiye-tafiye a cikin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]], yana nazarin dabarun tafiya da ake amfani da su a Tsohuwar Hawaii . === Gine-gine === Don yin kwale-kwalen, an kawo katakon Sitka guda biyu daga Kudu maso Gabashin [[Alaska]] zuwa Hawai ʻ i `i, wanda Kamfanin SeAlaska (mallakar ƙabilun Tlingit, Haida, da Tshimshian ) suka bayar. Waɗannan sun fito ne daga bishiyoyi masu tsawon ƙafa 200 masu shekaru 400, waɗanda girmansu bai kai na zamani a ʻ ba. Rudy da Barry Choy da Dick Rhodes ne suka tsara ƙashin kwale-kwalen, kuma sun yi amfani da katako da yawa daga wasu majiyoyi na gida. An yi kwale-kwalen ba tare da sassan ƙarfe ba, kuma an yi amfani da sandunan ƙarfe na mil uku. ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' tana da {{Convert|57|ft|m}} tsayi, tare da katako mai tsawon {{Convert|19|ft|m}} . Tana da jiragen ruwa guda biyu, kowanne na {{Convert|240–420|sqft|m2}} . An fara ƙaddamar da ita a watan Yulin 1993, daga baya aka gyara ta a cikin busasshen tashar jiragen ruwa kafin a sake ƙaddamar da ita shekara guda bayan haka. === Tafiye-tafiye a shekarar 1995 === A shekarar 1995, ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' ta yi tafiyarta ta farko zuwa Tahiti, Ra ʻ iatea, da Nuku Hiva a Tsibirin Marquesas tare da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' da kuma kwale-kwale na uku daga Hawai ʻ i mai suna ''Makali ʻ i'' tare da kwale-kwale biyu daga Rarotonga : ''Te ʻ Au Tonga'' da ''Takitumu'', da kuma kwale-kwalen ''Te ʻ Aurere'', daga [[New Zealand]] . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jigilar ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' zuwa [[Seattle]] sannan aka yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Alaska, inda ta ziyarci ƙauyuka ashirin na asali a kan tafiyar bakin teku tsakanin [[Vancouver]] da Juneau . == Duba kuma == * Hawaii * addinin Hawaii * Hōkūle ʻ a * Kewaya Polynesian * Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian == Manazarta == rvmvh9fyt4e24f9e4g00jbdjnonyn20 879524 879523 2026-07-09T11:15:40Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hawai ʻ iloa''' (alt. '''Hawai ʻ Loa''' ko '''Ke Kowa i Hawai ʻ''' ) wani mai kamun kifi ne kuma mai tafiyar da jirgin ruwa na Hawaii wanda aka ce ya gano tsibirin Hawai ʻ . == Tatsuniya == Hawai ʻ iloa ƙwararre ne a fannin kamun kifi kuma mai tuƙi wanda ya shahara da dogayen balaguron kamun kifi. Yayin da yake cikin dogon tafiya, babban mai tuƙi, Makali ʻ i, ya nemi Hawai ʻ iloa ya ja gabas zuwa Aldebaran (Hoku ʻ ula, ma'ana "tauraro ja") da Pleiades (kusa da ƙungiyar Makali ʻ i ). Bayan ya yi tafiya a wannan hanya, shi da ma'aikatansa suka yi karo da tsibirin Hawai ʻ i, wanda aka sanya wa suna a cikin girmamawar Hawai ʻ iloa. Hawai ʻ iloa ya koma ƙasarsa, ''Ka ʻ āina kai melemele a Kāne'' ("ƙasar teku mai rawaya na Kāne "), don ya dawo da iyalinsa tare da shi zuwa Hawai ʻ i. Sannan ya shirya balaguron mulkin mallaka tare da iyalinsa da wasu ƙwararrun masu tuƙi takwas. Sun sauka a abin da yanzu ake kira Tsibirin Hawai ʻ i, wanda aka sanya wa suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of Hawaii's Names |url=http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195509/http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |archive-date=2006-12-30 |access-date=2007-02-24}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Cited page only mentions a legend with Hawaiiloa, but no other source material. (August 2021)">mafi kyau&nbsp;tushe&nbsp;ana buƙata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Tatsuniya ta ƙunshi ambaton 'ya'yansa: Māui (ɗansa na fari), Kaua ʻ (ɗa), da ʻ (ɗiya) waɗanda suka zauna a tsibiran da ke ɗauke da sunayensu. === Daidaiton tarihi === Tatsuniyar Hawai ʻ iloa ta shahara a tsakanin [[Hawaii|'yan Hawaii]] a matsayin labarin asalin Hawaii na gaske wanda ya yi daidai da imani na zamani na ɗan adam da tarihi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Duk da haka, a halin yanzu babu wata shaida da ke tabbatar da daidaiton tarihinsa. Majiyoyin ƙarni na 19 ne kawai suka tabbatar da labarin, kamar su Abraham Fornander da Thomas George Thrum, waɗanda ba su bayar da tushen labarin ba. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Masana tarihi na Hawaii kamar David Malo ba su ambaci Hawai ʻ iloa ba. Malo ya rubuta labaran asalin Hawaii da yawa, tatsuniyoyi na ƙaura, da tatsuniyoyi na asalin ƙasar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">ya</span></nowiki>''</sup> ba da labarin wani labari dabam cewa an halicci mutum na farko ( Kumu-Honua ) da mace ( Lalo-Honua ) akan O ʻ ahu. == Kwale-kwale == [[Fayil:Polynesian_canoe_replica_1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Hawai ʻ iloa, Honolulu Harbor]] ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' kuma sunan kwale-kwalen tafiya ne, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1991 da 1994. An sanya wa kwale-kwalen suna ne bayan shahararren mai binciken kwale-kwalen, an gina shi ne don kewaya teku kuma ya yi tafiya a ƙasashen waje. Yanzu haka kwale-kwalen ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' yana tashar jiragen ruwa ta Honolulu . Sau da yawa ana yin tafiya a cikin dogayen tafiye-tafiye a cikin [[Pacific Ocean|Tekun Pacific]], yana nazarin dabarun tafiya da ake amfani da su a Tsohuwar Hawaii . === Gine-gine === Don yin kwale-kwalen, an kawo katakon Sitka guda biyu daga Kudu maso Gabashin [[Alaska]] zuwa Hawai ʻ i `i, wanda Kamfanin SeAlaska (mallakar ƙabilun Tlingit, Haida, da Tshimshian ) suka bayar. Waɗannan sun fito ne daga bishiyoyi masu tsawon ƙafa 200 masu shekaru 400, waɗanda girmansu bai kai na zamani a ʻ ba. Rudy da Barry Choy da Dick Rhodes ne suka tsara ƙashin kwale-kwalen, kuma sun yi amfani da katako da yawa daga wasu majiyoyi na gida. An yi kwale-kwalen ba tare da sassan ƙarfe ba, kuma an yi amfani da sandunan ƙarfe na mil uku. ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' tana da {{Convert|57|ft|m}} tsayi, tare da katako mai tsawon {{Convert|19|ft|m}} . Tana da jiragen ruwa guda biyu, kowanne na {{Convert|240–420|sqft|m2}} . An fara ƙaddamar da ita a watan Yulin 1993, daga baya aka gyara ta a cikin busasshen tashar jiragen ruwa kafin a sake ƙaddamar da ita shekara guda bayan haka. === Tafiye-tafiye a shekarar 1995 === A shekarar 1995, ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' ta yi tafiyarta ta farko zuwa Tahiti, Ra ʻ iatea, da Nuku Hiva a Tsibirin Marquesas tare da ''Hōkūle ʻ a'' da kuma kwale-kwale na uku daga Hawai ʻ i mai suna ''Makali ʻ i'' tare da kwale-kwale biyu daga Rarotonga : ''Te ʻ Au Tonga'' da ''Takitumu'', da kuma kwale-kwalen ''Te ʻ Aurere'', daga [[New Zealand]] . Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an jigilar ''Hawai ʻ iloa'' zuwa [[Seattle]] sannan aka yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Alaska, inda ta ziyarci ƙauyuka ashirin na asali a kan tafiyar bakin teku tsakanin [[Vancouver]] da Juneau . == Duba kuma == * Hawaii * addinin Hawaii * Hōkūle ʻ a * Kewaya Polynesian * Ƙungiyar Tafiya ta Polynesian == Manazarta == g3ijteit779sobl4bz1l4r4zcqtz7yv 0 161144 879528 2026-07-09T11:22:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342814413|Pamir (ship)]]" 879528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Pamir''''' wani mashaya ce mai igiyoyi huɗu da aka gina wa kamfanin jigilar kaya [[Jamus|na Jamus]] F. Laeisz . Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun jiragen ruwan Flying P-Liners, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan tsaunukan Pamir, ita ce jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe na kasuwanci da ya zagaya Cape Horn, a shekarar 1949. Zuwa shekarar 1957, jiragen ruwa na zamani sun yi mata kwaskwarima kuma ba ta iya aiki da riba ba. Rashin iyawar kamfanin jigilar kaya nata na samar da kuɗaɗen gyara da ake buƙata ko kuma ɗaukar isassun jami'an da suka horar da jiragen ruwa ya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na fasaha. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1957, guguwar Carrie ta kama ta kuma ta nutse a Azores, inda aka ceto mutane shida kacal bayan an yi bincike mai zurfi. == Tarihi == === Kwanakin farko da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === An gina ta ne a wuraren jigilar jiragen ruwa na Blohm &amp;amp; Voss da ke [[Hamburg]], wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1905. Tana da ƙarfin [[Karfe|ƙarfe]] da tan na 3,020.&nbsp;GRT (net 2,777). Jimillar tsawonta ya kai 114.5&nbsp;m (375)&nbsp;ft), katako mai kimanin 14&nbsp;m (46)&nbsp;ft) da kuma iska mai tsawon 7.25&nbsp;m (23.5)&nbsp;ƙafa). Mataka uku sun tsaya 51.2&nbsp;m (168)&nbsp;ft) a saman bene kuma babban farfajiyar ya kasance 28&nbsp;m (92)&nbsp;Faɗin ƙafa). Tana ɗauke da ƙafa 3,800&nbsp;m ² (40,900)&nbsp;ƙafa ² ) na jiragen ruwa kuma yana iya kaiwa babban gudun {{Convert|16|kn|km/h}} . Gudun tafiyarta na yau da kullun ya kai kusan ma'auni 8-9. Ita ce ta biyar cikin jiragen ruwa goma da suka kusa da juna. An ba ta aikin a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1905 kuma kamfanin Laeisz ya yi amfani da ita a cinikin nitrate na Kudancin Amurka. A shekarar 1914, ta yi tafiye-tafiye takwas zuwa [[Chile]], inda ta ɗauki tsakanin kwanaki 64 zuwa 70 don tafiya ta hanya ɗaya daga Hamburg zuwa [[Valparaiso|Valparaíso]] ko Iquique, manyan tashoshin nitrate na Chile a lokacin. Daga Oktoba 1914, ta zauna a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Santa Cruz de la Palma a Tsibirin La Palma, [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] . Saboda yanayin bayan yaƙi, ba ta dawo daga Santa Cruz de la Palma zuwa Hamburg ba sai 17 ga Maris, 1920. A wannan shekarar, aka miƙa ta ga [[Italiya]] a matsayin diyya ta yaƙi . A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1920, ta bar Hamburg ta [[Rotterdam]] zuwa [[Napoli|Naples]] da jan hankali. Gwamnatin Italiya ba ta sami ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa masu zurfi a cikin ruwa ba, don haka aka ajiye ta kusa da Castellamare a Tekun Naples. A shekarar 1924, Kamfanin F. Laeisz ya sake sayenta kan £7,000 kuma ya sake sanya ta cikin harkar kasuwancin nitrate. Laeisz ya sayar da ita a shekarar 1931 ga kamfanin jigilar kaya na Gustaf Erikson na [[Finland|ƙasar Finland]], wanda ya yi amfani da ita a harkar cinikin alkama [[Asturaliya|ta ƙasar Ostiraliya]] . === Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da bayansa === [[Fayil:Sailing_Ship_'Pamir',_circa_1941_(4839368053).jpg|thumb|''Pamir'' a Wellington, kimanin 1941]] [[Fayil:Group_photograph_of_Pamir_crew,_Wellington_-_Circa_1940.jpg|thumb|Hoton rukuni na ma'aikatan ''Pamir'', Wellington, ca. 1940]] [[Fayil:Yasmina.Pamir.JPG|thumb|Zanen ''Pamir'' na Yasmina (2008)]] A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], gwamnatin New Zealand ta kwace ''Pamir'' a matsayin kyautar yaƙi a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1941 yayin da take tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Wellington]] . An yi tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci guda goma a ƙarƙashin tutar New Zealand: biyar zuwa San Francisco, uku zuwa Vancouver, ɗaya zuwa Sydney da kuma tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a faɗin Tasman daga Sydney zuwa Wellington ɗauke da tan 2,700 na siminti da tan 400 na wayar ƙusa. Ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinta, Andrew Keyworth, ya bayyana dalla-dalla yadda guguwa ta shawo kan guguwa a lokacin tafiyar Tasman ta ƙarshe a cikin wata wasiƙa da ba a taɓa bugawa ba. [[Fayil:Pamir-Plaque.JPG|thumb|Allunan tunawa da ''Pamir'' da aka sanya a bakin teku, Wellington, New Zealand]] Ta tsere daga yaƙin ba tare da wata matsala ba duk da kiran da aka yi mata a shekarar 1943 lokacin da aka ga wani jirgin ruwa na Japan. A bayyane yake cewa jirgin ruwa ne mai sauri a ƙarƙashin iska mai ƙarfi da adalci, ba ta damu da kwamandan jirgin ba. Bayan yaƙin, ta yi tafiya ɗaya daga Wellington ta Cape Horn zuwa London, sannan Antwerp zuwa Auckland da Wellington a shekarar 1948. An mayar da ita layin Erikson a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1948 a Wellington kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Port Victoria a kan Spencer Gulf don ɗaukar hatsi na Australiya. A tafiyarta ta kwanaki 128 zuwa Falmouth, ita ce jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe da ke ɗauke da kayan kasuwanci a kusa da Cape Horn, a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1949. Gustaf Erikson ya mutu a shekarar 1947. Ɗansa Edgar ya gano cewa ba zai iya sake sarrafa ta (ko ''Passat'' ) da riba ba, musamman saboda sauye-sauyen ƙa'idoji da kwangilolin ƙungiyar kwadago da ke kula da aiki a cikin jiragen ruwa; tsarin agogo biyu na yau da kullun na jiragen ruwa ya maye gurbin tsarin agogo uku da ake amfani da su a cikin jiragen ruwa, wanda ya buƙaci ƙarin ma'aikata. A watan Maris na shekarar 1951, kamfanonin fasa jiragen ruwa na Belgium sun biya fam 40,000 a gare ta da ''Passat'' . Yayin da ake jan ta zuwa [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], mai jirgin ruwa na Jamus Heinz Schliewen, wanda ya yi tafiya da ita a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ya saye ta (da ''Passat'', wanda galibi ana kiransa da jirgin 'yar'uwa). <ref name="Stark, p. 200" /> An sabunta jiragen ruwan da wuraren da aka gyara don ɗaukar 'yan kasuwa masu koyon aikin ruwa kuma an sanya musu injin taimako, tsarin sanyaya jiragen ruwa (ban da buƙatar ɗaukar dabbobi masu rai don nama sabo), kayan aikin sadarwa na zamani da tankunan ruwa. Tafiyarta ta farko ita ce zuwa Brazil a shekarar 1952 da siminti, don komawa Jamus da ƙarfe. A farkon tafiyar da ta yi, injin ya faɗi, "abin da ya gamsar da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa masu son yin tafiya idan ba mai shi ba." Kamfanin ya yi fatara na ɗan lokaci amma sabuwar ƙungiyar masu jiragen ruwa na Jamus 40 ta saye shi. Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa, jiragen ruwan sun ci gaba da tafiya tsakanin Turai da gabar tekun gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, amma ba a kusa da Cape Horn ba. An yi amfani da su a matsayin jiragen makaranta masu ɗaukar kaya, musamman zuwa [[Argentina]] . Duk da cewa jama'ar Jamus sun goyi bayan ra'ayin a matsayin alamomin teku da kuma tushen alfahari da ƙasa, gaskiyar tattalin arziki na shekarun bayan yaƙi ta sanya takunkumi kan aikin. Jiragen ruwan ba su sake samun riba a matsayin masu jigilar kaya ba, kuma ''Pamir'' yana da matsalolin fasaha kamar zubar da ruwa da kuma tsatsa mai tsanani. Ƙungiyar ba ta iya samun isasshen kuɗi daga gwamnatocin Jamus ko gudummawa daga kamfanonin jigilar kaya ko gudummawar jama'a ba, don haka ta bar jiragen ruwa biyu su lalace. === Tafiya ta ƙarshe === [[Fayil:Last_Sighting_of_Pamir%3F.jpg|thumb|Wataƙila ganin ''Pamir'' na ƙarshe]] Saboda rashin lafiya, an maye gurbin kyaftin ɗinta na yau da kullun, Hermann Eggers, da Kyaftin Johannes Diebitsch, wanda ya yi tafiya da ita a matsayin matashin matukin jirgin ruwa kuma ya jagoranci jiragen ruwa na horar da jiragen ruwa, amma ba shi da ƙwarewa sosai a matsayin ƙwararren jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya. Jami'insa na farko, Rolf Köhler, yana da shekaru 29 kacal a lokacin, kuma ya rubuta cewa yana "rashin ƙarfi" game da yanayin jirgin kuma yana da niyyar barin kamfanin jirgin bayan ya dawo gida daga tafiya ta gaba. An soki Kyaftin Diebitsch saboda kasancewa jami'i mai tsauri da rashin sassauci. A ranar 10 ga Agusta 1957, ta bar [[Buenos Aires]] zuwa Hamburg tare da ma'aikatan jirgin 86, ciki har da ƙwararrun sojoji 52. Kayanta sun kai 3,780.&nbsp;An adana tan na [[sha'ir]] a cikin tankunan ajiya da tankunan ballast, an tsare su da tankunan 255&nbsp;tan a cikin buhuna a saman hatsin da aka saki. Bayanai sun nuna cewa wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kurakuran da aka gano a cikin nutsewar jirgin - yajin aikin ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa ya dame ta, kuma Diebitsch, ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai tsanani na yin tafiya, ta yanke shawarar barin ma'aikatan jirgin marasa horo su yi aikin gyaran (ajiyar kaya da ta dace don kada ta canza a wurin riƙewa). Daga baya an gano cewa shi ma ya cika tankin ballast da sha'ir. Duk da cewa gwajin lokacin juyawa (lokacin da jirgin ya ɗauki don gyara kansa bayan canja wurin kaya) ya nuna cewa ba ta da tabbas, Diebitsch ta yanke shawarar yin tafiya. [[Fayil:Pamir_Carrie.jpg|thumb|Kimanin hanyar ''Pamir'' da kuma hanyar guguwar Carrie a watan Satumba na 1957]] A safiyar ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1957, an kama ta a cikin guguwar Carrie kafin ta rage tafiyar jiragen ruwa. Daga baya an yi la'akari da cewa saboda an ba wa jami'in rediyon manyan ayyuka na gudanarwa (don adana kuɗin da ake buƙata don wani jami'in), wataƙila bai sami wata gargaɗin guguwar rediyo ba. Hakanan ba ta amsa kiran rediyo daga jiragen ruwa da suka gan ta a farkon tafiyar ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ta yi rajista sosai don tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin guguwar kwatsam. Ganin cewa ba a rufe hanyoyin shiga da sauran hanyoyin shiga ba nan take, wataƙila sun bar ruwa mai yawa ya shiga, kamar yadda kwamitin da ya binciki dalilan nutsewar ya gano. <ref name="SPIEGEL" /> Lauyan kamfanin jigilar kaya a binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa ruwan ya shiga ta ne saboda ɓuya. A cewar kwamitin, ruwan ya sa ta ƙara yin jerin gwano kuma hatsi ya canza, wanda hakan ya ƙara ta'azzara jerin. Kyaftin ɗin bai ba da umarnin a cika tankunan ballast ɗinta da hatsi ba, wanda hakan zai taimaka mata ta gyara kanta. Da zarar ta yi rajista sosai, ba za a iya tura jiragen ceton ba saboda gefen tashar jiragen ruwanta yana ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma gefen jirgin samanta ya tashi zuwa kusurwar da ba ta ba da damar amfani da jiragen. Ta aika da sakonnin gaggawa kafin ta kife da ƙarfe 13:03 na rana agogon yankin, kuma ta nutse bayan ta yi ta shawagi a tsakiyar Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] {{Convert|600|nmi}} na ruwa yamma-kudu maso yamma na Azores a matsayin == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8e0kbyvyqpmnhe6ffmkdgmmnkh6ksm9 879530 879528 2026-07-09T11:23:27Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Pamir''''' wani mashaya ce mai igiyoyi huɗu da aka gina wa kamfanin jigilar kaya [[Jamus|na Jamus]] F. Laeisz . Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun jiragen ruwan Flying P-Liners, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan tsaunukan Pamir, ita ce jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe na kasuwanci da ya zagaya Cape Horn, a shekarar 1949. Zuwa shekarar 1957, jiragen ruwa na zamani sun yi mata kwaskwarima kuma ba ta iya aiki da riba ba. Rashin iyawar kamfanin jigilar kaya nata na samar da kuɗaɗen gyara da ake buƙata ko kuma ɗaukar isassun jami'an da suka horar da jiragen ruwa ya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na fasaha. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1957, guguwar Carrie ta kama ta kuma ta nutse a Azores, inda aka ceto mutane shida kacal bayan an yi bincike mai zurfi. == Tarihi == === Kwanakin farko da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya === An gina ta ne a wuraren jigilar jiragen ruwa na Blohm &amp;amp; Voss da ke [[Hamburg]], wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1905. Tana da ƙarfin [[Karfe|ƙarfe]] da tan na 3,020.&nbsp;GRT (net 2,777). Jimillar tsawonta ya kai 114.5&nbsp;m (375)&nbsp;ft), katako mai kimanin 14&nbsp;m (46)&nbsp;ft) da kuma iska mai tsawon 7.25&nbsp;m (23.5)&nbsp;ƙafa). Mataka uku sun tsaya 51.2&nbsp;m (168)&nbsp;ft) a saman bene kuma babban farfajiyar ya kasance 28&nbsp;m (92)&nbsp;Faɗin ƙafa). Tana ɗauke da ƙafa 3,800&nbsp;m ² (40,900)&nbsp;ƙafa ² ) na jiragen ruwa kuma yana iya kaiwa babban gudun {{Convert|16|kn|km/h}} . Gudun tafiyarta na yau da kullun ya kai kusan ma'auni 8-9. Ita ce ta biyar cikin jiragen ruwa goma da suka kusa da juna. An ba ta aikin a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1905 kuma kamfanin Laeisz ya yi amfani da ita a cinikin nitrate na Kudancin Amurka. A shekarar 1914, ta yi tafiye-tafiye takwas zuwa [[Chile]], inda ta ɗauki tsakanin kwanaki 64 zuwa 70 don tafiya ta hanya ɗaya daga Hamburg zuwa [[Valparaiso|Valparaíso]] ko Iquique, manyan tashoshin nitrate na Chile a lokacin. Daga Oktoba 1914, ta zauna a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Santa Cruz de la Palma a Tsibirin La Palma, [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] . Saboda yanayin bayan yaƙi, ba ta dawo daga Santa Cruz de la Palma zuwa Hamburg ba sai 17 ga Maris, 1920. A wannan shekarar, aka miƙa ta ga [[Italiya]] a matsayin diyya ta yaƙi . A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1920, ta bar Hamburg ta [[Rotterdam]] zuwa [[Napoli|Naples]] da jan hankali. Gwamnatin Italiya ba ta sami ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa masu zurfi a cikin ruwa ba, don haka aka ajiye ta kusa da Castellamare a Tekun Naples. A shekarar 1924, Kamfanin F. Laeisz ya sake sayenta kan £7,000 kuma ya sake sanya ta cikin harkar kasuwancin nitrate. Laeisz ya sayar da ita a shekarar 1931 ga kamfanin jigilar kaya na Gustaf Erikson na [[Finland|ƙasar Finland]], wanda ya yi amfani da ita a harkar cinikin alkama [[Asturaliya|ta ƙasar Ostiraliya]] . === Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da bayansa === [[Fayil:Sailing_Ship_'Pamir',_circa_1941_(4839368053).jpg|thumb|''Pamir'' a Wellington, kimanin 1941]] [[Fayil:Group_photograph_of_Pamir_crew,_Wellington_-_Circa_1940.jpg|thumb|Hoton rukuni na ma'aikatan ''Pamir'', Wellington, ca. 1940]] [[Fayil:Yasmina.Pamir.JPG|thumb|Zanen ''Pamir'' na Yasmina (2008)]] A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], gwamnatin New Zealand ta kwace ''Pamir'' a matsayin kyautar yaƙi a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1941 yayin da take tashar jiragen ruwa a [[Wellington]] . An yi tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci guda goma a ƙarƙashin tutar New Zealand: biyar zuwa San Francisco, uku zuwa Vancouver, ɗaya zuwa Sydney da kuma tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a faɗin Tasman daga Sydney zuwa Wellington ɗauke da tan 2,700 na siminti da tan 400 na wayar ƙusa. Ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinta, Andrew Keyworth, ya bayyana dalla-dalla yadda guguwa ta shawo kan guguwa a lokacin tafiyar Tasman ta ƙarshe a cikin wata wasiƙa da ba a taɓa bugawa ba. [[Fayil:Pamir-Plaque.JPG|thumb|Allunan tunawa da ''Pamir'' da aka sanya a bakin teku, Wellington, New Zealand]] Ta tsere daga yaƙin ba tare da wata matsala ba duk da kiran da aka yi mata a shekarar 1943 lokacin da aka ga wani jirgin ruwa na Japan. A bayyane yake cewa jirgin ruwa ne mai sauri a ƙarƙashin iska mai ƙarfi da adalci, ba ta damu da kwamandan jirgin ba. Bayan yaƙin, ta yi tafiya ɗaya daga Wellington ta Cape Horn zuwa London, sannan Antwerp zuwa Auckland da Wellington a shekarar 1948. An mayar da ita layin Erikson a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1948 a Wellington kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Port Victoria a kan Spencer Gulf don ɗaukar hatsi na Australiya. A tafiyarta ta kwanaki 128 zuwa Falmouth, ita ce jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe da ke ɗauke da kayan kasuwanci a kusa da Cape Horn, a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1949. Gustaf Erikson ya mutu a shekarar 1947. Ɗansa Edgar ya gano cewa ba zai iya sake sarrafa ta (ko ''Passat'' ) da riba ba, musamman saboda sauye-sauyen ƙa'idoji da kwangilolin ƙungiyar kwadago da ke kula da aiki a cikin jiragen ruwa; tsarin agogo biyu na yau da kullun na jiragen ruwa ya maye gurbin tsarin agogo uku da ake amfani da su a cikin jiragen ruwa, wanda ya buƙaci ƙarin ma'aikata. A watan Maris na shekarar 1951, kamfanonin fasa jiragen ruwa na Belgium sun biya fam 40,000 a gare ta da ''Passat'' . Yayin da ake jan ta zuwa [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], mai jirgin ruwa na Jamus Heinz Schliewen, wanda ya yi tafiya da ita a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ya saye ta (da ''Passat'', wanda galibi ana kiransa da jirgin 'yar'uwa). <ref name="Stark, p. 200" /> An sabunta jiragen ruwan da wuraren da aka gyara don ɗaukar 'yan kasuwa masu koyon aikin ruwa kuma an sanya musu injin taimako, tsarin sanyaya jiragen ruwa (ban da buƙatar ɗaukar dabbobi masu rai don nama sabo), kayan aikin sadarwa na zamani da tankunan ruwa. Tafiyarta ta farko ita ce zuwa Brazil a shekarar 1952 da siminti, don komawa Jamus da ƙarfe. A farkon tafiyar da ta yi, injin ya faɗi, "abin da ya gamsar da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa masu son yin tafiya idan ba mai shi ba." Kamfanin ya yi fatara na ɗan lokaci amma sabuwar ƙungiyar masu jiragen ruwa na Jamus 40 ta saye shi. Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa, jiragen ruwan sun ci gaba da tafiya tsakanin Turai da gabar tekun gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, amma ba a kusa da Cape Horn ba. An yi amfani da su a matsayin jiragen makaranta masu ɗaukar kaya, musamman zuwa [[Argentina]] . Duk da cewa jama'ar Jamus sun goyi bayan ra'ayin a matsayin alamomin teku da kuma tushen alfahari da ƙasa, gaskiyar tattalin arziki na shekarun bayan yaƙi ta sanya takunkumi kan aikin. Jiragen ruwan ba su sake samun riba a matsayin masu jigilar kaya ba, kuma ''Pamir'' yana da matsalolin fasaha kamar zubar da ruwa da kuma tsatsa mai tsanani. Ƙungiyar ba ta iya samun isasshen kuɗi daga gwamnatocin Jamus ko gudummawa daga kamfanonin jigilar kaya ko gudummawar jama'a ba, don haka ta bar jiragen ruwa biyu su lalace. === Tafiya ta ƙarshe === [[Fayil:Last_Sighting_of_Pamir%3F.jpg|thumb|Wataƙila ganin ''Pamir'' na ƙarshe]] Saboda rashin lafiya, an maye gurbin kyaftin ɗinta na yau da kullun, Hermann Eggers, da Kyaftin Johannes Diebitsch, wanda ya yi tafiya da ita a matsayin matashin matukin jirgin ruwa kuma ya jagoranci jiragen ruwa na horar da jiragen ruwa, amma ba shi da ƙwarewa sosai a matsayin ƙwararren jiragen ruwa masu ɗaukar kaya. Jami'insa na farko, Rolf Köhler, yana da shekaru 29 kacal a lokacin, kuma ya rubuta cewa yana "rashin ƙarfi" game da yanayin jirgin kuma yana da niyyar barin kamfanin jirgin bayan ya dawo gida daga tafiya ta gaba. An soki Kyaftin Diebitsch saboda kasancewa jami'i mai tsauri da rashin sassauci. A ranar 10 ga Agusta 1957, ta bar [[Buenos Aires]] zuwa Hamburg tare da ma'aikatan jirgin 86, ciki har da ƙwararrun sojoji 52. Kayanta sun kai 3,780.&nbsp;An adana tan na [[sha'ir]] a cikin tankunan ajiya da tankunan ballast, an tsare su da tankunan 255&nbsp;tan a cikin buhuna a saman hatsin da aka saki. Bayanai sun nuna cewa wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kurakuran da aka gano a cikin nutsewar jirgin - yajin aikin ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa ya dame ta, kuma Diebitsch, ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai tsanani na yin tafiya, ta yanke shawarar barin ma'aikatan jirgin marasa horo su yi aikin gyaran (ajiyar kaya da ta dace don kada ta canza a wurin riƙewa). Daga baya an gano cewa shi ma ya cika tankin ballast da sha'ir. Duk da cewa gwajin lokacin juyawa (lokacin da jirgin ya ɗauki don gyara kansa bayan canja wurin kaya) ya nuna cewa ba ta da tabbas, Diebitsch ta yanke shawarar yin tafiya. [[Fayil:Pamir_Carrie.jpg|thumb|Kimanin hanyar ''Pamir'' da kuma hanyar guguwar Carrie a watan Satumba na 1957]] A safiyar ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1957, an kama ta a cikin guguwar Carrie kafin ta rage tafiyar jiragen ruwa. Daga baya an yi la'akari da cewa saboda an ba wa jami'in rediyon manyan ayyuka na gudanarwa (don adana kuɗin da ake buƙata don wani jami'in), wataƙila bai sami wata gargaɗin guguwar rediyo ba. Hakanan ba ta amsa kiran rediyo daga jiragen ruwa da suka gan ta a farkon tafiyar ba. Ba da daɗewa ba ta yi rajista sosai don tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin guguwar kwatsam. Ganin cewa ba a rufe hanyoyin shiga da sauran hanyoyin shiga ba nan take, wataƙila sun bar ruwa mai yawa ya shiga, kamar yadda kwamitin da ya binciki dalilan nutsewar ya gano. <ref name="SPIEGEL" /> Lauyan kamfanin jigilar kaya a binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa ruwan ya shiga ta ne saboda ɓuya. A cewar kwamitin, ruwan ya sa ta ƙara yin jerin gwano kuma hatsi ya canza, wanda hakan ya ƙara ta'azzara jerin. Kyaftin ɗin bai ba da umarnin a cika tankunan ballast ɗinta da hatsi ba, wanda hakan zai taimaka mata ta gyara kanta. Da zarar ta yi rajista sosai, ba za a iya tura jiragen ceton ba saboda gefen tashar jiragen ruwanta yana ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma gefen jirgin samanta ya tashi zuwa kusurwar da ba ta ba da damar amfani da jiragen. Ta aika da sakonnin gaggawa kafin ta kife da ƙarfe 13:03 na rana agogon yankin, kuma ta nutse bayan ta yi ta shawagi a tsakiyar Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]] {{Convert|600|nmi}} na ruwa yamma-kudu maso yamma na Azores a matsayin == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 915m6dre3knuv5a7l7pql8d629poka1 0 161145 879529 2026-07-09T11:23:09Z Aminabubakar640 45094 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362223919|Matsirga waterfalls]]" 879529 wikitext text/x-wiki   <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} Makarantar ''Matsirga'' Waterfalls ([[Kafancan|da]] Turanci: "River Wonderful") wani sashin ruwa ne wanda ke kusa da Batadon (Madakiya) a [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Kataf LGA]], kudancin Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya . Daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a kan Dutsen Kagoro, ruwa yana gudana a kan dutse a cikin tafkin da ke ƙasa. <ref name="guardian2">{{Cite news |last1=Egbo |first1=Simon |date=1 August 2015 |title=Matsirga Waterfalls, Madakiya |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/matsirga-waterfalls-madakiya/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Ana samun Ruwan Matsirga ne kimanin kilomita 227 a kudancin birnin Kaduna. Ruwan yana gangarowa daga tsayin mita 25 zuwa 30 daga kan wani dutsen mai kaifi zuwa cikin wani kwazazzabo, wanda manyan duwatsu masu ban sha'awa suka kewaye. A lokacin da ruwa yake gudana sosai, fadin ruwan yana iya kaiwa kusan mita 200. <ref name="nation2">{{Cite news |last1=Akowe |first1=Tony |date=18 March 2014 |title=Kaduna's untapped tourism potential |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kadunas-untapped-tourism-potential/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref name="hotels">{{cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Enjoy the breathtaking view from Matsirga waterfalls |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/poi/enjoy-the-breathtaking-view-from-matsiriga-waterfalls |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Hotels.ng}}</ref> == Ilimin Yanayin Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi Bisa Lokutan Shekara. == Ruwan Matsirga yana samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa ta dama da ke fitowa daga tsaunukan Kagoro masu tudu. A lokacin damina, daga watan Yuni zuwa Satumba, yawan ruwan yana ƙaruwa sosai, har wani lokaci yana cika ya zubo daga gefunansa. Duk da haka, ruwan yana ci gaba da gangarowa cikin ƙayatarwa a duk shekara. <ref name="dailytrust2">{{Cite news |last1=Isuwa |first1=Sunday |date=22 June 2013 |title=Southern Kaduna's untapped tourism potentials |url=https://dailytrust.com/southern-kaduna-s-untapped-tourism-potentials/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Yanayin Muhalli == Yankin da ke kewaye da faduwar ruwa yana da yanayin zafi wanda ke tallafawa tsire-tsire masu tsayi da suka bambanta da kewaye da Sudan Savanna. Duk da yake binciken muhalli na yau da kullun ba su da kyau, asusun tafiye-tafiye sun lura da kasancewar shuke-shuke masu son inuwa da nau'in tsuntsaye na musamman na wuraren da ke da. <ref name="myguide">{{cite web |title=Matsirga Waterfalls, Madakiya |url=https://www.myguidenigeria.com/things-to-do/matsirga-waterfalls-madakiya |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=MyGuideNigeria}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Al'adu == Matsirga yana cikin yankin shugabancin Fantswam, yana da ƙimar gargajiya mai ƙarfi. Sunayen yankin ("Ka̱byek Tityong" da "River Wonderful") suna nuna girmamawar al'adu. Hadisai na baki sun ambaci bakan gizo da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gida waɗanda ke da ma'anar ruhaniya. <ref name="nation3">{{Cite news |last1=Akowe |first1=Tony |date=18 March 2014 |title=Kaduna's untapped tourism potential |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kadunas-untapped-tourism-potential/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da Samun dama == Ana iya isa ta hanyar [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], faduwar ta kasance kusan kilomita biyu daga hanyar Kafanfanchan-Madakiya. Baƙi yawanci suna zuwa ta hanyar waƙoƙi marasa kyau kuma suna hayar masu jagorantar gida. Duk da iyakantaccen kayan aiki, ayyukan yau da kullun sun haɗa da yin biki a cikin mafaka na dutse, tafiya mai sauƙi, da daukar hoto.<ref name="nation">{{Cite news |last1=Akowe |first1=Tony |date=18 March 2014 |title=Kaduna's untapped tourism potential |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kadunas-untapped-tourism-potential/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref name="vanguard2">{{cite news |date=1 August 2016 |title=Kaduna Govt. to make Kagoro hills world-class tourist site — Commissioner |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/kaduna-govt-make-kagoro-hills-world-class-tourist-site-commissioner/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaba == Gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ta mai da Matsirga a matsayin babban kayan yawon bude ido, tare da Kagoro Hills, da shirye-shiryen inganta hanyoyin samun dama da saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Wani wurin shakatawa mai zaman kansa (Madakiya Heritage Resort) yana ci gaba a kusa da shafin. <ref name="vanguard">{{cite news |date=1 August 2016 |title=Kaduna Govt. to make Kagoro hills world-class tourist site — Commissioner |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/kaduna-govt-make-kagoro-hills-world-class-tourist-site-commissioner/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name="dailytrust3">{{Cite news |last1=Isuwa |first1=Sunday |date=22 June 2013 |title=Southern Kaduna's untapped tourism potentials |url=https://dailytrust.com/southern-kaduna-s-untapped-tourism-potentials/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Daidaitawar Yawon Bude Ido == atsirga tana da matsayi mai kyau a cikin babban zagaye na yawon bude ido na al'adu da na halitta ciki har da Nok Heritage Site da Kagoro's Afan Festival. Masana sun nuna alkawarinta na yawon shakatawa na muhalli don samar da aiki da adana al'adu idan an inganta ababen more rayuwa da ingantawa. <ref name="dailytrust">{{Cite news |last1=Isuwa |first1=Sunday |date=22 June 2013 |title=Southern Kaduna's untapped tourism potentials |url=https://dailytrust.com/southern-kaduna-s-untapped-tourism-potentials/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa na Najeriya * [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Najeriya|Yawon shakatawa a Najeriya]] * [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] * {{Commons category-inline}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 5rnixt2ngbqmv63i3ihpzzzviejjb6e 879536 879529 2026-07-09T11:26:32Z Aminabubakar640 45094 879536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Matsirga'' Waterfalls ([[Kafancan|da]] Turanci: "River Wonderful") wani sashin ruwa ne wanda ke kusa da Batadon (Madakiya) a [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Kataf LGA]], kudancin Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya . Daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a kan Dutsen Kagoro, ruwa yana gudana a kan dutse a cikin tafkin da ke ƙasa. <ref name="guardian2">{{Cite news |last1=Egbo |first1=Simon |date=1 August 2015 |title=Matsirga Waterfalls, Madakiya |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/matsirga-waterfalls-madakiya/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Ana samun Ruwan Matsirga ne kimanin kilomita 227 a kudancin birnin Kaduna. Ruwan yana gangarowa daga tsayin mita 25 zuwa 30 daga kan wani dutsen mai kaifi zuwa cikin wani kwazazzabo, wanda manyan duwatsu masu ban sha'awa suka kewaye. A lokacin da ruwa yake gudana sosai, fadin ruwan yana iya kaiwa kusan mita 200. <ref name="nation2">{{Cite news |last1=Akowe |first1=Tony |date=18 March 2014 |title=Kaduna's untapped tourism potential |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kadunas-untapped-tourism-potential/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref name="hotels">{{cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Enjoy the breathtaking view from Matsirga waterfalls |url=https://hotels.ng/guides/poi/enjoy-the-breathtaking-view-from-matsiriga-waterfalls |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Hotels.ng}}</ref> == Ilimin Yanayin Ruwa da Canjin Yanayi Bisa Lokutan Shekara. == Ruwan Matsirga yana samun ruwa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa ta dama da ke fitowa daga tsaunukan Kagoro masu tudu. A lokacin damina, daga watan Yuni zuwa Satumba, yawan ruwan yana ƙaruwa sosai, har wani lokaci yana cika ya zubo daga gefunansa. Duk da haka, ruwan yana ci gaba da gangarowa cikin ƙayatarwa a duk shekara. <ref name="dailytrust2">{{Cite news |last1=Isuwa |first1=Sunday |date=22 June 2013 |title=Southern Kaduna's untapped tourism potentials |url=https://dailytrust.com/southern-kaduna-s-untapped-tourism-potentials/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Yanayin Muhalli == Yankin da ke kewaye da faduwar ruwa yana da yanayin zafi wanda ke tallafawa tsire-tsire masu tsayi da suka bambanta da kewaye da Sudan Savanna. Duk da yake binciken muhalli na yau da kullun ba su da kyau, asusun tafiye-tafiye sun lura da kasancewar shuke-shuke masu son inuwa da nau'in tsuntsaye na musamman na wuraren da ke da. <ref name="myguide">{{cite web |title=Matsirga Waterfalls, Madakiya |url=https://www.myguidenigeria.com/things-to-do/matsirga-waterfalls-madakiya |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=MyGuideNigeria}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Al'adu == Matsirga yana cikin yankin shugabancin Fantswam, yana da ƙimar gargajiya mai ƙarfi. Sunayen yankin ("Ka̱byek Tityong" da "River Wonderful") suna nuna girmamawar al'adu. Hadisai na baki sun ambaci bakan gizo da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gida waɗanda ke da ma'anar ruhaniya. <ref name="nation3">{{Cite news |last1=Akowe |first1=Tony |date=18 March 2014 |title=Kaduna's untapped tourism potential |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kadunas-untapped-tourism-potential/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa da Samun dama == Ana iya isa ta hanyar [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], faduwar ta kasance kusan kilomita biyu daga hanyar Kafanfanchan-Madakiya. Baƙi yawanci suna zuwa ta hanyar waƙoƙi marasa kyau kuma suna hayar masu jagorantar gida. Duk da iyakantaccen kayan aiki, ayyukan yau da kullun sun haɗa da yin biki a cikin mafaka na dutse, tafiya mai sauƙi, da daukar hoto.<ref name="nation">{{Cite news |last1=Akowe |first1=Tony |date=18 March 2014 |title=Kaduna's untapped tourism potential |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kadunas-untapped-tourism-potential/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref name="vanguard2">{{cite news |date=1 August 2016 |title=Kaduna Govt. to make Kagoro hills world-class tourist site — Commissioner |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/kaduna-govt-make-kagoro-hills-world-class-tourist-site-commissioner/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaba == Gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] ta mai da Matsirga a matsayin babban kayan yawon bude ido, tare da Kagoro Hills, da shirye-shiryen inganta hanyoyin samun dama da saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Wani wurin shakatawa mai zaman kansa (Madakiya Heritage Resort) yana ci gaba a kusa da shafin. <ref name="vanguard">{{cite news |date=1 August 2016 |title=Kaduna Govt. to make Kagoro hills world-class tourist site — Commissioner |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/kaduna-govt-make-kagoro-hills-world-class-tourist-site-commissioner/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name="dailytrust3">{{Cite news |last1=Isuwa |first1=Sunday |date=22 June 2013 |title=Southern Kaduna's untapped tourism potentials |url=https://dailytrust.com/southern-kaduna-s-untapped-tourism-potentials/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Daidaitawar Yawon Bude Ido == atsirga tana da matsayi mai kyau a cikin babban zagaye na yawon bude ido na al'adu da na halitta ciki har da Nok Heritage Site da Kagoro's Afan Festival. Masana sun nuna alkawarinta na yawon shakatawa na muhalli don samar da aiki da adana al'adu idan an inganta ababen more rayuwa da ingantawa. <ref name="dailytrust">{{Cite news |last1=Isuwa |first1=Sunday |date=22 June 2013 |title=Southern Kaduna's untapped tourism potentials |url=https://dailytrust.com/southern-kaduna-s-untapped-tourism-potentials/ |access-date=10 August 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin magudanan ruwa na Najeriya * [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Najeriya|Yawon shakatawa a Najeriya]] * [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] * {{Commons category-inline}} == Manazarta == 12mmmaj9i5jr01nldl8l4gtsp4kt6b9 0 161146 879532 2026-07-09T11:24:20Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357669015|Federal Government College, Ogbomoso]]" 879532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ogbomoso''' makaranta ce mallakar gwamnatin tarayya da ke Ogbomoso, [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], [[Najeriya]], don ilimin jinsi biyu a wata makaranta. An kafa makarantar a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1977. FGCS ta kasance ta ɗaliban makarantar kwana/kwana kuma tana da ɗalibai sama da 1500 da ke halartarta a yanzu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government College Ogbomoso |url=https://www.google.com.ng/?gws_rd=ssl#q=federal+government+college+ogbomoso+website |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Ogbomoso tana da shugabanni goma sha huɗu (14). Mista AJAGBE AJ shine shugaban Kwalejin na goma sha biyar (15) kuma shugaban kwalejin na yanzu. Nadinsa a matsayin shugaban kwalejin ya fara ne a ranar 2 ga Oktoba. Yana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun haɗin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Najeriya ke kula da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Mai Sauti Sultan, mawaƙi == Manazarta == 9fpyj2452sxjau8tytj7kypkpd3mlq6 879534 879532 2026-07-09T11:25:22Z Arcdanumma047 38699 879534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ogbomoso''' makaranta ce mallakar gwamnatin tarayya da ke Ogbomoso, [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], [[Najeriya]], don ilimin jinsi biyu a wata makaranta. An kafa makarantar a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1977. FGCS ta kasance ta ɗaliban makarantar kwana/kwana kuma tana da ɗalibai sama da 1500 da ke halartarta a yanzu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government College Ogbomoso |url=https://www.google.com.ng/?gws_rd=ssl#q=federal+government+college+ogbomoso+website |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Ogbomoso tana da shugabanni goma sha huɗu (14). Mista AJAGBE AJ shine shugaban Kwalejin na goma sha biyar (15) kuma shugaban kwalejin na yanzu. Nadinsa a matsayin shugaban kwalejin ya fara ne a ranar 2 ga Oktoba. Yana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun haɗin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Najeriya ke kula da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Mai Sauti Sultan, mawaƙi == Manazarta == toqiatdapnmo8omb2lh0sniy8w2m9xj